Article(id=1212410691017937785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, articleNumber=null, orderNo=14, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01087, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=1725984000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766990834240, onlineDateStr=2025-12-29, pubDate=1762963200000, pubDateStr=2025-11-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766678400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766990834239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080269666, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212410683682099946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='21', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762963200000', pubDateStr='2025-11-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766990832490, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330578192, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195808502366441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195808502366442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=31, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212410691563197323, articleId=1212410691017937785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress on oxygen blast furnace and engineering practice, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oxygen blast furnace (OBF) has many advantages such as a high coal injection rate, reduced coke ratio, lower CO2 emissions, and improved production efficiency, and is considered one of the most promising low−carbon ironmaking processes for large−scale application. Therefore, it has received extensive research attention. This article analyzes the current state and development trends of OBF research from various aspects, including its development history, industrial experiments, physical models, and mathematical models. Carbon reduction potential of the OBF is analyzed from the perspectives of internal production state production indexes, material flow, and energy flow. It is found that OBF has significant carbon reduction advantages compared to traditional blast furnaces (TBF), and its carbon reduction potential can be further enhanced with CO2 capture and storage technologies. Then, the progress made by China Baowu Hydrogen−enriched Carbonic oxide Recycling Oxygenate Furnace (HyCROF) was elaborated in more detail. This process achieved a utilization coefficient of 5.0 t/(m3·d), reducing the cost per ton of iron by approximately 150 yuan compared to previous stages. Finally, it looks ahead to accelerating the integration of the "blast furnace−converter" long process by replacing carbon with hydrogen, combining carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and pure hydrogen reduction technology, so as to build an intelligent, efficient and high−yield development direction for the steel industry. Finally, the direction of low−carbon iron making in China is prospected.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qiang LI, Haibin ZUO, Jingsong WANG, Guang WANG, Xuefeng SHE, Qingguo XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingguo XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212410698001453139, articleId=1212410691017937785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=氧气高炉研究进展及工程实践, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氧气高炉(OBF)具有可实现大喷煤量、降低焦比、减少CO2排放、提高生产效率等优势,是最有可能实现大规模应用的低碳炼铁工艺之一,受到广泛的关注。首先介绍了氧气高炉的发展历程,其次,从氧气高炉的理论分析、物理模拟、数值模拟和工业实验研究等方面介绍了氧气高炉的研究现状和发展趋势。氧气高炉的发展过程中出现了Fink流程、Lu流程、FOBF流程、NKK流程、Tula流程、Poos流程、BOBF流程、OCF流程和LGC流程等多种工艺流程。接着,从炉内反应状态、生产技术指标以及物质流和能量流等角度分析了氧气高炉的节碳潜力,结果表明,氧气高炉与传统高炉(TBF)相比具有很大的节碳潜力,结合CO2的捕集和封存技术节碳潜力将更大,吨铁可降低47.7%的CO2排放。阐述了中国宝武富氢碳循环氧气高炉(HyCROF)取得的进展,该工艺的固体燃料消耗降低30%,碳减排超21%,利用系数达到了5.0 t/(m3·d),吨铁成本较前期降低150元左右。最后,展望了以氢代碳、结合碳捕集与储存技术和纯氢还原技术,加速实现“高炉-转炉”长流程的整合,构建智能、高效、高产的钢铁行业方向。

, authors=

李强,博士研究生,研究方向为低碳炼铁,电子信箱:

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薛庆国(通信作者),教授,研究方向为低碳冶金,电子信箱:
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Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2017, 117: 58-65., articleTitle=The energy consumption and carbon emission of the integrated steel mill with oxygen blast furnace, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242146024211427961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=金鹏. 基于多层次模型的炉顶煤气循环氧气高炉可行性研究[D]. 北京: 北京科技大学, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242146024270148218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=3, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=67, authorNames=田宝山, journalName=新疆钢铁, refType=null, unstructuredReference=田宝山. 八钢富氢碳循环高炉低碳冶炼技术研究与实践[J]. 新疆钢铁, 2021(4): 1-3., articleTitle=八钢富氢碳循环高炉低碳冶炼技术研究与实践, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242146024328868477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=八钢富氢碳循环氧气高炉利用系数再创新高[J]. 炼铁, 2023, 42(2): 53., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242146012966498777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242146012974887386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, companyId=1242146012966498777, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242146012983275995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, companyId=1242146012966498777, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京科技大学绿色低碳钢铁冶金全国重点实验室,北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242146014937821698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HywuE3s9UcYbJBK9baspeA==, figureFileBig=izk6JlMZu/QURDnhMq/s0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146015000736260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, language=CN, label=图1, caption=TBF(a)和OBF(b)的工艺流程示意, figureFileSmall=HywuE3s9UcYbJBK9baspeA==, figureFileBig=izk6JlMZu/QURDnhMq/s0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146015084622341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IHUWX7VAQt0LZcLswbRZwg==, figureFileBig=Z4dMsy3lamSxOG6zYlxF9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146015164314118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, language=CN, label=图2, caption=二维高炉冷态物理模型示意, figureFileSmall=IHUWX7VAQt0LZcLswbRZwg==, figureFileBig=Z4dMsy3lamSxOG6zYlxF9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146015218840072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1upWYNs8MpvCYhFnL6B7nw==, figureFileBig=WL9WfX63dQSvAWMnDiSuZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146015281754633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, language=CN, label=图3, caption=三维高炉冷态物理模型示意, figureFileSmall=1upWYNs8MpvCYhFnL6B7nw==, figureFileBig=WL9WfX63dQSvAWMnDiSuZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146015336280587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rEYJVnFnYpETJ4gvduN6TA==, figureFileBig=90QsymOaFMwNiORx8Q2bdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146015390806540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, language=CN, label=图4, caption=炉内颗粒运动状态特征对比

1—静止区,2—活塞流区,3—管道流区,4—类静止区

(a) 二维扁片模型;(b) 三维模型

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年份 工艺流程 喷吹位置 喷吹物 工艺特点
1978 Fink[23] 炉缸、炉身 氧气、煤粉、炉顶循环煤气 (1) 炉顶煤气不预热脱除CO2
(2) 燃料比降低,生产率提高50%
1984 Lu[24] 炉缸、炉身 氧气、炉顶循环煤气、煤粉 (1) 生产率提高1/3~1
(2) 燃料比较高,氧耗大
1985 FOBF[25] 炉缸、炉身 氧气、煤粉、炉顶循环煤气 (1) 炉顶煤气脱除CO2,加热到1200℃
(2)部分炉顶煤气不脱除CO2,不加热,作载气喷入炉缸
1987 NKK[15] 炉缸、炉身 氧气、煤粉、炉顶循环煤气 (1) 大量煤粉,产能大
(2) 预热循环煤气喷入炉腹中部,补充热量
1987 Tula[26] 炉缸 氧气、炉顶煤气 (1) 炉顶煤气预热并脱除CO2
(2) 焦比降低,产量增加20%~30%
1990 Poos[27] 炉缸 氧气、煤粉、水蒸气 (1) 大量喷吹煤粉
(2) 风口加喷水蒸气
1992 BOBF[20] 炉缸 煤粉、氧气 (1) 鼓风含氧量在40%~90%
(2) 无循环煤气
1994 OCF[28] 炉缸 氧气、煤粉、炉顶煤气、熔剂 (1) 炉顶煤气不加热,不脱除CO2
(2) 炉顶煤气净化后作为载气大量喷吹煤粉和适量熔剂
2001 LGC[29] 炉缸 炉顶煤气,氧气 (1) 部分作为返回煤气不脱除CO2并加热后直接从风口喷吹
(2) 一部分作为加热返回煤气的燃料气
), ArticleFig(id=1242146018263904805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410691017937785, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同氧气高炉流程工艺特点

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年份 工艺流程 喷吹位置 喷吹物 工艺特点
1978 Fink[23] 炉缸、炉身 氧气、煤粉、炉顶循环煤气 (1) 炉顶煤气不预热脱除CO2
(2) 燃料比降低,生产率提高50%
1984 Lu[24] 炉缸、炉身 氧气、炉顶循环煤气、煤粉 (1) 生产率提高1/3~1
(2) 燃料比较高,氧耗大
1985 FOBF[25] 炉缸、炉身 氧气、煤粉、炉顶循环煤气 (1) 炉顶煤气脱除CO2,加热到1200℃
(2)部分炉顶煤气不脱除CO2,不加热,作载气喷入炉缸
1987 NKK[15] 炉缸、炉身 氧气、煤粉、炉顶循环煤气 (1) 大量煤粉,产能大
(2) 预热循环煤气喷入炉腹中部,补充热量
1987 Tula[26] 炉缸 氧气、炉顶煤气 (1) 炉顶煤气预热并脱除CO2
(2) 焦比降低,产量增加20%~30%
1990 Poos[27] 炉缸 氧气、煤粉、水蒸气 (1) 大量喷吹煤粉
(2) 风口加喷水蒸气
1992 BOBF[20] 炉缸 煤粉、氧气 (1) 鼓风含氧量在40%~90%
(2) 无循环煤气
1994 OCF[28] 炉缸 氧气、煤粉、炉顶煤气、熔剂 (1) 炉顶煤气不加热,不脱除CO2
(2) 炉顶煤气净化后作为载气大量喷吹煤粉和适量熔剂
2001 LGC[29] 炉缸 炉顶煤气,氧气 (1) 部分作为返回煤气不脱除CO2并加热后直接从风口喷吹
(2) 一部分作为加热返回煤气的燃料气
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氧气高炉研究进展及工程实践
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李强 1 , 左海滨 1 , 王静松 1 , 王广 1 , 佘雪峰 1 , 薛庆国 1, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(21): 31-41
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (21) : 31 -41
氧气高炉研究进展及工程实践
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李强1 , 左海滨1, 王静松1, 王广1, 佘雪峰1, 薛庆国1, *
作者信息
  • 1北京科技大学绿色低碳钢铁冶金全国重点实验室,北京 100083
通讯作者:
薛庆国(通信作者),教授,研究方向为低碳冶金,电子信箱:
Research progress on oxygen blast furnace and engineering practice
Qiang LI1 , Haibin ZUO1, Jingsong WANG1, Guang WANG1, Xuefeng SHE1, Qingguo XUE1, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-11-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01087
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氧气高炉(OBF)具有可实现大喷煤量、降低焦比、减少CO2排放、提高生产效率等优势,是最有可能实现大规模应用的低碳炼铁工艺之一,受到广泛的关注。首先介绍了氧气高炉的发展历程,其次,从氧气高炉的理论分析、物理模拟、数值模拟和工业实验研究等方面介绍了氧气高炉的研究现状和发展趋势。氧气高炉的发展过程中出现了Fink流程、Lu流程、FOBF流程、NKK流程、Tula流程、Poos流程、BOBF流程、OCF流程和LGC流程等多种工艺流程。接着,从炉内反应状态、生产技术指标以及物质流和能量流等角度分析了氧气高炉的节碳潜力,结果表明,氧气高炉与传统高炉(TBF)相比具有很大的节碳潜力,结合CO2的捕集和封存技术节碳潜力将更大,吨铁可降低47.7%的CO2排放。阐述了中国宝武富氢碳循环氧气高炉(HyCROF)取得的进展,该工艺的固体燃料消耗降低30%,碳减排超21%,利用系数达到了5.0 t/(m3·d),吨铁成本较前期降低150元左右。最后,展望了以氢代碳、结合碳捕集与储存技术和纯氢还原技术,加速实现“高炉-转炉”长流程的整合,构建智能、高效、高产的钢铁行业方向。

氧气高炉  /  物理模拟  /  数值模拟  /  富氢碳循环高炉

Oxygen blast furnace (OBF) has many advantages such as a high coal injection rate, reduced coke ratio, lower CO2 emissions, and improved production efficiency, and is considered one of the most promising low−carbon ironmaking processes for large−scale application. Therefore, it has received extensive research attention. This article analyzes the current state and development trends of OBF research from various aspects, including its development history, industrial experiments, physical models, and mathematical models. Carbon reduction potential of the OBF is analyzed from the perspectives of internal production state production indexes, material flow, and energy flow. It is found that OBF has significant carbon reduction advantages compared to traditional blast furnaces (TBF), and its carbon reduction potential can be further enhanced with CO2 capture and storage technologies. Then, the progress made by China Baowu Hydrogen−enriched Carbonic oxide Recycling Oxygenate Furnace (HyCROF) was elaborated in more detail. This process achieved a utilization coefficient of 5.0 t/(m3·d), reducing the cost per ton of iron by approximately 150 yuan compared to previous stages. Finally, it looks ahead to accelerating the integration of the "blast furnace−converter" long process by replacing carbon with hydrogen, combining carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and pure hydrogen reduction technology, so as to build an intelligent, efficient and high−yield development direction for the steel industry. Finally, the direction of low−carbon iron making in China is prospected.

oxygen blast furnace  /  physical simulation  /  numerical simulation  /  hydrogen−enriched carbonic oxide recycling oxygenate furnace (HyCROF)
李强, 左海滨, 王静松, 王广, 佘雪峰, 薛庆国. 氧气高炉研究进展及工程实践. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (21) : 31 -41 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01087
Qiang LI, Haibin ZUO, Jingsong WANG, Guang WANG, Xuefeng SHE, Qingguo XUE. Research progress on oxygen blast furnace and engineering practice[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (21) : 31 -41 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01087
钢铁行业是最难实现碳中和的行业之一,根据世界钢铁协会数据显示,2022年,中国粗钢产量约为10.13亿t。按照每吨粗钢碳排放量为1.75~1.90 t计算,中国钢铁产业碳排放量在17.73~19.25亿t,占全国碳排放总量的15%以上,是制造业31个门类中碳排放量最大行业[14]。在“双碳”目标下,高排放行业相继颁布碳达峰目标,钢铁行业低碳化、产品零碳化势在必行。但是,中国钢铁产能需求大,对原材料需求高,且废钢资源较少,难以支撑原材料供给,因此以铁矿石、石灰石和焦煤为原料的长流程仍占主导地位,实现碳中和难度巨大,仅推进节能减排并不能实现钢铁行业“双碳”目标,还需要采取特别的技术[49],如氧气高炉(OBF)工艺、绿氢冶金技术和碳捕集利用与封存技术(CCUS)等。但目前CCUS技术大多停留在捕集后将二氧化碳封存于地下层面,再利用尚未形成规模化发展。绿氢冶金技术中的绿氢制备还处于发展初期,产业链存在氢供应短板和生命周期碳循环缺环问题,技术也不成熟[2,1011]
氧气高炉与传统高炉(TBF)相比是一种新型高炉炼铁工艺,从狭义上讲,OBF仅指全氧高炉(FOBF),但从广义上讲,也可指中富氧高炉(MOBF)或其他高度富氧高炉。OBF常与炉顶煤气循环工艺(TGR)相耦合,主要有2类——TGR−MOBF、TGR–FOBF,如图1[12]所示,具有以下4个特点[1321]。(1) 对环境的影响大大降低。采用了无氮鼓风,所以在热风炉中很少产生和排放氮氧化物(NOx),与此同时,焦炭需求的减少将减少焦化过程造成的污染。(2) 提高生产率和煤粉喷吹率。通过各种技术措施,OBF的生产率可大幅提高(根据不同的估计,提高30%~100%),此外由于燃烧区的氧含量较高,可以提高煤粉比,这将降低对焦炭的依赖。(3) 间接还原程度提高,降低燃料比。高炉内的还原条件与竖炉相似,间接还原度的增加会导致直接还原度的相应降低和燃料比的降低。(4) 改善了炉顶煤气的质量,并捕集了其中的CO2。OBF炉顶煤气的热值几乎是TBF炉顶煤气的2倍,CO2捕集大大降低了该过程的排放。
1972年,Wenzel等[22]首先提出了氧气高炉这一工艺并申请专利,其核心在于采用无氮鼓风技术,并将重整后的炉顶煤气分别从风口及炉身下部喷吹。随后国内外研究人员先后提出了Fink流程、Lu流程、FOBF流程、NKK流程、Tula流程、Poos流程、BOBF流程、OCF流程和LGC流程等多种氧气高炉工艺流程。按照其提出的时间及其工艺特点进行分类汇总,如表1所示。
高炉炼铁是一个复杂的物理化学过程,高炉内的炉料在运动过程无法直接观察到内部的运动状态,所以一般采用物理模型进行研究,目前研究高炉内气固两相流的物理模型主要分为二维扁片和三维模型。二维扁片模型可直接观察到炉料下降的运动轨迹和运动规律[3031],如图2[30,32]所示,但是二维扁片模型的颗粒与模型的前后壁存在摩擦作用,会对实验结果产生一定的影响。三维冷态模型如图3[33]所示,该模型虽然没有壁面效应,但是模型内部的颗粒运动状态无法直接进行观测,只能等试验结束后进行解剖,所以目前使用三维模型较少[3233]
Wright等[32]研究了二维扁片模型和三维模型中炉内固体颗粒的运动状态,并根据炉料的运动状态,将炉内划分为4个区域:(1) 炉中心下部的静止区(死料柱);(2) 高炉炉顶的活塞流区域;(3) 风口上方的管道流动区域;(4) 紧邻静止区的类静止区。实验结果如图4所示。可以看出,三维模型的活塞流区域大于二维扁片模型,管道流动区域和类静止区小于二维扁片模型,但是仍然可以认为2种模型表现出来的内部结构和实际高炉内部的现象比较吻合。
Lu等[34]建立了一个高炉三维半圆冷态物理模型,模型由透明丙烯酸材料制成。该模型可在颗粒流动结束后插入透明板块的方法,观察固体内部流动的情况。结果表明,在炉料下降过程中,活塞流是高炉上部和中部区域的主要固体流态。李聪等[35]以几何相似、曳力相似为准则,以鼓风动能相似为目标,搭建带有风口回旋区的430 m3高炉下部1∶3扇形冷态物理模型,对高炉风口回旋区的一般性流动规律进行了研究,物理模型如图5所示。研究发现,粒径较细的煤粉在回旋区的停留时间较短,仅为0.012 s。焦炭颗粒由于自身的重力、气体曳力和炉料间摩擦力的综合作用,在回旋区端面原地振动,速度为0.08~0.4 m/s,与传统高炉相比,氧气高炉在鼓风动能缩小25.6%的情况下,回旋区的深度和髙度分别缩小了20%和15.8%。因此,为了保证氧气高炉合理的风口回旋区和燃烧带范围,需要维持一定的鼓风动能。
氧气高炉的静态模型不仅是设计工艺参数的基础,更是多维动态模型的计算基础。目前的研究都是以热平衡和物料平衡为基础,建立了氧气高炉的分区域静态模型,但是仍然存在以下问题[13,3638]:(1) 直接还原度的选取;(2) 区域温度界限的选取;(3) 氧气高炉的生产率问题;(4) 热损失问题;(5) 喷煤比上限问题。
静态模型忽略了高炉内气体流量、浓度、压力和温度分布变化对炉内传热与反应的影响。为了阐明和深入理解OBF的内部过程,Ohno等[39]建立了喷吹预热气体OBF的一维模型,根据模型结果,热储备区温度(TR)取决于预热气体的流量(Vb)和温度(Tb),这与TBF中的情况截然不同,图6显示了热储备区温度和直接还原程度随喷吹气体温度的变化。Yamaoka等[16]建立了OBF一维模型,将高炉划分为3个区域,包括炉缸、风口回旋区和有效反应区,并考虑了气体和炉料之间的热交换。假设只有热态富氧鼓风吹入回旋区,鼓风温度分别设定为30℃、600℃和1200℃,并确定了相应的理论最小燃料量,随着氧含量的增加,间接还原度先升后降,而燃料比先降后升。
Kuwabara等[40]考虑了炉料和气流、传热传质和化学反应,建立了OBF的二维数学模型,模拟了风口前焦炭燃烧或高炉内粘结层体积缩减的过程。张宗良[41]建立了氧气高炉多流体数学模型,通过建立的模型分别对普通高炉和气化炉氧气高炉(GF−FOBF)流程中的氧气高炉进行了模拟计算,得到2种工艺流程下高炉内温度场、浓度场和速度场等典型参数的分布情况(图7)。该模型可为氧气高炉炼铁技术开发提供参考。张泽栋等[42]建立了二维多相流稳态模型,该模型将气相、固相(包括焦炭与含铁炉料)、铁水、熔渣和粉尘(煤粉与粉矿)分别视为具有单独流动机制的独立相,模型同时考虑了多相之间的相互作用。结果表明,风口炉身同时喷吹循环煤气,氧气高炉的产量提高51.46%,焦比降低43.82%,CO2减排32.52%,热力学完善度为92.19%,效率为86.51%,综合效益为25621万元/年。
众多研究人员分别建立了炉缸风口、直吹管、回旋区、氧煤枪的氧气高炉三维数学模拟[4353]。Hilton等[48]采用CFD−DEM建立了一个三维的回旋区模型,研究了不同入射气体流速和颗粒形状对回旋区形成和颗粒运动状态的影响,气体速度范围为60~120 m/s,颗粒形状为长方体、扁圆椭球形和扁椭圆体。在3种颗粒中,扁圆椭球形的颗粒最容易形成回旋区。除形成回旋区的速度不同外,3种不同颗粒条件下,回旋区的形状以及颗粒的运动状态也不同,如图8[48]所示。Dong等[4951]采用物理模型和DEM−CFD数学模型相结合的方法,对氧气高炉内的气−固两相流的特征进行了分析,考察了影响炉身喷吹循环煤气渗透(SIG)的因素,如炉料直径、炉身风口尺寸和炉身喷吹煤气量与炉内总煤气量之比等参数对炉身喷吹煤气流分布的影响。Peng等[5253]基于欧拉多相流理论,建立了高炉下部的气固流动耦合化学反应三维瞬态模型,研究了回旋区的演化过程、形状尺寸和气固流动特征,得了风口喷吹参数对回旋区的影响规律,建立了气粉流动燃烧三维数值模型,模拟了1580 m3的高炉风口富氧喷吹煤粉的流动燃烧过程。
1987年,日本长野工业株式会社(NKK)提出了NKK氧气高炉流程,并在3.9 m3小型高炉上开展了试验。其工艺流程如图9[39]所示。试验结果表明,喷煤量最高可达320 kg/t,理论燃烧温度为2839℃,焦比大幅度降低。同时,生铁产量由9.9 t/d提高到20.0 t/d,利用系数达到5.1 t/(m3·d),铁水中Si含量也显著下降,实现了稳定生产,证明氧气高炉在技术上完全可行。
1985—1990年,苏联RPA公司将炉容为1033 m3的2号高炉改造为氧气高炉进行了长时间的氧气鼓风和喷吹热还原煤气的工业试验,其工艺流程如图10[54]所示。在长达74 d的试验期内,试验先后共进行了13次,累计产出铁水2.5×105 t。焦比最低可达360~367 kg/t,铁水产量最高达到1770 t/d。同时,试验期间对应的氧耗为251 N·m3/t,铁水硅含量2.2%,直接还原度由基准期的0.437降低到试验期的0.08~0.19。在当时的试验条件下,试验取得了巨大成功,为后续氧气高炉的生产操作提供了宝贵的经验。
2004年,欧盟制定并实施了“超低CO2炼钢”项目(ULCOS计划),该项目中高炉炉顶煤气循环−氧气高炉(TGR−OBF)是重点开发的工艺之一,其目的是将钢铁工业CO2的排放降低50%。2007年,ULCOS项目组在瑞典LKAB的9 m3高炉进行了为期7周工业试验[55],其工艺流程如图11所示。试验结果表明:在炉缸和炉身喷吹1250℃循环煤气的条件下,燃料比为400 kg/t,碳输入降到350 kg/t。当炉顶煤气循环率达到90%时,可以实现碳减排24%,结合碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术,CO2排放最高可减少76%[56]。该试验表明,氧气高炉具有较大的节碳潜力。
2009年,北京钢铁研究总院与中国五矿集团合作建立了一座8 m3的氧气高炉,进行了工业试验,工艺流程如图12所示。试验主要分为3个阶段:第1阶段为期15 d;第2阶段为期23 d;第3阶段为期18 d。期间喷吹的焦炉煤气为900℃,最大喷煤量为450 kg/t,焦比大量降低,且高炉的各项操作指标均实现预期目标[5759]。该工业试验表明,氧气高炉炉身喷吹焦炉煤气以后可提高间接还原度,大幅降低燃料比。
众多研究人员通过对氧气高炉的内部生产状态、能量利用和整体生产指标进行了系统性研究。Meijer等[60]利用ULCOS氧气高炉的能质平衡模型分析了氧气高炉在不同工艺条件下的节碳潜力,结果表明,炉身和炉缸同时喷吹循环煤气能节碳20%以上。薛庆国等[61]通过计算发现,氧气高炉较传统高炉炼铁工序能耗降低10.4%,焦比下降16%,煤比可上升17.7%,如果采用CO2捕集封存技术,可实现减排55%的良好效果。Meng等[62]建立了氧气高炉综合数学模型,并根据国内实际高炉运行数据对新工艺进行了计算,结果表明,与传统高炉相比,燃料比降低了24.7%。She等[63]从直接还原度与碳消耗关系的角度探讨了高炉节碳潜力,建立了更能反映高炉操作实际情况的碳耗与直接还原度的关系图(图13),结果表明,传统高炉的节碳潜力为38~56 kg/t,而氧气高炉的节碳潜力为138 kg/t。彭星[53]通过建立高炉分区热质平衡模型研究发现,顶煤气循环氧气高炉耦合富氢喷吹可降碳23.2%,节能9.1%。
Zhang等[64]根据宝山钢铁股份有限公司的数据,建立用于分析TGR−OBF过程的㶲流模型,并设计了用于系统能动计算的计算机程序。其TGR−OBF的㶲流如图14所示,在默认运行参数的基础上,TGR−OBF工艺的碳消耗量比TBF工艺分别降低了14.1%(案例1)和20.2%(案例2)。中富氧高炉工艺(案例1)能效降低了3%,而富氧高炉工艺(案例2)能效4%。Xia等[65]以氧气高炉工艺为基础,针对TBF、OBF、采用CO2封存的氧气高炉CCU−OBF、采用CO2封存和富氢喷吹的氧气高炉(CCU−OBFh−ec)4种典型工况进行了CO2减排潜力分析。研究表明,常规高炉吨铁CO2排放量为1572 kg,氧气高炉吨铁CO2排放量降低了10.7%,CCU−OBF工艺吨铁CO2排放量为822 kg,降低了47.7%。
Jin等[6667]结合钢厂生产运行数据,建立了TGR−OBF综合模型,从物质流和能量流的角度分析了TGR−OBF钢铁联合企业的能耗和碳排放。与传统高炉相比,氧气高炉可降低综合能耗17.7%,减少焦煤消耗39.6%,采用TGR−OBF的直接CO2排放量减少了26.2%,实现CO2捕集和封存后CO2直接排放和净排放可比传统流程分别降低56.5%和40.9%,进一步说明氧气高炉与传统高炉相比具有很大的节碳优势,结合CO2的捕集和封存技术潜力会越来越大。
传统高炉富氢被广泛应用于各大钢铁企业,因此氧气高炉富氢的想法也被提出。中国宝武钢铁集团有限公司(简称中国宝武)作为全球最大的钢铁企业,近年来深入实施“双碳”行动,积极推动富氢碳循环氧气高炉研发示范等工作,在原有的430 m3高炉的基础上,成功建设了富氢碳循环氧气高炉(HyCROF),该工程旨在实现100%全氧冶炼工况下喷吹脱碳炉顶煤气的目标。通过多年的技术研究,成功攻克了一系列重要的技术挑战,包括CO2高效低成本的去除、高温煤气–纯氧–煤粉复合喷吹、煤气分布和高压高还原势煤气的安全加热等。
2020年7月开始进行氧气高炉的工业试验,并分为3个阶段进行:2020年10月,成功突破传统高炉的富氧极限,实现35%高富氧冶炼目标;2021年8月,开展了风口喷吹焦炉煤气和脱碳煤气工业试验,在鼓风含氧量为50%,风口喷吹欧冶炉脱碳煤气、焦炉煤气200~250 m3/t的条件下,基准焦比下降30~40 kg/t,燃料比下降85~95 kg/t[68];2022年10月实现100%全氧鼓风条件下喷吹脱除CO2的循环煤气,并开展了1200℃高温煤气自循环喷吹和富氢冶炼的工业化试验,打通了富氢碳循环氧气高炉工艺全流程。HyCROF固体燃料消耗降低达30%,碳减排超21%[35,69]。2023年,该团队在保持炉况稳定的情况下,通过提高喷吹比和调整操作策略,成功将富氢碳循环氧气高炉的日产量稳步提升,利用系数达到5.0 t/(m3·d),最高日产量超过1900 t/d,吨铁成本较前期降低150元左右[35]。这一工艺的成功代表了中国宝武在低碳冶金领域的坚实进展,实现了全球绿色低碳冶金技术的新突破,引领了世界钢铁行业向长流程冶炼高炉低碳转型发展的方向。在此基础上,2023年6月6日,中国宝武正式启动了新疆八一钢铁2500 m3富氢碳循环高炉技术商业化示范项目主体改造工程,该项目将对已掌握的技术和关键工艺装备进一步优化和改进,以降低总体能耗和提高生产效率。2023年9月28日成功点火,标志着中国宝武低碳炼铁技术全面进入商业化运作阶段,为高炉炼铁低碳、高效、低成本、高质量发展奠定了基础,预计CO2年减排近100万t,它的投运也标志着中国宝武打造绿色低碳原创技术取得重大突破,为钢铁行业提供了新的低碳炼铁技术发展方向。
2022年8月,《钢铁行业碳中和愿景和低碳技术路线图》正式发布,提出钢铁碳中和愿景,确保2030年前实现碳达峰。然而,中国在很长一段时间里钢铁行业将仍以长流程为主,因此,高炉的节碳减排是重中之重。氧气高炉与传统高炉相比具有更大的节碳潜力,基于氧气鼓风的富氢碳循环高炉将会成为低碳炼铁发展的重要方向。以氢代碳是高炉实现减排CO2的重要途径,通过富氢气体的喷吹代替部分焦炭和煤粉,并将钢铁系统中产生的富氢气体重整之后进行循环喷吹,再结合碳捕集与储存技术、低碳燃料以及大数据与人工智能优化生产流程,高炉将实现更低的碳排放和更高的能源利用率,并在原料供应日益多样化的背景下,保持钢铁生产的可持续性和竞争力。同时,应积极研究纯氢还原技术,加速实现“高炉−转炉”长流程的整合,构建智能、高效、高产的钢铁行业。

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2025年第43卷第21期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01087
  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
  • 修回日期:2024-09-11
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    1北京科技大学绿色低碳钢铁冶金全国重点实验室,北京 100083

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薛庆国(通信作者),教授,研究方向为低碳冶金,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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