Article(id=1212410687192736537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, articleNumber=null, orderNo=15, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=1727107200000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766990833248, onlineDateStr=2025-12-29, pubDate=1762963200000, pubDateStr=2025-11-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766678400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766990833248, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080270148, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212410683682099946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='21', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762963200000', pubDateStr='2025-11-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766990832490, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330578192, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195808502366441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195808502366442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=42, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212410687985460002, articleId=1212410687192736537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Analysis of low−carbon ironmaking path in the iron and steel industry, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper reviews low−carbon metallurgical technologies in China, Japan, and Europe, analyzing the EU's ULCOS project, Japan's COURSE50 project, and various low−carbon technological advancements in China. Countries are actively addressing the carbon reduction challenges in the iron and steel industry by developing technologies such as hydrogen direct reduction, molten reduction, and electrolytic steelmaking. For instance, the ULCOS project aims to reduce CO2 emissions per ton of steel through top gas recycling and novel direct reduction processes. The COURSE50 project integrates hydrogen injection with CO2 capture technologies to achieve its reduction targets. Under the "dual carbon" strategy, China has rapidly developed technologies such as hydrogen−rich carbon−circulating blast furnaces and gas−based direct reduction processes, demonstrating significant carbon reduction potential.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiajia BU, Wang ZENG, Zhuogang PANG, Heng ZHOU, Shengli WU, Mingyin KOU, Shuqiang JIAO, Haibin ZUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuqiang JIAO, Haibin ZUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212410692712440727, articleId=1212410687192736537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=钢铁行业低碳炼铁路径分析, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

综述了中国、日本和欧洲的低碳冶金技术,分析了欧盟的ULCOS项目、日本的COURSE50项目以及中国的多项低碳技术进展。各国通过开发氢直接还原、熔融还原及电解炼铁等技术,积极应对钢铁行业的减碳挑战。例如,ULCOS项目通过高炉炉顶煤气循环和新型直接还原工艺,致力于减少吨钢CO2排放量。COURSE50项目则结合氢气喷吹与CO2捕集技术,推动减排目标实现。在国内“双碳”战略引领下,中国钢铁企业加速低碳技术规模化应用,形成多技术路线并行发展的格局。新疆八钢欧冶炉冶炼工艺、山东墨龙HIsmelt熔融还原技术、宝钢富氢碳循环高炉工艺、山西中晋CSDRI气基直接还原工艺相继落地,河钢120 t氢冶金示范工程与宝钢湛江百万吨级氢基竖炉项目稳步推进,展现中国显著的减碳潜力。

, authors=

卜佳佳,硕士研究生,研究方向为非高炉炼铁,电子信箱:

, authorsList=卜佳佳, 曾旺, 庞焯刚, 周恒, 吴胜利, 寇明银, 焦树强, 左海滨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=焦树强, 左海滨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
焦树强(通信作者),教授,研究方向为钢铁冶金,电子信箱:;
左海滨(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为低碳冶金技术,电子信箱:
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技术 项目 主要优势 潜在缺点 成熟时间
结合碳捕集与封存技术(carbon capture and storage,CCS)的炉顶煤气循环工艺 FP6 ULCOS
RFCS ULCOS
RFCS IDEOGAS
RFCS TGR−BF
Green BF
 与普通高炉相比,CO2排放减少50%预计将成为新建工厂的标准(改造选项)  运营成本高 2010年:试验阶段
2020年:商业推广
结合CCS的HIsarna熔融
还原工艺
FP6 ULCOS
HIsarna RFCS
 与普通高炉相比,使用CCS时CO2减少80%,不使用CCS则减少20%。原料适应性强,投资和运营成本低  需更换现有高炉 2020年:试验阶段
2030年:商业推广
结合CCS的ULCORED
直接还原工艺
FP6 ULCOS
ULCORED RFCS
 与普通高炉相比,使用CCS时CO2减少55%,不使用CCS则减少5%。原料适应性强,运营成本低  对现有高炉进行必要的更换,投资成本高 2015年:试验阶段
2020年:商业推广
电解还原铁(ULCOWIN和ULCOLYSIS)工艺 FP6 ULCOS
RFCS IERO
ANR ASCOPE
Auto thermal cell
 生产过程中可能不需要碳 2030年:试验阶段
氢还原 FP6 ULCOS
未来工作
2010年:还未发展
使用可持续性的生物质 FP6 ULCOS
未来工作
还未发展
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ULCOS目前进展和未来目标

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技术 项目 主要优势 潜在缺点 成熟时间
结合碳捕集与封存技术(carbon capture and storage,CCS)的炉顶煤气循环工艺 FP6 ULCOS
RFCS ULCOS
RFCS IDEOGAS
RFCS TGR−BF
Green BF
 与普通高炉相比,CO2排放减少50%预计将成为新建工厂的标准(改造选项)  运营成本高 2010年:试验阶段
2020年:商业推广
结合CCS的HIsarna熔融
还原工艺
FP6 ULCOS
HIsarna RFCS
 与普通高炉相比,使用CCS时CO2减少80%,不使用CCS则减少20%。原料适应性强,投资和运营成本低  需更换现有高炉 2020年:试验阶段
2030年:商业推广
结合CCS的ULCORED
直接还原工艺
FP6 ULCOS
ULCORED RFCS
 与普通高炉相比,使用CCS时CO2减少55%,不使用CCS则减少5%。原料适应性强,运营成本低  对现有高炉进行必要的更换,投资成本高 2015年:试验阶段
2020年:商业推广
电解还原铁(ULCOWIN和ULCOLYSIS)工艺 FP6 ULCOS
RFCS IERO
ANR ASCOPE
Auto thermal cell
 生产过程中可能不需要碳 2030年:试验阶段
氢还原 FP6 ULCOS
未来工作
2010年:还未发展
使用可持续性的生物质 FP6 ULCOS
未来工作
还未发展
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项目 参数 项目 参数
吨铁消耗原材料/kg 球团:100
煤:170
焦炭:439
工作容积/m3 9
炉膛直径/m 1.4
工作高度/m 6.0
吨铁煤粉喷射速率/kg 100 3个风口直径/mm 54
吨铁燃料喷射速率/kg 539 喉部直径/m 1.0
吨铁CO2排放量/kg 790 日产量/t 36
鼓风温度/℃ 1250 炉顶压力/Pa 105
最大氧量/(m3·h−1 500 最大炉顶压力/Pa 1.5×105
炉顶煤气最大流量/(m3·h−1 2900
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瑞典LKAB公司的试验高炉(EBF)参数和试验操作参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数 项目 参数
吨铁消耗原材料/kg 球团:100
煤:170
焦炭:439
工作容积/m3 9
炉膛直径/m 1.4
工作高度/m 6.0
吨铁煤粉喷射速率/kg 100 3个风口直径/mm 54
吨铁燃料喷射速率/kg 539 喉部直径/m 1.0
吨铁CO2排放量/kg 790 日产量/t 36
鼓风温度/℃ 1250 炉顶压力/Pa 105
最大氧量/(m3·h−1 500 最大炉顶压力/Pa 1.5×105
炉顶煤气最大流量/(m3·h−1 2900
), ArticleFig(id=1242146004624024114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410687192736537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数 项目 参数
吨铁消耗原材料/kg 矿石:1459
石灰石:66.8
白云石:31.8
煤:483
废气量(标准态)/(m3·t−1 987.0
吨铁CO2排放量/kg 976
吨铁氧气消耗量(标准态)/(m3·t−1 372
吨铁能量消耗/GJ 9.8
预还原度/% >20 吨铁炉渣/kg 140
), ArticleFig(id=1242146004691132979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410687192736537, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

HIsarna工艺的主要参数

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项目 参数 项目 参数
吨铁消耗原材料/kg 矿石:1459
石灰石:66.8
白云石:31.8
煤:483
废气量(标准态)/(m3·t−1 987.0
吨铁CO2排放量/kg 976
吨铁氧气消耗量(标准态)/(m3·t−1 372
吨铁能量消耗/GJ 9.8
预还原度/% >20 吨铁炉渣/kg 140
), ArticleFig(id=1242146004766630452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410687192736537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数 项目 参数
原材料
粒径为6~16 mm,40% 烧结矿,
57% 球团矿, 3%块矿
产气量(标准态)/(m3·h−1 (23~28)×104
气体热值(标准态)/(kJ·m−3 9550
预还原度/% 50~60 运行效率/% 93.5
氧气消耗量(标准态)/(m3·t−1 503 铁水中w(Si)/% 0.8~1.5
吨铁燃料消耗量/kg 焦比:140
小块煤:130
煤比:500
铁水成本/(美元·t−1 334
), ArticleFig(id=1242146004833739317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410687192736537, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

欧冶炉的主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数 项目 参数
原材料
粒径为6~16 mm,40% 烧结矿,
57% 球团矿, 3%块矿
产气量(标准态)/(m3·h−1 (23~28)×104
气体热值(标准态)/(kJ·m−3 9550
预还原度/% 50~60 运行效率/% 93.5
氧气消耗量(标准态)/(m3·t−1 503 铁水中w(Si)/% 0.8~1.5
吨铁燃料消耗量/kg 焦比:140
小块煤:130
煤比:500
铁水成本/(美元·t−1 334
), ArticleFig(id=1242146004913431094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410687192736537, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数 项目 参数
吨铁消耗原材料 含铁原料:1.6 t,
w(TFe)为50%~61%
煤:0.855 t
白云石:0.1 t
石灰:0.11 t
铁水成分/% w(C)为4.20±0.15
w(P)为0.02±0.01
w(S) 为0.08±0.05
w(Si)<0.01
w(Mn)<0.02
预还原度/% 15~22
渣铁比/(kg·t−1 400 氧气消耗(标准态)/(m3·t−1 418
产气量(标准态)/(m·h−1 23.2×104 功耗/(kW·h·t−1 110
CO2排放量/(t·t−1 1.3 铁水成本/(美元·t−1 304
), ArticleFig(id=1242146004988928567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212410687192736537, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

墨龙HIsmelt工艺的主要参数(2017)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数 项目 参数
吨铁消耗原材料 含铁原料:1.6 t,
w(TFe)为50%~61%
煤:0.855 t
白云石:0.1 t
石灰:0.11 t
铁水成分/% w(C)为4.20±0.15
w(P)为0.02±0.01
w(S) 为0.08±0.05
w(Si)<0.01
w(Mn)<0.02
预还原度/% 15~22
渣铁比/(kg·t−1 400 氧气消耗(标准态)/(m3·t−1 418
产气量(标准态)/(m·h−1 23.2×104 功耗/(kW·h·t−1 110
CO2排放量/(t·t−1 1.3 铁水成本/(美元·t−1 304
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钢铁行业低碳炼铁路径分析
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卜佳佳 1 , 曾旺 1 , 庞焯刚 1 , 周恒 2 , 吴胜利 2 , 寇明银 1 , 焦树强 1, 2, * , 左海滨 1, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(21): 42-53
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钢铁行业低碳炼铁路径分析
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卜佳佳,硕士研究生,研究方向为非高炉炼铁,电子信箱:

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卜佳佳1 , 曾旺1, 庞焯刚1, 周恒2, 吴胜利2, 寇明银1, 焦树强1, 2, * , 左海滨1, *
作者信息
  • 1北京科技大学绿色低碳钢铁冶金全国重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 2北京科技大学冶金与生态工程学院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
焦树强(通信作者),教授,研究方向为钢铁冶金,电子信箱:;
左海滨(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为低碳冶金技术,电子信箱:
Analysis of low−carbon ironmaking path in the iron and steel industry
Jiajia BU1 , Wang ZENG1, Zhuogang PANG1, Heng ZHOU2, Shengli WU2, Mingyin KOU1, Shuqiang JIAO1, 2, * , Haibin ZUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bejing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-11-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01084
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综述了中国、日本和欧洲的低碳冶金技术,分析了欧盟的ULCOS项目、日本的COURSE50项目以及中国的多项低碳技术进展。各国通过开发氢直接还原、熔融还原及电解炼铁等技术,积极应对钢铁行业的减碳挑战。例如,ULCOS项目通过高炉炉顶煤气循环和新型直接还原工艺,致力于减少吨钢CO2排放量。COURSE50项目则结合氢气喷吹与CO2捕集技术,推动减排目标实现。在国内“双碳”战略引领下,中国钢铁企业加速低碳技术规模化应用,形成多技术路线并行发展的格局。新疆八钢欧冶炉冶炼工艺、山东墨龙HIsmelt熔融还原技术、宝钢富氢碳循环高炉工艺、山西中晋CSDRI气基直接还原工艺相继落地,河钢120 t氢冶金示范工程与宝钢湛江百万吨级氢基竖炉项目稳步推进,展现中国显著的减碳潜力。

低碳  /  炼铁  /  碳减排  /  富氢冶炼  /  电化学炼铁

This paper reviews low−carbon metallurgical technologies in China, Japan, and Europe, analyzing the EU's ULCOS project, Japan's COURSE50 project, and various low−carbon technological advancements in China. Countries are actively addressing the carbon reduction challenges in the iron and steel industry by developing technologies such as hydrogen direct reduction, molten reduction, and electrolytic steelmaking. For instance, the ULCOS project aims to reduce CO2 emissions per ton of steel through top gas recycling and novel direct reduction processes. The COURSE50 project integrates hydrogen injection with CO2 capture technologies to achieve its reduction targets. Under the "dual carbon" strategy, China has rapidly developed technologies such as hydrogen−rich carbon−circulating blast furnaces and gas−based direct reduction processes, demonstrating significant carbon reduction potential.

low−carbon technology  /  ironmaking  /  carbon emissions reduction  /  hydrogen−rich metallurgy  /  electrochemical ironmaking
卜佳佳, 曾旺, 庞焯刚, 周恒, 吴胜利, 寇明银, 焦树强, 左海滨. 钢铁行业低碳炼铁路径分析. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (21) : 42 -53 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01084
Jiajia BU, Wang ZENG, Zhuogang PANG, Heng ZHOU, Shengli WU, Mingyin KOU, Shuqiang JIAO, Haibin ZUO. Analysis of low−carbon ironmaking path in the iron and steel industry[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (21) : 42 -53 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01084
进入21世纪以来,气候变化逐渐成为人类社会可持续发展面临的最大危险之一[1]。《中国气候变化蓝皮书(2024)》显示:全球变暖趋势仍在持续。全球平均温度、海表温度、海洋热含量和海平面高度均创新高,南极海冰范围再创新低[2]。气候变化导致极端天气气候时间频发强发,对人类经济社会发展造成重大威胁。积极应对气候变化已成为全球共识。在诸多工业门类中,钢铁工业是典型的资源、能源密集型行业,其能源消耗约占世界能源消耗总量的5%,CO2排放量约占人类每年CO2排放总量的7%[3],是全球主要碳排放源之一。在环境问题和以碳素为主要原燃料的生产模式导致吨钢成本日益上涨的双重压力下,钢铁行业面临极为艰巨的减碳任务,亟需开发能够显著降低碳排放的低碳甚至近零碳钢铁生产技术[4]
为了推进钢铁流程的深度碳减排,世界各国都争先开展了一系列低碳冶金项目。瑞典凭借丰富的水电、风电等可再生能源优势,以HYBRIT项目为代表聚焦绿氢炼铁技术研发与应用,通过绿电制氢替代传统煤炭还原铁矿石,已完成无化石燃料炼钢试验;巴西作为铁矿石资源富集国,采用Tecnored熔融还原技术,以本地生物质炭替代冶金焦炭,结合粉矿与非焦煤资源直接生产,将碳排放控制在传统高炉工艺的50%以下;中国、印度等钢铁生产大国基于现有庞大的高炉产业基础,选择以高炉富氢、碳捕获利用与封存(carbon capture,use,and storage,CCUS)、电弧炉短流程炼钢为主的渐进式降碳路径,兼顾产业稳定性与减排目标;日本受限于资源匮乏及原料进口依赖的国情,通过推进电弧炉转型,依托废钢资源与清洁电力开展冶炼,可实现70%以上的碳排放降幅。总之,不同国家和地区的资源禀赋、工业基础、能源结构各不相同,低碳炼铁技术路径的选择也有较大的差异,如何选择适合当地情况的低碳冶金技术,需要广泛了解现有技术。
综述了当前主流的低碳冶金创新项目,如欧盟ULCOS项目、日本COURSE50和中国的低碳冶金项目,主要包括项目涉及的技术研发、实施进展、应用现状以及技术挑战,探讨钢铁工业低碳绿色可持续发展的主要方向,以期对钢铁行业碳减排政策制定及技术改进提供思路,助力中国双碳战略的稳步推进。
欧盟钢铁行业于2003年建立了欧洲钢铁技术平台(ESTEP),2004年开始启动超低碳排放冶金(ULCOS)项目,项目确定了4大工艺路线:高炉炉顶煤气循环(top gas recycling in blast furnace,TGR−BF)、新型直接还原工艺(ULCORED)、新型熔融还原工艺(HIsarna)、碱性电解还原铁工艺(ULCOWIN)。旨在2050年使吨钢CO2排放量较当前的最低水平再减少50%。表1介绍了项目目前的进展、未来的目标和技术预计成熟的时间[5]。2020年上半年,欧洲钢铁工业联盟确定了实现低碳冶金的2大技术方向:碳直接避免和智能碳使用。除了上述两大技术方向外,新一代的技术方向也正加速形成,包括电解冶金、氢等离子体熔融还原、熔融氧化物电解、氢闪速冶炼等技术。
TGR−BF工艺采用常温氧气鼓风代替传统预热空气鼓风,并通过真空变压吸附分离富集炉顶煤气中的CO,再将富CO气流预热后进入高炉循环。工艺流程如图1[6]所示。与传统高炉相比,TGR−BF的高富氧条件明显提高了煤粉和其他喷射剂的燃烧效率,有利于提高喷煤量,增加间接还原比例,提高生产率。同时,TGR−BF取消了传统高炉必需的热风炉,增加CO2脱除单元和循环煤气预热单元,有利于降低焦比,减少CO2排放量[78]
2007年,ULCOS项目在瑞典的LKAB公司9 m3高炉上开展了工业试验,即采用CCS技术处理高炉煤气,而在风口处转为纯氧操作的同时,在风口和炉身同时喷吹循环煤气,试验高炉的参数和试验操作参数如表2所示。工业试验时燃料比由530 kg/t降低至400 kg/t,最高可降低76%的CO2排放[910]。此后第二期ULCOS,欧盟投入数亿欧元用于TRG−BF的推广和规划。如果成功,该技术每年将减少CO2排放近1.5 t,即高炉排放的约1/3。
在TGR−BF基础上,安赛乐米塔尔开发IGAR项目,该项目使用等离子炬将废弃的CO2与天然气加热到非常高的温度,发生干重整得到合成气,将合成气重新注入高炉中代替化石燃料,以减少铁矿石的消耗,所以该项目完整工艺应该为TGR−BF−Plasma−H2喷吹+CCS。据初步估计,IGAR可实现每吨钢节省0.1~0.3 t CO2。2017年,IGAR项目通过了一系列测试。2022年,为了克服高温合成气的腐蚀作用,安赛乐米塔尔在位于法国迈齐埃的研发实验室开发了耐蚀性良好的金属和耐火材料。2023年,由法国ADEM出资2000万欧元支持安赛乐米塔尔在法国敦刻尔克启动建造等离子炬的试点项目[1112]
直接还原工艺是指在含铁原料熔点以下,使用高比例CO和H2对其进行还原产生金属化炉料的炼铁技术。在ULCORED新型直接还原工艺中,还原气体来源于煤气化和天然气。前者从煤气化装置产生煤气,煤气经脱硫除尘后进入直接还原竖炉;后者是将天然气作为还原气通过冷却器进入氧化器,再提质后进入直接还原竖炉[13]。以煤为气源的ULCORED工艺流程如图2[14]所示,煤气化装置中反应产生煤气,在除尘脱硫后与净化重整后的竖炉炉顶气混合,在直接还原冷却器进行预热,之后进入还原竖炉,并与铁矿石进行逆流换热还原产生直接还原铁(direct reduced iron,DRI)。还原竖炉内部压力和温度分别为0.6 MPa和900℃,炉顶输出的煤气由CO、CO2、H2和H2O组成,通过真空变压吸附富集收集较为纯净的CO2以便后续利用。ULCORED工艺用天然气和煤制备的还原气体,不使用焦炭,并通过炉顶煤气循环和预热工序减少天然气消耗。同时,将该工艺与CCUS结合可最大限度地减少CO2排放,高炉的CO2排放量降低70%左右[10,15]
在ULCORED基础上,ULCOS提出氢气直接还原炼钢技术。通过电解水产氢取代煤炭作为还原剂,可使碳排放从传统长流程的1850 kg/t钢降低到300 kg/t钢,实现碳减排84%。氢气直接还原炼铁技术促进钢铁产业的可持续发展,但该工艺的未来发展很大程度上取决于氢气大规模、经济、绿色制取与储运[5,16]
HIsarna工艺是ULCOS开发的一种新型熔融还原工艺,是目前唯一净能耗可以低于高炉的技术路线,工艺流程如图3所示。HIsarna工艺将HIsmelt的熔炼炉和Isarna工艺技术的旋风熔化炉合为一体,旋风熔化炉位于熔炼炉上方,形成一个贯通的高温熔融还原炉。在旋风熔化炉内,氧气与从熔融还原炉上升而来的煤气发生燃烧反应释放出大量的热,把矿石和熔剂熔化和预还原,旋风熔化炉内温度达到1400~1500℃。粉矿在随着旋风炉的漩涡流的转动过程中发生热分解和还原反应,粉矿的预还原度约为20%,随着其下落进入熔炼炉后,与熔池内的碳发生直接还原反应,产生热态金属铁,最终渣铁分离[17]。根据王东彦[18]和Shahabuddin等[19]的研究,HIsarna工艺的主要参数如表3所示。与现有的炼铁工艺相比,HIsarna方法可以使用宽范围的还原剂,包括废料、废物和100%的粉矿和粉煤,不再依赖烧结矿和焦炭,可使吨铁CO2排放降低约20%,如果结合CCS技术,可降低CO2排放约80%[1920]。此外,该方法可以在保持相同生产率的情况下,完全使用可再生生物质替代煤和焦炭[21]。HIsarna项目仅需要传统高炉的65%~75%投资成本和90%的运营成本[21]
2010年9月,HIsarna(直接利用煤粉和粉矿的熔融还原技术)项目在荷兰艾默伊登钢厂开始中试试验,目前已经成功完成5次试验。基于这些结果,2018年,HIsarna项目在荷兰塔塔钢铁公司艾默伊登工厂开展工业试验,并于2021年在印度建立第2个年产能为40万~70万t的试验工厂。如果该技术能成功实现工业化生产,将有利于减少能源消耗和CO2排放,降低生产成本,显著提高资源利用效率[22]
电解还原炼铁技术是利用电能还原分离铁矿石中的氧元素和铁元素[8]图4为ULCOWIN的工艺流程[18],将10~50 μm铁矿石颗粒悬浮在100~110℃的碱性电解质(NaOH)溶液中,当电流通过电解质溶液时铁矿石发生分解。阴极反应、阳极反应和电池总反应分别见式(1)~式(3)。带负电荷的氧离子被吸引到正极发生氧化反应,生成氧气从正极逸出。而带正电荷的铁离子在阴极发生还原反应得到金属铁,铁晶体呈柱状结构,由沿表面堆积的双六簇组成,沉积在阴极表面上[10]
$ \mathrm{12OH}^{ -} -\mathrm{12e}^{-} =\mathrm{3O}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{+6H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O} $
$ \mathrm{2Fe}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{+6H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O+12e}^{-} \mathrm{=4Fe+12OH}^{-} $
$ \mathrm{2Fe}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{=4Fe+3O}_{ \mathrm{2}} $
ULCOWIN工艺在电解理论电耗和碱性环境电解电流效率方面具有显著优势[2324],根据实验室小试结果估算ULCOWIN工艺得到的铁纯度可达99.98%,能耗为2600~3000 kW·h/t。但中试工厂产能只有5 kg/d,生产效率太低。因此ULCOS项目组又开发ULCOLYSIS工艺,该工艺中铁矿石在1600℃的高温下熔解在铁液池与熔融氧化混合物中,这种熔融氧化混合物是一种特殊的电解质溶液,能使电解操作在高于金属熔点的温度下进行。该工艺目前尚处在实验室研究阶段,有望在2030年以后有突破性进展。
日本于2008年启动“COURSE50”项目,旨在开发节能技术,实现2030年将CO2排放量减少30%的最终目标。COURSE50的流程如图5[25]所示,项目研究内容包括2部分:一是氢直接还原铁矿石的高炉减排技术的研发,主要包括高炉氢还原的反应控制技术、焦炉煤气提质技术和高强度高反应性焦炭的生产技术,此部分可减少10% CO2减排;二是高炉煤气中CO2的分离回收、捕集利用技术的研发,此部分可减少20%CO2排放。开发的主要技术包括高炉煤气中CO2的分离和捕集技术,以及利用钢厂废热分离和捕集CO2
富氢还原气体指如废弃塑料、天然气、焦炉煤气等具有高氢气体含量的物质。近年来,已经有大量研究表明H2作为还原剂比CO更具优势[26],首先,氢气还原速率可以达到CO还原速率的5~10倍;其次,其还原气体产物为水蒸气而非CO2。因此,喷吹富氢气体已经成为低碳炼铁技术研究热点[27]。由于目前制氢技术、成本以及煤气利用率等方面的问题,无法实现高炉的全氢冶炼,因此,早期研究主要集中于高炉喷吹天然气和焦炉煤气等富氢还原气体[28]
高炉喷吹焦炉煤气主要利用过剩的焦炉煤气,将其净化重整,加压至高于鼓风压力喷吹入高炉风口。2015年9月,日本制铁在君津厂建造了12 m3高炉用于富氢高炉中试试验,试验结果表明,向高炉喷吹富氢焦炉煤气可实现CO2减排10%;再从炉顶煤气中分离回收CO2可实现CO2减排20%[29]。为了进一步实现钢铁生产过程的减碳目标,2022年,日本制铁开发了利用钢厂外部氢气喷吹的Super COURSE50技术,现已验证Super COURSE50达到了22%的CO2减排效果,达到当时的全球最高水平。测试将继续进行,目标是减排30%以上。此外,将CO2转化为甲烷并吹入高炉的碳循环高炉计划在日本钢铁工程控股公司(JFE)千叶工厂的一个150 m3高炉上开始测试。2050年以后,日本炼铁工序的吨钢CO2排放量将从现在的1.64 t减少到1.15 t[3031]
在高炉使用焦炉煤气的情况下,焦比降低,为确保高炉透气性,需要焦炭具有更高的强度。同时,喷吹焦炉煤气引起高炉炉身温度下降,普通焦炭的熔损反应减弱,煤气中CO比例降低,限制了含铁炉料的还原。因此,生产高强度高反应性焦炭是高炉富氢喷吹的重要技术支撑[32]
高强度高反应性焦炭和一般焦炭相比,不仅可以满足高炉冶炼对其强度的要求,还具有更高的热反应性。为了使焦炭具备高强度和反应性,国内外研究人员做了大量研究,生产焦炭过程中加入催化剂(如钙基、镁基和铁基催化剂等)是一种可行的方法[25]。新日本制铁公司(简称新日铁)将高钙煤加入常规配合煤中生产高反应性焦炭,结果发现随着钙配比上升,所生产的焦炭反应性升高,高钙煤配比为8%时,可使还原剂比降低10 kg/t[33]。向焦炭中加入催化剂可分为“预添加法”和“后添加法”。“预添加法”是先将催化剂与煤混合后,再进入炭化室内进行碳化;“后添加法”是焦炭被推出炭化室后在添加催化剂。2种方法催化剂在焦炭内分布位置不同:一种均匀分布在焦炭内,另一种分布于焦炭表面[34]。此外,日本还研究出一种可以用于生产高强度高反应性焦炭黏结剂,即高性能黏结剂(hyper coal,HPC)。HPC可在低于300℃的温度下开始软化和熔融,使煤颗粒有效地黏结在一起,增加焦炭的强度和反应性[35]
碳捕集封存技术是将CO2从排放气体中分离回收后直接加以利用或封存的技术。COURSE50项目中主要是用新型化学吸收技术和物理吸附技术分离回收CO2,将其他技术与CCS相结合,以期达到30%的减排目标[25]
化学吸收的流程图如图6[36]所示,烟气冷却后由鼓风机送入吸收塔,吸收剂与烟气逆流接触,选择性吸附CO2,然后把清洁气体排入空气。之后将CO2饱和的吸收剂在再生塔加热释放CO2后再次循环利用。该方法常用于在常压气体下捕获浓度较高的CO2[37]。吸收剂是该技术的研发重点,吸收剂应具有对CO2吸附性强、不易挥发、毒性小等特点[38]。目前常用的吸收剂有氨水、热碱溶液、有机氨、离子液体等[3940]。开发新型吸收剂,提高CO2吸收量并减少该过程的热损失,同时量化CO2捕集对炼钢过程的影响是该技术的重要研究方向[41]
变压吸附(pressure swing adsorption,PSA)是通过吸附剂对不同气体的吸附差异性、压力对吸附量的区别实现CO2的分离捕集,通常是采用加压、吸附、逆向减压等周期性调节压力的方法来实现这一目的[42]。吸附剂的吸收性决定了该技术的可行性。吸附剂在不同压力下的吸附能力、对CO2的选择吸附能力和吸附过程的热效应大小是评判该吸附剂良莠的标准。目前,变压吸附法常用的吸附剂有活性炭、氧化铝、分子筛和硅胶等。PSA具有循环周期短、不需外加换热设备、能耗较低、适用范围广和使用寿命长等优点,适用于高炉煤气碳捕集[38]。但存在的问题是吸附剂吸收容量有限,往往需要大量吸附剂,且变压吸附法会损耗一部分原料气,降低有效气体收得率[43]。日本JFE公司在福山厂建立了处理能力为3 t/d的小型CO2捕捉试验设备,通过物理吸附技术分离高炉煤气中的CO2。此外,新日铁君津厂建造了捕集能力为1 t CO2/d的试验装置,主要用于新型吸附剂的开发与性能改良,最终目标是形成经济可行的CO2分离回收新技术,并将捕集成本控制在 2000日元/t以下,现阶段相关研发工作仍在进一步开展[10, 4446]
分离捕集回收CO2的过程会产生一定的能量消耗,COURSE50项目研发将CCS技术与废热回收技术相结合,回收钢铁厂内未使用的废热补偿CO2捕集过程中消耗的热量[29],不产生额外的能量消耗,使环境效益达到最大化。此类余热回收方法有:热泵利用技术、潜热蓄热技术、炉渣显热回收技术以及低温余热发电技术。
欧冶炉的工艺流程如图7所示。欧冶炉主要由上部预还原竖炉和下部熔融气化炉组成。含铁原料与还原煤气在预还原竖炉内被预热和预还原,6~8 h后得到金属化率约为85%的海绵铁[4748]。然后送至气化炉,同时注入非焦煤和氧气,煤粉燃烧释放热量产生还原气体,DRI在熔炼气化炉中实现终还原和熔化,得到铁水和炉渣[4950]。熔融气化炉上部出口排出的高温还原气(1000~1100℃)与循环冷煤气混合,通过旋风除尘后在气化炉和竖炉内循环使用,实现欧冶炉煤气自循环工艺路线[51]
欧冶炉的主要参数如表4所示。欧冶炉在改进过程中用新疆本地的动力煤代替块煤和冶金焦,实现了本地丰富的低品质非炼焦煤资源替代原奥钢联所要求的高质量标准的块煤,拓宽了欧冶炉燃料资源的使用范围,非炼焦煤的比例从20%提升到60%,解决了优质焦煤资源缺乏地区发展钢铁工业的制约性问题,攻克了传统炼铁工艺对优质冶金焦的依赖,为欧冶炉低燃料成本奠定了基础,确立了欧冶炉的成本竞争力。同时开发了气化炉拱顶造气技术、竖炉中心煤气流分布(center gas distribution,CGD)工艺技术、欧冶炉煤气自循环技术,为欧冶炉顺利运行奠定了坚实基础[52]。然而,欧冶炉生产的铁水中硅、磷、硫含量较高,导致鱼雷罐内壁黏渣、炼钢过程中生产成本增加等问题。将欧冶炉的铁水与高炉的铁水混合是低碳技术之一,欧冶炉和高炉之间的这种合作方式可以带来互补的好处。此外,为了确保熔融气化炉内气流分布均匀,仍有必要添加10%~15%的焦炭,所以熔融气化炉仍然存在类似高炉炉缸死区的焦炭死料柱。因此,进一步探索欧冶炉深度脱碳技术,提高操作效率和成本效益,势在必行。
墨龙HIsmelt工艺流程如图8所示。墨龙公司从澳大利亚引进HIsmelt工艺后进行一系列改进和工艺创新,采用回转窑代替流化床工艺,解决了流化床工艺预还原过程中矿粉温度波动大、易堵塞问题。回转窑出口矿粉温度达到750℃,预还原度达15%[53]。用柔性间断出铁代替原来的虹吸连续出铁,解决了虹吸连续出铁中铁水流速慢、温降大和出铁口冻结的问题,将出铁时间缩短15 min,铁水包内铁水的温降减少了20~50℃[54]
预还原矿粉、煤粉和熔剂按照一定配比直接喷入熔融还原炉(smelting reduction vessel,SRV)。SRV是HIsmelt工艺的核心设备,可分为上部空间区、过渡区和熔池区。在上部空间区,氧枪从SRV炉顶部插入,向熔池中吹入含氧量为35%~40%的热风(1200℃),煤粉燃烧和裂化产生CO和H2并释放大量热量。在过渡区,煤裂解产生的H2、侧吹喷枪吹入的N2和熔池中还原产生的CO形成混合气体并上升,在高温液态渣铁中形成“涌泉”效应;在“涌泉”溅落过程中,燃烧产生的热量传递到渣铁上。在熔池区,含铁原料、煤粉、石灰石和白云石通过侧吹喷枪注入熔池,形成液态渣铁。铁水从外炉排出,炉渣采用旋转粒化方式冷却。从SRV上部排出的气体经过初步冷却、除尘和废热回收后,用作热风炉、余热锅炉和回转窑的燃料或还原剂,可以显著提高气体余热回收效率。
根据张建良等[55]的研究,2017年ML HIsmelt工艺的主要参数如表5所示。HIsmelt工艺在中国的发展时间较短,还需要在提高SRV炉衬的使用寿命、矿石细料的预还原程度、SRV炉的热利用率等这些方面进行改进和创新。自2017年下半年以来,它一直稳定可靠地运行,月产量为5万 t,实际生产铁水成本约为2100元/t。预计进一步优化升级后,生产成本将降至约1700元/t[27]
实现传统炼铁工艺低碳减排的重要路径是高炉富氢冶炼,减少传统炼铁工艺的碳输入,同时将煤气带走的碳素重新加以回收利用,减少碳的外排,实现碳的循环利用。
宝武集团新疆八一钢铁有限公司在2020年开始富氢碳循环高炉试验,该实验在原430 m3高炉上实施,工艺示意如图9所示,其目标为实现煤气循环富氢的高炉低碳冶炼。试验主要分为3步:(1) 实现35%富氧冶炼目标;(2) 脱除CO2技术,实现煤气循环工艺,同时达到50%富氧,降低固体燃料消耗12%~15%;(3) 完成氧气高炉煤气循环和全氧冶炼的试验,并开展富氢冶金工业试验,减碳30%以上。目前,已经完成100%全氧冶炼工况条件下的喷吹脱碳煤气和富氢冶炼的工业化试验,利用系数突破4.5 t/(m3·d),固体燃料消耗降低30%,碳减排超过21%。2023年10月26日,宝武2500 m3 HyCROF商业示范项目开始试运行[5657],并在之后半年顺利运营。相较于传统高炉,预计每年可减少CO2排放近100 t。
假设传统高炉焦比为350 kg/t,煤比为150 kg/t,按照2023年焦炭市场年均行情:焦炭价格为2000元/t、粉煤价格为1000元/t,HyCROF项目可以节省的燃料成本为170元/t,中国传统高炉的平均碳排放强度约为吨钢1.61 t CO2,以当前碳税交易价格为80 元/t CO2进行排放成本核算,为103.04元/t,则HyCROF项目可节省成本合计为273.04元/t[5758]
直接还原可分为气基直接还原和煤基直接还原,主流气基直接还原工艺是Midrex工艺和HYL工艺,2者都是以天然气为气源。然而,中国的资源特点是煤多、油少、天然气有限,这导致以天然气为原料气的直接还原技术在中国很难实现应用。但是,中国在煤制气和焦炉煤气制氢方面有着扎实的研究基础,具备发展以煤制气或以焦炉煤气为原料气体的直接还原竖炉方面的优势。2022年12月,山西中晋冶金科技有限公司氢基直接还原炼铁工艺(CSDRI)实现全流程顺利试产,CSDRI工艺简易流程如图10所示。该工艺采用100%焦炉煤气,主要是以重整后的焦炉煤气为还原气体对氧化球团进行还原脱氧:一方面,反应后的还原气体通过炉顶气上升管排出,洗涤回收处理;另一方面,反应后的DRI可以根据要求加工成冷态直接还原铁(CDRI)、热态直接还原铁(HDRI)和热压铁块(HBI)。该工艺稳定生产HBI的产量达到720 t/d,达到国外气基还原铁相关产品的标准[59]
2022年12月,中国河钢集团有限公司120 t氢冶金示范工程一期全线贯通,该工艺采用“焦炉煤气零重整竖炉直接还原”工艺,焦炉煤气在氢基竖炉内催化裂解为一氧化碳和氢气,实现“自重整”后工艺气体中的氢碳比例可达到8∶1。同时,该反应竖炉还预留了绿氢切换功能,为未来实现100%绿氢竖炉直接还原奠定了基础。2023年5月实现安全顺利连续生产绿色DRI产品。DRI日产量达到1617 t,达到满负荷生产,DRI金属化率稳定在94%以上。每年减少80万t CO2排放,实现70%的减排率。第二阶段将利用风能和太阳能等可再生能源电解水制氢,在第一阶段经验的基础上实现100%绿氢直接还原。2024年,该示范工程成功应用绿氢作为还原气实现稳定生产,验证了“绿电—绿氢—绿钢”生产的技术可行性[56, 58]
宝钢湛江钢铁零碳示范工厂百万吨级氢基竖炉工程于2022年开工,2023年投产,是世界首套直接加氢气进行工业化生产的竖炉。该项目采用EnergironZR工艺,将天然气、焦炉煤气以及纯氢作为还原气,生产金属化率高达96%的高品质DRI,设计年产量为100万t。与传统同等规模铁水产量的全流程高炉工艺相比,每年可减少碳排放量50万t以上。2024年8月22日,宝钢湛江钢铁国内首套百万吨级氢基竖炉实现168 h连续满负荷生产,DRI总产量达21620 t、小时产量达128 t、金属化率达94%,顺利通过周达产功能考核,并成功验证了高氢(70%氢气含量)冶炼条件[60]
气基直接还原工艺在中国仍处于起步阶段,受天然气资源、高品质精矿等条件的制约,宝武集团、鞍钢集团、河钢集团、建龙集团、中晋太行和酒钢集团等大型钢铁企业做了大量应用尝试和研究,但距离大规模工业应用和全生命周期深度脱碳还有一段距离。根据中国铁矿石资源生产优质球团,研究CH4的高效重整和碳沉积行为、CO和H2对氧化铁的耦合竞争还原是促进中国气基直接还原工艺发展的重要研究方向。
2023年10月,欧盟碳边境调节机制(CBAM)开始试运行,欧盟成为全球首个征收“碳关税”的经济体。随着未来更多国家碳税政策在钢铁行业的实施,将进一步加大钢铁企业的制造成本压力。高炉炉顶煤气循环、氢基竖炉和电解炼铁等低碳技术的经济性分析如图11[61]所示。
就总成本而言,目前大多数突破性路线的成本均高于传统高炉铁水成本,尚未出现显著减少温室气体排放的低成本低碳技术。然而,预计到2050年,在绿色电力普及与碳税的推动下,H2−DR−EAF流程的平准化成本将下降超过1/3,低于未减排的BF−BOF成本。氢冶金有望成为最具性价比的钢铁生产方式[61]
本文总结了中国、日本和欧洲钢铁行业的最新技术进展与减碳路线。当代钢铁低碳发展的方向主要是对传统高炉—转炉工艺的低碳化改造,降低短流程钢铁生产工艺技术门槛和冶炼成本,以及非高炉炼铁技术关键问题的研究攻关等。主要涉及的技术包括顶煤气循环氧气高炉耦合富氢工艺、直接还原工艺、熔融还原工艺与电解炼铁工艺。尽管高炉工艺无法完全摆脱对冶金焦的依赖,难以实现深度碳减排,但随着CCUS和绿色制氢技术的不断成熟和推广,将这些技术与高炉工艺相结合有望实现深度减碳。氢基直接还原工艺、熔融还原工艺和电解炼铁工艺等减碳潜力巨大,但各种工艺能否在未来实现工业化,尚待验证。从能源资源技术角度来看,由于不同国家和地区的资源条件及主流生产工艺具有显著差异,根据各地具体情况,因地制宜地选择符合区域特色的减碳技术路线是十分必要的;从生产成本角度来看,目前高炉—转炉流程生产成本仍然具有较大优势,但随着全球绿色能源制取技术的发展和各国碳税政策的完善,这个优势正逐渐消失。预计到2050年,H2−DR−EAF工艺相较于传统高炉—转炉工艺在多数市场中更具成本竞争力,有望成为经济可行性的钢铁生产新路线。
  • 中国宝武低碳冶金创新基金(BWLCF202104)
  • 中国五矿科技专项计划项目(2020ZXA01)
  • “绿色与智能冶金”111创新引智基地(B21004)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01084
  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
  • 修回日期:2024-09-24
基金
中国宝武低碳冶金创新基金(BWLCF202104)
中国五矿科技专项计划项目(2020ZXA01)
“绿色与智能冶金”111创新引智基地(B21004)
作者信息
    1北京科技大学绿色低碳钢铁冶金全国重点实验室,北京 100083
    2北京科技大学冶金与生态工程学院,北京 100083

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焦树强(通信作者),教授,研究方向为钢铁冶金,电子信箱:;
左海滨(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为低碳冶金技术,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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