Article(id=1212410688211952426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, articleNumber=null, orderNo=22, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00116, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750348800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-20, revisedDate=1759334400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766990833571, onlineDateStr=2025-12-29, pubDate=1762963200000, pubDateStr=2025-11-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766678400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766990833571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080252602, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212410683682099946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='21', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762963200000', pubDateStr='2025-11-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766990832490, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330578192, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195808502366441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195808502366442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=111, endPage=117, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212410689944200001, articleId=1212410688211952426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Effect of iron imbalance on the immune function of liver, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Iron is a crucial element for maintaining immune system function, and iron imbalance can lead to immune dysregulation. The liver, as the central organ for iron storage and regulation, maintains iron homeostasis by precisely sensing systemic iron levels and modulating hepcidin secretion. This review summarizes the impact of iron imbalance on liver immune function and its underlying mechanisms, with a focus on both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In innate immunity, iron deficiency suppresses macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype, impairs neutrophil differentiation, and enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In contrast, iron overload promotes M1 macrophage polarization, inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while its effect on NK cells remains unclear.Regarding adaptive immunity, iron deficiency inhibits T cell activation and B cell antibody production, whereas iron overload induces mitochondrial dysfunction, promotes the differentiation of pathogenic T cells, and impairs regulatory T cell function. Current research still presents several gaps; for instance, the regulatory mechanisms of iron deficiency on M2 macrophage polarization and the effects of iron overload on NK cell function remain to be fully elucidated. Future studies should strengthen research on related signaling pathways and clinical translation, exploring immune intervention strategies targeting iron metabolism to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases associated with iron metabolism disorders.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoyu WANG, Wei WANG, Chengyu SONG, Jiayu TIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212410691630310249, articleId=1212410688211952426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=铁失衡对肝脏免疫功能的影响, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

铁是维持免疫系统功能的关键元素,铁失衡将导致免疫功能异常。肝脏是铁储存和调控的核心器官,通过精准感知机体铁水平调节铁调素分泌,进而维持铁稳态。介绍了铁失衡对肝脏免疫功能的影响及其机制,重点从先天性免疫与适应性免疫2大系统展开分析。在先天性免疫方面,铁缺乏可抑制巨噬细胞向M1型极化、阻碍中性粒细胞分化,并增强自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性;铁过载则促进巨噬细胞M1型极化、抑制中性粒细胞释放NETs及产生活性氧(ROS),但对NK细胞的影响尚不明确。在适应性免疫方面,铁缺乏抑制T细胞活化与B细胞抗体生成,铁过载则诱导线粒体功能障碍并促进致病性T细胞分化,同时削弱调节性T细胞功能。目前研究仍存在诸多空白,例如铁缺乏对巨噬细胞M2型极化的调控机制、铁过载对NK细胞功能的影响等尚未阐明,未来应加强相关信号通路及临床转化研究,探索靶向铁代谢的免疫干预策略,为铁代谢异常相关肝病的防治提供新思路。

, authors=

王晓玉,副教授,研究方向为食品营养与代谢,电子信箱:

王蔚(共同第一作者),研究方向为食品科学,电子信箱:

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铁失衡类型 免疫细胞种类 影响 影响机制
铁缺乏 巨噬细胞[2527]  抑制M1型极化 NF−κB通路
中性粒细胞[31]  分化受阻 c−KIT表达增加、LY6G表达减少,导致Prog积累和PMNs减少
NK细胞[33]  增强杀伤活性 降低MHC I类分子表达,减弱NK细胞抑制信号
T细胞[34]  抑制活化与增殖 暂不明确,可能涉及铁作为T细胞辅助因子的代谢调控
B细胞[3536]  抑制增殖和抗体生成 阻滞B细胞周期进程
铁过载 巨噬细胞[2829]  促进M1型极化,抑制M2型极化 STAT6通路,IRF3通路
中性粒细胞[32]  抑制NETs释放和ROS产生 暂不明确,可能与氧化应激相关
T细胞[37]  诱导线粒体功能障碍,促进TH17
致病性分化,削弱Treg功能
暂不明确
), ArticleFig(id=1242145890589290604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410688211952426, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铁缺乏与铁过载对主要免疫细胞功能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁失衡类型 免疫细胞种类 影响 影响机制
铁缺乏 巨噬细胞[2527]  抑制M1型极化 NF−κB通路
中性粒细胞[31]  分化受阻 c−KIT表达增加、LY6G表达减少,导致Prog积累和PMNs减少
NK细胞[33]  增强杀伤活性 降低MHC I类分子表达,减弱NK细胞抑制信号
T细胞[34]  抑制活化与增殖 暂不明确,可能涉及铁作为T细胞辅助因子的代谢调控
B细胞[3536]  抑制增殖和抗体生成 阻滞B细胞周期进程
铁过载 巨噬细胞[2829]  促进M1型极化,抑制M2型极化 STAT6通路,IRF3通路
中性粒细胞[32]  抑制NETs释放和ROS产生 暂不明确,可能与氧化应激相关
T细胞[37]  诱导线粒体功能障碍,促进TH17
致病性分化,削弱Treg功能
暂不明确
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铁失衡对肝脏免疫功能的影响
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王晓玉 1, 2 , 王蔚 1 , 宋成雨 1 , 田佳雨 1
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(21): 111-117
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (21) : 111 -117
铁失衡对肝脏免疫功能的影响
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王晓玉1, 2 , 王蔚1 , 宋成雨1, 田佳雨1
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2中原食品实验室,漯河 462300
Effect of iron imbalance on the immune function of liver
Xiaoyu WANG1, 2 , Wei WANG1 , Chengyu SONG1, Jiayu TIAN1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China
出版时间: 2025-11-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00116
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铁是维持免疫系统功能的关键元素,铁失衡将导致免疫功能异常。肝脏是铁储存和调控的核心器官,通过精准感知机体铁水平调节铁调素分泌,进而维持铁稳态。介绍了铁失衡对肝脏免疫功能的影响及其机制,重点从先天性免疫与适应性免疫2大系统展开分析。在先天性免疫方面,铁缺乏可抑制巨噬细胞向M1型极化、阻碍中性粒细胞分化,并增强自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性;铁过载则促进巨噬细胞M1型极化、抑制中性粒细胞释放NETs及产生活性氧(ROS),但对NK细胞的影响尚不明确。在适应性免疫方面,铁缺乏抑制T细胞活化与B细胞抗体生成,铁过载则诱导线粒体功能障碍并促进致病性T细胞分化,同时削弱调节性T细胞功能。目前研究仍存在诸多空白,例如铁缺乏对巨噬细胞M2型极化的调控机制、铁过载对NK细胞功能的影响等尚未阐明,未来应加强相关信号通路及临床转化研究,探索靶向铁代谢的免疫干预策略,为铁代谢异常相关肝病的防治提供新思路。

铁失衡  /  铁稳态  /  肝脏  /  免疫功能  /  巨噬细胞极化

Iron is a crucial element for maintaining immune system function, and iron imbalance can lead to immune dysregulation. The liver, as the central organ for iron storage and regulation, maintains iron homeostasis by precisely sensing systemic iron levels and modulating hepcidin secretion. This review summarizes the impact of iron imbalance on liver immune function and its underlying mechanisms, with a focus on both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In innate immunity, iron deficiency suppresses macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype, impairs neutrophil differentiation, and enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In contrast, iron overload promotes M1 macrophage polarization, inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while its effect on NK cells remains unclear.Regarding adaptive immunity, iron deficiency inhibits T cell activation and B cell antibody production, whereas iron overload induces mitochondrial dysfunction, promotes the differentiation of pathogenic T cells, and impairs regulatory T cell function. Current research still presents several gaps; for instance, the regulatory mechanisms of iron deficiency on M2 macrophage polarization and the effects of iron overload on NK cell function remain to be fully elucidated. Future studies should strengthen research on related signaling pathways and clinical translation, exploring immune intervention strategies targeting iron metabolism to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases associated with iron metabolism disorders.

iron imbalance  /  iron metabolism  /  liver  /  immune function  /  macrophage polarization
王晓玉, 王蔚, 宋成雨, 田佳雨. 铁失衡对肝脏免疫功能的影响. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (21) : 111 -117 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00116
Xiaoyu WANG, Wei WANG, Chengyu SONG, Jiayu TIAN. Effect of iron imbalance on the immune function of liver[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (21) : 111 -117 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00116
铁是人体必需的微量营养素之一,参与氧气运输、线粒体呼吸和细胞信号传导等生理过程[1],是血液系统、循环系统和免疫系统发挥正常功能的基础。铁稳态失衡包括铁缺乏和铁过量,都会对机体带来健康风险,其中常常伴有免疫功能异常[2]
铁缺乏症是全球最常见的营养素缺乏症之一,会破坏免疫系统,对健康构成严重威胁。根据世界卫生组织2017年的报告,全球约37%的孕妇和40%的6~59月龄儿童患有贫血,其中约50%的病例由铁缺乏引起[3]。铁是多种机体必需活性物质的重要组成成分,缺铁会对健康造成一系列不利影响。铁缺乏可导致免疫系统功能障碍,具体表现为细胞免疫与体液免疫受损。铁作为T淋巴细胞增殖与分化的关键辅助因子,其缺乏会抑制辅助性T细胞介导的免疫应答,降低中性粒细胞的杀伤能力,进而导致机体易感性增加[4]。此外,铁缺乏还会阻滞B细胞的细胞周期进程,降低麻疹疫苗的抗体反应,并对二次免疫造成不利影响[5]。这些免疫功能障碍进一步提升了多种疾病的发生风险[6],尤其孕妇和儿童群体中,疾病易感性更为显著[7]
铁过载可能由遗传性血色病等铁代谢异常的遗传性疾病、反复输血导致的继发性血色病或铁摄入过多引起。过量铁主要沉积于肝脏、肾脏及心脏等器官,从而引起器官组织病变和功能异常,最终导致发病[89]。铁过载同样会造成免疫功能受损,这主要与氧化应激的发生和表观遗传异常有关。铁过载引发的氧化应激能够破坏肠道屏障功能,使腔内病原体、毒素和过敏原进入循环系统,触发全身炎症反应,并能加重结肠炎等炎症反应[1011],还会引发与血管损伤相关的疾病,如动脉粥样硬化等[12]。此外,铁过载导致的氧化应激能够直接破坏免疫细胞成熟微环境,减少分化簇8阳性(cluster of differentiation 8 positive,CD8+)T细胞数量,显著削弱免疫功能,提高机体易感性[1314]。此外,铁过载还会导致表观遗传调控异常,干扰免疫耐受,进一步诱发狼疮等自身免疫疾病[15]
铁失衡会造成一系列机体损伤,肝脏是铁储存和调控的核心器官,其免疫功能发挥作用也高度依赖于铁稳态的平衡。因此,阐明铁失衡对肝脏免疫功能的影响,有助于揭示铁代谢异常相关肝病的发病机制,为靶向铁稳态的免疫调节疗法提供一定的理论依据。本文将系统分析铁失衡对肝脏免疫细胞功能的影响,以期为相关疾病的精准干预提供新思路。
肝脏是机体铁储存的重要部位,起到维持机体铁稳态的关键作用。膳食铁被十二指肠和空肠上段绒毛中上部的肠上皮细胞吸收,以二价铁形式经肠上皮细胞顶膜的二价金属离子转运体1(divalent metal transporter 1,DMT1)进入细胞,随后通过肠上皮细胞底膜的膜铁转运蛋白(ferroportin,FPN)输出至血液中并同时被氧化为三价铁。铁由肠上皮细胞中输出后,与转铁蛋白(transferrin,TRF)结合形成复合物,经血液循环运输至肝脏,并与肝脏表面的转铁蛋白受体1(transferrin receptor protein,TFR1)特异性结合,经衔接蛋白复合物2(adaptor protein complex 2,AP2)协助进入肝细胞[16]。肝脏分泌的铁调素(Hepcidin)是全身铁稳态的重要调控因子,Hepcidin与细胞表面的FPN结合,导致FPN细胞内化降解,从而抑制小肠铁吸收及巨噬细胞的铁再循环,达到降低循环铁浓度的效果[1718]。研究发现,Hepcidin基因沉默小鼠因肠道铁吸收失控与巨噬细胞铁循环异常,发生严重的全身性铁过载[19]。如图1所示,机体铁水平升高时,内皮细胞(endothelial cell,EC)分泌的骨形态发生蛋白6(bone morphogenetic protein 6,BMP6)和骨形态发生蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein 2,BMP2)增加,二者与肝细胞膜表面的铁调素调节蛋白(hemojuvelin,HJV)结合,促进骨形态发生蛋白受体Ⅰ(bone morphogenetic protein receptor Ⅰ,BMPRⅠ)和BMPR Ⅱ组成信号复合物,引起信号转导蛋白抗十肢因子母体抑制因子1/5/8(suppressor of mother against decapentaplegic 1/5/8,SMAD1/5/8)磷酸化。磷酸化后的SMAD1/5/8与SMAD4结合并移位至细胞核,与大脑和生殖表达(brain and reproductive expression,BRE)蛋白协同激活Hepcidin基因的转录以降低机体铁水平[1,20]。相反,机体铁水平降低使肝内皮细胞产生的BMP6和BMP2减少,同时导致HJV被降解为可溶性HJV(soluble hemojuvelin,sHJV),BMPR I、BMPR II复合物减少,BMP−SMAD调控途径受到抑制,Hepcidin表达减少,以提高机体铁水平[1]。综上,肝脏可以通过感知机体铁水平来调节Hepcidin的分泌,从而维持机体铁稳态。
铁稳态是维持肝脏免疫功能正常运作的重要基础,铁缺乏或铁过载都会通过影响先天性免疫和适应性免疫2大系统的关键细胞功能导致免疫失衡。在先天性免疫层面,作为机体第一道防线的巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞,其免疫防御功能直接受铁稳态调控,铁失衡会削弱这些细胞的吞噬杀伤能力,还会引发炎症反应失调,从而破坏先天性免疫防御机制[21]。适应性免疫的核心细胞T细胞和B细胞的增殖、分化及功能同样高度依赖铁稳态,铁失衡会干扰抗原呈递过程,最终导致免疫应答异常[2122]。因此,明确铁失衡对肝脏免疫功能的影响,对进一步了解铁代谢与免疫细胞相互作用的分子机制、铁稳态与免疫信号通路等具有重要意义。
巨噬细胞主要包括M1型经典活化的巨噬细胞和M2型替代活化的巨噬细胞,M1型能分泌大量促炎细胞因子,诱导炎症反应,而M2型则参与免疫调节等过程,能分泌抗炎细胞因子,发挥抗炎功能[23],两者均由初始巨噬细胞极化而来,极化方向受铁水平调控[24]。铁缺乏会抑制巨噬细胞向M1型极化。一项采用去铁酮处理人类巨噬细胞的研究表明,铁剥夺能抑制人类巨噬细胞中白细胞介素−1β(interleukin−1 beta,IL−1β)和肿瘤坏死因子−α(tumor necrosis factor−alpha,TNF−α)的表达,这些因子与M1型极化有关,即降低其向M1型巨噬细胞极化的程度[25]。一项针对大鼠肝巨噬细胞的研究表明,在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激前加入铁螯合剂可消除细胞反应,阻断IκB激酶(iκB kinase,IKK)和核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa−light−chain−enhancer of activated B,NF−κB)的激活,同时铁螯合剂处理可抑制核因子κB抑制蛋白α(inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B alpha,IκBα)的磷酸化及降解,同时减少核因子κB p65亚基(nuclear factor nf−kappa−B p65 subunit,p65)/核因子κB p50亚基(nuclear factor nf−kappa−B p50 subunit,p50)异二聚体的核结合能力[26]。研究表明,小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞在内毒素耐受状态下,IKKβ活性显著下降,IκBα的磷酸化及降解过程受阻,NF−κB p65/p50异二聚体向细胞核内的转移量减少,NF−κB靶基因的转录活性降低[27]。综上,铁缺乏会阻断NF−κB通路的激活,其机制为铁缺乏导致IKK活性下降,抑制IκBα、p65、p50等蛋白的磷酸化过程,阻碍NF−κB(p65−p50异二聚体)释放及进入细胞核内的过程,从而抑制IL−6、TNF−α等基因的转录,阻止巨噬细胞极化为M1型。然而,铁缺乏影响巨噬细胞向M2型极化的分子信号通路尚需进一步研究。
铁过载会促进巨噬细胞M1型极化,并抑制其M2型极化。与铁缺乏相反,铁过载能够激活NF−κB通路,引起IL−6、TNF−α基因的转录,从而促进巨噬细胞向M1型极化[28]。如前文所述,铁过载会通过HJV导致机体Hepcidin水平上升。而一项单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞研究结果显示,Hepcidin呈剂量依赖性上调诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)等M1型标志物,下调分化簇206(cluster of differentiation 206,CD206)等M2型标志物,并能抑制IL−4分泌,且铁调素导致信号转导与转录激活因子6(signal transducer and activator of transcription 6,STAT6)磷酸化水平下调。此外,Hepcidin处理组中干扰素调节因子3(interferon regulatory factor 3,IRF3)的磷酸化水平上调,并且Hepcidin诱导人急性单核细胞白血病细胞系(human acute monocytic leukemia cell line,THP−1)来源巨噬细胞中干扰素−γ(interferon−gamma,IFN−γ)表达增加,呈剂量依赖性,即Hepcidin通过提高IRF3磷酸化水平促进IFN−γ基因的转录和蛋白分泌,进而诱导巨噬细胞向M1型极化[29]。综上,铁过载通过上调Hepcidin水平,由抑制STAT6磷酸化、通过促进IRF3磷酸增加IFN−γ分泌,来阻碍巨噬细胞向M2型极化,促进其向M1型极化。
铁调控巨噬细胞极化的内在机制如图2所示,铁通过调控NF−κB、STAT6和IRF3等信号通路活性动态调节巨噬细胞极化方向。铁缺乏会阻碍巨噬细胞M1型极化,但对M2型极化的影响尚未完全明确,而铁过载则会促进M1型极化并抑制M2型极化。针对当前铁缺乏对M2型极化调控机制的研究空白,未来可参考铁过载对M2极化的影响机制,对STAT6、NF−κB、IRF3等通路展开研究。
中性粒细胞在抵御微生物入侵中发挥重要作用,是先天性免疫的重要组成部分,铁是中性粒细胞发挥免疫功能所必需的元素,Hepcidin通过FPN依赖的途径诱导角质形成细胞产生趋化因子配体1,进而调节中性粒细胞招募[30]。对敲除IRP1和IRP2基因所构建的功能性铁缺乏小鼠进行相关研究,结果表明铁缺乏导致骨髓中中性粒细胞分化受阻,表现为前体祖细胞(progenitor,Prog)积累以及未成熟的前中性粒细胞(pre−neutrophils,prNeu)增多,多形核中性粒细胞(polymorphonuclear neutrophils,PMNs)减少。在Prog分化为PMNs的过程中,淋巴细胞抗原6复合物基因座G(lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G,LY6G)的表达逐步上升,而干细胞因子受体(c−KIT tyrosine kinase receptor,c−KIT)和c−KIT+细胞随着分化逐渐减少。体外试验显示,铁螯合剂处理使c−KIT表达增加,c−KIT+细胞积累和LY6G减少,这表明铁缺乏会抑制中性粒细胞分化。而补充铁后,能在一定程度上恢复中性粒细胞的分化效率[31]。研究结果显示,铁过载会抑制从HFE基因敲除小鼠和喂食高铁饮食小鼠中分离出的中性粒细胞释放胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)和产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),而低铁饮食对中性粒细胞的吞噬作用、ROS产生和NETs释放未产生明显影响。这表明铁过载会抑制中性粒细胞释放NETs和产生ROS,进而降低中性粒细胞的杀菌能力,增加机体对病原体的易感性。然而,过量的铁对中性粒细胞的吞噬作用、脱颗粒作用无显著影响[32]。综上,铁缺乏会导致中性粒细胞分化受阻,而铁过载则抑制其NETs释放及ROS产生。值得注意的是,铁过载虽抑制中性粒细胞NETs释放但对其吞噬功能无显著影响,这提示中性粒细胞可能存在功能代偿,未来可通过研究代偿性通路的调控节点来进一步明确其内在机制。
NK细胞能够识别和清除被病原体感染的细胞及肿瘤细胞,维持机体免疫平衡。针对原发性黑色素瘤细胞的研究显示,铁螯合剂处理可导致经典主要组织相容性复合体I(major histocompatibility complex,MHC I)的表面表达较对照组降低,也可导致IFN−γ诱导下MHC I 表达升高情况受抑制,STAT1磷酸化程度下降[33]。这表明低浓度铁阻碍IFN−γ刺激下STAT1的磷酸化和核转位,从而阻断IFN−γ诱导的MHC I类分子表达。而MHC I类分子能够与NK细胞表面的抑制性受体结合产生抑制信号,其表达的下降导致NK细胞表面的抑制信号减弱,进而增加NK细胞对原发性癌细胞的杀伤作用,即铁缺乏能促进NK细胞发挥杀伤作用。然而,当前铁过载对其的影响尚不明确,未来可对此进一步研究以完善铁失衡对NK细胞免疫功能的影响。
T细胞具有识别抗原的能力,而铁失衡会影响T细胞的增殖和分化,尤其是铁缺乏,会显著延迟T细胞的增殖与活化过程。一项针对小鼠的研究发现,铁缺乏小鼠肝脏炎症损伤减轻,这是因为铁缺乏抑制T细胞和自然杀伤T细胞(natural killer T,NKT)的激活,并抑制T细胞的活化和增殖[34]。为进一步明确铁过载对人体肝脏T细胞的作用,一项针对系统性红斑狼疮的研究发现,铁过载造成T细胞线粒体呼吸效率降低、腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)产量减少和线粒体形态异常,即引发线粒体功能障碍,并能够促进负责招募免疫细胞的辅助性T细胞17(T helper 17,TH17)细胞的致病性分化。此外,铁过载还会导致维持免疫系统稳态的调节性T细胞(regulatory T,Treg)内的脂质氧化应激、ROS增加,最终造成Treg细胞死亡[3536]。综上,铁失衡会破坏T细胞的代谢和分化,并对其在肝脏免疫应答中的功能造成不利影响,表明其在肝脏免疫调控中的作用高度依赖于铁的动态平衡。目前的研究在明晰铁失衡对T细胞功能影响方面成果显著,但由于体外环境、小鼠肝脏与人类肝脏免疫微环境的异质性尚未完全阐明,铁失衡对T细胞的影响阈值和内在机制仍需要临床实验验证。
B细胞负责产生免疫球蛋白G抗体(immunoglobulin G,IgG),参与体液免疫反应,识别和中和病原体。铁缺乏会阻碍B细胞的增殖并抑制其免疫功能,有研究发现铁缺乏小鼠的生发中心B细胞数量减少,且T细胞依赖性和非依赖性抗原的特异性抗体反应显著减弱。浙江省疾病预防控制中心的一项临床调查发现,在118名年龄10岁及以上个体中,铁缺乏个体(血清铁<50 µg/dl)的病毒特异性IgG抗体滴度明显低于正常铁水平个体(血清铁≥50 µg/dl),表明铁缺乏会降低机体的体液免疫功能,进而影响B细胞清除病原体和形成免疫记忆[5]。此外,针对小鼠的体外、体内实验结果表明,乳铁蛋白(lactoferrin,LF)可通过结合转化生长因子βⅢ型受体(transforming growth factor−β typeⅢ receptor,TbRⅢ),招募TbRⅡ和TbRⅠ,激活Smad3,诱导IgA和IgG2b同种型转换,在体外和体内均能增强IgA的产生,有助于IgA介导的B细胞分化[37]。上述结果表明,铁缺乏通过削弱B细胞的增殖能力与抗体产生效率,损害了体液免疫的有效性,进一步强调了铁稳态在维持正常免疫记忆和病原体清除中的关键地位(表1)。
铁是维持人体免疫系统功能不可或缺的微量元素,铁稳态的失衡,无论是铁缺乏还是铁过载,均会引发免疫功能的广泛紊乱。肝脏作为铁储存与代谢调控的核心器官,通过感知机体铁水平、调控铁调素的分泌,在维持全身铁稳态中发挥关键作用。本文系统综述了铁失衡对肝脏免疫功能的影响机制,聚焦于先天性免疫与适应性免疫两大系统的关键细胞类型,揭示了铁代谢与免疫调控之间的复杂联系。在先天性免疫方面,铁失衡显著影响巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞及自然杀伤细胞的功能。铁缺乏通过抑制NF−κB信号通路,阻碍巨噬细胞向促炎性M1型极化,同时抑制中性粒细胞的分化成熟,但却增强NK细胞的杀伤活性。相反,铁过载通过上调Hepcidin表达,促进巨噬细胞M1型极化并抑制M2型极化,同时抑制中性粒细胞释放胞外诱捕网和产生活性氧,从而削弱其抗菌能力。值得注意的是,铁过载对NK细胞功能的影响尚不明确,成为未来研究的重要方向。在适应性免疫方面,铁失衡对T细胞和B细胞的功能调控尤为显著。铁缺乏抑制T细胞活化与B细胞抗体生成,导致体液免疫与细胞免疫双重受损。铁过载则通过诱导线粒体功能障碍、促进致病性Th17细胞分化、削弱调节性T细胞功能,进一步破坏免疫耐受,增加自身免疫疾病风险。此外,铁过载还通过表观遗传机制调控T细胞分化,提示铁代谢在免疫记忆与疾病发生中的潜在作用。
尽管已有研究在分子机制方面取得重要进展,如铁通过NF−κB、STAT、IRF等信号通路调控免疫细胞极化与功能,但当前研究仍存在诸多空白。铁缺乏对巨噬细胞M2型极化的调控机制尚未阐明;铁过载对NK细胞功能的影响缺乏系统研究;铁失衡对肝脏免疫微环境中细胞间相互作用的调控机制也有待深入探索。未来研究应着重从以下3方面展开:一是加强铁代谢与免疫信号通路交叉调控机制的研究,尤其是在单细胞水平解析铁依赖的免疫细胞功能异质性;二是推动临床转化研究,明确铁失衡在肝病发生发展中的免疫学作用,探索靶向铁代谢的免疫干预策略;三是结合多组学技术,系统揭示铁代谢在自身免疫性肝病、代谢相关脂肪性肝病及肝癌等疾病中的免疫调控网络。综上所述,铁失衡通过多途径、多细胞层面影响肝脏免疫功能,其机制涉及代谢重编程、信号通路激活与表观遗传调控等多个层面。深入理解铁代谢与免疫系统的相互作用,不仅有助于揭示铁相关肝病的发病机制,也为开发以铁稳态为靶点的免疫治疗策略提供了新的理论依据与临床前景。
  • 河南省重大科技专项(241110110100)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00116
  • 接收时间:2025-06-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-20
  • 修回日期:2025-10-02
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河南省重大科技专项(241110110100)
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    1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    2中原食品实验室,漯河 462300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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