Article(id=1212430800952398483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212430797412409505, articleNumber=null, orderNo=14, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760544000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-16, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766995628821, onlineDateStr=2025-12-29, pubDate=1764259200000, pubDateStr=2025-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766764800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766995628821, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080328461, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212430797412409505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='22', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764259200000', pubDateStr='2025-11-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766995627976, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330566881, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195761085756072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212430797412409505, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195761085756073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212430797412409505, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=23, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212430801510240927, articleId=1212430800952398483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=A new perspective on soil carbon cycling: The coupled framework of organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and climate system, columnId=1157710593584190220, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Special to S & T Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The soil carbon reservoir, the largest terrestrial carbon pool, plays a critical role in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate change. Conventional research paradigms often treat soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) separately, limiting the predictive capability for soil carbon cycle dynamics. This review systematically synthesizes the formation and sequestration mechanisms of SOC and SIC. SOC stability is maintained by a complex "multi−assemblage" involving chemical recalcitrance, physical protection, mineral associated stabilization, and microbial regulation (e.g., the Microbial Carbon Pump, MCP). In contrast, SIC dynamics are governed by chemical precipitation−dissolution equilibria, biologically driven processes, and physical transport, with its perceived role evolving from a 'static geologic reservoir' to a 'dynamic carbon sink'. A key advancement is the revelation of deep biogeochemical coupling between SOC and SIC: CO2 released from SOC decomposition drives the formation of secondary carbonates, while pH and Ca2+ concentration regulated by SIC dissolution, in turn, feedback on SOC stability and microbial activity. Building on this, we propose a novel "SOC−SIC−Climate" tripartite coupling framework, elucidating their dynamic pathways—including synergistic enhancement, trade−off compensation, and critical instability—under the forcing of external factors (climate, minerals, biology, human activities). Finally, translating mechanistic understanding into practice, we propose region−specific regulation and carbon management strategies (e.g., calcium cycle regulation, Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP)) tailored to different climate zones and land−use types. This aims to transform soil from a passive sink into an actively managed climate buffer, providing a scientific foundation for advancing Earth system theory and optimizing carbon neutrality pathways.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yike WANG, Dian YU, Yuanyuan HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanyuan HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212430802915332810, articleId=1212430800952398483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=土壤碳循环的新视角:有机碳−无机碳−气候系统的耦合框架, columnId=1150494644438708440, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=本刊专稿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

土壤碳库作为全球最大的陆地碳库,其动态深刻影响大气CO2浓度与气候变化。传统研究范式常将土壤有机碳(SOC)与土壤无机碳(SIC)割裂探讨,限制了对土壤碳循环系统行为的准确预测。梳理了SOC与SIC的形成与封存机理:SOC的稳定性由化学惰性、物理保护、矿物结合和微生物调控(如微生物碳泵)构成的“多元联合体”共同维持;SIC的动态则受控于化学沉淀−溶解平衡、生物驱动与物理迁移过程,其角色已从“静态地质库”演变为“动态碳汇”。核心进展在于揭示了SOC与SIC通过生物地球化学桥梁深度耦合:SOC分解释放的CO2驱动次生碳酸盐形成,而SIC溶解调节的pH和钙离子浓度又反馈影响SOC稳定性与微生物活性。在此基础上,构建了一个“SOC−SIC−气候”三重耦合框架,阐明了两者在外源因子(气候、矿物、生物、人类活动)驱动下呈现协同增强、权衡补偿与临界失稳等动态路径。最终,基于对耦合机制的理解,提出了面向不同气候带与土地利用类型的区域调控与碳管理策略(如钙循环调控、微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀),旨在将土壤从被动碳汇转变为可主动调控的气候缓冲系统,为深化地球系统理论、优化碳中和路径提供科学基石。

, authors=

汪怡珂,博士后,研究方向为土壤有机碳及相关模型构建,电子信箱:

, authorsList=汪怡珂, 于点, 黄元元, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄元元, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
黄元元(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为陆地生态系统碳、水、氮和磷循环的模拟及预测,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3JaadooX8xJ637n120wtJw==, magXml=3JaadooX8xJ637n120wtJw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=m/2s5S2axw6HF4KyJDCeCA==, pdfFileSize=1768153, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6TQbrtIieTE02fa4sT/bUQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=w99y32YpKGmQPlOVZP0tDw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242146223721882136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212430800952398483, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangyike@igsnrr.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242146223784796698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212430800952398483, authorId=1242146223721882136, language=EN, stringName=Yike WANG, firstName=Yike, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242146223835128347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212430800952398483, authorId=1242146223721882136, language=CN, stringName=汪怡珂, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101, bio={"content":"

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(a)土壤微生物碳泵(MCP)理论;(b)土壤矿物碳泵理论;(c)团聚体层级理论

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土壤碳循环的新视角:有机碳−无机碳−气候系统的耦合框架
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汪怡珂 1 , 于点 2 , 黄元元 1, 3, *
科技导报 | 本刊专稿 2025,43(22): 23-38
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科技导报 |本刊专稿 2025 , 43 (22) : 23 -38
土壤碳循环的新视角:有机碳−无机碳−气候系统的耦合框架
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汪怡珂1 , 于点2, 黄元元1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 2北京林业大学草业与草原学院,北京 100083
  • 3中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室,北京 100101
通讯作者:
黄元元(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为陆地生态系统碳、水、氮和磷循环的模拟及预测,电子信箱:
A new perspective on soil carbon cycling: The coupled framework of organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and climate system
Yike WANG1 , Dian YU2, Yuanyuan HUANG1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
出版时间: 2025-11-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00068
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土壤碳库作为全球最大的陆地碳库,其动态深刻影响大气CO2浓度与气候变化。传统研究范式常将土壤有机碳(SOC)与土壤无机碳(SIC)割裂探讨,限制了对土壤碳循环系统行为的准确预测。梳理了SOC与SIC的形成与封存机理:SOC的稳定性由化学惰性、物理保护、矿物结合和微生物调控(如微生物碳泵)构成的“多元联合体”共同维持;SIC的动态则受控于化学沉淀−溶解平衡、生物驱动与物理迁移过程,其角色已从“静态地质库”演变为“动态碳汇”。核心进展在于揭示了SOC与SIC通过生物地球化学桥梁深度耦合:SOC分解释放的CO2驱动次生碳酸盐形成,而SIC溶解调节的pH和钙离子浓度又反馈影响SOC稳定性与微生物活性。在此基础上,构建了一个“SOC−SIC−气候”三重耦合框架,阐明了两者在外源因子(气候、矿物、生物、人类活动)驱动下呈现协同增强、权衡补偿与临界失稳等动态路径。最终,基于对耦合机制的理解,提出了面向不同气候带与土地利用类型的区域调控与碳管理策略(如钙循环调控、微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀),旨在将土壤从被动碳汇转变为可主动调控的气候缓冲系统,为深化地球系统理论、优化碳中和路径提供科学基石。

土壤有机碳  /  土壤无机碳  /  碳封存  /  气候变化  /  三重耦合框架

The soil carbon reservoir, the largest terrestrial carbon pool, plays a critical role in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate change. Conventional research paradigms often treat soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) separately, limiting the predictive capability for soil carbon cycle dynamics. This review systematically synthesizes the formation and sequestration mechanisms of SOC and SIC. SOC stability is maintained by a complex "multi−assemblage" involving chemical recalcitrance, physical protection, mineral associated stabilization, and microbial regulation (e.g., the Microbial Carbon Pump, MCP). In contrast, SIC dynamics are governed by chemical precipitation−dissolution equilibria, biologically driven processes, and physical transport, with its perceived role evolving from a 'static geologic reservoir' to a 'dynamic carbon sink'. A key advancement is the revelation of deep biogeochemical coupling between SOC and SIC: CO2 released from SOC decomposition drives the formation of secondary carbonates, while pH and Ca2+ concentration regulated by SIC dissolution, in turn, feedback on SOC stability and microbial activity. Building on this, we propose a novel "SOC−SIC−Climate" tripartite coupling framework, elucidating their dynamic pathways—including synergistic enhancement, trade−off compensation, and critical instability—under the forcing of external factors (climate, minerals, biology, human activities). Finally, translating mechanistic understanding into practice, we propose region−specific regulation and carbon management strategies (e.g., calcium cycle regulation, Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP)) tailored to different climate zones and land−use types. This aims to transform soil from a passive sink into an actively managed climate buffer, providing a scientific foundation for advancing Earth system theory and optimizing carbon neutrality pathways.

soil organic carbon  /  soil inorganic carbon  /  carbon sequestration  /  climate change  /  coupling framework
汪怡珂, 于点, 黄元元. 土壤碳循环的新视角:有机碳−无机碳−气候系统的耦合框架. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (22) : 23 -38 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00068
Yike WANG, Dian YU, Yuanyuan HUANG. A new perspective on soil carbon cycling: The coupled framework of organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and climate system[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (22) : 23 -38 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00068
土壤是全球碳循环的核心枢纽,其碳储量远超大气与植被碳库之和。土壤碳库主要由土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)和土壤无机碳(soil inorganic carbon,SIC)构成,二者在形成路径、周转周期和气候反馈上既相互独立又紧密关联。SOC主要源于植物与微生物残体的输入与转化,其稳定性由一套复杂的“联合体”机制共同维持,包括:(1) 分子化学结构的难降解性;(2) 物理保护,如团聚体隔绝和孔隙空间隔离;(3) 化学稳定,如与矿物表面的络合吸附和金属离子桥键;(4) 微生物调控,包括微生物碳泵驱动的转化和群落结构介导的分解路径。这些过程决定了SOC从活跃到惰性的多尺度周转特征。相比之下,SIC库则主要由原生与次生碳酸盐矿物(如方解石、白云石)组成,其动态受控于地球化学平衡,包括:(1) 化学沉淀−溶解过程,受土壤pH、CO2分压和钙镁离子浓度驱动;(2) 生物驱动过程,如植物根系和微生物呼吸作用改变微环境;(3) 物理迁移过程,如碳酸盐在土体中的淋溶与再沉积。尽管路径迥异,SOC与SIC通过生物地球化学桥梁深度耦合:例如,SOC分解释放的CO2是次生碳酸盐形成的主要驱动力;而SIC溶解调节的土壤pH和钙离子浓度,又反过来深刻影响SOC的稳定性和微生物活性。在全球变化背景下,升温、干旱、氮沉降及土地利用转变等压力,正同时扰动SOC与SIC的储存库容与周转速率,但其联合响应机制与反馈效应仍是当前研究的盲区。传统研究范式多将二者割裂,限制了对陆地碳循环系统行为的预测能力。因此,本文旨在系统重构SOC与SIC的封存机理,阐明其多维交互网络,并最终提出一个SOC–SIC–气候–人类活动耦合框架,以期为深化地球系统理论、优化碳中和路径提供科学基石。
SOC的形成与封存是一个涉及碳输入、微生物转化、物理化学保护及环境调控的复杂过程[12]。随着分析技术与建模方法的进步,学界对SOC稳定性的认知完成了一次深刻的范式转移:从早期基于物质本征性质的“化学惰性假说”,演进到强调环境介导的“微生物−矿物交互作用理论”,并最终发展为以“碳泵”为核心的系统框架。
这一认知演进始于对SOC形成机制的重新审视。早期理论(即“化学惰性假说”)认为,SOC主要源于植物残体中难降解的大分子有机物(如木质素、纤维素),其稳定性由组分的化学复杂性决定。该假说后来发展为经典的“腐殖质学说”,认为SOC由胡敏酸、富里酸等稳定高分子聚合物构成,进而催生了基于化学分级的“活性碳−稳定碳”研究体系。然而,核磁共振与同位素示踪技术的应用颠覆了这一观点。研究发现,即便是难降解的植物组分在土壤中也能快速周转,而部分微生物代谢产物反而能长期存在。这一发现促使研究焦点从植物源碳转向微生物源碳。自2010年代以来,土壤微生物碳泵(microbial carbon pump,MCP)理论逐步完善,该理论强调微生物通过同化代谢将植物衍生的不稳定碳转化为自身生物质,其死亡残体(如肽聚糖、几丁质)因化学特性与矿物亲和力强,更易形成矿物结合有机碳,从而构成SOC中长期库的关键组成部分。关于微生物残体在有机−矿物复合体中的主导作用逐渐达成共识,但新的证据也表明这一主导性具有生态系统依赖性,并非在所有情境下绝对占优。例如,Angst等[3]基于生物标志物分析指出,在森林和部分农田生态系统中,植物源碳在矿物结合有机碳中的贡献可超过50%。这一发现揭示了植物与微生物碳源在不同生态系统中的贡献存在显著差异,从而推动了SOC形成路径的“双源模型”发展。
在认识到微生物是稳定SOC的重要来源之后,需要进一步了解这些碳是如何在土壤中稳定下来的。早期研究认为,SOC的长期稳定性主要取决于有机质的化学惰性,形成了“腐殖质学说”及其衍生的“活性碳−稳定碳”概念体系[34]。然而,至20世纪末21世纪初,学界认识到SOC的持久性更多取决于其与矿物颗粒的结合状态,而非有机分子的本征结构[1]。Lehmann等[1]提出的有机−矿物复合体(mineral−associated organic matter,MAOM)概念成为这一新视角的基石,它指出SOC的长期封存依赖于有机质与矿物表面形成的稳定吸附或络合结构;与之相比,颗粒有机质(particulate organic matter,POM)则受环境扰动影响较大,周转更快。这一认知转变使SOC研究的核心从物质性质转向了环境界面与能量约束。矿物类型(如高比表面积的2∶1型黏土、铁铝氧化物)、比表面积与孔隙结构被确认为SOC稳定的主要物理−化学决定因子[5]。此外,土壤团聚体提供了另一条关键的物理保护途径。团聚体结构通过空间屏障效应限制微生物与酶的接触,从而减缓有机质分解。Tisdall等[6]提出的“团聚体层级理论”认为,微团聚体内的有机碳可在数十至上百年尺度上保持稳定。至此,矿物吸附与团聚体物理保护共同构成了SOC稳定化的2大支柱(图1)。
进入21世纪,新理论进展主要体现在对微生物作用的系统整合以及对碳封存上限的深入理解。微生物在SOC动态中的核心作用被正式纳入理论框架。Cotrufo等[7]提出的“微生物效率−基质稳定性(MEMS)”模型指出,SOC的形成不仅取决于碳输入量,更取决于微生物碳利用效率(CUE)及其代谢残体在土壤基质中的稳定性。微生物在分解有机质过程中代谢产生的细胞残体,经吸附或包埋后可形成长期稳定的有机碳。Liang等[8]进一步发展的MCP概念,则强调微生物代谢能够将活性有机碳不可逆地转化为稳定有机碳。MCP理论重塑了传统的“输入−输出”思维,将SOC的稳定视为代谢残体形成、吸附固定与团聚体保护3环节协同的结果,确立了微生物作为碳库建构者的角色。然而,微生物活动具有双重性:高CUE有助于SOC积累,但同时产生的激发效应可能导致原有SOC的加速分解[9]
随着纳米级观测技术(如冷冻透射电镜、NanoSIMS)的应用,研究者发现SOC并非仅以单层吸附于矿物表面,而是通过多层有机−无机界面形成稳定复合体[1011]。这催生了“矿物碳泵”(MnCP)理论,该理论认为土壤矿物通过表面化学吸附、离子桥联与氧化还原反应,将有机碳固定在稳定的微环境中,实现长期封存。MnCP理论赋予土壤矿物“物理容器”和“化学催化剂”的双重角色,其中铁、铝氧化物等形成的有机−金属络合物能大幅提升有机碳稳定性[12]。MnCP与MCP理论相互补充,共同构成了SOC长期固存的生物−地球化学协同体系:微生物提供碳源与转化途径,矿物提供稳定的存储环境。
与此同时,碳饱和理论也取得了重要突破。传统观点认为,MAOM的饱和上限仅由矿物表面积决定。然而,Craig等[13]提出,微生物的生态学限制可能共同导致表观饱和现象:随着碳输入增加,微生物种群密度因竞争与捕食关系无法线性增长,导致碳流向MAOM的效率降低。该机制在模型中表述为密度依赖性周转与生长,能够模拟出与实测数据一致的饱和曲线,为SOC对碳输入的非线性响应提供了有力的生物学解释。尽管SOC研究在机制解析与模型构建上进展迅速,一些关键的未解问题与展望仍待探索。
1) MAOM形成路径的争议:植物与微生物碳源在MAOM中的相对贡献仍存分歧,需结合同位素标记与分子技术在不同生态系统与土层深度中进行量化。
2) 微生物−矿物互作的量化瓶颈:微生物残体与矿物表面的纳米尺度结合过程具有高度异质性,当前缺乏原位实时观测手段,限制了模型参数的本土化。
3) 碳饱和机制的双重驱动:物理化学上限与微生物生态限制在真实环境中的相对权重尚不明确,亟需设计跨碳输入梯度的长期实验予以验证。
4) SOC−气候反馈的不确定性:尽管全球模型已尝试整合微生物过程(如土壤微生物碳泵等概念),但激发效应、水分协同变化等关键过程的参数化仍较为薄弱。
综上所述,SOC研究已进入一个多过程、多尺度整合的新阶段。从化学惰性假说到微生物碳泵理论,每一次认知的跃升均得益于技术革新与跨学科融合。未来,通过结合长期观测、控制实验与模型迭代,学界有望在SOC形成与稳定的量化预测方面实现突破,为应对气候变化与推动碳中和提供坚实科学基础。
与SOC相比,SIC的研究起步较晚,但其在全球碳循环中占据着同等重要的地位[14]。SIC主要以碳酸盐形式存在,可根据其来源分为2类:源自成土母质的原生碳酸盐,以及通过现代成土过程重新沉淀形成的次生碳酸盐。长期以来,由于SIC的更新速率较为缓慢,学界普遍将其视为一个相对惰性的碳库,导致其在多数碳循环模型中被边缘化[15]。然而,近20年的多尺度研究揭示了SIC,尤其是次生碳酸盐,具有显著的动态性。其形成、溶解与迁移受到气候、水文、生物地球化学过程及人类活动的共同驱动[1617]。这一系列发现推动了理论认知SIC的根本性转变,即从静态地质库演变为动态碳汇,并逐渐形成了以碳酸盐碳泵为核心的现代框架。
SIC的组成与来源直接决定了其在碳循环中的角色与动态。原生碳酸盐主要来自母岩的风化残留物(如石灰岩、大理岩),稳定性高、周转周期可达上万年,构成了土壤中相对惰性的背景碳库。相比之下,次生碳酸盐(又称成土碳酸盐)的动态性则强得多,它是在现代生物地球化学过程中,通过CO2−碳酸盐体系的动态平衡不断生成与消耗的碳汇形式,是连接SOC与SIC循环的核心环节。其形成主要依赖3条路径(图2):其一,是岩矿风化,即硅酸盐与碳酸盐矿物风化释放出Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO3,为沉淀反应提供离子基础;其二,是生物碳驱动路径,即SOC矿化和根系呼吸产生的CO2溶解于土壤水形成碳酸,进而与Ca2+/Mg2+结合形成碳酸盐沉淀;其三,是外源输入,如农业中施用石灰或地下水补给带来的碳酸盐离子[16]。特别值得注意的是,生物驱动路径清晰地揭示了SOC与SIC的关键耦合机制:有机碳的矿化通过释放CO2,直接改变土壤溶液的碳酸盐化学平衡,从而驱动着无机碳的沉淀或溶解[16]。其巨大的碳汇潜力在全球尺度上得到印证,Huang等[17]基于超过22万条实测数据与机器学习模型估算,全球0~2 m土层的SIC储量高达2305±636 PgC,甚至超过了同层深度的SOC储量,尤其是在干旱与半干旱区,次生碳酸盐的贡献远高于既往认知。值得强调的是,不同气候带的SIC组成与动态性呈现出显著差异。在湿润区,由于强烈淋洗、氮沉降驱动的酸化以及Ca2+供应受限,原生碳酸盐常持续溶解,而次生碳酸盐的再生受到显著抑制,使得该区域的SIC库量低、周转快,对土地利用方式高度敏感[18]。在高寒区,母质风化速率慢、冻融循环频繁,土壤CO2的季节性积累与水分脉动主导着碳酸盐的溶解—沉淀过程,导致SIC具有低累积量但高空间异质性的特点[19]。这些对比表明,SIC的动态性具有明显的气候带依赖性,其状态不仅受母质与水分控制,也深受生物活动与酸度变化的调节[14,20]。因此,SOC−SIC耦合机制在湿润区、高寒区与干旱区呈现出不同的主导过程与响应轨迹,这种跨气候带差异性进一步强调了次生碳酸盐作为气候敏感型碳库的重要性。
SIC的形成与消耗是一个典型的可逆动态过程,可由经典的碳酸盐化学平衡反应描述。当土壤中CO2分压因植物休眠或蒸发增强而下降,导致溶液过饱和时,CaCO3便会沉淀,形成方解石、白云石或钙质结核;反之,当土壤酸化或生物呼吸作用增强,提高了CO2分压时,CaCO3则发生溶解,释放出HCO3,并随地下水或径流迁出土壤系统[20]。因此,SIC的动态平衡实质上受控于土壤CO2分压、pH、离子活度、温度及水分通量等多因素的交互作用。
$ {{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\rightleftharpoons{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}\rightleftharpoons{\text{H}}^{+}+\text{HCO}}_{\text{3}}}^-\rightleftharpoons\text{2}{\text{H}}^{+}+{\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}^{2-} $
$ {\text{CaCO}}_{\text{3}}+{\text{H}}^{+}\rightleftharpoons{\text{Ca}}^{{2+}}+{{\text{HCO}}_{\text{3}}}^- $
这一动态过程不仅局限于土壤内部,还构成了连接大气、土壤和水体的重要碳交换通道,即“碳酸盐碳泵”。例如,硅酸盐风化过程会消耗大气CO2并形成稳定的碳酸盐沉积,是地质时间尺度上的重要碳汇;而碳酸盐的溶解与淋失,则可将以HCO3形态的碳长距离输送至河流与海洋,最终在海洋中形成沉积物实现封存[21]。这种跨介质的碳传输功能,凸显了SIC在陆地−水体−海洋连续体中的全局性作用。上述所有宏观动态,本质上是通过环境因子(如CO2分压、pH)驱动“CO2+H2O$\rightleftharpoons $H++HCO3 ”与“CaCO3+H+$\rightleftharpoons $Ca2++HCO3 ”等反应平衡的移动来实现的。
SIC的长期稳定不仅依赖于上述地球化学平衡,还与阳离子循环和物理结构保护密切相关。Ca2+、Mg2+等碱性阳离子的持续供应是次生碳酸盐形成的速率限制因子,这些阳离子可来源于母质风化、地下水上升流或表层碳酸盐的再溶解与迁移[14]。值得注意的是,这些阳离子同样在与有机质的相互作用中扮演关键角色,它们可通过阳离子桥键机制增强有机−无机复合体的稳定性,从而为SOC与SIC的耦合提供了直接的化学结构基础[22]。同时,碳酸盐颗粒常与黏土或铁铝氧化物结合,形成致密的复合体或坚硬的结核层,这种物理结构能有效阻止其溶解并抵抗机械扰动,甚至能将微量有机质封装其中,形成纳米尺度的有机−无机复合体,从微观尺度上实现SOC与SIC的共存与共同固存[16,23]
综上所述,SIC已从传统认知中的地质遗产转变为受气候、水文和生物过程动态调控的活性碳汇。其形成与稳定受化学平衡、阳离子循环和物理结构保护三者交互反馈的控制,并与SOC通过CO2动态、Ca2+桥键及有机−无机复合界面等途径实现深度耦合。深入理解这些机制,不仅有助于重新公正地评估土壤在全球碳循环中的长期作用,也为后续构建SOC−SIC−气候三重耦合框架奠定了坚实的理论基础。
长期以来,SOC与SIC被视为2个相互独立的碳循环单元:前者由生物过程主导,后者则以地球化学过程为核心。然而,近20年的研究表明,这种“二元分离”框架已无法解释土壤碳循环的真实复杂性。SOC与SIC之间通过气−液−固三相界面的生物地球化学过程发生紧密耦合,构成了一个动态的多尺度碳循环系统[17]。这一耦合系统的动态与方向,不仅取决于其内在的交互机制,更深刻地受控于气候、矿物、生物及人类活动等外源因子的共同调控,理解这一多层次网络是准确评估土壤碳汇功能与预测碳−气候反馈的关键。
SOC对SIC的驱动作用首先体现在碳源供给与微环境重构2个方面(图3)。SOC的分解与根系呼吸是土壤CO2的主要来源,生成的CO2溶解于土壤水中形成碳酸(H2CO3),进而参与碳酸盐的溶解与再沉淀反应(CaCO3+H2CO3$\rightleftharpoons $Ca2++2HCO3)。在干旱区或蒸发旺盛的条件下,CO2的逸出与溶液过饱和又可促使碳酸盐再沉淀,形成次生碳酸盐结核[16]。这一“溶解−再沉淀”循环是SOC与SIC之间物质与能量交换的主链,其速率与方向对局地碳汇功能具有决定性影响[16,24]。与此同时,植物根系与微生物代谢释放的低分子量有机酸(如草酸、柠檬酸)在这一过程中发挥双重作用:一方面,通过酸化与络合作用加速碳酸盐溶解与Ca2+迁移,另一方面,又通过促进硅酸盐风化和草酸盐沉淀,为新的碳酸盐形成提供阳离子来源[25]。此外,溶解性有机碳(DOC)可与Ca2+、Mg2+等离子形成有机配合物,改变碳酸盐成核与生长速率,进而调控SIC的形态与稳定性[26]。这些过程表明,SOC通过CO2动态与有机配体化学双通路深度介入了SIC的生成与迁移,体现了强烈的生物地球化学耦合特征。
反之,SIC也通过理化调控与结构保护作用反馈影响SOC的稳定性与周转(图3)。碳酸盐体系(CO2−HCO3−CO32−)是土壤中最重要的pH缓冲系统,可将环境维持在中性至碱性范围(pH 7~8.5)。这种稳定的化学环境不仅影响有机质的电荷状态与酶促反应速率,还通过选择性地塑造微生物群落结构调节碳循环途径[14]。碳酸盐的部分溶解释放Ca2+、Mg2+等碱性阳离子,这些离子可在有机质分子与黏土表面间形成阳离子桥键,促进有机−矿物复合体的形成,从而显著增强SOC的物理化学保护[18,22]。同时,次生碳酸盐在沉淀过程中可将微量有机质包裹或嵌入晶体结构中,形成纳米尺度的有机−无机复合体。这种“物理封装−化学稳定”双机制延长了有机碳的滞留时间,使得SOC与SIC在微尺度上呈现出空间共存与共稳态特征[27]
微生物群落是连接SOC与SIC的关键桥梁。特定功能微生物(如脲酶细菌,通过水解尿素产生NH3和CO2,显著升高局部pH)、硫酸盐还原菌(在厌氧条件下还原硫酸盐生成HCO3/CO32−并提高pH)通过代谢活动诱导碳酸盐沉淀,在局部升高pH与CO32−浓度的同时,将自身生物质或胞外聚合物共沉淀于碳酸盐矿物中,实现生物碳与无机碳的协同固存[28]。更复杂的生物矿化过程则涉及有机模板控制的成核与晶体生长,其结果是形成具有有机外壳的碳酸盐复合体。这些微生物诱导与调控机制不仅强化了SIC的生成速率,也为SOC的持久封存提供了矿物学路径[28]。此外,微生物残体碳(microbial necromass carbon,MNC)在富含碳酸盐环境中更易被矿物吸附或包埋,表现出更高的保存率,这意味着微生物群落既是SOC−SIC转化的催化者,也是固碳结构的构建者[18]
SOC−SIC耦合是一个跨越分子、团聚体、剖面乃至景观尺度的多层次过程,其动态受气候变化与人类活动的共同调控。未来研究亟需在多尺度观测与模型集成方面取得突破。首先,应通过稳定同位素(δ13C、δ18O)与连续通量监测量化SOC向SIC转化的通量与效率,揭示不同气候带下CO2再固定的净效应[29]。其次,需强化根际与微界面的原位观测,解析有机酸络合、微生物沉淀与阳离子迁移等关键过程的相对贡献,以支持耦合机制的模型参数化[30]。此外,在地球系统模型(ESMs)中显式引入SOC−SIC相互作用模块与Ca2+动态循环,结合微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀(microbially induced carbonate precipitation,MICP)、pH缓冲与水文调控等过程,将显著提升土壤碳−气候反馈预测的可靠性[17,31]。最后,人类活动对SOC−SIC平衡的扰动应成为未来重点研究方向,如石灰施用、灌溉与酸沉降等均可能同时影响两大碳库的稳定性与耦合方向[18,32]。通过长期控制实验与机器学习约束,可在区域尺度上评估管理措施对土壤综合碳汇功能的影响,为碳中和战略提供科学支撑。
土壤碳循环的动态不仅取决于SOC与SIC库的内在性质,更深刻地受控于一系列外源因子,包括气候条件、矿物基质、生态过程及人类活动。这些因子不仅影响单一碳库的积累与损失过程,还决定两者之间的物质交换与反馈方向。与以往将SOC与SIC分别纳入生物和地球化学过程的二元框架不同,近年的研究揭示,外部环境变化能够通过调控温度、水分、pH、离子循环及微生物生态系统,系统性地塑造两者的耦合动态[17]。因此,解析这些外源驱动的多尺度机制,是理解土壤碳汇稳定性与气候反馈的关键。
气候因素,如温度、水分及大气CO2浓度,是调控SOC–SIC耦合系统的关键驱动因素[33]。温度是控制碳循环反应速率的核心变量。SOC的分解对温度高度敏感,升温通常增强微生物代谢与有机质矿化,从而释放更多CO2;但在干旱胁迫下,温度升高反而可能降低根系生长与碳输入[33]。相比之下,SIC对温度的响应具有双向性:升温降低CO2在水中的溶解度,有利于碳酸盐沉淀;而较高的呼吸强度与CO2浓度又可能驱动CaCO3溶解,使体系在短期内呈现出“溶解−再沉淀”的循环动态[34]。因此,SOC与SIC的温度响应并非简单线性,而呈现明显的生态分化特征:在干旱区,升温通常促进无机碳固存;而在湿润区,升温则可能导致双碳库的协同流失[17]
水分同样在SOC−SIC转化中发挥核心作用。土壤含水量直接影响CO2扩散、碳酸盐溶解度以及微生物活性,尽管目前尚不存在一个普适、可量化的含水量阈值,但水分扮演着核心控制阀的角色:湿润条件下较长的水滞留时间和更高的CO2溶解度促进碳酸生成和碳酸盐溶解;而在干旱与蒸发主导条件中,pH升高和CO2逸散则易导致溶液过饱和并触发次生碳酸盐沉淀[7,16]。水分变化同时影响根际氧化还原状态与有机酸释放,从而控制Ca2+、Mg2+等离子的迁移与复合物生成。在更大的气候尺度上,SOC与SIC的相对贡献沿湿度梯度呈现系统性差异。Huang等[17]基于全球数据表明,干旱与半干旱区的SIC储量显著高于湿润区,而湿润生态系统更以SOC储存为主,反映出随气候湿干变化的碳库分布格局。虽然该研究并未直接讨论SOC向SIC转换的过程机制,但其揭示的空间格局为理解气候约束下的碳库分布提供了重要背景。大气CO2浓度的升高则为这种耦合提供了额外的反馈途径。较高的CO2可增强光合作用与根系输入,增加SOC储量;但同时改变了土壤气−液相平衡,调节碳酸盐的溶解与沉淀方向[24]。在干旱区,高CO2通常促进CaCO3沉淀;而在湿润区,CO2驱动的酸化效应则加速碳酸盐溶解[1617]。在接近关键化学或水文临界点的条件下,CO2分压(pCO2)、pH或含水量的细微变化即可导致碳酸盐体系由溶解向沉淀(或相反)发生方向性跃迁[18]。因此,气候因子的变化并非线性驱动SOC–SIC动态,而是可能通过跨越关键阈值触发碳库状态的转换。
在地表化学层面,土壤矿物与化学环境构成了SOC−SIC稳定性的物质载体。母质类型决定了SIC的初始储量与反应潜势。石灰质母质土壤中CaCO3丰富,形成稳定但活性较低的无机碳库;硅铝质母质则通过矿物风化提供活性表面与阳离子来源,增强SOC的吸附与稳定性[18]。长期风化过程释放的Ca2+、Mg2+不仅促进次生碳酸盐沉积,也实现了SOC−SIC间的化学再平衡[16]。此外,pH作为控制碳酸−碳酸氢根−碳酸根平衡的核心因子,直接决定SOC−SIC耦合的方向。适度碱性环境(pH 7~8.5)有利于碳酸盐稳定与有机质吸附,而持续酸化则导致CaCO3溶解、阳离子桥键断裂及SOC脱稳[24]。研究指出,在干旱与半干旱区,土壤pH在由弱碱性向中性或弱酸性方向跨越关键范围时,碳酸盐稳定性会明显降低,进而使SIC由沉积优势转向溶解优势,从而改变系统的碳汇–碳源状态[17]。同时,多价阳离子(Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+)在有机质吸附和矿物复合体形成中扮演关键角色。Ca2+桥键可增强有机−矿物复合体的稳定性,Fe3+和Mn2+的氧化还原循环调控有机碳吸附与释放,从而使SOC−SIC动态形成离子驱动的复合反馈网络[25,35]
生物过程则为SOC−SIC交互提供持续的碳输入与能量驱动。植物通过光合固定提供有机碳源,而其根系呼吸释放CO2则为碳酸盐形成提供无机碳来源。深根系植物可将CO2传输至更深层土壤,促进次生碳酸盐沉积;浅根系草本植物则增强表层SOC的积累[33]。植被类型和群落演替(如草地退化或灌丛化)往往改变碳输入深度与土壤通气条件,从而重塑SOC−SIC平衡格局。与此同时,微生物群落在碳转化中的作用不可忽视。微生物通过代谢产物(如CO2、NH4+、有机酸)调节微环境pH与离子组成,诱导或抑制碳酸盐沉淀[28]。特别是在MICP过程中,代谢活动提升局部pH并促进CaCO3成核,从而形成富含生物残体的无机碳矿物。微生物残体碳在碳酸盐环境中更易被包埋或吸附,形成稳定的有机−无机复合体,显著延长有机碳在土壤中的滞留时间[36]
然而,现代人类活动正以空前的速度重塑SOC与SIC的平衡。农业施肥与氮沉降虽增加了SOC输入,却同时导致土壤酸化,削弱碳酸盐稳定性[37]。石灰施用与灌溉短期内提升了pH和Ca2+浓度,有助于SOC固持与阳离子桥键形成,但长期可能诱发SIC的溶解与淋失[17,38]。土地利用变化——尤其是耕作、退化与城市化——改变了土壤水文结构与碳输入模式,使SOC−SIC空间格局发生重组,碳从土壤向大气或水体迁移[39]。这些人为扰动通常引发多过程耦合效应:短期内碳汇增强,长期却可能导致系统性失稳。因此,跨尺度监测与模型集成对于评估其净效应及政策调控潜力至关重要[40]
随着对土壤碳过程认识的深化,传统上将SOC与SIC割裂研究的模式,已难以解释全球变化背景下土壤碳汇的复杂响应机制。基于此,提出“SOC−SIC−气候三重耦合框架”,旨在以系统视角重构土壤碳循环的理论基础,揭示碳汇形成与失稳的多尺度反馈逻辑。
在此框架下,气候因子不再被视为单向的驱动者,而是与土壤碳库构成相互作用的复杂反馈环路。传统碳循环模型普遍将SOC和SIC的动态简单归结为对气候条件的被动响应,例如,温度升高加速有机碳分解,或降水变化改变碳酸盐溶解速率。然而,这种线性驱动模型忽略了土壤碳库对气候系统的主动反作用。例如,SOC矿化释放的CO2不仅直接增强大气温室效应,还会通过改变pCO2来影响碳酸盐的沉淀与溶解平衡[24]。同样,SIC的形成过程通过固定CO2并调节土壤pH和离子环境,反过来深刻影响微生物群落活性和SOC的稳定性[41]。因此,SOC–SIC系统与气候系统构成了一个相互作用的整体。其核心相互作用在于:气候因子控制着碳的输入与转化速率,而土壤碳动态又反过来调节着地−气界面的CO2通量[33]。这种双向耦合构成了一个多级反馈网络,最终决定着土壤是扮演长期碳汇还是瞬时碳源的角色[42]。系统模型与实地观测均表明,SOC与SIC的交互作用在不同气候区会呈现截然相反的反馈方向:在干旱区,SOC矿化释放的CO2倾向于促进SIC沉淀,表现为一种负反馈;而在湿润区,同一过程却因伴随的酸化效应增强而导致SIC溶解,形成一种正反馈[1617]。这种复杂的反馈结构赋予了整个系统非线性与多稳定态的特征,意味着土壤碳汇可能在微小扰动下发生临界转变,从净碳吸收状态跃迁为净排放状态[4344]。在这一耦合框架下,土壤碳库对气候变化的响应并非单一模式,而是依据环境条件的不同,主要表现出3种典型的动态路径:协同增强、权衡补偿与临界失稳(图4)。
在协同增强路径中,适度升高的CO2浓度与温和的水热条件共同提升了植被生产力,从而增强了根系碳输入与微生物活动,有利于SOC的积累;与此同时,根际呼吸产生的CO2在土壤溶液中形成碳酸根离子,促进了次生碳酸盐的沉淀。这种有机碳与无机碳的协同固存不仅放大了土壤的碳汇效应,还通过固定CO2对气候系统形成负反馈[7,45]。在此情境下,SOC与SIC的增长呈现共振式放大,系统趋向于一个稳定的高碳稳态。
然而,在干旱−半干旱区或存在显著水文波动的生态系统中,权衡补偿路径更为常见。此时,SOC的积累与SIC的形成往往呈现出此消彼长的关系:例如,灌溉可能促进SOC的增加,但却会削弱SIC的稳定性;而干旱条件虽然抑制了SOC的输入,却能通过强烈的蒸发作用诱导CaCO3沉淀[16]。这一动态权衡揭示了土壤总碳库的非加性特征,即SOC与SIC的变化不可简单线性相加,必须考虑其相互替代与能量补偿效应[18]。这种非加性机制在全球尺度上,深刻地塑造了沿干湿气候梯度变化的碳汇分异格局。
当外界胁迫(如持续酸化、盐渍化或极端干旱)超出土壤系统的调节阈值时,系统便会进入临界失稳路径。在此路径下,SIC的CaCO3结构被破坏,导致溶解性CO2释放;同时,SOC因失去Ca2+桥键的关键保护而快速矿化[17,24]。这种双碳库协同流失的过程会形成一个强烈的正反馈循环,迅速放大气候变化的负面效应,使系统从碳汇状态骤然转变为碳源状态,并表现出典型的临界转变特征[46]。该机制对于理解和预警区域碳汇突变及土地退化的碳效应具有重要的警示意义。
在自然系统固有的非线性基础上,人类活动作为强大的外生扰动,进一步放大和复杂化了SOC−SIC−气候之间的反馈强度。农业管理、土地利用变化与大气沉降等过程,共同并以空前的速度重塑着SOC−SIC平衡的方向与速率[39]。例如,石灰施用通过提升Ca2+含量和pH值,能在短期内增强SOC的稳定性并促进SIC固存;但过量的灌溉或氮肥施用则可能诱发土壤酸化与碳酸盐淋失,造成碳库的长期退化[18,32,38]。土地开垦与城市化改变了区域水文结构与土壤通气条件,从而削弱碳酸盐沉积过程并降低有机碳输入,扰乱了原有的碳循环平衡[39]。此外,工业排放与氮沉降正在加速干旱区土壤的酸化过程,使本应是潜在碳汇的区域逐渐转变为碳源[17]。因此,在这个三重耦合系统中,人类活动既可能成为碳汇的放大器,也可能成为系统失稳的诱发因子,其净效应取决于具体的管理方式、区域气候背景与土壤类型的综合作用。
尽管SOC−SIC耦合框架为重新理解土壤碳循环提供了新的系统视角,但这一研究领域仍处于快速发展阶段,其背后存在一系列尚未解决的核心争议、量化瓶颈和理论空白。系统梳理这些挑战,不仅能够明确现有认知的边界,也为推动相关研究从概念化向可量化预测迈进提供关键方向。首先,必须直面一系列根本性的机制争议。关于“谁在主导”以及“何时何地主导”的辩论正日益激烈[7]。例如,关于矿物结合有机碳来源的经典难题——是植物直接贡献多还是微生物残体贡献多?在耦合框架下演变成了一个更微妙的问题:当次生碳酸盐包裹有机质时,它封存的主要是快速流转的植物根系分泌物,还是更为持久的微生物残体?答案可能因生态系统而异,在干旱区,根系分泌物和溶解性有机质更易进入碳酸盐沉淀界面[16],而在湿润根际,微生物残体往往主导稳定SOC的形成与矿物结合[7]。因此,解决这一争议是准确预测未来碳输入变化将如何影响土壤有机与无机碳库的核心[47]。同样,“化学计量学主导”与“微生物能量学主导”之间的分歧并未得到整合:虽然热力学平衡常被用来描述SIC的溶解−沉淀,但微生物通过分泌有机酸以获取养分的行为可以显著偏离这一预测,从而改变SOC−SIC的耦合方向[48]。更进一步地,不同气候带中耦合机制的主导性仍缺乏系统归纳——从干旱区以封装为主导[16],到湿润区以Ca2+介导的阳离子桥为关键路径,仍缺乏一幅跨生态系统的过程主导“机制地图”。
然而,将上述机制从逻辑推演转化为量化描述仍面临严峻的方法学限制。SOC−SIC之间最核心的物质交换通量,如SIC溶解释放的CO2或沉淀过程固定的有机质,目前几乎无法在野外实现直接分离测量,使关键通量仍处于黑箱状态[49]。耦合过程发生在微米至纳米级的有机−矿物−微生物界面,但仍缺乏能够实时追踪成核、溶解与表面改性的原位技术,这使得许多潜在机制仅停留在合理假设而非直接观测层面。同时,不同尺度间的推绎关系尚未建立,从纳米尺度的微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀[50],到团聚体尺度的物理保护[51],再到剖面尺度的淋溶−沉淀再分布[52],缺乏能够将这些过程整合进区域,甚至全球模型的量化函数。
理论与观测的滞后最终体现在模型端。当前大多数地球系统模型仍将SIC视为近乎惰性的碳库,缺乏对Ca2+循环、生物驱动溶解−沉淀,以及碳酸盐介导的SOC稳定机制的刻画[17];更难以捕捉框架中所强调的非线性反馈,如阈值酸化触发的快速SIC崩塌及继发SOC失稳[18]。此外,人类管理(例如石灰施用、灌溉)在模型中通常被过度简化,难以体现其对SOC−SIC耦合结构的系统性影响[38]
未来研究的关键在于,将上述三重耦合机制系统地嵌入地球系统模型之中,以实现对碳循环过程更精准的定量化模拟与预测。目前大多数模型仍忽视无机碳与钙循环的动态,导致全球碳通量估算存在系统性偏差[53]。关键的改进方向应包括:在模型中显式表征Ca2+循环与碳酸盐反应动力学,以捕捉SIC溶解−沉淀过程对SOC稳定性的反馈[24,47];参数化关键的微生物功能过程,量化MICP与激发效应等机制的贡献[26,28];通过多尺度模拟技术,实现从微界面到区域尺度的动态整合[54];并借助机器学习与大数据同化技术,深入揭示SOC−SIC反馈的气候敏感性及其地理异质性[17,55]。这些创新将为全球碳循环模型的结构性优化与碳汇预测能力的提升提供关键支撑。
基于对SOC−SIC耦合机制与气候反馈的深入理解,下文旨在将这些科学认知转化为可操作的区域调控与碳管理策略。构建了一个“机制驱动—管理优化—碳汇增强”的实践框架,强调通过整合生态过程、地球化学条件与人为干预,在不同生态区和土地利用类型中实现土壤有机与无机碳库的协同提升。
在区域尺度上,SOC与SIC的耦合格局沿水分梯度呈现显著分异,这要求管理策略必须因地制宜[7,17]。在湿润区,生态系统以生物过程主导的SOC积累为主,SIC动态相对较弱。此区域的调控重点在于最大化有机碳输入(如通过保护性耕作和有机肥施用),并同时抑制因氮沉降或过量施肥导致的酸化,以免引发原有碳酸盐的溶解。相反,在干旱半干旱区,土壤碳汇则以地球化学过程主导的SIC为核心。在干旱与半干旱区,进一步提升SIC形成效率的实践路径正在从传统水分调控与盐分管理延伸至微生物过程与钙循环的综合利用。以功能微生物驱动的微域碳酸盐沉淀为代表的新技术,为这一类气候区提供了较为明确的过程靶点:通过调节微域pH、碳酸根浓度及Ca2+活度,促进次生碳酸盐的形成并实现对有机质的包埋封存[56]。这一过程与本区自然条件下高蒸发、强离子迁移的地球化学背景相契合,可在不改变土地利用形态的前提下实现无机碳库的增强。同时,钙循环管理正在成为支撑这一过程的关键支点,包括优化含钙矿物供给、抑制Ca2+淋失以及维护适宜的碳酸盐化学平衡等措施[57]。此处的策略应着眼于促进SOC分解所释放的CO2向稳定的次生无机碳转化,其形成受土壤CO2分压、Ca2+迁移和蒸发强度共同调控[16,58]。这种鲜明的气候带依赖性,是实现SOC与SIC协同增汇、提升土壤系统整体碳汇功能的基础。
不同土地利用类型进一步细化了管理措施的具体选择。在草地与退化生态系统中,植被恢复与根系重建是核心手段,能够同步促进SOC积累与SIC再生,特别是深根系植物可将CO2输送至深层土壤,促成碳酸盐沉淀[58],从而实现长期固碳。对于荒漠与盐碱地区,管理策略则需依赖并调控其固有的SIC高储量但易变的特性,可通过可控灌溉与MICP等前沿技术[28],精准调节碳酸盐形态并包埋有机质,从而构建稳定的有机−无机复合碳汇。在中国典型生态区中,黄土高原为上述管理策略的集成应用提供了具有代表性的情景。该区同时具备高蒸发强度、深厚母质及强烈的侵蚀−淋失过程,使SOC与SIC呈现显著的空间解耦特征[59]。针对这一背景,基于钙循环的调控(如补施含钙母质、调节灌溉方式以减少Ca2+流失)与MICP的小尺度试验均显示出提升次生碳酸盐形成和改善团聚体结构的潜力[60]。通过将植被恢复产生的根际CO2输入与微生物诱导的矿化过程结合,可在该区域构建更为稳定的复合碳汇形态,体现出机制识别—过程调控—区域应用之间的明确链条[61]
从元素循环的宏观视角看,钙无疑是连接SOC与SIC循环的“化学枢纽”[35],是实现长期碳固存的关键介质。这一角色与前文所述的阳离子桥键机制一脉相承,是耦合过程在元素层面的具体体现。基于此,调控策略可沿着“补钙—稳碳—封碳”的逻辑链条展开:首先,通过优化石灰施用或添加含钙矿物(如硅钙肥)来促进土壤中Ca2+的释放与供应;其次,通过合理的水分管理维持适宜的pH环境与土壤湿度,以稳定碳酸盐化学平衡;最终,利用植物根际或微生物代谢活动形成的高CO2微区,诱导次生CaCO3沉淀,将碳以最稳定的形式封存于土壤中。这条融合了地球化学与生态过程的路径,为区域碳汇能力的重建提供了核心的机制支撑。
微生物过程强化,特别是MICP技术,是推动土壤碳汇从基础研究走向应用的前沿方向。该技术通过微生物的尿素水解、硝酸盐还原等特定代谢途径,有效调节微域环境的pH与碳酸根离子浓度,从而促进CaCO3沉淀并将有机质包裹其中[28]。MICP技术具有低能耗、生态兼容性好和所形成的矿物稳定性高等优势,有潜力构建高效的“植物−微生物−矿物”三元固碳体系。未来的工作重点在于优化功能微生物群落的代谢路径,开发精准的过程调控系统,并全面评估该技术在不同土壤类型中的实际碳汇潜力与气候协同效应。尽管MICP与钙循环调控展现出良好的理论优势,其大尺度部署仍需在可行性与环境风险之间保持平衡。当前主要的不确定性集中于功能微生物在原位的稳定性、底物输入可能带来的氮素副作用,以及在强侵蚀或高渗透环境中碳酸盐沉淀易迁移的过程风险[62]。因此,任何技术路径的推广都必须伴随系统性的监测与验证,包括土壤溶液Ca2+与HCO3动态、剖面SIC/SOC的时序变化、地下水水化学特征以及潜在的氮素淋失[63]。基于这些指标构建的可核查体系将为成本−效益评估提供依据,确保该类技术在不同土壤与气候条件下具有可持续性。
在政策与管理层面,推动SOC−SIC耦合调控已成为实现国家碳中和与土地退化防治目标的重要抓手。具体的政策推进可从3方面协同展开:首先,扩展现有的碳汇核算标准体系,将动态的SIC库纳入国家与区域的温室气体清单[45],以全面反映土壤碳汇的真实潜力;其次,建立相应的生态补偿与碳交易机制,激励农民和土地管理者采取施灰、生物矿化等能带来协同效益的固碳措施[38];最后,基于精细化的气候−母质−土地利用分区,制定适应性的区域管理规划,推动碳汇管理从依赖传统经验决策走向基于科学模型的精准调控。
尽管本文强调了SIC在不同气候带和土地利用类型下呈现的高度动态性,但这一特征在现行的国家与全球碳汇核算体系中仍未得到充分体现。目前多数清单与模型均假设土壤无机碳库相对稳定,将其视为背景库或“恒定量”[64],从而忽略了因酸化、灌溉、施灰、植被恢复或气候变化驱动的溶解−沉淀循环所引发的潜在碳源或碳汇效应[65]。这种静态假设在干旱半干旱区尤为突出,可能导致区域碳汇的系统性低估[66],而在湿润区酸化加剧的情境下,则可能掩盖SIC损失带来的隐性碳源风险[67]。在本文提出的“三重耦合框架”下,SOC与SIC的相互转化是可被人为调控的过程,因此核算体系若忽略SIC的动态,将难以准确评估管理措施(如施灰、MICP、深根植被恢复)所带来的协同效应[68]。未来的碳汇计量需在3个层面进行调整:其一,在清单层面,应将次生碳酸盐的形成与溶解纳入温室气体清单并建立区域化的SIC监测指标,以反映土壤−大气−水体之间的真实碳通量[16];其二,在模型层面,应将碳酸盐化过程、Ca循环与根际CO2微环境等关键机制嵌入现有陆面模型,增强其在干旱区与石灰性土壤中的适用性[69];其三,在政策层面,有必要构建能够同时激励SOC与SIC提升的核算体系,使固碳潜力不再局限于有机碳维度,而能体现无机碳库在地质时间尺度上的稳定性与长期贡献[70]。将动态SIC纳入核算,将是连接科学进展与管理实践的关键步骤,也是实现“双碳”目标背景下构建全面、真实土壤碳汇评价体系的必由之路。
综上,SOC−SIC耦合的区域调控与碳管理代表着土壤科学与气候政策交汇的前沿。其核心理念在于,通过对底层生物地球化学机制的深刻理解,主动驱动钙循环与微生物过程,最终实现土壤碳的长期封存与系统稳定。展望未来,亟需构建一个“机制−模型−管理−政策”的一体化框架,并借助跨尺度观测与数据同化技术来量化协同固碳的实际潜力,从而将土壤从被动的碳汇转变为可主动调控的气候缓冲系统,为全球碳中和与土地可持续管理奠定坚实的科学根基。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB3907402)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32501532)
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2025年第43卷第22期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00068
  • 接收时间:2025-10-16
  • 首发时间:2025-12-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-16
  • 修回日期:2025-11-20
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB3907402)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32501532)
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    1中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
    2北京林业大学草业与草原学院,北京 100083
    3中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室,北京 100101

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黄元元(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为陆地生态系统碳、水、氮和磷循环的模拟及预测,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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