Article(id=1212342495623639341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212342494176604450, articleNumber=null, orderNo=24, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00097, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750348800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-20, revisedDate=1754236800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766974575191, onlineDateStr=2025-12-29, pubDate=1761580800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764950400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766974575191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080196853, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212342494176604450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='20', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761580800000', pubDateStr='2025-10-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766974574846, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330588720, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195852664189609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212342494176604450, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195852668383914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212342494176604450, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=125, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212342496005321013, articleId=1212342495623639341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Nanobiomaterials at the forefront: Current advances and emerging challenges, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a strategic scientific and technological biomedicine field in the 21st century, nanobiomaterials are profoundly reshaping disease diagnosis and treatment paradigms while driving transformative shifts in global scientific competition. The developmental status and strategic challenges of China's nanobiomaterials sector in terms of industry-university-institute are systematically examined. By comparing competitive dynamics across key dimensions, this study highlights China's leading-edge advantages in specific subfields such as biomedical coatings, upconversion imaging probes, and nanozymes, while identifying current structural contradictions such as the disconnection between basic research and application, barriers to interdisciplinary collaboration, and the imbalance between regulation and industry adaptation. Within the framework of the new nationwide system, by drawing on the technological leapfrog experiences of mature industries, we deduce the possible three-phase evolutionary trajectory of China's nanobiomaterials field. From process breakthroughs in the technical development phase to standard dominance in the industrial expansion phase, and ultimately to transformative paradigm innovation in the global leadership phase.This study suggests that China can establish a trinity framework of "technology−industry−governance" solutions based on nanobiomaterials in the bioeconomy era through a clinical demand−driven R&D model, a trillion−level industrial fund strategy, and international standard breakthroughs, thereby providing a practical blueprint for achieving high−level scientific and technological self−reliance.

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纳米生物材料领域作为21世纪生物医药领域的战略性科技领域,正深刻重塑疾病诊疗范式并驱动全球科技竞争格局变革。梳理了中国纳米生物材料领域在产学研方面的发展现状与战略挑战,通过对比揭示中国在生物医用涂层材料、上转换成像探针材料及纳米酶等部分细分领域的领跑优势,同时指出当前存在基础研究与应用脱节、跨学科协作壁垒、监管与产业适配失衡等结构性矛盾。在新型举国体制框架下,通过借鉴成熟行业的技术跃迁经验,推演出中国纳米生物材料领域可能的三阶段演进轨迹,即从技术攻坚期的工艺突破,到产业扩张期的标准主导,最终实现全球引领期的范式革新。建议通过“临床需求反向驱动”研发模式、千亿级产业基金布局及国际标准突围策略,中国有望构建以纳米生物材料驱动的“技术−产业−治理”三位一体中国方案的生物经济模式,为高水平科技自立自强提供实践范本。

, authors=

彭邹君,博士研究生,研究方向为中药基纳米材料,电子信箱:

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纳米生物材料前沿进展与未来挑战
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彭邹君 1, 2 , 吴爱国 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 政策建议 2025,43(20): 125-135
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科技导报 |政策建议 2025 , 43 (20) : 125 -135
纳米生物材料前沿进展与未来挑战
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彭邹君1, 2 , 吴爱国1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所先进诊疗材料与技术实验室,宁波 315201
  • 2宁波慈溪生物医学工程研究所,慈溪 315300
通讯作者:
吴爱国(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为纳米生物材料,电子信箱:
Nanobiomaterials at the forefront: Current advances and emerging challenges
Zoujun PENG1, 2 , Aiguo WU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
  • 2Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Cixi 315300, China
出版时间: 2025-10-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00097
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纳米生物材料领域作为21世纪生物医药领域的战略性科技领域,正深刻重塑疾病诊疗范式并驱动全球科技竞争格局变革。梳理了中国纳米生物材料领域在产学研方面的发展现状与战略挑战,通过对比揭示中国在生物医用涂层材料、上转换成像探针材料及纳米酶等部分细分领域的领跑优势,同时指出当前存在基础研究与应用脱节、跨学科协作壁垒、监管与产业适配失衡等结构性矛盾。在新型举国体制框架下,通过借鉴成熟行业的技术跃迁经验,推演出中国纳米生物材料领域可能的三阶段演进轨迹,即从技术攻坚期的工艺突破,到产业扩张期的标准主导,最终实现全球引领期的范式革新。建议通过“临床需求反向驱动”研发模式、千亿级产业基金布局及国际标准突围策略,中国有望构建以纳米生物材料驱动的“技术−产业−治理”三位一体中国方案的生物经济模式,为高水平科技自立自强提供实践范本。

纳米生物材料  /  纳米医学  /  多学科交叉  /  临床需求反向驱动  /  生物经济

As a strategic scientific and technological biomedicine field in the 21st century, nanobiomaterials are profoundly reshaping disease diagnosis and treatment paradigms while driving transformative shifts in global scientific competition. The developmental status and strategic challenges of China's nanobiomaterials sector in terms of industry-university-institute are systematically examined. By comparing competitive dynamics across key dimensions, this study highlights China's leading-edge advantages in specific subfields such as biomedical coatings, upconversion imaging probes, and nanozymes, while identifying current structural contradictions such as the disconnection between basic research and application, barriers to interdisciplinary collaboration, and the imbalance between regulation and industry adaptation. Within the framework of the new nationwide system, by drawing on the technological leapfrog experiences of mature industries, we deduce the possible three-phase evolutionary trajectory of China's nanobiomaterials field. From process breakthroughs in the technical development phase to standard dominance in the industrial expansion phase, and ultimately to transformative paradigm innovation in the global leadership phase.This study suggests that China can establish a trinity framework of "technology−industry−governance" solutions based on nanobiomaterials in the bioeconomy era through a clinical demand−driven R&D model, a trillion−level industrial fund strategy, and international standard breakthroughs, thereby providing a practical blueprint for achieving high−level scientific and technological self−reliance.

nanobiomaterials  /  nanomedicine  /  interdisciplinary  /  clinical demand−driven R&D model  /  bio economy
彭邹君, 吴爱国. 纳米生物材料前沿进展与未来挑战. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (20) : 125 -135 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00097
Zoujun PENG, Aiguo WU. Nanobiomaterials at the forefront: Current advances and emerging challenges[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (20) : 125 -135 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00097
对微观世界奥秘的探索是中华文明生生不息的科学追求。早在1800年前,《易经》提出的“穷理尽性以至于命”已折射出对物质本质的哲学思考,而古老的“百炼成丹”工艺更暗合纳米尺度物质重构的原始智慧。20世纪90年代,中国科学院率先布局纳米材料基础研究,在国际上首次实现一维纳米材料的大规模可控合成;至21世纪初,国家纳米科学中心的建立使中国跻身全球纳米科技研究核心阵营;进入新10年,“纳米前沿”重点专项更推动中国在生物医药领域取得系列突破。自主研发的紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒(克艾力®)打破进口抗肿瘤纳米药物垄断,国产生物可吸收冠脉支架(NeoVas®)实现临床普及,新型量子点体外诊断试剂获欧盟CE认证。这些基于纳米生物材料的成果不仅铸就了守护人民健康的“纳米长城”,更在全球生物经济竞争中刻下了鲜明的中国坐标。
站在新一轮科技革命的历史交汇点,纳米生物材料已超越单一技术范畴,成为衡量国家战略科技力量的“微观尺子”。这项“看不见的科技”正在书写看得见的中国方案。回溯发展历程,中国纳米生物材料领域从实验室追赶到产业跟进、从技术引进到标准逐步输出的跃迁历程,为新型举国体制下的前沿科技攻关提供了鲜活范本,其发展经验亟待系统性总结与战略性展望。
基于对中国纳米生物材料领域发展和世界前沿态势的战略思考,本文初步总结了当前纳米生物材料领域的国际形势和中国的产业发展路径,介绍了部分关键性前沿进展,分析了当前中国纳米生物材料领域发展面临的结构性矛盾,总结了在未来可能呈现的阶段性发展特征,并就未来中国纳米生物材料领域的发展提出建议,以期为全面建设社会主义现代化国家作出不可或缺的贡献。
当前,全球纳米生物材料领域已形成“中美欧三极竞争、日韩印追赶”的格局。在基础研究层面,美国自2000年启动“国家纳米技术计划”(National Nanotechnology Initiative,NNI)以来,明确了纳米技术领域的计划和重大挑战,并实施一系列重大举措引导纳米技术在生物材料领域的推进,促进了纳米生物材料的临床转化研究,其中在医药领域终端产品的开发和应用方面持续领先[1]。欧盟通过“地平线欧洲”(Horizon Europe)计划整合欧洲各国资源,已汇聚多家研究机构和企业开展合作,重点突破血脑屏障透过等技术[2]。中国2024年纳米生物材料领域论文的发表量全球占比约34%(图1)(检索数据库为Web of Science数据库,检索日期为2025年5月20日,检索关键词为nano*和biomaterial*),在生物医用涂层、上转换成像探针等方向实现局部领跑。值得关注的是,印度借力“国家纳米科学和纳米技术使命”实现研究资源整合,近5年论文年均复合增长率近10%(图2)(检索数据库为Web of Science数据库,检索日期为2025年5月20日,检索关键词为nano*和biomaterial*),在抗病毒涂层领域崭露头角[3]
技术转化则呈现“美国产业化、中国规模化、欧洲精细化”的差异化特征。目前,全球已有超100种纳米药物获批上市,其中美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准超60例,包括于1995年批准的全球首个基于脂质体阿霉素(DOX)递送系统的纳米药物Doxil®[45]。截至2024年底,中国国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration,NMPA)批准的脂质体注射液有16个,其中2020年上市的注射用紫杉醇脂质体由南京绿叶制药有限公司自主研发,是全球首个获批上市的紫杉醇脂质体产品[5]。欧洲则深耕高端医疗器械,德国西门子采用纳米涂层技术减少医疗设备的生物污染,已广泛应用于医疗设备、医用材料等领域[6]
标准制定权的争夺更为激烈。截至2025年4月国际标准化组织纳米技术委员会(ISO/TC 229)已发布的113项标准中,美欧主导超60%[7]。但在纳米生物材料应用领域,中国主导制定的《纳米技术−金属和金属氧化物纳米颗粒的类过氧化物酶活性测量方法》(ISO/TS 5094:2023》)于2023年2月发布,是国际上首个关于纳米颗粒类过氧化物酶活性测量方法的国际标准,也是中国在ISO/TC229/WG3主持制定的首项国际标准[8]。这种“单项突破、体系追赶”的态势,凸显中国在全球纳米技术领域中的角色转变。
中国纳米生物材料产业初步形成“两带一核”的空间布局。长三角聚焦高端医疗器械(如浙江凯立特的葡萄糖监测系统),珠三角深耕体外诊断(如深圳金准生物的量子点诊断试剂),环渤海地区主攻创新药物(如石药集团的多柔比星脂质体注射剂)。据行业统计,这种区域分工使产业集中度(CR5)提升至35%以上,但对比美国头部企业仍有差距。
在技术路线上,中国采取“应用反哺基础”的独特模式。以生物医用纳米涂层为例,维度(西安)生物医疗科技有限公司研发的全球首款纳米羟基磷灰石涂层多孔钛合金椎间融合器(WedoCage™),于2023年9月通过NMPA三类医疗器械注册认证[9]。该产品通过双纳米技术协同创新,构建了具有仿生骨再生功能的三维结构,其羟基磷灰石涂层可促进骨细胞黏附与新骨生成,术后6个月融合有效率达97.1%,显著高于传统聚醚醚酮(polyetheretherketone,PEEK)材料的85.29%(图3[9])。这种“需求导向−快速迭代”的创新机制,使中国在细分领域形成“隐形冠军”集群。
中国政策工具的创新更彰显中国特色。科技部“纳米前沿”专项创新推出“里程碑式”考核机制,要求项目中期完成关键技术验证与应用场景对接,部分项目明确需提交临床前研究报告或产业合作成果。NMPA于2023年4月出台《应用纳米材料的医疗器械安全性和有效性评价指导原则 第二部分:理化表征》,以简化表征要求为切入点优化审评流程[10]。值得关注的是“新型研发机构”的崛起。中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院采用“事业法人+企业化运营”模式,2024年全院转移转化合同金额3.5亿元,其纳米医疗技术研究中心在肿瘤靶向治疗等领域形成特色[1112]。这种突破传统体制的“非企非事”创新模式,正推动产学研协同生态的系统性重构。
在全球技术竞争与中国特色创新路径的双重驱动下,中国纳米生物材料领域正遵循“多学科交叉”的路径加速演进。“纳米生物材料”即为“纳米生物医用材料”,是指能与生物体系相互作用,并用于诊断、治疗、修复或替换机体的整个或部分组织或器官,或增进其功能的具有纳米尺度的材料[1314]。可以发现,该领域是以材料科学为主体,生物学、医学、化学,甚至物理学、药学、计算机科学等学科的深度交叉领域。2022年,自国务院学位委员会审议通过“纳米科学与工程”获准列入交叉学科门类下的新一级学科后,中国纳米生物材料领域也迎来了新发展契机。
材料科学与光学、医学影像学的深度交叉,推动纳米生物造影剂在多模态成像与精准诊疗领域取得显著成果[1517]。基于中国科学家发现的“聚集诱导发光(aggregation−induced emission,AIE)”现象而设计的多模态造影剂,在光声成像与荧光成像中同步呈现肿瘤血管分布与解剖结构[1820]。环境响应型纳米造影剂更实现了磁共振成像、电子计算机断层扫描等影像学方法引导下的药物释放动态监测,为生物边界尤其是肿瘤边界的精准识别提供了新型技术范式[2124]
材料科学与生物学、医学的协同创新,催生出纳米药物这一颠覆传统模式的前沿技术[2526]。如“纳米酶”这一为数不多由中国科学家发现的新领域,已推动酶催化技术在临床疾病治疗中的广泛应用,实现多功能诊疗一体化的疾病诊疗策略[2730]。基于生物组学为导向设计的靶向型纳米胶束,凭借靶向剂与细胞表面受体的特异性结合,使纳米药物在病灶组织的富集效率大幅提升,显著延长患者生存期[3133]。特别提及的是Moderna公司在新冠肺炎疫情时期基于脂质纳米颗粒(LNP)设计的mRNA疫苗,该成果融合材料科学的递送创新、生物学的基因编码技术及医学的疫苗设计,三学科协同彰显纳米生物材料的跨域创新力[3435]
材料科学与组织工程、计算机科学的跨界融合,推动纳米生物材料智能设计与制造进入智能化时代[3637]。材料科学通过原子层沉积、静电纺丝等技术构筑纳米级仿生结构,为组织再生提供仿生微环境[3839];组织工程从细胞—材料的互作机制出发,重新定义纳米生物材料的功能需求[4041];而计算机科学通过机器学习算法与数字孪生技术,优化纳米生物材料设计时的相关参数,实现个性化制造[4244]
各学科交叉成果通过“诊断提供坐标—治疗实现干预—制备支撑优化”的链条式联动,形成叠加效应,共同推动纳米生物材料领域迭代升级[4549]。这些跨界创新成果不仅重塑疾病诊疗范式,更成为衡量国家战略科技力量的重要指标。然而,在快速发展的表象之下,深层次的矛盾与挑战也逐渐显现。
尽管成就显著,但当前中国纳米生物材料发展仍面临3大结构性矛盾:基础研究支撑薄弱、创新链协同效能不足、产业转化路径存在梗阻。
基因编辑与纳米载体的结合正推动基因治疗从实验室走向临床,如DNA纳米机器递送系统实现肿瘤靶向编辑[5051]。但这一融合技术潜藏多重生物安全与伦理风险,亟待系统性规范。在临床研究领域,美国Intellia Therapeutics公司的CRISPR−Cas9疗法在转甲状腺素蛋白淀粉样变心肌病显示出显著疗效[52]。但其脱靶检测采用GUIDE−seq技术,对纳米载体非特异性整合和免疫原性风险的监测仍需进一步研究[53]。中国自2023年9月起适用《S12:基因治疗产品非临床生物分布的考虑》指导原则,明确要求评估载体生物分布,包括组织蓄积和潜在整合风险[54]。但该指导原则存在双重监管盲区:一是未明确要求检测纳米材料本身介导的基因组不稳定性,二是缺乏针对纳米材料长期生物相容性的量化评价标准。更需警惕的是纳米−基因复合物的环境释放风险尚未被《农业转基因生物安全评价管理办法》纳入评估,研究表明,部分纳米颗粒可能通过氧化应激等机制影响微生物基因稳定性,其免疫原性可能经食物链放大[55]。同时,“纳米−生物界面作用机制”模糊,纳米载体与生物分子的动态相互作用,缺乏有效检测手段,无法反映体内复杂环境中的动态变化,进一步加剧对生物安全评估的盲区[5658]。这种监管滞后可能导致“技术越界”,威胁生物安全防线。
此外,纳米生物材料的“构效关系”解析面临理论建模与实验验证的双重挑战。例如,美国西北大学开发的数据库(NanoMine)虽能用于聚合物纳米复合材料的分析和设计,但在解释其在肿瘤微环境中的生物学效应时仍存在局限性,实验数据与预测值的差异需通过具体研究进一步验证[59]。值得注意的是,纳米颗粒的表面电荷、粒径分布等微观理化特性,与肿瘤组织穿透效率、药物释放动力学等宏观生物学效应之间,尚未建立可靠的关联模型[60]。中国学者的研究指出,小鼠肺癌模型与临床肿瘤的差异导致纳米药物靶向行为显著不同[61]。根据第八版肺癌TNM分期(tumor node metastasis classification)标准,临床人体肺癌从T3期到T4期的肿瘤直径界限为7 cm(半径为3.5 cm),即肿瘤体积不超过179.6 cm3(基于球体体积公式V=4πr3/3,r为半径),若以70 kg体重患者计算,其肿瘤体积仅相当于22 g小鼠的56 mm3[179.6 cm3/(70 kg/22 g)=0.0564 cm3≈56 mm3]大小肿瘤[6162]。这提示需对临床前研究使用的动物肿瘤模型与临床人体肿瘤的实际吻合度进行更多理论思辨与实验验证。这种理论与实践的鸿沟,导致中国纳米生物材料相关的药物研发中“试错成本”占比远超小分子药物。
另据行业统计,中国在纳米生物材料领域,尤其是纳米材料肿瘤治疗基础研究方面面临多重制约[63]。一是基础研究经费保障严重不足且渠道单一,调查显示超过半数科研人员反映经费紧张,显著影响研究的持续性和深入性;二是科研人员时间被会议、行政及项目申报等非科研事务严重挤占;三是评价激励导向不合理,考核仍过度侧重论文数量等短期量化指标,迫使科研人员倾向“短平快”研究项目并追逐热点,回避耗时长、风险高的基础研究。诚然,上述问题在中国不是纳米生物材料领域独有,而是普遍存在于科技领域。
材料科学与临床医学的“语言鸿沟”形成了跨学科协作的体制性壁垒,严重制约技术转化效能。纳米生物材料的Zeta电位、比表面积等参数对药物递送效率至关重要,但临床医生普遍缺乏相关知识的系统性认知[64]。这种认知偏差导致需求错配,医院提出的临床需求被材料研发团队误解,造成研发周期的无谓消耗。更深层的矛盾在于评价体系的割裂,高校、科研院所科研考核中,材料学科重SCI论文,医学学科重临床转化指标,跨学科合作成果常陷入“两边不认可”的尴尬境地[6566]
医疗器械审评标准与纳米技术特性存在显著脱节[67]。据报道,国内某镁合金可降解支架项目因降解速率过快导致Ⅲ期临床失败,融资中断,核心症结在于现有评价标准未明确纳米材料结构对降解动力学的影响,企业缺乏优化降解周期的调控手段。而纳米生物材料的表面涂层形貌、孔隙率等微观结构,正是通过调控界面反应速率与腐蚀产物层稳定性,直接影响降解动力学[6870]。相比之下,FDA在2022年发布的相关指南中,鼓励采用“质量源于设计(QbD)”原则结合计算机建模优化纳米晶药物开发,以减少实验次数,缩短审评周期[71]。而NMPA虽简化了理化参数的表征要求,但未涉及纳米结构与降解动力学的动态关联评估,仍以静态理化指标和动物实验数据为主要依据,缺乏对“结构调控−性能优化−临床需求”链条的系统性考量[10]
纳米生物材料的规模化制备面临“毫克到公斤”的产业化跃迁难题。实验室微流控技术通过精准调控流速、温度等流体参数,可将纳米颗粒的粒径分布标准差(σ)控制在5%以内。但在工业放大过程中,雷诺数(Re)的激增会导致混合效率下降与局部温度梯度失衡,使σ显著扩大[72]。企业被迫引入其他辅助技术改善工艺,大幅推高生产成本。这种“放大效应”导致中国纳米生物材料相关医药项目的产业转化周期显著长于传统药物,失效率高达60%左右。
纳米生物材料特性引发的监管盲区亟待填补[73]。现行《医疗器械分类目录》未单列“纳米医疗器械”,导致同类产品因材料特性或接触部位差异被分散归类,这与《应用纳米材料的医疗器械产品分类界定指导原则(征求意见稿)》中强调的接触部位和作用机制评估逻辑一致,反映出分类标准的复杂性[7475]。而欧盟医疗器械法规(Medical Device Regulation, MDR)通过分类规则19(Annex VIII)对纳米材料医疗器械进行风险分级管理,要求提供粒径分布、表面电荷等理化表征数据[76]。这种监管滞后直接反映在市场准入层面。2023年通过CE认证的纳米医疗器械中,中国企业的产品仅包括III类肿瘤消融设备(赛诺微DophiTMN3000)、IIb类诊断仪器(迈瑞BriCyte E6)和IIa类体外试剂(奥德中科稀土纳米荧光试剂盒)等有限品类。
行业实践与公开案例显示,中国纳米生物材料领域融资呈现“重应用轻基础”的特点,中美风险投资格局形成鲜明对比[77]。中国诊断试剂等接近商业化阶段(TRL6−8)的项目更易获得资本青睐,而纳米生物材料合成技术(TRL3−4)因技术风险较高,融资占比相对较低。而美国通过风投(如Flagship Pioneering)与政府资金(如DARPA项目)的协同,构建了对早期技术的持续支持体系,为后续技术突破奠定了资本基础[78]
这些矛盾的深层原因在于创新要素配置失衡。纳米生物材料领域研发人员中,材料学科背景占比65%~70%,而临床医学背景仅占8%~12%。这种人才结构失衡加剧资金投向偏差,使得有限的基础研究经费倾向易出论文的材料表征,而非临床急需的核心问题,导致资金与需求错位。同时,中试设施匮乏与跨学科数据平台缺位形成“叠加梗阻”,实验室成果难转化,分散数据因无统一标准难整合,使早期技术投入效率低下。更关键的是政策工具与要素需求匹配不足。科技部专项的考核侧重技术指标,与药监局审评标准缺乏联动,企业突破中试后仍可能因标准衔接问题陷入转化困局。这种“以人为本”的连锁反应,是创新要素配置失衡的本质,也是领域升级的核心障碍。能否破解这些结构性难题,将成为中国从“纳米大国”迈向“纳米强国”的关键转折点。
纳米生物材料的未来发展是一场跨越1/4世纪的科技长征。通过剖析半导体、高铁、光伏等行业的技术跃迁规律,中国纳米生物材料领域在2025—2050年间可能呈现三阶段发展特征(图4)。在技术转化攻坚期(2025—2030年),行业痛点预计集中于工艺放大与监管适配。正如半导体产业曾跨越的“纳米级光刻”困境,纳米药物公斤级连续化生产技术的突破将成为关键节点。进入标准协同期(2030—2040年),可参照高铁“技术+标准”出海模式,在优势细分领域主导ISO标准制定,推动国产纳米医疗产品进入东盟、中东欧等市场。至范式引领期(2040—2050年),随着类器官芯片、AI制药等使能技术的成熟,DNA纳米机器人等颠覆性应用有望实现临床普及,助力中国在全球纳米生物材料创新网络中占据枢纽地位。从技术攻坚到全球引领,中国需以“十年磨一剑”的战略定力,在基础研究、产业转化与国际竞争的三重维度上构建系统化推进路径。三阶段的过渡节点与现有成熟产业规律契合,攻坚期向协同期过渡以“工艺标准定型”为标志,协同期向引领期过渡以“技术规则输出”为关键。这一演进路径虽存在不确定性,但其内在逻辑已被多领域技术革命所验证,值得政策端前瞻布局。
可借鉴美国劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室(LBNL)“大科学装置+产业联盟”模式,统筹中国科学院、头部高校和龙头企业资源,建设跨区域“纳米生物材料国家实验室”[79]。实验室架构可设计为“1+3+N”体系:以北京怀柔科学城为总部,依托大科学装置集群承担战略规划与基础研究;在上海/宁波设长三角中心聚焦高端医疗器械与纳米药物,深圳设粤港澳中心主攻体外诊断与纳米传感器,成都设成渝中心深耕生物安全与国防应用;同时在30余家三甲医院设N个联合实验室作为临床转化基地,实行“双聘PI制”推动科学家与临床医生联合立项。
同时,借鉴美国国防部高级研究计划局“项目经理人”制度赋予高度自主权的核心经验,国家“纳米前沿”专项应实施4大创新机制[80]。一是需求倒逼机制,要求项目申报必须附3家以上医疗机构的需求确认函;二是动态淘汰机制,设立“红黄绿灯”评估体系,对中期未达技术成熟度(technology readiness level,TRL)目标的项目经费削减50%;三是风险容忍机制,允许专项资金的15%用于支持TRL1−3的高风险探索性研究;四是跨境协同机制,设立“国际联合攻关组”,吸纳全球顶尖科学家。
为破解纳米生物材料产业化“死亡之谷”难题,打通中试放大通道,建议构建“三级金字塔”中试体系:国家级枢纽平台配备公斤级纳米生物材料连续流制备系统,承担工艺放大验证;区域级节点平台覆盖京津冀、长三角等区域,提供小试−中试衔接服务;企业级卫星平台嵌入龙头企业生产线,实现“研发−生产”无缝对接。在实施路径上,由财政部牵头设立百亿元级别“纳米生物材料专项转化基金”,对中试成功项目给予生产成本30%补贴,并推行“中试服务券”制度,中小企业每年可申领50万元额度购买平台服务。
在打通产业转化核心通道的基础上,还需同步创新监管审批范式以提升纳米生物材料相关的医疗器械产业化效率。为此,国家药监局可试点“三阶分级审评”制度。具体而言,按纳米生物材料的尺寸、降解性、生物分布等对其特性进行风险等级划分,针对高风险产品要求提供计算毒理学模型+动物实验+真实世界数据,低风险产品允许采用替代性证据,并设立“突破性治疗”“附条件批准”和“特别审查”3类快速审评通道。
面对当前纳米生物材料领域创新要素配置失衡、早期资本投入不足、临床转化需求与研发供给脱节等结构性瓶颈,建议采用“双一般合伙人(general partner, GP)架构”组建“国家纳米生物材料产业基金”,优化资本布局与激励机制。政府引导基金(占比40%)由国新控股等国有投资机构牵头,重点投向TRL3−6阶段项目;市场运作基金(占比60%)引入高瓴资本、红杉中国等头部机构,侧重TRL7−9阶段。参照以色列YOZMA计划,配套激励机制包括对投资TRL3以下项目的机构给予投资额150%的税收抵扣,基金超额收益的20%奖励给核心科研团队[81]。同时,构建“临床需求反向驱动”研发模式,通过“三单机制”强化临床与研发的深度联动。国家医学中心每年发布《临床急需纳米技术目录》,实行“揭榜挂帅”,企业和高校科研院所联合揭榜,胜出团队可获得研发成本50%预拨款,成功转化产品由国家卫生健康委优先纳入集中采购目录,形成“需求提出−协同攻关−应用落地”的闭环。
面对纳米生物材料在生物相容性评估、环境迁移风险、伦理争议等领域的复杂挑战,以及全球治理体系中标准话语权的激烈竞争,需以生物安全实验室为根基、国际标准体系为抓手,构建适配中国产业的治理范式[8283]。倡议建立“纳米生物安全研究中心”,搭建涵盖生物效应评估、环境归趋研究及伦理治理的全流程管控体系。实施路径包括将纳米生物材料的生物效应检测纳入《中国药典》新版增补本,强制要求所有上市纳米产品标注“纳米特性标识”,重点融入类器官模型、跨尺度建模等基础技术研究手段。同时,需实施“标准突围”战略提升国际话语权。在优势领域主导制定ISO标准,参与80%以上ISO/TC229工作组并争取秘书处席位,在“一带一路”共建国家中推广中国标准。
在全球纳米生物材料技术竞争加剧的背景下,中国需突破传统跟随模式,构建以“技术输出为基础、标准互认为纽带、市场拓展为目标”的全方位国际竞争策略,打造“技术−标准−市场”三位一体全球化价值链条。通过在非洲建立“纳米医疗技术转移中心”实现技术输出,推动区域全面经济伙伴关系协定框架下纳米医疗产品互认达成标准输出,借助“健康丝绸之路”向发展中国家出口模块化纳米医疗设备完成市场输出,形成“技术落地−标准对接−产品准入”的闭环。
精准布局专利壁垒,实施“专利篱笆”战略以强化知识产权攻防能力。围绕核心专利构建外围专利,在美欧日提交专利合作条约(patent cooperation treaty, PCT)申请并将防御性专利占比提升至40%,针对当前中国纳米生物材料领域PCT申请量高但核心专利转化率不足的痛点,通过系统性专利布局使核心专利商业价值提升,构建“核心强保护、外围广覆盖、国际早布局”的立体化知识产权体系,有效应对跨国技术竞争与专利诉讼风险。
纳米生物材料的蓬勃发展,标志着人类对生命科学的认知已从宏观组织层面迈向分子尺度的精密操控阶段。在这场悄然推进的科技革命中,中国走出了一条独具特色的创新之路。30年前,当发达国家在纳米医药领域高歌猛进时,中国科学家尚在实验室中摸索纳米生物材料的基础特性;而今天,中国科技工作者以自主创新的丰硕成果,在纳米生物材料的发展征程中镌刻下鲜明的东方印记。这一跨越式发展的背后,是新型举国体制的磅礴伟力与“四个面向”战略的深远布局。从“十三五”期间纳米材料被纳入新材料产业重点方向,到“十四五”规划国家重点研发计划“纳米前沿”专项的持续深化,再到面向“十五五”生物经济发展的战略布局,中国正以系统性科技攻关抢占全球竞争制高点。
展望未来,纳米生物材料的发展必将与人工智能、量子计算等颠覆性技术深度融合。可以预见,到21世纪中叶,“纳米诊疗一体化”将从概念走向临床——患者吞服一枚智能纳米胶囊,即可在体内完成疾病检测、靶向治疗和疗效监控的全流程。这种技术范式的颠覆性变革,不仅将重塑现代医疗体系,更有望催生万亿级生物制造新业态。
在这场关乎人类健康的技术竞争中,中国正从规则的遵循者转变为范式的主导者。历史经验表明,材料科学的突破历来驱动文明形态跃升,纳米生物材料或将引领人类进入精准操控生命的“分子文明”新纪元。站在新的历史节点,中国科技工作者当以“致广大而尽精微”的智慧,坚持“四个面向”,依托新型举国体制,汇聚“政产学研医”五方合力,在微观世界贡献守护人类健康的中国方案。这既是时代赋予的使命,更是文明赓续的必然。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32025021)
  • 宁波市国际合作项目(2024H006)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00097
  • 接收时间:2025-06-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-29
  • 出版时间:2025-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-20
  • 修回日期:2025-08-04
基金
国家自然科学基金(32025021)
宁波市国际合作项目(2024H006)
作者信息
    1中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所先进诊疗材料与技术实验室,宁波 315201
    2宁波慈溪生物医学工程研究所,慈溪 315300

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吴爱国(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为纳米生物材料,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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