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中国科学技术大学毕国强联合多个中外研究团队,基于自主研发的毫秒级时间分辨冷冻电镜技术,捕捉到突触囊泡释放与快速回收的完整动态过程,并提出全新“亲吻-收缩-逃逸/融合”模型,解决了神经科学领域长达半个世纪的关键争议。这一成果揭示了大脑高效传递信息的“微观密码”,为相关脑疾病机理研究提供了新视角。2025年10月16日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。

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中国科学技术大学毕国强联合多个中外研究团队,基于自主研发的毫秒级时间分辨冷冻电镜技术,捕捉到突触囊泡释放与快速回收的完整动态过程,并提出全新“亲吻-收缩-逃逸/融合”模型,解决了神经科学领域长达半个世纪的关键争议。这一成果揭示了大脑高效传递信息的“微观密码”,为相关脑疾病机理研究提供了新视角。2025年10月16日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。

. 冷冻电镜抓拍到神经元之间“亲吻-收缩-逃逸”通信过程. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (21) : 8 -8 .
. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (21) : 8 -8 .
中国科学技术大学毕国强联合多个中外研究团队,基于自主研发的毫秒级时间分辨冷冻电镜技术,捕捉到突触囊泡释放与快速回收的完整动态过程,并提出全新“亲吻-收缩-逃逸/融合”模型,解决了神经科学领域长达半个世纪的关键争议。这一成果揭示了大脑高效传递信息的“微观密码”,为相关脑疾病机理研究提供了新视角。2025年10月16日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。
大脑功能的实现,依赖于数千亿个神经元之间高效、精准的突触传递,突触囊泡作为神经递质(绝大多数为小分子化合物,负责快速神经信号传递)的载体,其释放机制一直是神经科学领域的重要问题。自20世纪70年代以来,科学界围绕囊泡释放机制形成了“全融合”与“亲吻-逃逸”2种对立模型,但由于囊泡释放过程发生在毫秒时间尺度、结构变化处于纳米空间尺度,传统技术难以捕捉其瞬时动态,导致神经科学研究长期陷入困局。
为攻克这一难题,科研团队开发出具有毫秒时间分辨的原位冷冻电镜技术,将光遗传学刺激与投入式快速冷冻方法结合,实现了对神经元突触传递过程的毫秒级“动态定格”。
在这项实验中,研究团队在神经元中表达光敏蛋白,通过激光精准激发动作电位,触发突触囊泡释放。此后,载有样品的电镜载网,在设定时间快速落入冷冻剂,将细胞瞬间固定。通过精确控制光照与冷冻的时间间隔,团队在4~300 ms之间释放样品,捕获了囊泡不同阶段的结构快照。
基于上千套高分辨率三维结构数据的系统分析,研究团队发现囊泡释放与快速回收可分为3阶段动态过程:囊泡与突触前膜形成纳米级融合孔(“亲吻”),随后迅速收缩为表面积减半的小囊泡(“收缩”),最终大部分囊泡以“逃逸”方式回收,少数发生“全融合”。这个中间收缩过程是一个关键,为神经突触实现高效、高保真信号传递奠定了结构基础。
这一研究更新了传统认知:囊泡释放并非简单的全融合或亲吻-逃逸,而是包含一个关键的中间收缩阶段。这一“亲吻-收缩-逃逸”机制,不仅统一了争议半个世纪的2种模型,同时揭示了神经突触高效与高保真传递的结构基础,也为深入理解神经信号传递、突触可塑性以及相关脑疾病的机理提供了新视角。同时,时间分辨冷冻电镜技术的研发,为剖析细胞内其他快速生命过程,如病毒入侵、细胞分泌等提供了新的方法平台。
(综合:《Science》、中国科学技术大学官网、中国科学院官网、《中国科学报》)

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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