Article(id=1212342496856773265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212342494176604450, articleNumber=null, orderNo=20, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755273600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-16, revisedDate=1760284800000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766974575485, onlineDateStr=2025-12-29, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764950400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766974575485, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080223719, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212342494176604450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='20', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761580800000', pubDateStr='2025-10-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766974574846, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330588720, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195852664189609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212342494176604450, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195852668383914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212342494176604450, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=85, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212342497641108146, articleId=1212342496856773265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Embodied intelligence in unmanned surface vehicle systems: A review of key technologies and developments, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The intelligence of unmanned vessel systems is undergoing a profound transformation from remote control to embodied autonomous forms, with the core being the realization of advanced intelligent behavior through multimodal perception, environmental interaction, and closed−loop learning. This paper systematically reviews the key advances of embodied intelligence in unmanned vessels, highlighting that semantic control loops, digital twin validation, and evaluation systems are moving from methodological exploration to engineering integration, and have already begun to provide preliminary application support in port and inland waterway scenarios. However, current technologies still face bottlenecks in perception stability, rule interpretability, and deployment resources. Therefore, this paper recommends focusing on breakthroughs in strengthening autonomous closed−loop intelligence systems, establishing standard and trustworthy validation environments, and promoting lightweight and collaborative deployment to enhance system reliability, compliance, and scalability, providing support for the development of intelligent ship technology and the implementation of our marine strategy.

, authors=null, authorsList=Liyuan FAN, Zhaojie WANG, Zhan YANG, Peng LIU, Xiaofeng WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhaojie WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212342498974896902, articleId=1212342496856773265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=无人船系统中的具身智能:关键技术与发展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

无人船系统的智能化正从远程操控向具身自主形态深刻变革,其核心在于通过多模态感知、环境交互与闭环学习实现高级智能行为。梳理了具身智能在无人船上的关键进展,指出语义控制闭环、数字孪生验证与评测体系正从方法探索走向工程集成,并已在港池与内河等场景形成初步应用支撑。然而,当前技术在感知稳定性、规则可解释性及落地资源等方面仍存在瓶颈。为此,建议从强化自主闭环智能体系、构建标准可信验证环境、推进轻量化与协同部署等方向重点突破,以提升系统的可靠性、合规性和规模应用能力,为中国智能船舶技术与海洋战略实施提供支撑。

, authors=

范丽媛,硕士研究生,研究方向为海上无人系统智能体设计与数实结合验证,电子信箱:

, authorsList=范丽媛, 王兆杰, 杨战, 刘鹏, 吴笑风, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王兆杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王兆杰(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为网络信息体系、智能无人系统、复杂系统工程,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YxA8+jugOVHFAC5e/omCXw==, magXml=YxA8+jugOVHFAC5e/omCXw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lr1zKGBNx2hLOXDuuTmR4g==, pdfFileSize=2495035, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=lvrCT4PRTke9U9kxyJ7fYA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=NUaBGIqiCpKi0RrjFqE+0A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242145780358787815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=fanliyuanfly0927@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145780430090985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780358787815, language=EN, stringName=Liyuan FAN, firstName=Liyuan, middleName=null, lastName=FAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145780493005547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780358787815, language=CN, stringName=范丽媛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101, bio={"content":"

范丽媛,硕士研究生,研究方向为海上无人系统智能体设计与数实结合验证,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

范丽媛,硕士研究生,研究方向为海上无人系统智能体设计与数实结合验证,电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780191015648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780199404257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780207792866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101)])]), Author(id=1242145780543337197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=17660290@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145780606251759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780543337197, language=EN, stringName=Zhaojie WANG, firstName=Zhaojie, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145780669166320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780543337197, language=CN, stringName=王兆杰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780191015648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780199404257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780207792866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101)])]), Author(id=1242145780736275186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145780803384052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780736275186, language=EN, stringName=Zhan YANG, firstName=Zhan, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145781864542971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780736275186, language=CN, stringName=杨战, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2北京理工大学人工智能学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780274901731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780283290340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780274901731, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780291678949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780274901731, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京理工大学人工智能学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1242145781935846141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145782019732223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145781935846141, language=EN, stringName=Peng LIU, firstName=Peng, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145782086841089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145781935846141, language=CN, stringName=刘鹏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780191015648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780199404257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780207792866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101)])]), Author(id=1242145782149755651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145782212670213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145782149755651, language=EN, stringName=Xiaofeng WU, firstName=Xiaofeng, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145782271390470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145782149755651, language=CN, stringName=吴笑风, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780191015648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780199404257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780207792866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242145782439162631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=embodied AI), Keyword(id=1242145782514660105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=unmanned surface vehicle), Keyword(id=1242145782569186058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=multimodal perception), Keyword(id=1242145782623712011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=digital twin), Keyword(id=1242145782690820876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=autonomous navigation), Keyword(id=1242145782762124045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=具身智能), Keyword(id=1242145782837621519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=无人船), Keyword(id=1242145782896341776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=多模态感知), Keyword(id=1242145782950867729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=数字孪生), Keyword(id=1242145783013782290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=自主导航)], refs=[Reference(id=1242145784284656418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=10, pageStart=4643, pageEnd=4678, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Bae I, Hong J, journalName=Sensors, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bae I, Hong J. Survey on the developments of unmanned marine vehicles: Intelligence and cooperation[J]. Sensors, 2023, 23(10): 4643-4678., articleTitle=Survey on the developments of unmanned marine vehicles: Intelligence and cooperation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784343376676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Manley J E. Unmanned surface vehicles, 15 years of development[C]//Proceedings of OCEANS 2008. New York: IEEE, 2008: 1−4., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784402096933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Fossen T I, journalName=Handbook of marine craft hydrodynamics and motion control, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Fossen T I. Handbook of marine craft hydrodynamics and motion control[M]. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784456622886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Pfeifer R, Bongard J, journalName=How the body shapes the way we think: A new view of intelligence, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Pfeifer R, Bongard J. How the body shapes the way we think: A new view of intelligence[M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT press, 2006., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784527926055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=21, issue=2, pageStart=47, pageEnd=58, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Bai X G, Li B H, Xu X F, journalName=Journal of Marine Science and Application, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bai X G, Li B H, Xu X F, et al. A review of current research and advances in unmanned surface vehicles[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Application, 2022, 21(2): 47-58., articleTitle=A review of current research and advances in unmanned surface vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784599229225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=41, issue=null, pageStart=71, pageEnd=93, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Liu Z X, Zhang Y M, Yu X, journalName=Annual Reviews in Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Z X, Zhang Y M, Yu X, et al. Unmanned surface vehicles: An overview of developments and challenges[J]. Annual Reviews in Control, 2016, 41: 71-93., articleTitle=Unmanned surface vehicles: An overview of developments and challenges, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784649560874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=10, issue=1, pageStart=981, pageEnd=1003, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Wu G X, Li D B, Ding H, journalName=Complex & Intelligent Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu G X, Li D B, Ding H, et al. An overview of developments and challenges for unmanned surface vehicle autonomous berthing[J]. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 2024, 10(1): 981-1003., articleTitle=An overview of developments and challenges for unmanned surface vehicle autonomous berthing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784704086827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=95, issue=3, pageStart=789, pageEnd=813, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Zolich A, Palma D, Kansanen K, journalName=Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zolich A, Palma D, Kansanen K, et al. Survey on communication and networks for autonomous marine systems[J]. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 2019, 95(3): 789-813., articleTitle=Survey on communication and networks for autonomous marine systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784775389996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=24, issue=4, pageStart=3678, pageEnd=3701, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Qiao Y Y, Yin J X, Wang W, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qiao Y Y, Yin J X, Wang W, et al. Survey of deep learning for autonomous surface vehicles in marine environments[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2023, 24(4): 3678-3701., articleTitle=Survey of deep learning for autonomous surface vehicles in marine environments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784834110253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=288, issue=null, pageStart=116133, pageEnd=116162, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Sun S, Lyu H G, Dong C M, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun S, Lyu H G, Dong C M. AIS aided marine radar target tracking in a detection occluded environment[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2023, 288: 116133-116162., articleTitle=AIS aided marine radar target tracking in a detection occluded environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784897024814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=252, issue=null, pageStart=111168, pageEnd=111184, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Helgesen Ø K, Vasstein K, Brekke E F, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Helgesen Ø K, Vasstein K, Brekke E F, et al. Heterogeneous multi−sensor tracking for an autonomous surface vehicle in a littoral environment[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 252: 111168-111184., articleTitle=Heterogeneous multi−sensor tracking for an autonomous surface vehicle in a littoral environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145784951550767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=175, issue=null, pageStart=103152, pageEnd=103191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Li H H, Jiao H, Yang Z L, journalName=Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li H H, Jiao H, Yang Z L. AIS data−driven ship trajectory prediction modelling and analysis based on machine learning and deep learning methods[J]. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 2023, 175: 103152-103191., articleTitle=AIS data−driven ship trajectory prediction modelling and analysis based on machine learning and deep learning methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145785031242544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=11, issue=12, pageStart=2334, pageEnd=2355, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Wen N F, Long Y D, Zhang R B, journalName=Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wen N F, Long Y D, Zhang R B, et al. COLREGs−based path planning for USVs using the deep reinforcement learning strategy[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2023, 11(12): 2334-2355., articleTitle=COLREGs−based path planning for USVs using the deep reinforcement learning strategy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145785094157105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Groves P D, journalName=Principles of GNSS, inertial and multisensor integrated navigation systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Groves P D Principles of GNSS, inertial and multisensor integrated navigation systems[M]. Boston: Artech House, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145785157071666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=323, issue=null, pageStart=120608, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Xu C H, Chu Y J, Gao Q Z, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu C H, Chu Y J, Gao Q Z, et al. Autonomous unmanned surface vehicle docking using large language model guide reinforcement learning[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2025, 323: 120608., articleTitle=Autonomous unmanned surface vehicle docking using large language model guide reinforcement learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145785215791923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=46, issue=5, pageStart=847, pageEnd=857, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=张卫东, 刘笑成, 韩鹏, journalName=自动化学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张卫东, 刘笑成, 韩鹏. 水上无人系统研究进展及其面临的挑战[J]. 自动化学报, 2020, 46(5): 847-857., articleTitle=水上无人系统研究进展及其面临的挑战, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145785282900788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=17, issue=5, pageStart=9, pageEnd=26, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=王耀南, 安果维, 王传成, journalName=中国舰船研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王耀南, 安果维, 王传成, . 智能无人系统技术应用与发展趋势[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2022, 17(5): 9-26., articleTitle=智能无人系统技术应用与发展趋势, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145785350009653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2411, volume=16587, issue=null, pageStart=2024, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Agyei K, Sarhadi P, Naeem W, journalName=arXiv preprint arXiv, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Agyei K, Sarhadi P, Naeem W. Large language model−based decision−making for COLREGs and the control of autonomous surface vehicles[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv, 2411, 16587: 2024., articleTitle=Large language model−based decision−making for COLREGs and the control of autonomous surface vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145785417118518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=338, issue=null, pageStart=121988, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Christensen K A, Gusev A, Tufte A G, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Christensen K A, Gusev A, Tufte A G, et al. AI Captain: Conversational mission planning and execution system for autonomous surface vehicles[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2025, 338: 121988., articleTitle=AI Captain: Conversational mission planning and execution system for autonomous surface vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145785471644471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04496, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=刘雅琦, 唐昊, 王欣安, journalName=中国舰船研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘雅琦, 唐昊, 王欣安, . 面向船舶航行决策任务的大模型技术应用研究[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2025,, articleTitle=面向船舶航行决策任务的大模型技术应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145786964816698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘雅琦, 唐昊, 王欣安, 等. 面向船舶航行决策任务的大模型技术应用研究[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2025, doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04496., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787023536955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=327, issue=null, pageStart=120968, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Liu Z Y, Zhang Q, Xiang X B, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Z Y, Zhang Q, Xiang X B, et al. Intelligent decision and planning for unmanned surface vehicle: A review of machine learning techniques[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2025, 327: 120968., articleTitle=Intelligent decision and planning for unmanned surface vehicle: A review of machine learning techniques, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787090645820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2411, volume=03465, issue=null, pageStart=2024, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Menges D, Rasheed A, journalName=arXiv preprint arXiv, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Menges D, Rasheed A. Digital twin for autonomous surface vessels: Enabler for safe maritime navigation[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv, 2411, 03465: 2024., articleTitle=Digital twin for autonomous surface vessels: Enabler for safe maritime navigation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787145171773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=9344, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Berg H S, Menges D, Tengesdal T, journalName=Scientific Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Berg H S, Menges D, Tengesdal T, et al. Digital twin syncing for autonomous surface vessels using reinforcement learning and nonlinear model predictive control[J]. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15(1): 9344., articleTitle=Digital twin syncing for autonomous surface vessels using reinforcement learning and nonlinear model predictive control, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787199697726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=13, issue=8, pageStart=1570, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Cao X F, Wang Z M, Zhu Y H, journalName=Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao X F, Wang Z M, Zhu Y H, et al. A review of research on autonomous collision avoidance performance testing and an evaluation of intelligent vessels[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2025, 13(8): 1570., articleTitle=A review of research on autonomous collision avoidance performance testing and an evaluation of intelligent vessels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787258417983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=17, issue=null, pageStart=191, pageEnd=194, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Cai Y, Hasegawa K, journalName=Proceedings of the Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cai Y, Hasegawa K. Evaluating of marine traffic simulation system through imazu problem[J]. Proceedings of the Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers, 2013, 17: 191-194., articleTitle=Evaluating of marine traffic simulation system through imazu problem, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787317138240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=International Maritime Organization. Convention on the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea, 1972 (COLREGs)[S]. London: International Maritime Organization, 1972., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787371664193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=127, issue=null, pageStart=104708, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Huang Y M, van Gelder P H A J M, journalName=Safety Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang Y M, van Gelder P H A J M. Collision risk measure for triggering evasive actions of maritime autonomous surface ships[J]. Safety Science, 2020, 127: 104708., articleTitle=Collision risk measure for triggering evasive actions of maritime autonomous surface ships, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787426190146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=30, issue=6, pageStart=3, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Liu X J, Zhang K, Xue H, journalName=Journal of Marine Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu X J, Zhang K, Xue H, et al. A fused data based real−time collision warning system for ferries in the Yangtze River[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2022, 30(6): 3., articleTitle=A fused data based real−time collision warning system for ferries in the Yangtze River, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787489104707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=16, issue=14, pageStart=2522, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Specht C, Śliwińska D, journalName=Remote Sensing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Specht C, Śliwińska D. Hydrographic inspection using a USV of a harbour bottom deepened by the periodic actuation of SAR vessel propellers[J]. Remote Sensing, 2024, 16(14): 2522., articleTitle=Hydrographic inspection using a USV of a harbour bottom deepened by the periodic actuation of SAR vessel propellers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787564602180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=24, issue=8, pageStart=2418, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Specht M, journalName=Sensors, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Specht M. Testing and analysis of selected navigation parameters of the GNSS/INS system for USV path localization during inland hydrographic surveys[J]. Sensors, 2024, 24(8): 2418., articleTitle=Testing and analysis of selected navigation parameters of the GNSS/INS system for USV path localization during inland hydrographic surveys, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787627516741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=25, issue=11, pageStart=16584, pageEnd=16598, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Yao S L, Guan R W, Wu Z D, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao S L, Guan R W, Wu Z D, et al. WaterScenes: A multi−task 4D radar−camera fusion dataset and benchmarks for autonomous driving on water surfaces[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2024, 25(11): 16584-16598., articleTitle=WaterScenes: A multi−task 4D radar−camera fusion dataset and benchmarks for autonomous driving on water surfaces, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787690431302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Varga L A, Kiefer B, Messmer M, et al. SeaDronesSee: A maritime benchmark for detecting humans in open water[C]//Proceedings of IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2022: 2260−2270., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787749151559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=12, pageStart=1104, pageEnd=1114, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Chung D, Kim J, Lee C Y, journalName=The International Journal of Robotics Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chung D, Kim J, Lee C Y, et al. Pohang canal dataset: A multimodal maritime dataset for autonomous navigation in restricted waters[J]. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2023, 42(12): 1104-1114., articleTitle=Pohang canal dataset: A multimodal maritime dataset for autonomous navigation in restricted waters, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787803677512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=312, issue=null, pageStart=119288, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Xie Y C, Nanlal C, Liu Y C, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie Y C, Nanlal C, Liu Y C. Reliable LiDAR−based ship detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles in busy maritime environments[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024, 312: 119288., articleTitle=Reliable LiDAR−based ship detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles in busy maritime environments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787862397770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Wang C, Zhang D, journalName=Preprints, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C, Zhang D. Multi−modal perception and fusion for maritime autonomy: A survey[J]. Preprints, 2025, 1-31., articleTitle=Multi−modal perception and fusion for maritime autonomy: A survey, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787921118027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Choi J, Cho D, Lee G, et al. PoLaRIS dataset: A maritime object detection and tracking dataset in pohang canal[C]//Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2025: 13626−13632., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145787988226892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=02783649251354897, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Jang H, Yang W, Kim H, journalName=The International Journal of Robotics Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jang H, Yang W, Kim H, et al. MOANA: Multi−radar dataset for maritime odometry and autonomous navigation application[J]. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2025: 02783649251354897., articleTitle=MOANA: Multi−radar dataset for maritime odometry and autonomous navigation application, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145788042752846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=6, issue=2, pageStart=17, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=38, authorNames=de Andrade E M, Sales Jr, Fernandes A C, journalName=Automation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=de Andrade E M, Sales Jr, Fernandes A C. Operative unmanned surface vessels (USVs): A review of market−ready solutions[J]. Automation, 2025, 6(2): 17-46., articleTitle=Operative unmanned surface vessels (USVs): A review of market−ready solutions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145788105667407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Agyei K, Sarhadi P, Naeem W, journalName=Authorea Preprints, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Agyei K, Sarhadi P, Naeem W. Corall: A colregs−guided risk−aware LLM for decision−making in maritime autonomous surface ships[J]. Authorea Preprints, 2025, 1(1): 1-25., articleTitle=Corall: A colregs−guided risk−aware LLM for decision−making in maritime autonomous surface ships, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145788155999056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=25, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=40, authorNames=陈立家, 王凯, 黄立文, journalName=中国舰船研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈立家, 王凯, 黄立文, . 船舶自主航行虚拟测试场景研究进展[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2025, 20(1): 25-37., articleTitle=船舶自主航行虚拟测试场景研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242145788210525009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=166, issue=null, pageStart=106226, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Ahmed Y A, Theotokatos G, Maslov I, journalName=Marine Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ahmed Y A, Theotokatos G, Maslov I, et al. Regulatory and legal frameworks recommendations for short sea shipping maritime autonomous surface ships[J]. Marine Policy, 2024, 166: 106226., articleTitle=Regulatory and legal frameworks recommendations for short sea shipping maritime autonomous surface ships, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242145784100107040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, awardId=2023YFB3209801, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3209801), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242145784158827297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, awardId=52402490, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(52402490), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780191015648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780199404257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780207792866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242145780274901731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780283290340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780274901731, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780291678949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780274901731, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京理工大学人工智能学院,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242145783202525971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pPOcLJgigBmJtoajbnwI8Q==, figureFileBig=MvvXagIsU68zBfsXb+VTBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242145783265440532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, label=图1, caption=“精海”系列无人艇, figureFileSmall=pPOcLJgigBmJtoajbnwI8Q==, figureFileBig=MvvXagIsU68zBfsXb+VTBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242145783370298133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=o+8xPiynOT475QnfbhhlOA==, figureFileBig=I9WpH9Uq8Fn6kEJ6F3kdHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242145783433212694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, label=图2, caption=“海腾”系列无人艇, figureFileSmall=o+8xPiynOT475QnfbhhlOA==, figureFileBig=I9WpH9Uq8Fn6kEJ6F3kdHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242145783500321559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vg9n1RWpJoyJLLpU/rkQ1Q==, figureFileBig=+0u4Iz6OHv26hHZ6PGowXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242145783584207640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, label=图3, caption=JARI无人作战艇, figureFileSmall=vg9n1RWpJoyJLLpU/rkQ1Q==, figureFileBig=+0u4Iz6OHv26hHZ6PGowXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242145783651316505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NtvxjOTlGdQy0bIHT9iopA==, figureFileBig=SVgc4kJS7dFTvb2vEedzPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242145783718425370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于规则与语义的USV合规避碰决策流程, figureFileSmall=NtvxjOTlGdQy0bIHT9iopA==, figureFileBig=SVgc4kJS7dFTvb2vEedzPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242145783789728539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Fx5l8/u68gLJWPQPeLykEQ==, figureFileBig=xvWSmDWLRJo2y+YAjnlTgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242145783844254492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于深度强化学习的 USV 任务/编队规划框架, figureFileSmall=Fx5l8/u68gLJWPQPeLykEQ==, figureFileBig=xvWSmDWLRJo2y+YAjnlTgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242145783907169053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段 进入样本量与构成 综合分门槛 关键安全阈值 退出准则
L1仿真/回放 ≥200会遇样本(对遇/交叉/追越≥50) 综合分≥80 DCPA≥0.3 n mile;规则违反=0 连续3轮批量评测通过
L2封闭水域 ≥100有效会遇/靠泊(靠泊≥30) 综合分≥80 近失碰率≤1%;规则违反= 0 2次不同时段复测均通过
L3开放水域 ≥100 样本(含拥挤/潮汐/横风等≥40) 综合分≥85 近失碰率≤0.5%;规则违反=0 不同海况与交通密度下
各完成一次A/B复测
), ArticleFig(id=1242145783974277918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

阶段进入/退出准则与最低样本量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段 进入样本量与构成 综合分门槛 关键安全阈值 退出准则
L1仿真/回放 ≥200会遇样本(对遇/交叉/追越≥50) 综合分≥80 DCPA≥0.3 n mile;规则违反=0 连续3轮批量评测通过
L2封闭水域 ≥100有效会遇/靠泊(靠泊≥30) 综合分≥80 近失碰率≤1%;规则违反= 0 2次不同时段复测均通过
L3开放水域 ≥100 样本(含拥挤/潮汐/横风等≥40) 综合分≥85 近失碰率≤0.5%;规则违反=0 不同海况与交通密度下
各完成一次A/B复测
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1125356956822126595, delFlag=0, nameCn=科技导报, nameEn=Science & Technology Review, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-7857, eissn=, cn=11-1421/N, coden=null, periodic=3, language=CN, oaType=0, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Sci Technol Rev, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1784015846012, createdBy=null, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=K, firstLetterEn=K, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=自然科学, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, picEn=yjSfclmpNm7ihn9NbTZ69g==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1283818766098219763, language=CN, name=科技导报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=中国科学技术协会, sponsoredBy=中国科学技术协会, publishedBy=科技导报社, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/home, createdTime=1784015846037, updatedTime=1784015846037, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kjdbauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionReviewUrl=https://kjdbauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1283818766144357108, language=EN, name=Science & Technology Review, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/EN/home, createdTime=1784015846048, updatedTime=1784015846048, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/EN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kjdbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://kjdbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146031591421210625, websiteList=[Website(id=1146104741081231361, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031591421210625, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751182263881, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1751778001962, updateBy=18614031015, name=科技导报, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=科技导报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148021146403992296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751639170504, updateTime=1751639170504, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146378826469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751639170498, updateTime=1751639170498, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146366243556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=9GHSf7eGlIPH0Tv/OOdstA==, createTime=1751639170495, updateTime=1751639170495, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146395603687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751639170502, updateTime=1751639170502, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146387215078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751639170500, updateTime=1751639170500, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1146105254833139715, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031591421210625, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1751182386363, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753500121937, updateBy=18614031015, name=科技导报, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Science & Technology Review, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155838567709528217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753502988984, updateTime=1753502988984, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567692750998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753502988980, updateTime=1753502988980, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567688556693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic?fileId=9GHSf7eGlIPH0Tv/OOdstA==, createTime=1753502988979, updateTime=1753502988979, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567705333912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1753502988983, updateTime=1753502988983, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567701139607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1753502988982, updateTime=1753502988982, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=科技导报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Science & Technology Review, journalPhotoCn=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, journalPhotoEn=yjSfclmpNm7ihn9NbTZ69g==, journalFirstLetter=K, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=1, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=0.91, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00070, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00070, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00070, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00070, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1761580800000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
无人船系统中的具身智能:关键技术与发展
收藏切换
PDF下载
范丽媛 1 , 王兆杰 1, * , 杨战 2 , 刘鹏 1 , 吴笑风 1
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(20): 85-92
收起
收藏切换
科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (20) : 85 -92
无人船系统中的具身智能:关键技术与发展
全屏
[Author(id=1242145780358787815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=fanliyuanfly0927@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145780430090985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780358787815, language=EN, stringName=Liyuan FAN, firstName=Liyuan, middleName=null, lastName=FAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145780493005547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780358787815, language=CN, stringName=范丽媛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101, bio={"content":"

范丽媛,硕士研究生,研究方向为海上无人系统智能体设计与数实结合验证,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

范丽媛,硕士研究生,研究方向为海上无人系统智能体设计与数实结合验证,电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780191015648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780199404257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780207792866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101)])]), Author(id=1242145780543337197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=17660290@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145780606251759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780543337197, language=EN, stringName=Zhaojie WANG, firstName=Zhaojie, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145780669166320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780543337197, language=CN, stringName=王兆杰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780191015648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780199404257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780207792866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101)])]), Author(id=1242145780736275186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145780803384052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780736275186, language=EN, stringName=Zhan YANG, firstName=Zhan, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145781864542971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145780736275186, language=CN, stringName=杨战, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2北京理工大学人工智能学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780274901731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780283290340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780274901731, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780291678949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780274901731, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京理工大学人工智能学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1242145781935846141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145782019732223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145781935846141, language=EN, stringName=Peng LIU, firstName=Peng, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145782086841089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145781935846141, language=CN, stringName=刘鹏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780191015648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780199404257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780207792866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101)])]), Author(id=1242145782149755651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242145782212670213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145782149755651, language=EN, stringName=Xiaofeng WU, firstName=Xiaofeng, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145782271390470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, authorId=1242145782149755651, language=CN, stringName=吴笑风, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242145780191015648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780199404257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242145780207792866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212342496856773265, companyId=1242145780191015648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101)])])]
范丽媛1 , 王兆杰1, * , 杨战2, 刘鹏1, 吴笑风1
作者信息
  • 1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101
  • 2北京理工大学人工智能学院,北京 100081
通讯作者:
王兆杰(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为网络信息体系、智能无人系统、复杂系统工程,电子信箱:
Embodied intelligence in unmanned surface vehicle systems: A review of key technologies and developments
Liyuan FAN1 , Zhaojie WANG1, * , Zhan YANG2, Peng LIU1, Xiaofeng WU1
Affiliations
  • 1China Ship Research and Development Academy, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00070
文章导航
收藏切换

无人船系统的智能化正从远程操控向具身自主形态深刻变革,其核心在于通过多模态感知、环境交互与闭环学习实现高级智能行为。梳理了具身智能在无人船上的关键进展,指出语义控制闭环、数字孪生验证与评测体系正从方法探索走向工程集成,并已在港池与内河等场景形成初步应用支撑。然而,当前技术在感知稳定性、规则可解释性及落地资源等方面仍存在瓶颈。为此,建议从强化自主闭环智能体系、构建标准可信验证环境、推进轻量化与协同部署等方向重点突破,以提升系统的可靠性、合规性和规模应用能力,为中国智能船舶技术与海洋战略实施提供支撑。

具身智能  /  无人船  /  多模态感知  /  数字孪生  /  自主导航

The intelligence of unmanned vessel systems is undergoing a profound transformation from remote control to embodied autonomous forms, with the core being the realization of advanced intelligent behavior through multimodal perception, environmental interaction, and closed−loop learning. This paper systematically reviews the key advances of embodied intelligence in unmanned vessels, highlighting that semantic control loops, digital twin validation, and evaluation systems are moving from methodological exploration to engineering integration, and have already begun to provide preliminary application support in port and inland waterway scenarios. However, current technologies still face bottlenecks in perception stability, rule interpretability, and deployment resources. Therefore, this paper recommends focusing on breakthroughs in strengthening autonomous closed−loop intelligence systems, establishing standard and trustworthy validation environments, and promoting lightweight and collaborative deployment to enhance system reliability, compliance, and scalability, providing support for the development of intelligent ship technology and the implementation of our marine strategy.

embodied AI  /  unmanned surface vehicle  /  multimodal perception  /  digital twin  /  autonomous navigation
范丽媛, 王兆杰, 杨战, 刘鹏, 吴笑风. 无人船系统中的具身智能:关键技术与发展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (20) : 85 -92 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00070
Liyuan FAN, Zhaojie WANG, Zhan YANG, Peng LIU, Xiaofeng WU. Embodied intelligence in unmanned surface vehicle systems: A review of key technologies and developments[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (20) : 85 -92 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00070
海事无人化装备持续演进,其中无人船是当前最具应用成熟度与验证基础的水面无人平台形态;与大型商船受限于技术就绪与合规要求、以辅助自动驾驶和自主避碰为主的路线不同,无人船在港池与近岸等多任务场景中积累了更丰富的实践土壤,聚焦无人船领域的具身智能研究与工程实现,旨在推动无人船从主要依赖操作者与预设脚本的远程操控平台升级为在复杂海情中可自适应运行的自主海洋智能体,这一方向已在海洋无人系统研究中被明确为未来演进的关键路径[1]。早期的传统的无人船(unmanned surface vehicle,USV)多以岸基和舰载人员远程操控,或按既定航线执行为主,因此在决策与控制上,其对操作者与先验程序存在强耦合[2]。一旦进入涌浪、洋流、风浪耦合与移动障碍频现的非结构化海上环境,这类系统常在姿态稳定、路径跟踪与避碰鲁棒性上暴露短板,所以需要以更强的建模与制导导航控制(guidance navigation and control system,GNC)能力来对抗扰动与不确定性[3]。具身智能(embodied AI)主张在真实环境中以感知—决策—行动闭环涌现稳健、通用的行为能力[4];其在机器人、无人机与自动驾驶等领域已用于提升不确定环境下从感知到控制的适应性,并支持仿真到现实(Sim2Real)迁移与在线自校准。将具身智能引入无人船,可把感知、学习决策与推进操纵等物理结构深度耦合,贯通感知—推理—控制全链路,形成可在线学习与自我校准的闭环体系[5]。其目标是让无人船像经验丰富的船长那样进行情境理解、风险评估与自主管控,以应对海浪、洋流、移动障碍及突发故障等多源不确定性,进而实质性提升自主性、可靠性与任务完成率[6]
这项研究的紧迫性与必要性,根本上源于中国海洋经济高质量发展的内在需求与国家战略安全的迫切需要,其中《“十四五”海洋经济发展规划》已经将做强海洋经济、提升海洋科技与装备能力作为重要抓手。在国家战略层面,其技术方向与《“十四五”智能制造发展规划》高度契合,规划明确把“工业现场多维智能感知、高精度运动控制、装备故障诊断与预测性维护”等列为关键共性技术。这些技术路径与无人船具身智能的核心议题同构,表明本研究既是技术前沿的拓展,也是对国家重大战略需求的直接响应[5]。在海洋资源勘探、海上物流运输、海洋环境监测与海上搜救等民用场景,发展无人船的目标与潜在收益在于提升作业效率、扩大覆盖并降低人员暴露风险[6]。在国防安全领域,多艇协同与集群智能被认为将重塑海上态势感知、警戒与作战样式[7]。然而,广阔海域常面临卫星定位退化/拒止,使自主导航与定位面临实质性挑战。同时,海上通信带宽与时延受限,且可能间歇中断,过度依赖持续遥控难以保障任务稳定性[8]。因此,必须发展面向失联情况的具身智能,使无人船系统依托机体—环境交互实现就地感知、在线学习与自主决策,从而在关键任务中保持可靠性与成效[9]
具体而言,无人船系统中的具身智能,是指以船体到环境的实时闭环为基本边界条件,将船体结构、水动力学特性与感知执行系统深度耦合,使智能在船体与环境的交互中涌现并受到物理约束与赋能[4,10];在可知侧,融合视觉、雷达、激光雷达与自动识别系统(automatic identification system,AIS)等异构传感实现多源冗余与互补,构建高置信度的场景模型与目标跟踪[11],并基于AIS与历史行为模式开展他船航迹与意图的概率化预测以服务风险评估与策略生成[12];在决策侧,将海上避碰规则(COLREGs)显隐式纳入路径规划与博弈式避碰,确保合规与安全[13];在可控侧,将高阶任务自顶向下分解为速度、航向、姿态等命令,依托GNC闭环对风、浪、流等外扰建模与补偿,实现稳态、机动与能效的综合最优[3];同时面向海上弱失联与全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)退化常态,通过通信增强而非刚性依赖与惯导、多源融合导航,维持自治的连续性与可靠性[8,14];为提升开放海况下的泛化与鲁棒,结合在线或离线学习、仿真到现实迁移与基础模型等范式贯通感知、推理、控制链路[15];并在体系层面由单艇自治扩展到多艇协同与群体智能,形成从态势感知到协同决策的编队能力[5];上述要素与无人船平台的主流综述相互印证,界定了具身智能在无人船系统中的工程内涵与应用边界[5,9]。综上,围绕“可知、决策、可控”的具身智能能力,是无人船系统迈出从实验室到海上复杂任务的关键门槛;其技术内核与中国关于智能航运的顶层设计高度契合,即面向智能船舶核心技术与系统智能协同的突破与落地。为便于直观对比不同平台形态与典型挂载,以“精海”系列、“海腾01”与JARI系列为例(图1~3),分别对应科研、工程与防务取向,这一谱系与国内水上无人系统的发展脉络相互印证[1617]
总的来说,推动无人船具身智能的研究不仅是发展一项单一技术,更是引领一场涉及人工智能、机器人技术、海洋工程和通信技术的综合性革命。它催生的新技术、新算法和新平台将反哺整个无人系统研究,并为构建未来的智能海洋运输和作业体系奠定核心基础。
近年来,具身智能无人系统逐步实现了从环境感知到决策控制的全链路贯通,不仅在语义理解、合规判断与底层执行之间形成了紧密耦合的闭环架构,还在工程验证、测试评估与应用落地等方面取得阶段性进展。系统能够基于自然语言指令理解任务意图,融入规则约束生成可解释的决策,并最终转化为稳定可靠的控制动作,呈现出语义、规划、控制一体化的技术特征。在此发展脉络下,语义控制闭环的初步形成为系统智能化奠定基础,工程验证从仿真与实船2个维度证明了系统的可用性与可靠性,评测体系正由场景覆盖走向以证据链与可复现性为特征的初步框架,在测绘、巡检、环境监测、搜救等任务场景已出现小规模试点与技术支撑。总体而言,具身智能无人系统正在从方法创新全面迈向系统集成与工程应用的新阶段。
具身智能无人系统在听懂场景、做出合规决策、稳定执行控制3步上基本贯通,语义理解、规则合规与底层控制逐步连成一体。为便于把握这一体化链路,图4给出了从场景语义化、规则匹配到风险量化与轨迹控制的闭环流程。Agyei等[18]提出的CORALL将国际海上避碰规则与航海风险指标统一为机器可读的语义表达,将最近点距离(distance at closest point of approach,DCPA)和最近点时间(time for closest point of approach,TCPA)接入大语言模型,输出可解释的合规意图,并通过结构化接口对接轨迹规划与控制模块,2025年进一步提升了场景适应性与系统集成性。同期的AI Captain在实船测试中完成闭环验证,系统以会话式任务规划理解并分解目标,支持动态重规划,由中层调度把语义指令转化为可执行动作,底层制导导航与控制实现稳定落地,证明了从高层语义到底层控制的连贯与可靠[19]。刘雅琦等[20]提出的SeaPilot依托真实AIS历史数据构建典型会遇场景库,建立场景、指令、动作之间的语义转译机制,并以轻量化模型在本地部署,在实时性与算力之间取得平衡。相关研究将这些成果归纳为共同范式,即规则语义一致化、结构化指令下传、可审计执行链路,标志着语义合规控制从方法探索迈入系统集成阶段[10,21]
2024—2025年,多项工程实践把具身智能无人系统在典型任务中的表现逐步量化并反复验证。2024年,Menges等[22]提出将预测建模与强化学习结合的数字孪生共演框架,为控制策略提供高保真、可迭代的虚实互动试验场。在此基础上,Berg等[23]于2025年引入强化学习与非线性模型预测控制的协同机制,实现数字孪生与实船状态的动态同步,控制参数可以在线整定,在复杂海况下可明显压低横向误差且提高轨迹跟踪达标率。同年,Xu等[15]提出了LLM4SAC,用语言先验引导强化学习策略,在靠泊任务的仿真与实船试验中提升了任务成功率与样本效率。与此同时,SeaPilot在真实航道中完成验证,行为分类与短期轨迹的预测模块达到工程可用水准,说明从语义映射到动作输出具备较好的可复用性[20]。这些实证结果把任务表现、控制品质与系统级评测有机结合,逐步形成一体化的工程评价体系,显著增强了智能航行系统在实际应用中的可信度[24]
无人船智能系统的测试评估,正在从只看场景是否覆盖走向能把证据串起来且可以按统一标准复现。早在2013年,Cai等[25]提出Imazu的22类会遇场景,把避碰行为的测试变成了可复现、可对比的结构化评测,为后续工作打下了基础。近几年,评测不再只看是否避让成功,还需要同时关注2类指标。一是离线侧重数量化指标,例如规则违反次数、DCPA、TCPA;二是在线侧重运行安全与可解释性,例如近失碰事故率和行为解释的一致性。两者结合,形成了从仿真到实船海试的全流程评估链条,并在工程上采用分层—加权的集成评测框架,其中离线与在线2类指标的口径与安全阈值参照海上避碰规则与航行风险度量通行做法制定[24,2628]
2025年,Cao等[24]进一步梳理了自主避碰系统的测试与评估要求,强调统一测试场景的覆盖范围、指标口径和实验复现实操流程,帮助样机迈向可运营系统。在技术路径上,CORALL这类系统把规则语义做成统一表达,再与规划和控制模块紧密对接,评测时不仅能判断是否合规,还能顺着“数据—判断—动作”的记录追溯到对应的规则条款,形成清晰、可审计的证据链[18]
无人船正在形成产学研协同的生态,落地应用以水下目标探测/测绘等功能型任务为先行,典型作业水域多见于港池与内河。2024年,Specht等[29]展示了面向水下结构物与底质巡检的闭环作业流程,既能覆盖更大作业面积,又能尽量减少对环境的扰动。同年,针对内河测绘,系统评估了GNSS与惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system,INS)组合定位的参数设置,为高精度路径复现与稳定控制提供了可操作的依据与参考[30]。技术支撑方面,WaterScenes数据集提供4D成像雷达与RGB(红绿蓝三原色)相机的水面场景多任务基准,包括检测、分割、跟踪、风险量化,是面向水面自主航行的代表性公开数据集之一[31];在工程侧结合AIS/GNSS/INS,并根据任务引入毫米波/海态雷达、热成像/夜视、光探测和测距、声呐等异构模态,以增强低能见度与强扰动海况下的稳健性[3236]。典型应用主要涵盖合规则避碰(对遇/交叉/追越)、自主靠泊/离泊、港池/内河测绘与巡检、多艇协同航行等场景;相关多模态数据与基准也覆盖空海协同与多传感器里程计/定位等任务[37]。本研究在采集与评测计划中主动覆盖4类极端工况:强风浪、极低能见度(雾/雨/夜)、密集会遇与传感退化,现有公开数据集已实现多部分覆盖,WaterScenes[31]着重不利光照/天气,POLARIS[36]强调夜间与多传感器融合,Pohang Canal[33]覆盖多样天气与可见度,MOAN[37]侧重多雷达与多光照天气。2025年,de Andrade等[38]对可量产的无人船方案进行了全面盘点,从平台承载、任务模块兼容性和运营成熟度等维度勾勒出产业发展的整体图景。结合同期发布的决策规划与具身智能研究可以看到,会话式任务交互、合规避碰、自主靠泊等高频应用逐步形成可复用的技术流程,平台、算法与运营服务正在同步前进[10,21]
当前具身智能无人船系统在感知、推理、控制3条链路上均暴露出阶段性瓶颈,难以支撑在复杂海况中的长期稳定运行。其一,感知链路跨模态语义对齐易受海杂波与天气扰动破坏,视觉、雷达与AIS难以实现长期稳态对齐,常出现“看得见却难以稳定做对”的脱节现象[7,21]。其二,推理链路虚实一致性难以长期维持,仿真与实船表现随时间逐步漂移,缺少在线校准与长期同化机制[23]。其三,控制链路在风—浪—流耦合海况下承受强不确定性,纯数据驱动方法的泛化与稳定性不足、可解释性偏弱,且合规验证周期长、成本高[7,21]。虽然规则约束加大模型的避碰决策,以及由大模型引导的靠泊与轨迹控制在实验与小规模应用中展现出一定潜力,但整体仍处于试点阶段[15,18]。面向工程落地与可靠性提升的主攻方向应包括:在安全与合规前提下推进跨模态语义对齐与数据治理,构建可在线自校准、可长期同化的数字孪生体系,并以可解释且鲁棒的闭环控制承载规模化应用,以实证拉升技术成熟度并缩短从样机到系统化部署的距离。
具身智能无人船系统是以船体与环境的互动为核心,将多模态感知、数字孪生与闭环控制打通为语义—规划—控制一体化链路,用于在复杂海况下实现自主、合规、可解释的任务执行;但从近年的研究与海试实践看,其技术成熟度仍不足、系统可靠性尚未闭环,规则合规方面,COLREGs以定性表述为主,难以与DCPA、TCPA等定量风险评估指标形成统一口径,导致从规则到风险、再到避碰动作的决策链条缺乏可审计的证据支撑,评测标准不一。其在复杂会遇局面下的决策稳定性和一致性仍有不足[13,20,3839];大语言模型参与的避碰靠泊可借助DCPA/TCPA生成可解释意图,但在复杂会遇中稳定性与一致性不足,任务执行中的约束检查与任务完成后一致性审计尚未固化为流程,难以形成可追责闭环[15,18,39];在人机协同上,情境理解与重规划有所提升,但职责划分、接管触发与权责转移仍未流程化[19,38]。面向工程落地,亟需在安全与合规前提下推进跨模态语义对齐与数据治理、构建可在线自校准的数字孪生、以可解释且鲁棒的控制闭环承载规模化应用,并将机读规则与风险度量纳入统一评测与日志审计框架,从而补齐通信退化与海上规则执行中的可信链路[8,12,39]
具身智能无人船系统当前面临的关键矛盾是工程落地资源受限,产业化进程受阻:一方面,端侧算力与海上通信的带宽/时延/成本共同制约多模态高频输入下的大模型实时推理,从而限制端侧闭环与在环验证,拉长样机到规模化部署的路径[20,38];另一方面,海况/会遇基准缺位与指标口径不一导致评测与孪生证据不足;需以统一评价框架、可复现实验与统一回放格式形成可比证据,支撑认证与保险[23,40]。数据要素侧虽有WaterScenes等多模态数据集奠基联合作业的感知与风险建模,但覆盖度与长尾工况仍不足,跨设备与跨季节一致性有限,难以满足工业级长尾与合规模型的训练[31]。同时,制度与市场配套仍在完善:MASS Code尚未强制、认证路径与责任边界不清晰,使规模化部署的合规成本与业务风险偏高、商业闭环难以形成[38,41]。综上,算力与通信的资源约束、评测与孪生的证据匮乏、数据与法规的生态不齐备共同抬高了工程化门槛,直接拖慢了具身智能无人船系统的产业化节奏。
面向无人船的可靠自主闭环系统,应以交互进化为主线,将数据、模型与策略在真实任务中持续共演优化。为将任务层到控制层的关键环节一体化呈现,如图5[21]所示,学习式任务与编队规划框架涵盖任务分解、协同决策、策略训练与控制接口,体现感知语义规划与控制的在线闭环与自我改进路径。在感知层面,通过视觉、雷达与激光雷达等多源异构传感器的时序对齐与特征互补,引入不确定性估计与异常检测机制,实现带反馈更新的海洋环境动态表征,并依托轻量化模型部署于边缘侧,保障实时性能与可迭代性。决策层面应建立语言场景映射与规则约束一体化框架,将航行场景转换为可推理的语义结构,依据COLREGs和航海常识进行分层推理,生成可更新且合规的航行意图,并通过轨迹规划与运动控制模块实现底层执行。控制层面需以数字孪生为桥梁,强化从仿真到实船的双向矫正与迁移能力,融合深度强化学习与非线性模型预测控制(nonlinear model predictive control,NMPC),实现扰动识别与参数在线整定,并引入模型漂移监测、传感器失效容错和安全屏障等机制,确保在风浪流耦合与多船会遇等复杂场景中的稳健自适应。此外,应构建端云协同架构与人机协作通道,依托可回溯日志与可验证评测体系形成持续优化闭环,全面提升系统的可靠性和适应性。
发展具身智能无人船系统,评测与合规应从“场景覆盖是否充分”转向“证据链是否闭合”。为此,需构建覆盖典型场景的高保真数字孪生环境,包括交会、追越、对遇、靠泊、狭水道、航道分叉,以及暴风雨和大浪等复杂气象海况,同时注入风浪流干扰、模型误差、传感器噪声和通信丢包等交互扰动,并构建可回放可复现的实验数据库。在评估方面,需制定统一的指标体系与判据,既包括规则合规率、DCPA、TCPA等安全类指标,也涵盖轨迹偏差、能耗、时延、任务失效率与决策可解释性等性能维度,两栈指标通过统一日志格式与审计流程贯通,支撑第三方复核与保险评估,实现从“结果正确”到“证据闭合”的转变。合规边界方面,应明确不同应用对象与场景的适用范围,避免将特定法规或试验结论不当外推至异构任务。具体实施上,将指标分为离线指标(60%)与在线指标(40%)2类:离线侧包含规则违反次数、DCPA/TCPA与轨迹/能耗等项;在线侧包含近失碰率、人机一致性评分与任务时延等。分层判据按场景与风险划分为L1(仿真/回放)—L2(封闭水域)—L3(开放水域);当且仅当某层综合得分≥80/100且关键阈值满足(如DCPA≥0.3 n mile、规则违反=0),方可进入下一层。
表1为依据工程实践给出的建议性进入/退出准则与最低样本量,用于明确测试质量门槛;口径与阈值参照COLREGs及海事风险评估常用DCPA/TCPA定义。
最终,通过建立公开的基准测试与场景标签规范,推动不同团队的结果可比较、可复现,从而促进具身智能无人船技术的持续迭代与工程应用落地。
面向工程落地,需在算力与链路受限条件下实现稳定、可扩展的交互协同部署。在船端,应采用剪枝、量化和知识蒸馏等模型压缩与加速技术,结合异构计算与轻量化推理引擎,将关键感知与决策功能稳定部署于边缘侧;复杂语义推理任务可借助岸基大语言模型协同处理,通过快慢系统分工协作,在保障实时性的同时实现安全兜底。在船队层面,构建通信受限下的分布式协同框架,仅共享必要航迹、风险与意图信息,运用协商与博弈机制解决会遇和拥挤水域冲突,兼顾规则合规性与通行效率。数据与评测方面,应整合AIS、雷达等多源数据构建开放场景库与基线模型,制定统一标签规范与评估指标,确保算法可比较、可复现。集成验证需形成仿真,硬件在环到小尺度实船,海试的递进式测试链路,统一日志与回放格式,并将现场数据持续回流至模型与控制策略迭代中,确保系统在真实环境中的稳健集成与持续提升。
具身智能无人船系统正由远程操控迈向具身自主,以语义规则一致性为核心的感知、决策、控制闭环与数字孪生验证相互支撑,已在港池、内河等典型场景展现初步应用,但感知稳定性、规则可解释性以及算力与通信等资源约束,仍然是制约规模化落地的关键瓶颈。面向下一阶段,建议以“闭环为纲、可信为本、轻量协同”为路径,夯实多模态融合与GNC一体化,建立标准化、可审计的评测与合规机制,推进端云协同与模型轻量化部署,完善数据治理与开放场景基准,并由单艇自治走向多艇协同与作业生态;在安全与可解释前提下提升系统可靠性与可复制性,加速从样机走向工程化与运营化,为智能船舶技术进步与海洋强国战略实施提供坚实支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3209801)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(52402490)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Bae I, Hong J. Survey on the developments of unmanned marine vehicles: Intelligence and cooperation[J]. Sensors, 2023, 23(10): 4643-4678.
[2]
Manley J E. Unmanned surface vehicles, 15 years of development[C]//Proceedings of OCEANS 2008. New York: IEEE, 2008: 1−4.
[3]
Fossen T I. Handbook of marine craft hydrodynamics and motion control[M]. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
[4]
Pfeifer R, Bongard J. How the body shapes the way we think: A new view of intelligence[M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT press, 2006.
[5]
Bai X G, Li B H, Xu X F, et al. A review of current research and advances in unmanned surface vehicles[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Application, 2022, 21(2): 47-58.
[6]
Liu Z X, Zhang Y M, Yu X, et al. Unmanned surface vehicles: An overview of developments and challenges[J]. Annual Reviews in Control, 2016, 41: 71-93.
[7]
Wu G X, Li D B, Ding H, et al. An overview of developments and challenges for unmanned surface vehicle autonomous berthing[J]. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 2024, 10(1): 981-1003.
[8]
Zolich A, Palma D, Kansanen K, et al. Survey on communication and networks for autonomous marine systems[J]. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 2019, 95(3): 789-813.
[9]
Qiao Y Y, Yin J X, Wang W, et al. Survey of deep learning for autonomous surface vehicles in marine environments[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2023, 24(4): 3678-3701.
[10]
Sun S, Lyu H G, Dong C M. AIS aided marine radar target tracking in a detection occluded environment[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2023, 288: 116133-116162.
[11]
Helgesen Ø K, Vasstein K, Brekke E F, et al. Heterogeneous multi−sensor tracking for an autonomous surface vehicle in a littoral environment[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 252: 111168-111184.
[12]
Li H H, Jiao H, Yang Z L. AIS data−driven ship trajectory prediction modelling and analysis based on machine learning and deep learning methods[J]. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 2023, 175: 103152-103191.
[13]
Wen N F, Long Y D, Zhang R B, et al. COLREGs−based path planning for USVs using the deep reinforcement learning strategy[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2023, 11(12): 2334-2355.
[14]
Groves P D Principles of GNSS, inertial and multisensor integrated navigation systems[M]. Boston: Artech House, 2013.
[15]
Xu C H, Chu Y J, Gao Q Z, et al. Autonomous unmanned surface vehicle docking using large language model guide reinforcement learning[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2025, 323: 120608.
[16]
张卫东, 刘笑成, 韩鹏. 水上无人系统研究进展及其面临的挑战[J]. 自动化学报, 2020, 46(5): 847-857.
[17]
王耀南, 安果维, 王传成, . 智能无人系统技术应用与发展趋势[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2022, 17(5): 9-26.
[18]
Agyei K, Sarhadi P, Naeem W. Large language model−based decision−making for COLREGs and the control of autonomous surface vehicles[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv, 2411, 16587: 2024.
[19]
Christensen K A, Gusev A, Tufte A G, et al. AI Captain: Conversational mission planning and execution system for autonomous surface vehicles[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2025, 338: 121988.
[20]
刘雅琦, 唐昊, 王欣安, . 面向船舶航行决策任务的大模型技术应用研究[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2025,
刘雅琦, 唐昊, 王欣安, 等. 面向船舶航行决策任务的大模型技术应用研究[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2025, doi: 10.19693/j.issn.1673-3185.04496.
[21]
Liu Z Y, Zhang Q, Xiang X B, et al. Intelligent decision and planning for unmanned surface vehicle: A review of machine learning techniques[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2025, 327: 120968.
[22]
Menges D, Rasheed A. Digital twin for autonomous surface vessels: Enabler for safe maritime navigation[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv, 2411, 03465: 2024.
[23]
Berg H S, Menges D, Tengesdal T, et al. Digital twin syncing for autonomous surface vessels using reinforcement learning and nonlinear model predictive control[J]. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15(1): 9344.
[24]
Cao X F, Wang Z M, Zhu Y H, et al. A review of research on autonomous collision avoidance performance testing and an evaluation of intelligent vessels[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2025, 13(8): 1570.
[25]
Cai Y, Hasegawa K. Evaluating of marine traffic simulation system through imazu problem[J]. Proceedings of the Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers, 2013, 17: 191-194.
[26]
International Maritime Organization. Convention on the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea, 1972 (COLREGs)[S]. London: International Maritime Organization, 1972.
[27]
Huang Y M, van Gelder P H A J M. Collision risk measure for triggering evasive actions of maritime autonomous surface ships[J]. Safety Science, 2020, 127: 104708.
[28]
Liu X J, Zhang K, Xue H, et al. A fused data based real−time collision warning system for ferries in the Yangtze River[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2022, 30(6): 3.
[29]
Specht C, Śliwińska D. Hydrographic inspection using a USV of a harbour bottom deepened by the periodic actuation of SAR vessel propellers[J]. Remote Sensing, 2024, 16(14): 2522.
[30]
Specht M. Testing and analysis of selected navigation parameters of the GNSS/INS system for USV path localization during inland hydrographic surveys[J]. Sensors, 2024, 24(8): 2418.
[31]
Yao S L, Guan R W, Wu Z D, et al. WaterScenes: A multi−task 4D radar−camera fusion dataset and benchmarks for autonomous driving on water surfaces[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2024, 25(11): 16584-16598.
[32]
Varga L A, Kiefer B, Messmer M, et al. SeaDronesSee: A maritime benchmark for detecting humans in open water[C]//Proceedings of IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2022: 2260−2270.
[33]
Chung D, Kim J, Lee C Y, et al. Pohang canal dataset: A multimodal maritime dataset for autonomous navigation in restricted waters[J]. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2023, 42(12): 1104-1114.
[34]
Xie Y C, Nanlal C, Liu Y C. Reliable LiDAR−based ship detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles in busy maritime environments[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024, 312: 119288.
[35]
Wang C, Zhang D. Multi−modal perception and fusion for maritime autonomy: A survey[J]. Preprints, 2025, 1-31.
[36]
Choi J, Cho D, Lee G, et al. PoLaRIS dataset: A maritime object detection and tracking dataset in pohang canal[C]//Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2025: 13626−13632.
[37]
Jang H, Yang W, Kim H, et al. MOANA: Multi−radar dataset for maritime odometry and autonomous navigation application[J]. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2025: 02783649251354897.
[38]
de Andrade E M, Sales Jr, Fernandes A C. Operative unmanned surface vessels (USVs): A review of market−ready solutions[J]. Automation, 2025, 6(2): 17-46.
[39]
Agyei K, Sarhadi P, Naeem W. Corall: A colregs−guided risk−aware LLM for decision−making in maritime autonomous surface ships[J]. Authorea Preprints, 2025, 1(1): 1-25.
[40]
陈立家, 王凯, 黄立文, . 船舶自主航行虚拟测试场景研究进展[J]. 中国舰船研究, 2025, 20(1): 25-37.
[41]
Ahmed Y A, Theotokatos G, Maslov I, et al. Regulatory and legal frameworks recommendations for short sea shipping maritime autonomous surface ships[J]. Marine Policy, 2024, 166: 106226.
2025年第43卷第20期
PDF下载
3225
1656
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00070
  • 接收时间:2025-08-16
  • 首发时间:2025-12-29
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-16
  • 修回日期:2025-10-13
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3209801)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(52402490)
作者信息
    1中国舰船研究院,北京 100101
    2北京理工大学人工智能学院,北京 100081

通讯作者:

王兆杰(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为网络信息体系、智能无人系统、复杂系统工程,电子信箱:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00070
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏