Article(id=1212342500237373882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212342494176604450, articleNumber=null, orderNo=22, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746720000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-09, revisedDate=1749398400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766974576291, onlineDateStr=2025-12-29, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764950400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766974576291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080184290, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212342494176604450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='20', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761580800000', pubDateStr='2025-10-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766974574846, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330588720, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195852664189609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212342494176604450, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195852668383914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212342494176604450, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=105, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212342500602278343, articleId=1212342500237373882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Sensing−assisted Communication: An online intelligent prediction method of doppler frequency shift for high−speed mobile communication, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of high−speed transportation networks and the continuous advancement of sixth−generation (6G) mobile communication technologies, the demand for reliable wireless connectivity in high−mobility scenarios has grown significantly. However, the high Doppler shift induced by user mobility leads to rapidly time−varying channels, significantly degrading communication reliability and transmission quality. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) approach, where the base station simultaneously communicates with high−speed users and receives echo signals to predict the Doppler shift. The predicted Doppler shift is then pre−compensated to reduce signal processing complexity at the receiver and improve communication quality. Specifically, this paper introduces an intelligent online Doppler shift prediction method based on long short−term memory (LSTM) networks for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in high−speed mobility scenarios. In this method, the base station estimates the current Doppler shift based on received echo signals and e*mploys an LSTM model to predict Doppler shifts in real−time for the subsequent moment. To effectively handle dynamic environments, the proposed model utilizes an online updating strategy, where LSTM model parameters are updated in real−time after receiving echoes and estimating Doppler shift. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, we compare the LSTM−based prediction results with those obtained using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Prediction accuracy is analyzed under varying conditions of mobile speeds and signal−to−noise ratios. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed online LSTM prediction model exhibits superior accuracy and robustness in nonlinear Doppler shift prediction compared to the UKF model, providing an efficient and reliable solution for online Doppler shift prediction in highly dynamic communication environments.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xinzhe BAI, Zhouyuan YU, Xiaoling HU, Chenxi LIU, Mugen PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoling HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212342502422606373, articleId=1212342500237373882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=面向高速移动通信的多普勒频移在线智能预测方法, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着高速交通网络的快速发展以及第6代移动通信技术的持续推进,高速移动场景下的用户通信需求急剧增长。然而,用户高速移动带来的高多普勒频移将导致信道快速时变,严重降低了通信的可靠性和传输质量。针对该挑战,提出结合通感一体化技术,基站在和高速用户通信的同时,接收回波信号以预测多普勒频移,并对多普勒频移进行预先补偿,从而降低接收端通信信号处理复杂度并提升通信质量。针对高速移动场景下的正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)通感一体化系统,提出了一种基于长短期记忆网络(long short−term memory,LSTM)模型的在线多普勒频移智能预测方法,该方法基站根据接收回波信号,估计当前多普勒频移,并利用LSTM模型实时预测下一时刻的频移。为适应动态环境,所提模型采用在线更新策略,在每次接收回波并估计得到新的多普勒频移数据后实时更新LSTM模型参数。为评估模型性能,将LSTM预测结果与无迹卡尔曼滤波(unscented Kalman filter,UKF)模型及Transformer模型进行对比,分析其在不同移动速度和信噪比条件下的预测精度。仿真结果表明,所提LSTM在线预测模型对非线性多普勒频移预测的准确性和鲁棒性均优于UKF模型和Transformer模型,为高动态通信环境下的频移在线预测提供了高效可靠的解决方案。

, authors=

白新哲,硕士研究生,研究方向为通感一体化,电子信箱:

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胡小玲(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为无线通信,智能超表面、无线AI、通感一体化,电子信箱:
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白新哲,硕士研究生,研究方向为通感一体化,电子信箱:

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速度模型预测方法RMSE/HzMAE/Hz
线性本文方法2.76722.1698
UKF3.00052.2695
Transformer2.97022.2936
非线性本文方法3.36822.6274
UKF7.49295.2925
Transformer3.80772.9011
), ArticleFig(id=1242145625580576850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342500237373882, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

多普勒预测精度评估指标统计

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速度模型预测方法RMSE/HzMAE/Hz
线性本文方法2.76722.1698
UKF3.00052.2695
Transformer2.97022.2936
非线性本文方法3.36822.6274
UKF7.49295.2925
Transformer3.80772.9011
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预测方法RMSE/HzMAE/Hz
本文方法5.06133.8900
UKF7.85095.4497
Transformer5.21494.0354
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低信噪比预测精度评估指标统计

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预测方法RMSE/HzMAE/Hz
本文方法5.06133.8900
UKF7.85095.4497
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面向高速移动通信的多普勒频移在线智能预测方法
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白新哲 , 于周源 , 胡小玲 * , 刘晨熙 , 彭木根
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(20): 105-114
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (20) : 105 -114
面向高速移动通信的多普勒频移在线智能预测方法
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白新哲 , 于周源, 胡小玲* , 刘晨熙, 彭木根
作者信息
  • 北京邮电大学信息与通信工程学院,北京 100876
通讯作者:
胡小玲(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为无线通信,智能超表面、无线AI、通感一体化,电子信箱:
Sensing−assisted Communication: An online intelligent prediction method of doppler frequency shift for high−speed mobile communication
Xinzhe BAI , Zhouyuan YU, Xiaoling HU* , Chenxi LIU, Mugen PENG
Affiliations
  • School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00060
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随着高速交通网络的快速发展以及第6代移动通信技术的持续推进,高速移动场景下的用户通信需求急剧增长。然而,用户高速移动带来的高多普勒频移将导致信道快速时变,严重降低了通信的可靠性和传输质量。针对该挑战,提出结合通感一体化技术,基站在和高速用户通信的同时,接收回波信号以预测多普勒频移,并对多普勒频移进行预先补偿,从而降低接收端通信信号处理复杂度并提升通信质量。针对高速移动场景下的正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)通感一体化系统,提出了一种基于长短期记忆网络(long short−term memory,LSTM)模型的在线多普勒频移智能预测方法,该方法基站根据接收回波信号,估计当前多普勒频移,并利用LSTM模型实时预测下一时刻的频移。为适应动态环境,所提模型采用在线更新策略,在每次接收回波并估计得到新的多普勒频移数据后实时更新LSTM模型参数。为评估模型性能,将LSTM预测结果与无迹卡尔曼滤波(unscented Kalman filter,UKF)模型及Transformer模型进行对比,分析其在不同移动速度和信噪比条件下的预测精度。仿真结果表明,所提LSTM在线预测模型对非线性多普勒频移预测的准确性和鲁棒性均优于UKF模型和Transformer模型,为高动态通信环境下的频移在线预测提供了高效可靠的解决方案。

通感一体化  /  车联网  /  多普勒频移  /  长短期记忆网络  /  在线预测

With the rapid development of high−speed transportation networks and the continuous advancement of sixth−generation (6G) mobile communication technologies, the demand for reliable wireless connectivity in high−mobility scenarios has grown significantly. However, the high Doppler shift induced by user mobility leads to rapidly time−varying channels, significantly degrading communication reliability and transmission quality. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) approach, where the base station simultaneously communicates with high−speed users and receives echo signals to predict the Doppler shift. The predicted Doppler shift is then pre−compensated to reduce signal processing complexity at the receiver and improve communication quality. Specifically, this paper introduces an intelligent online Doppler shift prediction method based on long short−term memory (LSTM) networks for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in high−speed mobility scenarios. In this method, the base station estimates the current Doppler shift based on received echo signals and e*mploys an LSTM model to predict Doppler shifts in real−time for the subsequent moment. To effectively handle dynamic environments, the proposed model utilizes an online updating strategy, where LSTM model parameters are updated in real−time after receiving echoes and estimating Doppler shift. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, we compare the LSTM−based prediction results with those obtained using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Prediction accuracy is analyzed under varying conditions of mobile speeds and signal−to−noise ratios. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed online LSTM prediction model exhibits superior accuracy and robustness in nonlinear Doppler shift prediction compared to the UKF model, providing an efficient and reliable solution for online Doppler shift prediction in highly dynamic communication environments.

integrated sensing and communication  /  internet of vehicles  /  doppler shift  /  long short−term memory networks  /  online prediction
白新哲, 于周源, 胡小玲, 刘晨熙, 彭木根. 面向高速移动通信的多普勒频移在线智能预测方法. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (20) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00060
Xinzhe BAI, Zhouyuan YU, Xiaoling HU, Chenxi LIU, Mugen PENG. Sensing−assisted Communication: An online intelligent prediction method of doppler frequency shift for high−speed mobile communication[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (20) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00060
随着移动通信技术[1]的持续演进,第6代移动通信系统(6th generation mobile networks,6G)已成为未来通信发展的核心方向[23]。与此同时,车联网[45]、高速铁路[67]与无人机[8]等新兴应用场景迅速发展,推动了高速移动环境[911]中无线通信需求的急剧增长。以车联网为例,在高速行驶过程中,无人驾驶汽车需与周围车辆及道路基础设施保持低时延、高可靠的通信,以实现快速响应并规避潜在安全风险。然而,传统通信系统在实时性、稳定性与通信效率方面难以满足上述严苛需求。因此,针对高速移动环境下的可靠通信保障已成为亟需解决的关键问题。
在高速移动场景中,收发端之间的相对运动会导致多普勒频移,多普勒频移会导致载波频率的偏移,从而破坏信号的正交性,降低系统的可靠性和数据传输效率。目前,主流的解决方案主要集中在接收端的多普勒频移估计与补偿技术上,这些方法通过对接收信号的频率偏移进行估计或预测,并采用相应的补偿算法来校正多普勒效应带来的影响。多普勒频移的估计与预测方法主要包括导频辅助方法、基于滤波器的方法、深度学习方法及基于物理模型的方法。导频辅助方法通过在通信帧结构中插入已知导频符号,利用导频与接收信号之间的相位差或频域特性进行频移估计。例如,文献[12]在突发信号中插入导频符号,通过相位变化结合最大似然准则实现多普勒频移和速率的高精度估计;文献[13]则在正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)符号中设计等间隔或动态优化的导频图案,利用导频符号估计信道频率响应,从而间接反映多普勒频移,缓解信号衰减和失真。基于滤波器的方法则将多普勒频移视为随时间变化的状态变量,结合接收信号构建状态空间模型,采用卡尔曼滤波、扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended kalman filter,EKF)或粒子滤波等算法递归估计。文献[14]提出基于粒子滤波的半数据辅助算法联合估计载波相位、多普勒频移及数据符号,通过序贯重要性采样和粒子微调提高估计精度与收敛速度;文献[15]将扩展卡尔曼滤波算法用于高速移动场景,该方法将车辆位置、速度和信道系数作为状态变量,并通过线性化雅可比矩阵处理非线性关系,成功地实现了多普勒频移的跟踪。基于深度学习的方法通过神经网络模型如卷积神经网络、循环神经网络、多层感知机等自动提取信号特征,实现多普勒频移的估计与预测。文献[16]采用基于频谱图的目标检测算法,通过将接收信号的频谱图作为输入,成功地估计多用户OFDM系统中的多普勒频移;文献[17]利用多层感知机对参考信号接收功率序列进行训练,有效提升频移估计精度并降低计算复杂度。基于物理模型的方法则依据运动学和传播几何关系,结合系统已知参数计算多普勒频移。文献[18]利用高铁的位置信息构建位置−多普勒几何模型,结合压缩感知和基扩展模型消除子载波间干扰;文献[19]基于瑞利信道统计特性,通过接收信号包络的方差和协方差推导多普勒频移,提高估计精度;文献[20]依托大规模线性天线阵列的空间相位差与离散傅里叶变换,采用相位旋转算法补偿频移,提供高精度的补偿方案。
然而,传统多普勒频移补偿方法虽然在特定场景下取得了一定成效,但在高速移动场景及快速变化的多普勒频移环境下存在显著局限,难以满足现代通信系统的需求[21]。首先,这些方法多基于静态或半静态信道假设,难以适应频移的动态变化,导致在复杂或高速场景下估计精度低、实时性不足。其次,当频移较大时,计算复杂度急剧增加,对硬件要求严苛,难以应用于大规模或资源受限场景。针对这些不足,本文提出了一种基于长短期记忆网络[22](long short−term memory,LSTM)的在线多普勒频移预测方法,创新点如下。
1) 不同于传统在通信接收端进行多普勒频移估计与补偿,本文方法利用OFDM通感一体化回波信号,在发送端预测多普勒频移,从而支持提前进行预补偿,降低接收端信号处理的复杂度。
2) 利用在线更新策略优化LSTM模型,通过实时接收基站回波信号获取多普勒频移数据作为模型输入,动态调整模型的权重和参数,实现对下一帧多普勒频移的精准预测。在线学习策略使模型能够快速适应高速移动场景中非线性、时变的信道特性,即使在低信噪比的复杂环境下,仍能保持较高的预测精度和稳定性。
3) 在仿真实验中,通过对比本文方法与无迹卡尔曼滤波[23](unscented Kalman filter,UKF)模型和Transformer模型在线性速度和非线性速度场景下的多普勒频移预测性能,证明了本文方法在非线性速度环境中的预测精度优于UKF模型和Transformer模型。同时,通过对3种模型在不同信噪比条件下的预测结果进行分析,证明本文方法在低信噪比场景下具有更强的鲁棒性和高效性。
本研究聚焦于基站与高速移动车辆之间的无线通信场景,如图1所示,其中基站配备由多个发射(接收)天线组成的均匀线性阵列[24](uniform linear array,ULA),通过该阵列发射OFDM信号并接收回波信号,根据接收到的回波信号测量多普勒频移并实时预测下一时刻的频移值,以便于基站提前进行信号补偿,降低接收端的信号处理复杂度。OFDM信号总带宽被划分为N个等间隔子载波,其中第n个子载波的频率为$\,{f_n} = {f_c}+n\Delta f\;$$n \in \{ 0,1, \cdots, N - 1\} $$\,{f_c}$$\Delta f\;$分别表示载波频率和子载波频率间隔。
在毫米波频段,第$n$个子载波上基站与汽车之间的视距链路信道模型可表示为
$ {{\boldsymbol{h}}_n} = \alpha {e^{\tfrac{{ - j2{\text{π}} {f_n}d}}{c}}}{{\boldsymbol{a}}_{\text{B}}}({u_n}) $
式中,d表示基站到汽车的距离,c表示光速,α表示路径损耗,${{\boldsymbol{a}}_{\text{B}}}( \cdot )$表示基站的阵列响应向量,un表示第n个子载波的归一化到达角,αun分别由式(2)和式(3)给出
$ \alpha = {10^{\tfrac{{ - PL\left( {{d_0}} \right)}}{{20}}}}{\left( {\frac{d}{{{d_0}}}} \right)^{ - \tfrac{1}{2}\varepsilon }} $
$ {u_n} = 2{\text{π}} \frac{{{d_{\text{B}}}}}{\lambda }{\text{sin}}(\phi ) $
式中,${d_0}$表示参考距离,$PL\left( {d_0} \right) $表示参考距离${d_0} $处的路径损耗,$ \varepsilon $表示路径损耗系数(path loss exponent,PLE),${d_{\text{B}}}$表示基站阵列天线的天线间距,$\phi $表示基站与汽车之间的方位到达角,$\lambda $表示载波波长。
为了简化运算,假设${d_{\text{B}}} = \dfrac{\lambda }{2}$,则${{\boldsymbol{a}}_{\text{B}}}(u)$可以表示为
$ {{\boldsymbol{a}}_{\text{B}}}(u) = {\left[ {1,{e^{j{\text{π}} u}},...,{e^{j{\text{π}} \left( {{N_{\text{B}}} - 1} \right)u}}} \right]^{\text{T}}} $
式中,${N_{\text{B}}}$表示阵列天线数量,u表示信号的归一化到达角。
基站发送的通感一体化帧信号表示为$N \times M$的发射信号矩阵
$ {\boldsymbol{S}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{s_{0,0}}}&{...}&{{s_{0,M - 1}}} \\ {{s_{1,0}}}&{...}&{{s_{1,M - 1}}} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ {{s_{N - 1,0}}}&{...}&{{s_{N - 1,M - 1}}} \end{array}} \right] $
式中,矩阵的每一行对应于一个子载波上的数据,而每一列对应于一个OFDM符号中的数据。此外,第$n$$n \in \{ 0,1, \cdots ,N - 1\} $)个子载波上传输的第$m$$m \in \{ 0, \cdots ,M - 1\} $)个OFDM符号${s_{n,m}}$满足$ E\left\{ {{{\left| {{s_{n,m}}} \right|}^2}} \right\} = 1 $,确保各子载波功率均衡。
使用预编码矩阵在频域对信号进行预编码,使信号能量集中在目标方向,预编码矩阵表示如下
$ {{\boldsymbol{W}}_{\text{t}}} = {\text{diag}}({{\boldsymbol{w}}_{{\text{t}},1}}, \cdots ,{{\boldsymbol{w}}_{{\text{t}},N}}) \in {\mathbb{C}^{N{N_{\text{B}}} \times N}} $
式中,${{\boldsymbol{w}}_{t,n}} \in {\mathbb{C}^{{N_{\text{B}}} \times 1}}$表示第$n$个子载波上的预编码向量,满足$ \Vert {{\boldsymbol{w}}}_{\text{t},n}{\Vert }^{2}=1 $
预编码后的符号矩阵如下
$ {\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{W}}_t}{\boldsymbol{S}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\boldsymbol{x}}_{1,1}}}& \cdots &{{{\boldsymbol{x}}_{1,M}}} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ {{{\boldsymbol{x}}_{N,1}}}& \cdots &{{{\boldsymbol{x}}_{N,M}}} \end{array}} \right] \in {{\mathbb{C}}^{N{N_{\text{B}}} \times M}} $
式中,${{\boldsymbol{x}}_{n,m}} = {{\boldsymbol{w}}_{t,n}}{s_{n,m}} \in {\mathbb{C}^{{N_{\text{B}}} \times 1}}$表示第$n$个子载波上的第$m$个OFDM符号向量。
随后,将频域信号做N点IFFT变换后转为时域信号,并插入长度为${T_{cp}}$的循环前缀,其中循环前缀长度大于多径时延拓展。
在接收端,基站对接收到的回波信号去循环前缀并做N点FFT,得到频域回波信号如下
$ {{\boldsymbol{y}}_{n,m}} = \sqrt {{p_{t,n}}{\alpha _{TG}}} {\boldsymbol{h}}_n^{\text{T}}{{\boldsymbol{h}}_n}{{\boldsymbol{w}}_{t,n}}{s_{n,m}}{e^{j2{\text{π}} k{T_s}{f_d}}}+{{\boldsymbol{n}}_{n,m}} $
式中,${p_{t,n}}$表示第$n$个子载波上的发送功率,${\alpha _{TG}}$表示汽车的雷达散射截面积,hn表示第n个子载波的信道响应,${T_s}$表示一个OFDM符号的持续时间,${f_d}$表示多普勒频移,${{\boldsymbol{n}}_{n,m}}\sim \mathcal{C}\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma _0^2{{\boldsymbol{I}}_{{N_{\text{B}}}}})$表示加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)。
当基站接收到回波信号后,对其进行接收合并,得到$N \times M$的接收信号矩阵$\widetilde {\boldsymbol{Y}}$,其第$(n,m)$个元素表示为
$\begin{split} {\left( {\widetilde {\boldsymbol{Y}}} \right)_{n,m}} = &\; {\boldsymbol{w}}_{r,n}^{\text{T}}{{\boldsymbol{y}}_{n,m}} =\\ & \sqrt {{p_{t,n}}{\alpha _{TG}}} {\boldsymbol{w}}_{r,n}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{h}}_n^{\text{T}}{{\boldsymbol{h}}_n}{{\boldsymbol{w}}_{t,n}}{s_{n,m}}{e^{j2{\text{π}}m {T_s}{f_d}}}+{\boldsymbol{w}}_{r,n}^{\text{T}}{{\boldsymbol{n}}_{n,m}}\end{split} $
式中,${{\boldsymbol{w}}_{r,n}} \in {\mathbb{C}^{{N_{\text{B}}} \times 1}}$表示第$n$个子载波的接收合并向量,满足归一化约束$ \Vert {{\boldsymbol{w}}}_{r,n}{\Vert }^{2}=1 $
多普勒频移是由于发射源与接收端之间的相对运动导致的频率变化现象,在无线通信系统中具有重要影响。在无线通信系统中,多普勒频移会引起信号的相位变化,进而导致信号失真、载波频率偏移及符号间干扰,严重影响信号的解调性能,降低通信系统的可靠性和传输质量。在高速移动环境下,如车载通信、无人机通信及高速列车中,动态变化的多普勒频移更为显著,传统固定补偿方法难以满足需求,通过实时预测频移信息,发送端可以提前对信号进行频率补偿,调整载波频率,减小多普勒效应对信号的影响,这种补偿不仅能够降低接收端信号处理的复杂度,还能改善误码率和系统容量,保障通信链路的稳定与高效。本文提出了基于LSTM的多普勒频移预测方法,借助机器学习算法,可以实现对多普勒频移的精准跟踪和预测,便于发送端提前进行补偿,使系统具备自适应调整能力,灵活应对复杂多变的无线信道条件。
为实现多普勒频移的实时预测,本文对回波信号进行数据预处理,以优化输入数据质量和降低计算复杂度。采用二维离散傅里叶变换(2D−DFT)算法[25]对OFDM回波信号进行预处理,通过2D−DFT精确估计多普勒频移,作为后续模型的输入特征。该方法有效提取信号的频域特征,显著降低输入数据的维度,减少后续模型的计算负担,同时保留关键时序信息,为实时预测提供高质量输入。2D−DFT算法核心是在时频域信道信息矩阵上执行二维离散傅里叶变换,时频域信道被转换为延迟−多普勒域,然后通过搜索延迟−多普勒域中周期图的谱峰值来估计目标与基站之间的时延和多普勒信息,并获得目标的距离和速度信息。该方法通过二维离散傅里叶变换将时频域信道转换为延迟−多普勒域,使得目标的延迟和多普勒信息显示更加直观,与直接处理时频域信道相比,2D−DFT更容易实现高精度感知。
2D−DFT的窗口大小决定了模型的更新周期。在高速移动场景中,接收机相对于基站的快速移动会导致信号波达角快速变化,从而引起频偏的显著波动和跳跃。若因波达角导致的频偏波动较大,可以通过减小模型的更新周期即2D−DFT的窗口来增强模型适应性,提高多普勒频移预测的稳定性和准确性。
由于发送信号对于基站来说是已知的,因此在对多普勒频移进行估计之前,可以收发信号相除以消除调制信号的影响,得到辅助矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{F}} $表示为
$ {\left( {\boldsymbol{F}} \right)_{n,m}} = \frac{{{{\left( {\widetilde {\boldsymbol{Y}}} \right)}_{n,m}}}}{{{{\left( {\boldsymbol{S}} \right)}_{n,m}}}} = {h_{n,m}}{e^{j{\text{π}} k{T_s}{f_D} - j2{\text{π}} k\tau \Delta f+{\varphi _0}}}+\frac{{{{\left( {{{\boldsymbol{w}}^{\text{T}}}{\boldsymbol{n}}} \right)}_{n,m}}}}{{{{\left( {\boldsymbol{S}} \right)}_{n,m}}}} $
式中,${h_{n,m}}$表示第$m$个符号的第$n$个子载波的等效信道,该符号中的所有恒定相位偏移被总结为相位项${\varphi _0}$
当汽车与基站之间的距离为$d$时,对于相同的OFDM符号,每个子载波都会经历相同的延迟$\tau = \dfrac{{2d}}{c}$;当汽车相对于基站的径向速度为$v$时,每个OFDM符号会经历由多普勒频移${f_D} = \dfrac{{2v}}{\lambda }$引起的频率偏移。对辅助矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{F}} $进行联合二维傅里叶变换得到复合变换矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{D}} $表示如下
$ {\left( {\boldsymbol{D}} \right)_{k,l}} = \frac{1}{{{N' }{M' }}}\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{{N' } - 1} {\left( {\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{{M' } - 1} {{{\left( {\boldsymbol{F}} \right)}_{n,m}}} {e^{ - j2{\text{π}} \frac{{ml}}{{{M' }}}}}} \right)} {e^{j2{\text{π}} \frac{{nk}}{{{N' }}}}} $
式中,kl分别表示矩阵D的多普勒索引和延迟索引,$M' $$N' $分别表示DFT的大小和IDFT的大小。
根据最大峰值对应的多普勒索引$ l\mathrm{_{peak}} $可得到多普勒频移估计值
$ \hat{f}_D=\frac{l\mathrm{_{peak}}}{M'T_s} $
多普勒频移的估计值将作为后续模型的输入来对模型参数进行更新并对未来的多普勒频移进行预测。
由于多普勒频移具有非平稳性,时序依赖性以及动态变化等特性,为了实现高精度的多普勒频移预测,本文提出了一种改进型的基于LSTM的多普勒预测器。该模型结合了动态窗口输入处理、层归一化以及在线学习机制等方法,能够在复杂信道环境下有效捕捉时序模式,并实现准确的多普勒预测。以下详细描述模型的架构设计、各组成部分的功能及其数学表达,同时阐释其在多普勒频移预测任务中的独特优势。
多普勒预测器由3个主要模块组成,分别是LSTM层、层归一化层和全连接层。LSTM层作为模型的核心,负责捕获输入多普勒频移序列中的时序依赖关系。LSTM通过其记忆单元和门控机制(遗忘门、输入门和输出门)有效保留长期依赖信息,适用于多普勒频移的连续预测任务。层归一化层用于稳定训练过程并加速收敛,同时缓解因输入数据分布变化导致的内部协变量偏移问题。全连接层将LSTM的隐藏状态映射到单一的预测输出,即下一时间步的多普勒频移值。
由于多普勒频移具有非平稳特性,传统固定窗口方法难以适应数据分布的动态变化。所以模型采用动态窗口机制和在线标准化,动态窗口确保早期时间步也能有效训练,而在线标准化提高了模型对数据尺度变化的鲁棒性,特别适用于实时预测场景。
模型的输入为固定窗口大小$W$的时序序列$ {{\boldsymbol{x}}_t} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{x_{t - W+1}},{x_{t - W+2}}, \cdots ,{x_t}} \end{array}} \right] $,其中${x_t}$表示时间步$t$的多普勒频移估计值。动态窗口机制根据当前时间步$t$调整输入序列长度,当$t < W$时,窗口大小为$t+1$;当$ t \geq W $时,固定为$W$。同时,每个窗口采用StandardScaler进行在线标准化
$ {\boldsymbol{x}}'_t = \frac{{{{\boldsymbol{x}}_t} - {\mu _w}}}{{{\sigma _w}}} $
式中,$\,{\mu _w}$${\sigma _w}$为当前窗口的均值和标准差。
LSTM是传统循环神经网络RNN的一种特殊形式,是针对RNN的梯度消失问题而提出的。相比于RNN在隐藏层中只有一个状态$h$,LSTM在RNN原有的结构中增加了单元状态$c$。为了让短期输入也可以长期保存,LSTM提出以“门”的形式进行细胞状态的存储与更新。提出了输入门、遗忘门、输出门概念,通过3个门的把控最终实现信息的长时间保留,如图2所示。
遗忘门控制前一时刻的单元状态保存到当前时刻的比例,通过Sigmoid函数可得
$ f_t=\sigma[\boldsymbol{W}_{f}(\boldsymbol{h}_{t-1},\boldsymbol{x}_t)+\boldsymbol{b}_f] $
式中,$\,{f_t}$为遗忘门输出,取值范围在$\left[ {0,1} \right]$之间,接近1时保留更多信息,接近0时表示遗忘更多信息,${{\boldsymbol{W}}_f}$为遗忘门的权重矩阵,${{\boldsymbol{b}}_f}$为偏置项,$\sigma $为Sigmoid激活函数,${{\boldsymbol{x}}_t}$为当前输入,${{\boldsymbol{h}}_t}$为前一时刻的隐藏输出。
输入门控制当前时刻的网络状态保存到单元状态的比例,其公式为
$ {i_t} = \sigma [{{\boldsymbol{W}}_{i}}({{\boldsymbol{h}}_{t - 1}},{{\boldsymbol{x}}_t})+{{\boldsymbol{b}}_{i}}] $
$ {\tilde C_t} = \tanh \left( {{{\boldsymbol{W}}_c} \cdot \left[ {{{\boldsymbol{h}}_{t - 1}},{{\boldsymbol{x}}_t}} \right]+{{\boldsymbol{b}}_c}} \right) $
式中,${i_t}$为输入门的输出,${{\boldsymbol{W}}_i}$为输入门的权重矩阵,${{\boldsymbol{b}}_i}$为偏置项;${\tilde C_t}$为候选记忆,候选记忆表示当前时间步可能添加到记忆单元中的新信息,${{\boldsymbol{W}}_c}$为候选记忆的权重矩阵,${{\boldsymbol{b}}_c}$为偏置项,$\tanh $为双曲正切激活函数,其输出范围为$\left[ { - 1,1} \right]$
记忆单元综合遗忘门和输入门的信息进行更新,公式为
$ {C_t} = {f_t} \cdot {C_{t - 1}}+{i_t} \cdot {\tilde C_t} $
式中,$ {C_t} $为当前记忆单元状态,$ {C_{t - 1}} $为上一时间步的记忆状态。通过$ {f_t} $控制遗忘程度,$ {i_t} \cdot {\tilde C_t} $决定新信息的添加量。
输出门决定当前隐藏状态的输出内容,控制记忆单元对隐藏状态的贡献,计算公式为
$ {o_t} = \sigma ({{\boldsymbol{W}}_o} \cdot [{{\boldsymbol{h}}_{t - 1}},{{\boldsymbol{x}}_t}]+{{\boldsymbol{b}}_o}) $
式中,$ {o_t} $为输出门的输出,$ {{\boldsymbol{W}}_o} $为输出门的权重矩阵,$ {{\boldsymbol{b}}_o} $为偏置项。
隐藏状态基于当前记忆单元和输出门生成,公式为
$ {{\boldsymbol{h}}_t} = {o_t} \cdot \tanh ({C_t}) $
式中,$ {{\boldsymbol{h}}_t} $为当前隐藏状态,作为后续层或输出的输入。
由于LSTM在处理长序列时容易出现梯度爆炸或消失问题,且多普勒频移数据的噪声可能导致训练不稳定。所以在LSTM输出后添加层归一化层,通过对隐藏状态进行归一化处理,缓解内部协变量偏移,增强模型稳定性。归一化层表示如下
$ \text{LN}({{\boldsymbol{h}}}_{t})=\frac{{{\boldsymbol{h}}}_{t}-\mu }{\sqrt{{\sigma }^{2}+\epsilon }}\cdot \gamma+\beta $
式中,$\, \mu $$ {\sigma ^2} $分别为$ {{\boldsymbol{h}}_t} $的均值和方差,$ \epsilon $为小常数(避免除零0),$ \gamma $$ \beta $为超参数。
最后,全连接层将归一化后的隐藏状态映射为预测值
$ \hat{y}_{t+1}={\boldsymbol{W}}_{fc}\cdot{\rm{LN}}({\boldsymbol{h}}_t)+{\boldsymbol{b}}_{fc} $
式中,$ {\hat y_{t+1}} $为多普勒频移的预测值,$ {{\boldsymbol{W}}_{fc}} $为全连接层的权重矩阵,$ \boldsymbol{b}_{fc} $为偏置项。
模型采用在线训练与预测相融合的方法,与传统的离线训练方法相比,在线训练能够动态更新模型参数,使模型能够逐步适应数据的动态特性,显著提高了长期预测的精度和实用性,从第2个时间步开始,模型在每个时间步既进行预测又利用真实估计值${y_{t+1}}$进行训练,损失函数采用Smooth L1 Loss,损失函数表示如下
$ L(\hat{y}_{t+1},y_{t+1})=\left\{ \begin{array}{*{20}{l}}0.5(\hat{y}_{t+1}-y_{t+1})^2, & \mathrm{if}\; |\hat{y}_{t+1}-y_{t+1}| < 1 & \\ |\hat{y}_{t+1}-y_{t+1}|-0.5, & \mathrm{otherwise} & \end{array}\right. $
当预测值与估计值之间的差异较小时,它的计算方式类似于L2损失(平方误差)。当差异较大时,它的计算方式类似于L1损失(绝对误差)。这种混合特性使得Smooth L1损失对异常值不那么敏感,同时在训练中更稳定。
LSTM的计算复杂度主要来源于其门控机制(输入门、遗忘门、输出门)和隐藏状态的更新。假设LSTM网络具有$L$层,每层有$H$个隐藏单元,输入特征维度为$D$,时间步长为$T$,每个时间步的LSTM单元需要计算输入门、遗忘门、输出门和单元状态更新,涉及权重矩阵$ \boldsymbol{W} $、偏置向量$ \boldsymbol{b} $以及激活函数(如Sigmoid和tanh)。单层单时间步的计算复杂度为
$ O(4H(D+H)) $
对于$T$个时间步和$L$层LSTM网络,总计算复杂度为
$ O(L \cdot T \cdot 4H(D+H)) $
对于$T$个时间步,归一化层对每个${{\boldsymbol{h}}_t}$独立应用,而全连接层仅对最后一个时间步${{\boldsymbol{h}}_T}$应用,则归一化层和全连接层的总复杂度为
$ O(T \cdot H+H \cdot O) $
本文中LSTM模型为单层结构,隐藏单元数$H = 64$,输入特征维度$D = 1$,序列长度$T = 10$,输出维度$O = 1$,单次前向传播的计算复杂度为166400次浮点运算,此外,层归一化和全连接层增加的复杂度为1985次浮点运算,总计约168385次浮点运算。在现代基站硬件(如NVIDIA A100 GPU)上,单次推理耗时为纳秒级,远低于5G NR帧时长(10 ms),因此,算法复杂性能够满足信道检测和多普勒频移补偿的实时性和算力要求。
为评估模型性能,本文采用线性与非线性2种速度模型进行仿真实验,模拟车辆在不同运动场景下的多普勒频移预测。线性速度模型通过设定恒定加速度,模拟车辆的匀加速运动,并引入加速度噪声和速度噪声以反映现实中的不确定性,同时施加渐变平滑约束,确保加速度变化的连续性和平滑性。非线性速度模型则采用两阶段控制策略(先加速后减速),通过在加速度和速度中引入双重噪声增强仿真真实性,并融入平滑因子以避免突变,适用于研究车辆非线性运动跟踪和信号处理。图3图4分别展示了线性速度和非线性速度下汽车相对于基站的径向速度变化趋势。
为了验证本文提出的基于LSTM的多普勒频移预测方法的有效性,选取UKF方法和Transformer作为对比基准。UKF(无迹卡尔曼滤波)作为一种传统的非线性滤波方法,通过无迹变换捕捉系统的非线性特征,较传统扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)具有更高的估计精度和稳定性,常用于非线性动态系统状态估计中。与此相比,Transformer作为一种深度学习模型,通过自注意力机制(self−attention)处理长序列数据,能够有效建模复杂的非线性时序关系,广泛应用于自然语言处理和时序预测任务。通过与UKF和Transformer进行对比,来验证本文基于LSTM的方法在多普勒频移预测中的优势。
为评估3种方法的预测性能,本研究采用均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)2个指标进行量化比较。RMSE和MAE公式表示如下
$ {{RMSE}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{t=1}^n\left(y_t-\hat{y}_t\right)^2} $
$ {MAE} = \frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{t = 1}^n {\left| {{y_t} - {{\hat y}_t}} \right|} $
式中,$ {y_t} $为第$t$帧的真实值,$ {\hat y_t} $为第$t$帧的预测值,$n$为总预测帧数。
RMSE对于大误差的惩罚较大,能够反映模型对异常点的敏感度;MAE则直观反映了平均误差水平。将3种方法分别应用于线性与非线性2种速度模型的多普勒频移预测,3种方法在不同模型下的预测精度评价指标统计如表1所示。
表1可知,在线性速度条件下,本文方法在RMSE和MAE 2项评估指标上与其他2种方法表现相当,差异不大。然而,在非线性速度条件下,本文方法在RMSE和MAE指标上显著优于UKF方法,略优于Transformer方法,该结果证明本文方法能更有效地处理非线性问题,提升预测精度,同时展现出更强的泛化能力和鲁棒性,适应数据中的复杂结构和噪声干扰,为高动态通信环境下的多普勒频移预测提供更可靠的解决方案。
为了更直观地展示3种方法在多普勒频移预测中的表现,图5图6分别呈现了3种方法在线性与非线性2种速度模型中多普勒频移预测值与真实值之间的差值对比,横轴表示时间步(帧索引),纵轴表示预测误差(Hz)。从图5可以看出,在线性速度条件下,本文方法与transformer方法在初始阶段的预测误差略小于UKF方法,显示出更快的收敛速度,但在后续时间步,3种方法误差趋于相近,表明在线性速度场景下,2种深度学习方法收敛速度优于传统UKF方法,3种方法最终收敛预测误差性能相近。从图6可见,在非线性速度条件下,本文方法的预测误差曲线波动较小,且在大多数时间步内更贴近零线,展现出更高的预测精度和稳定性,尤其在0~200时间步的初始阶段,UKF方法的误差波动较大,偏差显著,表明其对非线性动态系统的适应性不足。相比之下,LSTM方法凭借深度学习网络的强大特征提取能力,有效捕捉多普勒频移的复杂时序特性,快速收敛至较低误差水平。在后续时间步,尽管系统噪声和动态变化对2种方法均产生影响,本文方法的误差始终保持在较小范围。此外,本文方法在面对突变点(如时间步约500处)时,表现出更快的响应速度和更强的鲁棒性,而UKF方法在这些点附近的误差显著增大。这一现象进一步验证了本文方法在处理高动态、非线性系统预测任务中的优势。虽然Transformer方法在非线性速度条件下的表现优于UKF方法,但其预测误差仍略高于本文方法。综上所述,图5图6的对比结果表明,本文方法在多普勒频移预测任务中,相较于UKF方法与Transformer方法,具有更高的预测精度、更好的适应性和鲁棒性,为高动态通信环境下的相关应用提供了更可靠的解决方案。
为了进一步探究信噪比对模型预测精度的影响,本文在低信噪比(小于10 dB)条件下对比了3种方法在非线性多普勒频移预测中的性能。3种方法在低信噪比下的预测精度评价指标统计以及预测误差对比图如表2图7所示。实验结果表明,在低信噪比环境中,3种方法的RMSE和MAE均因噪声干扰而有所增大。然而,本文方法的RMSE和MAE仍显著低于UKF方法,略低于Transformer方法,展现出更优的预测精度和鲁棒性。这一结果进一步验证了本文方法在低信噪比场景下的优越适应性和可靠性,为高动态通信系统中多普勒频移预测的鲁棒性优化提供了重要参考。
LSTM的预测性能在多普勒频移在线预测任务中受到多种模型参数的影响,包括隐藏层单元数、层数、学习率、时间步长以及优化器选择等。其中,时间步长和学习率是影响模型预测精度、收敛速度和鲁棒性的关键参数。以下从这2个方面分析其对模型性能的影响,为优化LSTM模型在高动态通信环境中的多普勒频移预测提供参考。
时间步长决定了LSTM模型输入序列的长度,直接影响模型捕捉多普勒频移时序规律的能力。本文选取10帧和20帧2种时间步长进行实验分析,以评估其对预测精度的影响。表3展示了不同时间步长下的预测精度评价指标统计结果,包括RMSE和MAE。为更直观地揭示时间步长对模型训练的影响,图8绘制了不同时间步长的训练损失对比曲线。从图8可知,时间步长为10帧时,训练损失波动较大,表明模型在优化过程中预测值与测量值之间的误差变化较为明显。然而,表3显示时间步长为10帧时的MAE和RMSE均小于20帧时的结果,表明其预测值与真实值之间的偏差更小。相比之下,时间步长为20帧时,训练损失曲线较平滑,但受测量噪声影响更大,导致预测精度下降,这说明较短的时间步长(如10帧)能更好地抑制噪声干扰,提升预测精度,而较长的时间步长(如20帧)虽有助于捕捉长期时序特征,但对噪声敏感性更高,降低了模型的鲁棒性。因此,在高动态通信场景中,建议选择10帧时间步长以优化多普勒频移预测的精度和稳定性。
学习率控制LSTM模型参数更新的步长,直接影响模型的收敛速度和预测稳定性。本文选取3种不同的学习率进行实验分析,并通过图9绘制了不同学习率下的训练损失对比曲线。从图9可知,学习率为0.0001时,模型收敛速度较慢,尤其在初始阶段(0~50时间步),训练损失波动最大,不利于实时多普勒频移预测。学习率为0.01时,模型在初始阶段也有轻微波动,同时在突变点处的损失值也较大。相比之下,学习率为0.001时,训练损失下降更快,初始阶段收敛更为迅速,且预测差值波动较小,特别是在突变点(如时间步约500处),学习率0.001的模型展现出更快的响应速度和更低的误差,表明其在动态场景下具有更强的适应性,然而,过高或过低的学习率可能导致震荡,需谨慎优化。综合来看,学习率0.001在收敛速度和预测稳定性之间取得更好平衡,适合高动态通信环境下的多普勒频移预测任务。
为了应对用户高速移动场景下信道快速时变,对通信的可靠性和传输质量的影响,本文提出了一种基于LSTM的在线多普勒频移预测方法,通过预测多普勒频移为发送端提供实时频移信息,可使其预先进行信号补偿,从而降低接收端信号处理复杂度并提升通信质量。在该方法中,基站接收回波信号测量多普勒频移,并结合在线更新策略优化LSTM模型,从而有效适应非线性、动态变化的通信环境。仿真结果表明,在线性速度场景下,所提出基于LSTM模型的方法预测精度与UKF方法和Transformer方法相当;而在非线性速度场景下,所提方法展现出更高的预测精度和鲁棒性。此外,在低信噪比条件下,所提方法依然保持较小的预测误差,验证了其在噪声环境下的可靠性。此外分析表明,时间步长为10帧和学习率为0.001的配置能够在预测精度和稳定性间取得平衡。
综上所述,本文提出的基于LSTM的在线多普勒频移预测方法在高动态通信场景中具有显著优势,为频移补偿和信号优化提供了高效、可靠的解决方案。未来可进一步探索模型在更复杂场景(如多目标、多径效应)下的适应性,以及与其他深度学习方法的融合,以提升预测性能和实用性。

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2025年第43卷第20期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00060
  • 接收时间:2025-05-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-29
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-09
  • 修回日期:2025-06-09
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    北京邮电大学信息与通信工程学院,北京 100876

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胡小玲(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为无线通信,智能超表面、无线AI、通感一体化,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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