Article(id=1211302346466914772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=18, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757001600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-05, revisedDate=1763913600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-24, acceptedDate=1764000000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineDate=1766726584306, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1765555200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767456000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766726584306, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080373254, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1211302341744137007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='23', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765555200000', pubDateStr='2025-12-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766726583181, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330548003, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195681876328676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195681876328677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=40, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211302346781487585, articleId=1211302346466914772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Advanced chromatography media and integrated equipment for biopharmaceutical manufacturing, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The biopharmaceuticals have diverse types, complex sources, low contents, and variable structures. Separation and purification are the core of biopharmaceutical manufacturing. This article first elaborates on the main methods in the purification of biopharmaceuticals and the challenges currently faced. Secondly, it analyzes the limited types of marketed chromatography media and equipment, as well as the low domestication level, which makes it difficult to meet the requirements for efficient biopharmaceuticals manufacturing. It then introduces the key progress made in the development of new−generation chromatography media and efficient separation equipment, including media with uniform−sized media, superporous media, high−capacity media, media with controllable surface properties, mixed−mode media, affinity media, and porous membrane media, as well as continuous flow chromatography, anti−pollution membrane components, reaction and separation coupled systems, and separation and detection coupled systems. It also covers the establishment of relevant quality standards. Finally, it proposes suggestions for the future development of advanced chromatography media and integrated equipment, namely expanding the separation mechanisms, forming an innovative material and equipment cluster, strengthening the multiple synergies between efficient chromatography media and equipment and major and frontier biopharmaceuticals, overcoming core technical difficulties and obstacles in the industrial chain development, highlighting the key points of domestication, greenness, and intelligence in industrialization development.

, authors=null, authorsList=Lan ZHAO, Rong FAN, Wei WEI, Guanghui MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei WEI, Guanghui MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211302349327430188, articleId=1211302346466914772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=生物药制造先进分离介质与集成装备, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

生物药体系种类多且组成复杂、目标物含量低且结构多变,分离纯化是生物药制造的核心步骤和关键组成。首先阐述了生物药分离纯化领域的主要方法和现阶段面临的挑战。其次,论述了已上市分离介质和装备种类有限且国产化程度低,难以满足生物药高效制造等问题,介绍了新一代生物分离介质和高效生物分离装备取得的重点进展,包括粒径均一介质、超大孔介质、高载量介质、表面性质可控介质、混合模式介质、亲和介质和多孔膜介质等,还有连续流层析、抗污染膜组件、反应与分离耦合系统和分离与检测耦合系统等,以及相关质量标准的建立情况。最后,针对先进分离介质与集成装备的未来发展提出建议,即拓展分离机制,形成创新材料和装备集群,加强高效分离介质和装备与重大、前沿生物药之间的多重协同作用,重点攻克核心技术难点和产业链发展阻碍,从而确保实现生物药制造国产化、绿色化和智能化。

, authors=

赵岚,副研究员,研究方向为生化分离介质,电子信箱:

樊荣(共同第一作者),研究员,研究方向为生物反应过程与膜分离耦合技术,电子信箱:fanrong@ipe.ac.cn

, authorsList=赵岚, 樊荣, 魏炜, 马光辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏炜, 马光辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
魏炜(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为生物剂型工程,电子信箱:;
马光辉(共同通信作者),研究员,中国科学院院士,研究方向为均一生物微球和微囊的制备及其在生化工程和医学工程中的应用,电子信箱:
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(a) 制备过程示意;(b)、(c)琼脂糖微球光学显微镜照片;(d) 层析谱图

, figureFileSmall=vLHb3N5orQIsC0eCBIYwMQ==, figureFileBig=Fy3GJH/wStnjci2PHiYXtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146418643776467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302346466914772, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vJrq9aWIuejjTCaXzETSEw==, figureFileBig=DAvwjNRNIkBcsL3FdvSa7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146418698302421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302346466914772, language=CN, label=图3, caption=超大孔介质

(a) 、(b) 扫描电镜照片;(c) 复杂生物大分子在介质内部的传质示意

, figureFileSmall=vJrq9aWIuejjTCaXzETSEw==, figureFileBig=DAvwjNRNIkBcsL3FdvSa7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146418765411286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302346466914772, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=B+onHpqUY23GUlqWdj4Ofw==, figureFileBig=ELqgp0PyUILhTzRGz6zkMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146418861880279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302346466914772, language=CN, label=图4, caption=葡聚糖接枝型Protein A介质

(a) 结构示意;(b) 人IgG在介质中的传质过程(激光共聚焦

显微镜照片);(c) 介质表面原子力显微镜照片

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生物药制造先进分离介质与集成装备
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赵岚 1, 2 , 樊荣 1, 2 , 魏炜 1, 2, 3, * , 马光辉 1, 2, 3, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(23): 40-51
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生物药制造先进分离介质与集成装备
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赵岚1, 2 , 樊荣1, 2 , 魏炜1, 2, 3, * , 马光辉1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院过程工程研究所,生物药制备与递送全国重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学化学工程学院,北京 100049
  • 3中国科学院大学前沿交叉科学学院,北京 101408
通讯作者:
魏炜(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为生物剂型工程,电子信箱:;
马光辉(共同通信作者),研究员,中国科学院院士,研究方向为均一生物微球和微囊的制备及其在生化工程和医学工程中的应用,电子信箱:
Advanced chromatography media and integrated equipment for biopharmaceutical manufacturing
Lan ZHAO1, 2 , Rong FAN1, 2 , Wei WEI1, 2, 3, * , Guanghui MA1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3School of Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
出版时间: 2025-12-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00036
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生物药体系种类多且组成复杂、目标物含量低且结构多变,分离纯化是生物药制造的核心步骤和关键组成。首先阐述了生物药分离纯化领域的主要方法和现阶段面临的挑战。其次,论述了已上市分离介质和装备种类有限且国产化程度低,难以满足生物药高效制造等问题,介绍了新一代生物分离介质和高效生物分离装备取得的重点进展,包括粒径均一介质、超大孔介质、高载量介质、表面性质可控介质、混合模式介质、亲和介质和多孔膜介质等,还有连续流层析、抗污染膜组件、反应与分离耦合系统和分离与检测耦合系统等,以及相关质量标准的建立情况。最后,针对先进分离介质与集成装备的未来发展提出建议,即拓展分离机制,形成创新材料和装备集群,加强高效分离介质和装备与重大、前沿生物药之间的多重协同作用,重点攻克核心技术难点和产业链发展阻碍,从而确保实现生物药制造国产化、绿色化和智能化。

生物制药  /  分离纯化  /  分离介质  /  分离装备  /  层析  /  膜分离

The biopharmaceuticals have diverse types, complex sources, low contents, and variable structures. Separation and purification are the core of biopharmaceutical manufacturing. This article first elaborates on the main methods in the purification of biopharmaceuticals and the challenges currently faced. Secondly, it analyzes the limited types of marketed chromatography media and equipment, as well as the low domestication level, which makes it difficult to meet the requirements for efficient biopharmaceuticals manufacturing. It then introduces the key progress made in the development of new−generation chromatography media and efficient separation equipment, including media with uniform−sized media, superporous media, high−capacity media, media with controllable surface properties, mixed−mode media, affinity media, and porous membrane media, as well as continuous flow chromatography, anti−pollution membrane components, reaction and separation coupled systems, and separation and detection coupled systems. It also covers the establishment of relevant quality standards. Finally, it proposes suggestions for the future development of advanced chromatography media and integrated equipment, namely expanding the separation mechanisms, forming an innovative material and equipment cluster, strengthening the multiple synergies between efficient chromatography media and equipment and major and frontier biopharmaceuticals, overcoming core technical difficulties and obstacles in the industrial chain development, highlighting the key points of domestication, greenness, and intelligence in industrialization development.

biopharmaceuticals  /  purification  /  chromatography media  /  separation equipment  /  chromatography  /  membrane separation
赵岚, 樊荣, 魏炜, 马光辉. 生物药制造先进分离介质与集成装备. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (23) : 40 -51 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00036
Lan ZHAO, Rong FAN, Wei WEI, Guanghui MA. Advanced chromatography media and integrated equipment for biopharmaceutical manufacturing[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (23) : 40 -51 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00036
生物药制造产业是21世纪最具发展潜力的战略性新兴产业之一,已成为世界各国新的经济增长点,产业规模持续增长,在重大疾病如癌症、心血管疾病、糖尿病等药物治疗和疫苗预防等发挥着关键作用。根据艾昆纬(IQVIA)公司预测,2029年全球医药市场规模将达到2.4万亿美元,年均复合增长率为5%~8% [1]。全球10大畅销药中,生物药占据8席,抗体和抗体偶联药物、疫苗、血液制品、重组蛋白、细胞与基因治疗药物、多肽等重点品种是生物药的创新方向和发展重点,提升生物药制造水平是大势所趋[2]。分离纯化是生物药制造的重点部分和关键组成,其水平直接关系产品质量、收率、产能和成本等核心竞争力[3]。生物药体系种类广泛、来源复杂,目标生物分子含量普遍较低,分子结构多变且易失活等,这些特点导致其纯化难度大。处于不同阶段的生物药,其对分离纯化的要求有相应的侧重点。对于已进入市场的成熟生物药,需要保证产品质量、提高产能,以及降低成本等。对于正在开发阶段的生物药,需要重点关注纯化工艺可行性和稳定性,以及规模化制备能力等,力争早日上市。高效生物分离纯化是推动生物药制造产业革新的必然要求和核心工作。
生物分离是根据目标分子的尺寸、电荷性质、疏水性质、特殊结构等性质,将其从复杂生物体系中纯化出来的过程。与小分子和传统生物制品相比,生物药分子复杂多变,其分离纯化难度更大,成本占据生物药制造总成本的70%以上[4]。以疫苗这一重要生物药品种为例[56]:首先,疫苗对纯度要求极高,纯度不够,其免疫效力和产品质量都会大受影响。而疫苗制造过程的杂质种类多且成分复杂,包括宿主细胞、疫苗聚集体及片段,纯化过程的残留物如缓冲液、泄露配基等,这些都对疫苗纯度提出了很大的挑战,往往需要多步纯化才能满足质量要求。其次,疫苗分子尺寸一般都很大,无法进入传统分离介质内部,纯化过程容易出现传质慢、载量低、分离速度慢等问题,从而影响纯化处理量和放大规模。再者,疫苗在纯化过程中极易发生聚集或者解聚,这些不可逆的结构变化会导致其活性受损,引起收率下降。因此,生物药的复杂性和多样性推动了分离过程的个性化设计,需要根据目标生物药的自身性质和体系特点,明确纯化过程中每个单元操作的不同目的,选择适宜的分离介质、装备和纯化路线并进行优化,提高纯化效率、降低生产成本,最终获得理想的分离纯化效果。
层析和膜分离是迄今为止最主要的2类生物分离纯化技术。层析技术具有选择性好、纯化效率高、分离过程温和、适用场合广泛、操作简便且易于放大、自动化和程序化水平高等诸多优势,广泛应用于疫苗、抗体、重组蛋白、多肽、核酸和血液制品等生物药分离纯化领域[7]。层析介质是层析技术的核心材料,也是评价生物药纯化能力的重要依据[8]。高分子微球结构丰富且类型多样,是目前应用最为广泛的层析介质[9]。根据层析介质对生物体系的不同分离机理,一般可分为凝胶过滤介质、离子交换介质、疏水介质、亲和介质等。层析介质通常需要具有良好的亲水性和孔道结构、水力学性能、稳定的物理和化学性质、非特异性吸附低等性质,这些性质主要通过形貌、粒径与分布、压力−流速曲线、孔径与分布、排阻极限、配基密度和吸附容量等进行描述,并对生物药的最终纯化效果产生重要影响。
膜分离技术是利用溶液中分子或颗粒透过膜的能力差异进行分离的一种非热力学过程,广泛应用于生物药制造的浓缩、换液、精制和去除微生物污染等环节[10]。生物药分离领域的膜分离介质通常包括压力驱动的多孔膜介质和电场或浓度梯度驱动的致密膜介质。其中,压力驱动的超滤与微滤膜分离技术因其孔径范围几乎涵盖了生物医药制备过程所涉及各类颗粒的尺寸,从而在生物药分离纯化过程中应用最为广泛(图1)。这一过程的分离机理主要是尺寸效应,即小于膜孔径的微粒或溶质随溶剂透过膜上的微孔,而大于孔径的微粒则被截留。微滤膜的孔尺寸在0.1~10 μm之间,能有效截留悬浮物、菌体、细胞及细胞碎片等,常用于生物料液的澄清、除菌和细胞收集等。目前,微滤技术已成为《中国药典》规定用于药品、生物制品、医疗器械和原料等生产以及性状检测的除菌工艺之一。
与此同时,作为生物药制造的核心材料和主要组成,中国分离介质和装备早期基本依赖进口,国产分离介质和装备起步晚,相应的检测规范和产品标准匮乏,不仅不利于国民健康安全,也不利于这些关键耗材和设备的国产化和持续创新。建立高质量产品标准有利于规范行业发展和市场竞争,从而不断提升国产分离耗材和装备的社会认可度和信誉,逐步扭转国内分离纯化领域过度依赖进口的不利局面,促进中国生物药制造业健康和可持续发展。
琼脂糖和葡聚糖等天然高分子,以及聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚醚砜、再生纤维素等合成聚合物是常见的层析介质和膜介质材料,也是目前各种生物药制造主流分离纯化材料。随着生物上游技术的飞速发展,不同种类的复杂生物药源源不断涌入下游分离纯化领域,对分离纯化技术提出严峻挑战。已上市介质种类有限、结构单一,常常难以满足这些上游新产品的高效分离纯化要求,主要体现在以下几个方面[11]。(1) 粒径。粒径过大,内部孔道更长,生物大分子难以扩散,导致分辨率低或者活性受损;粒径过小,易造成反压大,无法满足工业化制备。此外,粒径不均一也会造成操作过程反压大且分辨率低。(2) 孔结构。一般来说,介质孔径应大于生物分子尺寸,从而保证生物分子能够顺利进入介质内部。但孔径越大,表面积则越小,介质对生物分子的载量会相应降低。此外,孔径均一度低会造成分子传质过程的差异从而影响分离精度。(3) 表面性质。表面性质太弱,易造成结合力不够,导致载量低;表面性质过强,生物分子与介质之间则因过度结合而导致失活。对于膜介质,不适当的表面化学性质会造成生物分子大量吸附而加剧膜污染,从而造成分离效率大幅衰减。与此同时,国内生物药制造分离纯化耗材普遍存在高端制造水平有限,部分型号被国外先进技术垄断等问题,这些不利因素都为中国民生健康和生物安全埋下巨大隐患。
因此,自主创新是中国生物药制造分离纯化介质必由之路。其中最为关键的是突破已上市介质的种类和结构限制,按需设计高效分离介质。介质的结构与性能对生物大分子纯化效果有很大影响,根据生物大分子的结构特点和体系组成,设计和调控介质相关结构与性能参数,包括粒径大小及其均一性、孔结构及其均一性、表面性质、高结合力配基等,同时采取适合的层析工艺和纯化条件,从而使生物大分子与介质之间的相互作用更加高效,即保持其结构完整性,又获得很好的纯化效果,最终在纯度、活性、收率、产能和成本等各方面均获得理想结果。具体包括以下方面。
生物体系种类多样且组成复杂,目标生物分子有效含量一般都偏低,获得高纯度较为困难。粒径均一介质能够实现高分辨率纯化,对于提高目标产物纯度具有重要意义。粒径均一介质不仅能够显著降低溶质分子在层析柱截面上载液速度的不一致,进而抑制谱带展宽,提高塔板数,还能显著改善层析柱渗透性,降低柱压,提高操作效率。采取先进膜乳化技术制备均一多糖和聚合物层析介质,调控制备工艺条件,获得粒径在数微米至数十微米范围内均一且可控,这些均一层析介质在蛋白、多肽和天然产物等领域表现出很好的高分辨率分离纯化效果[1216]。其中,平均粒径分别为10、30 μm的2类均一小粒径琼脂糖介质,在数百道尔顿至数十万道尔顿分离范围均能实现基线分离,在多肽、单抗、疫苗等生物药高分辨率分析和制备等领域极具应用潜力(图2[12, 14]。平均粒径为10~40 μm的均一聚苯乙烯多孔微球用于纯化各种多肽,在耐压性、稳定性、理论塔板数、载量、回收率和纯度等方面都取得了突出的效果。
生物大分子,尤其是复杂超大生物分子的尺寸普遍较大,如疫苗、核酸、病毒和类病毒颗粒等,有的高达数百纳米甚至达到微米级别,结构复杂多变易失活。传统介质在与这些复杂超大生物分子作用时,受孔道所限,生物大分子在介质内部的传质以扩散方式为主,效率低下,造成分离速度慢、处理量低,且易在介质表面发生过度结合而引起失活。超大孔介质在提高生物大分子传质效率方面有独特的优势,其内部不仅含有数十纳米的扩散孔,还含有数百纳米的贯穿孔,确保生物大分子在介质内部同时通过对流和扩散进行流动,从而使传质效率大大提高。其分离速度较传统层析介质快数十倍甚至百倍,且分离度和载量基本不受影响,十分有利于纯化结构复杂且易失活的超大生物分子。通过反胶团溶胀法制备得到平均孔径分别是120和280 nm的超大孔DEAE−聚苯乙烯离子交换介质,这种超大孔介质对乙肝疫苗类病毒颗粒(HB−VLPs)的结合能力远远高于传统琼脂糖介质,不仅载量更高,而且传质速度更快,增幅达到数倍甚至数十倍。更为重要的是,与传统介质相比,超大孔介质大大减少了类病毒颗粒与介质之间的多位点结合作用,能够避免其发生解聚或者形成聚集体,从而获得更高的活性回收率(图3[1718]。此外,膜和整体柱也是纯化复杂超大生物分子的热门材料,其孔径可达微米甚至数十微米级别,十分有利于纯化病毒和类病毒颗粒、DNA等[1920]
介质与生物大分子结合时容易因空间位阻效应而降低相互作用力,从而影响纯化效率。向介质引入葡聚糖等大分子是一种能显著提高介质载量的方法,其机理是键合了这一类线性大分子后,生物分子吸附空间由二维平面向三维立体进行延伸,从而大大增加了二者之间的可接触空间,介质的结合容量和传质效率等都有明显改善[21]。线性大分子自身性质及其在介质上的分布情况等都对传质能力提升水平影响很大。为了帮助目标生物分子更好地与介质发生结合作用,引入的葡聚糖等这一类分子既需要能够进入介质内部,又不能堵塞孔道,即最大程度地提高介质对目标分子的可接触面积,同时避免过度结合导致生物分子结构发生变化而损失活性。这一类层析介质在重组蛋白药物、抗体、疫苗、类病毒颗粒等体系都表现出更高的纯化效率[2223]图4)。以抗体纯化为例,葡聚糖接枝型Protein A介质的载量较未接枝Protein A介质提升了约24%,且具有更高的耐碱稳定性[23]。以超大孔微球为基质,采取聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(PGMA)分子刷技术制备得到的多肽介质,与未采取该技术的介质相比,对人IgG结合载量提升了约54%[24]
复杂生物大分子与介质发生作用时,由于其自身结构不稳定,容易与介质发生过度结合而失活,导致纯化效率低。通过调控介质的配基种类和密度、在基质和配基之间引入一定长度的间隔臂以及定点偶联等方法,优化介质表面性质,提高介质对复杂生物大分子的纯化效率。以类病毒颗粒疫苗为例,多聚体的结构特点使其在纯化过程中常常面临聚集和解聚等问题,造成疫苗活性受损。例如,重组乙肝疫苗表面抗原(rHBsAg)是由数百个亚基组成的多聚体疫苗,离子交换层析和疏水层析是目前为止最主要纯化手段。柱层析过程中,rHBsAg与层析介质之间的吸附−解吸附作用过强时,容易引起疫苗结构不稳定,导致活性回收率降低。通过调控离子交换介质和疏水介质的配基密度,以及配基与基质之间的间隔臂长度等,能够有效抑制多聚亚基疫苗在吸附−解吸附过程中的聚集和解聚,疫苗活性回收率和纯化倍数均有明显提升。离子交换层析这一步的疫苗活性回收率由原来不足50%提升至67%,疏水层析这一步的纯化倍数由65.8提升至96.5 [2526]图5)。
生物药组成和结构十分复杂,单一纯化机理的层析介质难以满足纯化要求,通常需要采取多步层析的纯化策略,而多步层析往往存在操作步骤繁琐、目标生物分子回收率损失严重、纯化效率低下等不足。因此,集多种分离机制于一身的混合模式介质是重要发展方向之一[27]。混合模式介质是一类具有复合分离机制的介质总称,一般由具有复合性质的基球和配基组成。其中,以核壳介质和混合模式配基为最重要的2种形式。前者包括惰性外壳和偶联了功能基团的内核2部分,纯化应用时,超大生物分子被惰性外壳阻碍而流穿出去,小分子进入内核并被结合[28]。这种纯化形式对疫苗、质粒、病毒和病毒载体等复杂超大分子尤其有利,目标大分子的流穿不但加快了其分离速度,还保护其结构不受破坏,与此同时杂质被结合又保证了最终纯度,因此纯化效率大大提高。惰性壳层厚度及其排阻极限、内核性质以及介质粒径等是这一类介质的重要结构和性能参数。后者是兼具多种作用机制的复合配基,一般是静电和疏水作用,如吡啶基团等,其能在高盐下结合目标生物分子,无需再对含盐样品进行脱盐,大大简化了操作过程,具有更高的结合容量、选择性和灵敏性[29]
亲和层析具有高选择性、结合力强、作用温和、快速分离目标生物分子的特点,是生物药纯化制造的发展重点和未来方向。针对抗体或者腺相关病毒等适于平台化制备的生物药,亲和介质具有明显优势[30]。亲和配基是亲和介质的核心组成,需要具备专一性、高亲和力、稳定性、安全性、经济性和制造便利性等性质。其中,包括基因工程蛋白、多肽和仿生配基等在内的蛋白支架配基较天然蛋白配基在成本和稳定性等方面更有优势。为实现高效亲和层析,高水平亲和配基的理性设计与制备极为重要。以近年来广受重视的仿生配基为例,这是一类高稳定性、更经济、结构更简单的配基形式,既可以是病毒等超大分子内部的一类特定结构片段,也可以通过X−射线、核磁共振等技术以及组合生物和化学分子库设计得到[31]
多孔膜介质按照孔径大小一般分为微滤膜和超滤膜2大类。根据材料制备工艺和生物分子特性,生物医药生产过程中微滤膜材料主要包括纤维素、聚醚砜、聚丙烯、聚偏氟乙烯等聚合物,以及陶瓷等无机材料。由于超滤膜更多用于截留溶液中的生物大分子,如病毒和蛋白质等,因此膜孔径更小且分布更窄,膜结构也从两侧对称发展为大孔支撑层与极薄的小孔分离层复合而成的非对称结构。超滤膜材料包括陶瓷、再生纤维素和亲水改性后的偏四氟乙烯和聚醚砜。随着膜材料制备技术的迅猛发展,中国在多种新型膜材料上取得显著成果,并通过多种改性策略持续提升关键性能。在血液分离方面,多巴胺辅助抗凝蛋白固定、PSF−b−PEG共聚物添加剂等技术的应用,使膜材料在血液相容性、通量和抗污染性能上实现突破,已成功用于血液净化及血液制品分离等场景[3233]。生物医药大分子分离领域利用嵌段共聚物的微观相分离特性,通过自组装技术精确调控膜孔径(0.5 nm~5 μm)并实现膜孔径分布的高度均一,为生物大分子分离提供了高精度与高通量兼顾的解决方案[34]。在高端生命支持领域,基于混合致相分离技术,结合绿色稀释剂筛选与梯度孔结构设计开发的聚烯烃中空纤维膜,展现出优异的气体通量、抗血浆渗漏性和运行稳定性,为体外膜氧合器(ECMO)性能提升提供了关键材料支撑[35]。超滤膜孔径的选择对于生物分离尤为重要,一般而言,如果希望目标物质透过膜孔,膜的截留分子量应为目标物质分子量的5~10倍或以上;如果希望目标物质充分截留,膜的截留分子量应为目标物质分子量的1/5~1/3 [36]。有机超微滤膜的国外生产企业主要有Asahi Kasei Bioprocess、Millipore、Pall和Sartorius等,国内生产企业主要有东富龙生命科学、关怀医疗、科百特和乐纯生物等。目前,国产有机微滤膜产品的市场占有率约为50%,但终端除菌过滤等高端应用领域依然被进口膜产品垄断。同样,用于高端生物医药产品精细分离的有机超滤膜,由于对产品的安全性和一致性要求很高,因此市场基本被进口膜产品垄断。此外,美国(Pall等)、德国(Inopor)、日本(Meidensha等)和法国(TAMI)等国家的陶瓷膜长期占据中国市场主导地位。国内陶瓷膜行业虽起步较晚,但近年来发展势头迅猛,南京工业大学、久吾高科、合肥世杰和山东工业陶瓷研究院等开发的陶瓷膜产品质量不断提升,其中以溶胶凝胶法制备的高精度陶瓷膜不仅实现国产替代,还填补了国际陶瓷纳滤膜领域的空白。
针对复杂生物体系目标物浓度低、组成复杂和结构易变等特点,除了选用合适的层析介质和膜材料外,还要采取适宜的纯化工艺和装备系统。通过优化纯化工艺条件,如流动相组成与性质、加入添加剂等,以及采取先进高效的装备系统,如反应与分离耦合系统、分离与检测耦合系统等,从而调控目标生物分子与分离介质在纯化过程中的界面作用。丰富分离机制,发展连续层析和计算机辅助过程设计与控制技术,通过分离介质、纯化工艺与装备之间的协同作用,实现生物药高效分离纯化。以下对分离工艺与装备取得的重要进展进行介绍。
连续流层析是多个层析柱通过若干切换阀门相连接,能够实现多柱同时运行的技术,具有连续、自动化和模拟固定相逆流运动等特点,以及经济性、稳定性、环保性等诸多优势,包括操作时间大大缩短、过程效率高、设备和场地集中程度高、质量持续稳定、溶剂消耗少,以及避免生物分子因反复操作而导致活性损失等,在生物药制造领域受到广泛关注,已用于多肽、抗体、细胞和基因治疗药物、类病毒颗粒和腺相关病毒等多种生物药制造场合[37]。其中,生物药捕获阶段常见的连续流层析形式包括周期性逆流层析、顺序多柱层析、模拟移动床和多柱逆流溶剂梯度纯化等,生物药精制阶段常见的连续流层析形式包括四区和三区模拟移动床、六柱和三柱逆流溶剂梯度纯化以及双柱逆流溶剂梯度纯化等。根据实际纯化需要,连续流层析在不同柱上可以使用不同机理的层析技术,如亲和层析和离子交换层析等[38]。在纯度一定的条件下,与单柱操作相比,以多柱逆流溶剂梯度纯化为代表的连续流层析对目标生物分子的回收率由55%提升至90%以上,纯化效率大大提高[39]。连续流层析运行过程较为复杂,操作参数较多,且参数之间存在交互作用,各个柱的上样、洗脱和再生等步骤需要布局和互相匹配,一般通过模型辅助方法进行过程设计和控制,合理优化关键参数,确定最佳连续层析模式和操作条件,从而找到产量、载量利用率和生产效率之间的平衡。
膜分离是截留细胞等大颗粒物质以及溶质浓缩的有效手段。澄清浓缩液能够有效降低后续处理操作的规模,从而降低成本。这一过程中,无法透过膜孔的大颗粒物质在膜表面的流体停滞边界层积累形成高浓度区域,该现象称为膜分离的浓差极化现象。由于与主体溶液产生了浓度梯度,浓差极化区域的溶质通过扩散作用返回主体溶液,这种反向传质过程提高了流体跨膜的阻力。传统死端过滤的料液受压力驱动垂直通过分离膜,所有被截留的颗粒均沉积在膜表面并随着浓度增加逐渐形成致密的滤饼或凝胶层。不断增加的跨膜阻力使通量快速衰减并趋于停滞。因此,死端过滤更适于去除浓度较低的杂质,如除菌/除病毒过滤中去除微量的微生物污染源[4041]。当溶质向膜表面对流传质的速率与溶质通过扩散离开膜表面的传质速率相等时,过滤过程达到稳态。而现代膜过程更多采用的错流技术是通过料液循环驱动其沿膜面平行流动,由此产生的剪切作用降低膜面的流体停滞边界层,因此可以有效缓解膜面污染物的累积,从而获得更高且更为稳定的通量。由此可见,降低浓差极化是提高过滤效率的关键手段。这种通过流体剪切控制膜污染时空发展的过滤方式在生物分离工程中常被称为切向流过滤技术(tangential flow filtration, TFF),该技术常用于融合蛋白、mRNA等药物分子的浓缩和换液过程。蛋白与核酸等大分子一般可被5~30 kDa超滤膜截留,小分子杂质则通过渗透液与目标产物分离[42]。浓缩过程由于大分子浓度不断提高,因此须在较低通量下进行操作,以避免浓差极化快速加剧影响整体分离效率。同时,低通量浓缩可将mRNA的损失率由51.8%降至29.5%,产物收率大幅提高[43]。而换液过程采取恒容洗滤模式操作,由于大分子浓度基本保持不变,浓差极化可通过膜面流速有效控制,从而在高通量条件下获得更高的分离效率。
膜面的流体剪切在降低浓差极化、缓解膜污染的同时也可能造成蛋白变构失活和细胞机械损伤。因此,如何实现低剪切条件下的抗污染性能是切向流过滤技术的核心挑战。传统切向流过滤采用中空纤维膜组件,料液流经膜丝内腔时,受膜管内外压差驱动渗透通过管壁。受流道尺寸和料液流速的限制,膜丝内料液通常为层流,难以对膜面形成有效清洁作用。基于鱼群阵列仿生设计的扰流装置能够在有效降低流动阻力的同时增进流体对流,从而显著降低膜面的浓差极化现象[4445]。基于这一原理设计的平板膜组件能够在较低流速下实现更好的抗污染性能。此外,浓差极化等膜污染现象也可通过膜片的主动运动进行控制。碟式旋转膜通过膜片的转动产生剪切与离心场的协同作用,不仅能够降低浓差极化提高通量,还能进一步提升膜的分离选择性,为膜分离过程和生物反应过程的耦合提供便利[46]
生物分子的异质性是生物医药产品制造过程中对于有效性与安全性这2个核心指标的关键挑战。生物药制备过程往往分为上游制备和下游分离纯化2个独立的过程,各自包含数个单元操作。生物制药企业在产品浓度、纯度和性状产生重要变化的步骤进行化验检测以识别生物药产品的关键质量属性,从而降低终端产品的异质性,这些步骤又被称为生物药制备的关键质量检查点,如细胞培养和Protein A捕获等。由于生物药多采用批次式生产技术,细胞培养、分离纯化和分析检测共同决定了产品一个生产批次的周期。为有效提高生产效率,降低生产成本,连续化生产工艺(continuous manufacturing,CM)正在成为生物制药行业的发展趋势。这一过程中物料的输入、转化和产品的持续输出同时进行,不仅能够减小设备尺寸、提高单位体积产率和降低生产成本,还可以克服传统批次式产品的批间差异。目前,已经有13种使用连续生产工艺生产的药物在欧美和日本获得批准,中国也正在积极制定相关的行业规范。生物反应与分离耦合、分离过程与高效检测耦合是支撑这一方法的关键技术。
以灌流细胞培养为代表的连续化细胞培养技术是生物反应与分离过程耦合的代表。该系统向反应器内连续补加新鲜的培养基以满足细胞对底物的需求,通过细胞截留装置将细胞保留在反应器内的同时将产物和有害代谢产物不断地从反应器内移除,从而解除对细胞生长的抑制作用。灌流技术为细胞生长提供了更为适宜且稳定的生长微环境,因此能有效提高细胞密度和产物滴度。与批次式细胞培养相比,灌流技术能够将细胞密度提高1~2个数量级,达到108 cells/mL [47]。基于交变切向流过滤(alternative tangential filtration, ATF)的膜分离技术是目前应用最为广泛的细胞截留技术。细胞截留系统的设计本着易于安装、操作和维护的原则以达到长周期培养的稳定性。系统在有效截留细胞的同时能够保持对细胞碎片、生物药大分子和乳酸等代谢废物的透过性,在此基础上降低对细胞生长和生产效率的不利影响。目前,基于膜分离的细胞灌流系统核心技术在于高效抗污染膜材料和组件的设计与料液流动系统的精准调控。美国瑞普利金公司率先开发的ATF系统利用隔膜泵驱动细胞培养液在中空纤维膜组件内往复运动并完成细胞与产物料液的分离。相比于蠕动泵驱动的传统TFF技术,其对细胞的损伤更小,膜分离性能的稳定性更高,因此广泛应用于实验室和工业级别的细胞培养过程,占据全球灌流设备的龙头地位。中国在灌流细胞培养系统的开发和应用领域起步较晚,艾力特采用一次性柱塞泵技术构建的连续切变流过滤系统(CTF)不仅突破了国外的专利技术壁垒,克服了ATF系统因膜组件内流体流向周期性变化产生的瞬时剪切,同时还降低了灌流系统内的换液死区,从而更为有效地降低长周期培养过程中的细胞活性损失。
生物体系的复杂性和多样性使得在对其进行分析鉴定前往往需要经历繁琐的分离步骤,这对于含量低且结构复杂多变的生物大分子来说极为不利。过程自动检测与分析(process analysis technology)在生物药下游工艺中的应用受到一定限制,缺乏传感器是一大原因。仅提供pH值、电导率、吸光度、温度和压力传感器的系统实际上并不能测量生物大分子的关键质量属性,包括产品特性(如浓度和纯度等)、杂质(如宿主细胞蛋白、DNA和内毒素等)、异构体(如错误折叠等)、工艺相关杂质(如亲和层析配基Protein A等)。因此,分离与检测耦合系统可以成为一体化连续生物工艺中下游操作过程改进的驱动因素,具有过程连续、灵敏度高、抗干扰和样品需求量少等优势。以表面等离子共振技术(SPR)为例,其能够精准分析分子间相互作用,是生物药制造的核心工具。但是,传统SPR技术存在通量低、灵敏度不足、成本高和稳定性差等问题,极大限制其在生物药制造、临床诊断和疾病防控等关键领域的普及应用。采取非均匀纳米3D镀层技术以突破传统增敏瓶颈,与此同时,融合SPR高敏和探针抗干扰优势,灵敏度和稳定性全面超越传统技术。这种可在线测量生物反应和分离纯化过程的光纤SPR共振生物传感器,具有高灵敏度与抗干扰能力,特别适合复杂样本制备过程自动检测与分析,为推动生物药产业升级和产品创新提供大力支撑[48]
生物药制造产业是融合生物学、工程学、计算机科学等多学科的前沿领域,发展速度惊人,市场价值和潜力巨大。高效分离纯化是生物药制造健康发展之路的根本保障,先进分离介质与集成装备是实现这一保障的坚固基石。传统生物分离纯化普遍面临目标物浓度低、体系组成复杂多样以及结构易变化等挑战,针对现有生物药产品的已上市分离纯化介质和装备种类有限,部分高端型号国产化程度仍然较低。细胞治疗药和抗体偶联药等新一代生物药产品的专用分离纯化耗材与技术仍处于空白。据此,发展面向高水平生物药分离纯化的先进介质和装备刻不容缓。在分离介质层面,主要根据生物药体系特点和自身性质,按需设计和调控分离介质的关键结构和性能参数,设计和开发粒径均一介质、超大孔介质、高载量介质、表面性质可控介质、混合模式介质、亲和介质和多孔膜介质等高效分离纯化介质,以获得理想的分辨率、结合力、选择性、活性回收率和分离速度。在分离装备层面,发展连续流层析和计算机辅助过程设计与控制技术、抗污染膜组件、反应与分离耦合系统以及分离与检测耦合系统等,不断促进分离材料、纯化工艺和装备之间的高效协同作用,形成高度集成的连续化制造模式,从而减小用地面积和设备尺寸、提高单位产能和降低制造成本。通过分离介质、装备和工艺的持续创新,努力保障和推动生物药产业升级(图6)。在产品标准层面,应重视建立和推广高水平质量标准,由中国科学院过程工程研究所生化工程国家重点实验室联合中国标准化研究院、中科森辉微球技术(苏州)有限公司共同制定了中国首批琼脂糖微球分离介质国家标准,即《琼脂糖分离介质》(GB/T 38170—2019)、《蛋白A亲和层析介质》(GB/T 38172—2019)、《金属螯合层析介质》(GB/T 38171—2019)[4951],为中国分离介质行业的创新产品研发、规模化生产和高效应用推广提供了统一且规范的检测方法,起到保障产品质量的重要作用。
未来,随着生物药制造产业的深度发展和持续优化,发展高效、精准、智能的“生物药工厂”是重中之重,而先进分离介质与集成装备作为核心环节,机遇与挑战并存。在基础研究层面,通过先进算法解析生物分子与分离介质间的复杂相互作用从而拓展分离机制,利用人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)辅助开发新型高效分离介质和装备,发展相关方法学减低传统实验大量试错的周期和成本,指导有序划分材料和装备的微结构和功能空间;发挥分离介质和装备的高选择性相互作用和界面稳定性等关键性质,满足目标活性生物大分子在复杂环境中的高效分离纯化;研究分离介质和装备与疫苗、细胞和基因治疗载体和颗粒等重大、前沿生物药之间的多重协同作用规律;发展智能和响应性分离介质和装备,实现目标大分子的快速高效富集和纯化;研究分离介质和装备的循环利用,实现节能减排。
在产业化发展层面,国产化、绿色化和智能化是未来生物药分离纯化制造的主要发展方向。具体包括以下几点。(1) 国产化。中国生物药制造高端耗材和装备的国产化率普遍较低,部分满足高精度分离纯化的高端产品对进口依赖度过高,不利于中国健康与公共卫生领域的战略发展和安全需求。生物药分离纯化制造国产化,需要不断提升原始创新能力,凝练核心技术,设计和开发结构可控、性能稳定的新型生物分离介质和高水平分离装备,解决医药产业对于精准性和稳定性的核心诉求,建立从实验室到产业化的完整周期,建立和完善高水平质量管理和标准体系,提高产品质量,提升国有品牌认知度,在国家政策和相关法律法规的支持和保障下,稳步推进生物药制造链的自主高水平发展。(2) 绿色化。通过使用先进传感器在线检测与控制技术以支撑高质量连续分离纯化操作、实现不同制造单元间的系统耦合、采取绿色制备工艺等策略,不断提高生物药制造产能,降低单位产值能耗,提高溶剂使用效率,实现降成本和环保增值的多重效果,努力在国际市场竞争中占据有利位置。(3) 智能化。AI与传统生物制造技术的深度融合为生物创新药研发和生产注入新的动力。在新型高效分离纯化介质的设计和制备中,引入AI辅助开发机制,从复杂数据中高效解析分离介质的构效关系,从而大大提高研发效率。利用计算机建模和程序优化将生物药纯化的分子机制和过程模型有机整合,设计开发连续分离技术,缩短分离纯化时间,提高介质和装备利用效率。建设生物药智能工厂,实现数据实时追溯,积极应对安全性、稳定性和可控性等产业化挑战。
综上所述,在生物药制造地位不断攀升的当下,分离纯化作为关键组成,发展和壮大先进分离介质和集成装备刻不容缓。通过分离介质和装备以及纯化工艺之间的高效协同作用和持续创新,提升和强化产业核心竞争力,促进产业转型和升级,从而保障和推动生物药制造向国产化、绿色化和智能化发展,以构建具有国际竞争力的现代产业集群。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2812001)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2812002)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2105103)
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDC0250200)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(22278411)
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2025年第43卷第23期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00036
  • 接收时间:2025-09-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05
  • 修回日期:2025-11-24
  • 录用日期:2025-11-25
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2812001)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2812002)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2105103)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDC0250200)
国家自然科学基金项目(22278411)
作者信息
    1中国科学院过程工程研究所,生物药制备与递送全国重点实验室,北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学化学工程学院,北京 100049
    3中国科学院大学前沿交叉科学学院,北京 101408

通讯作者:

魏炜(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为生物剂型工程,电子信箱:;
马光辉(共同通信作者),研究员,中国科学院院士,研究方向为均一生物微球和微囊的制备及其在生化工程和医学工程中的应用,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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