Article(id=1211302342952096561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=21, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758556800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-23, revisedDate=1763481600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-19, acceptedDate=1763481600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-19, onlineDate=1766726583469, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1765555200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767456000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766726583469, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080388320, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1211302341744137007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='23', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765555200000', pubDateStr='2025-12-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766726583181, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330548003, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195681876328676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195681876328677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1211302341744137007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=70, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211302343824511797, articleId=1211302342952096561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title="Next generation biomanufacturing technology" based on metabolic engineering and synthetic biology of extremophiles, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve the "Dual Carbon" goals, industrial biomanufacturing must transits toward green sustainability. Bottlenecks such as high−water consumption, sterilization energy demands, and discontinuous processes have driven the development of next generation biomanufacturing centered on extremophiles (e.g., Halomonas spp.). Their non−sterile open fermentation significantly reduces energy consumption and operational costs. This review highlights Halomonas bluephagenesis as a chassis strain: Through synthetic biology approaches—including the development of specific genetic regulatory tools, optimization of gene editing, accelerated evolution methods, metabolic pathway and cell morphology engineering, Halomonas bluephagenesis has been successfully constructed into an efficient platform. It can utilize diverse and low−cost waste carbon sources (e.g., starch, cellulose, acetate, food wastes) to synthesize biodegradable bioplastics (PHA), high−value small molecules, amino acids, and proteins. Future efforts should focus on developing more versatile synthetic biology toolkits, enhancing the robustness of large−scale fermentation processes, and improving the integration between carbon source pretreatment and process engineering. In conclusion, next generation Halomonas−based biomanufacturing, leveraging the combined advantages of extreme contamination−resistant chassis+synthetic biology tools+process simplification, effectively overcomes inherent limitations of traditional methods. Its significant economic efficiency and environmental compatibility provide crucial support for building a green, sustainable biomanufacturing system and realizing the dual carbon goals.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiangnan CHEN, Guoqiang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guoqiang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211302345036665689, articleId=1211302342952096561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=基于极端微生物代谢工程与合成生物学的“下一代生物制造技术”, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现“双碳”目标,工业生物制造需向绿色可持续转型。高耗水、高灭菌能耗及工艺不连续等瓶颈推动了以极端微生物(如盐单胞菌)为核心的下一代生物制造技术的发展,其免灭菌开放发酵特性可显著降低能耗与操作成本。综述了盐单胞菌作为核心底盘的应用价值与技术进展:通过开发特异性基因调控工具、优化基因编辑与高效进化方法、改造代谢途径及细胞形态等合成生物学手段,盐单胞菌已被成功工程化为高效底盘,能利用淀粉、纤维素、乙酸、餐厨废弃物等多种廉价废弃碳源,低成本合成可降解生物基塑料聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)、高附加值小分子、氨基酸及蛋白质。未来需着力开发通用性更强的合成生物学工具,提升规模化发酵过程的稳定性,强化碳源预处理与工艺环节的整合度。 基于盐单胞菌的下一代生物制造技术,凭借“极端抗感染底盘+合成生物学工具+工艺简化”的综合优势,有效克服了传统制造的固有局限,其突出的经济效益与环境友好性为构建绿色可持续的生物制造体系和实现“双碳”目标提供了重要支撑。

, authors=

陈江楠,博士研究生,研究方向为合成生物学,电子信箱:

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陈国强(通信作者),教授,研究方向为工业生物技术、微生物聚羟基脂肪酸酯的合成与应用,电子信箱:
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Halomonas spp. , as chassis for low−cost production of chemicals[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2022, 106(21): 6977-6992., articleTitle=Halomonas spp. , as chassis for low−cost production of chemicals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242146498754982184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302342952096561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=135, pageEnd=136, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[84], rfOrder=83, authorNames=Zhang X H, Chen H Y, Ouyang P F, journalName=Trends in Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang X H, Chen H Y, Ouyang P F, et al. Next−generation industrial biotechnology for low−cost mass production of PHA[J]. 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label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nfcW163yol0e4iJVpU97lw==, figureFileBig=t7k5AlZ8cQQHTobSf1+chg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146489636565183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302342952096561, language=CN, label=图2, caption=用于生产多种生物制品的嗜盐微生物细胞工厂的设计

注: AKG,α−酮戊二酸;ALA,5−氨基乙酰丙酸;3HA,3−羟基链烷酸酯;3HB,3−羟基丁酸;4HB,4−羟基丁酸;3HV,3−羟基戊酸;MCL−PHA,中链长度聚羟基脂肪酸酯;OAA,草酰乙酸;PEP,磷酸烯醇丙酮酸;PHBV,聚(3−羟基链烷酸酯−co−4−羟基链烷酸酯);P3HHx,聚(3−羟基己酸酯);P3HHxE,聚(3−羟基己烯酸酯);P3HO,聚(3−羟基辛酸酯);P3HP,聚(3−羟基丙酸酯);PHA,聚羟基脂肪酸酯;PHB,聚(3−羟基丁酸酯);P34HB,聚(3−羟基丁酸酯−co−4−羟基丁酸酯);P4HB,聚(4−羟基丁酸酯);P3HV,聚(3−羟基戊酸酯);PPP,磷酸戊糖途径;Ribu5p,核糖−5−磷酸;SCL−PHA,短链长度聚羟基脂肪酸酯;TCA cycle,三羧酸循环;X5P,木糖−5−磷酸。

, figureFileSmall=nfcW163yol0e4iJVpU97lw==, figureFileBig=t7k5AlZ8cQQHTobSf1+chg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146489703674048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302342952096561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=12aCLmU6W3L31CXILIfEZA==, figureFileBig=N/Cy3dDxLxOB06JfzPdWmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146489762394306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302342952096561, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于盐单胞菌的下一代工业生物技术流程, figureFileSmall=12aCLmU6W3L31CXILIfEZA==, figureFileBig=N/Cy3dDxLxOB06JfzPdWmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146489816920259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302342952096561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EESz7+qsfgSfDh4gMhDO4Q==, figureFileBig=EUyYEPJN11LNbSuBSjI9MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146489884029124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302342952096561, language=CN, label=图4, caption=国内部分PHA企业发展历程, figureFileSmall=EESz7+qsfgSfDh4gMhDO4Q==, figureFileBig=EUyYEPJN11LNbSuBSjI9MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242146489942749381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302342952096561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
极端微生物生存环境应用方向
注:海洋嗜盐菌可以同时具有嗜盐、嗜冷、嗜热、嗜酸、嗜碱和嗜旱特性。
嗜冷菌(Psychrophiles)寒冷地带低温无灭菌生产高活性蛋白
嗜热菌(Thermophiles)高温地带高温无灭菌生产和蒸发回收挥发性产品
嗜酸菌(Acidophiles)酸性环境无灭菌生产酸性产品
嗜碱菌(Alkaliphiles)盐碱地无灭菌生产碱性产品
嗜旱菌(Xerophiles)沙漠无灭菌在有机溶剂中生产化学品
嗜盐菌(Halophiles)盐湖、海洋海水无灭菌生产各种产品
甲醇菌(Methanogens)沼泽地以甲烷(CH4)、甲酸(CH2O2)、甲醇(CH3OH)为原料生产各种产品
), ArticleFig(id=1242146490014052550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302342952096561, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

极端微生物在严苛环境中突出的生长能力及其应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
极端微生物生存环境应用方向
注:海洋嗜盐菌可以同时具有嗜盐、嗜冷、嗜热、嗜酸、嗜碱和嗜旱特性。
嗜冷菌(Psychrophiles)寒冷地带低温无灭菌生产高活性蛋白
嗜热菌(Thermophiles)高温地带高温无灭菌生产和蒸发回收挥发性产品
嗜酸菌(Acidophiles)酸性环境无灭菌生产酸性产品
嗜碱菌(Alkaliphiles)盐碱地无灭菌生产碱性产品
嗜旱菌(Xerophiles)沙漠无灭菌在有机溶剂中生产化学品
嗜盐菌(Halophiles)盐湖、海洋海水无灭菌生产各种产品
甲醇菌(Methanogens)沼泽地以甲烷(CH4)、甲酸(CH2O2)、甲醇(CH3OH)为原料生产各种产品
), ArticleFig(id=1242146490085355719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302342952096561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 操作 菌种 结果
基于同源
重组的
基因组编辑
 将含有2个同源臂和KmR/sacB基因的自杀载体pK18mobsacB通过大肠杆菌S17−1介导的接合转移至宿主H.elongata[44] 构建了特定突变体以探索目标基因的生理功能
 无标记基因替换系统包含1个自杀载体(2个同源区、1个氯霉素抗性基因和6个Ⅰ−SceⅠ内切酶识别位点)和1个诱导质粒(Ⅰ−SceⅠ内切酶)H.bluephagenesis[23] 通过敲除非必需基因增强盐单胞菌的代谢工程,以促进化学品的低成本生产
 同上H.campaniensis[45] 通过失活编码电子转移黄素蛋白复合体组分的etf操纵子,对坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌LS21进行基因改造使其获得自絮凝能力
CRISPRi 使用质粒pli−dCas9−sgRNA表达dCas9及其相应的sgRNA。sgRNA序列设计用于靶向目标基因的启动子区域或起始密码子附近区域H.bluephagenesis[19] 抑制ftsZ导致细胞更长。抑制prpCgltA表达,成功实现了3HV含量可调且PHB积累增强的PHBV生产
CRISPR/Cas9 pQ08用于表达Cas9蛋白。携带2个同源臂的pSEVA241用于表达单个sgRNAH.bluephagenesis[32] 获得100%的基因编辑效率。删除或插入的DNA片段长度可达4.5 kb
 对于大片段DNA删除,在单sgRNA策略基础上优化了双sgRNA策略H.bluephagenesis[33] 可敲除50 kb基因片段,效率为12.5%。总计删除了约121 kb DNA序列
 CRISPR−Cas9基因编辑系统与来自结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的非同源末端连接修复系统相结合H.bluephagenesis[35] 可以高效(31.3%)快速敲除长达50 kb的DNA片段
CRISPR−AID 质粒pSEVA341和pSEVA321设计用于表达gRNA(需找到表达谷氨酰胺的CAA密码子,NG/NGG−PAM序列位于需要点突变的碱基上游18~21 bp)和与dCas9融合的胞嘧啶脱氨酶H.bluephagenesis[34] 使用CRISPR/AID编辑方法删除pck基因。所得盐单胞菌TDL6−68在摇瓶中生长的赖氨酸产量高于TDL5−68
特异性位点
attPattB
 Cas9由pCas(用于大肠杆菌TOP10)和pSEVA321(用于盐单胞菌TD01)表达,而携带attB阵列和引导RNA基因的pTarget用于大肠杆菌TOP10(和pSEVA241用于TD01)H.bluephagenesis[46] 转化程序在2轮或3轮内对编码的DNA序列进行,生成了含有高达51 kb连续合成DNA的盐单胞菌
小分子调控
RNA
 建立了来自铜绿假单单胞菌的小调控RNA(sRNA)PrrF1支架,以特异性靶向和下调pSEVA321上的目标基因H.bluephagenesis[36] 在盐单胞菌中靶向prpC的PrrF1−2−HfqPa系统帮助将PHBV中的3−羟基戊酸比例提高到21%(摩尔百分比),而对照组为3.1%(摩尔百分比)
), ArticleFig(id=1242146490165047496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1211302342952096561, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于盐单胞菌所开发的技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 操作 菌种 结果
基于同源
重组的
基因组编辑
 将含有2个同源臂和KmR/sacB基因的自杀载体pK18mobsacB通过大肠杆菌S17−1介导的接合转移至宿主H.elongata[44] 构建了特定突变体以探索目标基因的生理功能
 无标记基因替换系统包含1个自杀载体(2个同源区、1个氯霉素抗性基因和6个Ⅰ−SceⅠ内切酶识别位点)和1个诱导质粒(Ⅰ−SceⅠ内切酶)H.bluephagenesis[23] 通过敲除非必需基因增强盐单胞菌的代谢工程,以促进化学品的低成本生产
 同上H.campaniensis[45] 通过失活编码电子转移黄素蛋白复合体组分的etf操纵子,对坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌LS21进行基因改造使其获得自絮凝能力
CRISPRi 使用质粒pli−dCas9−sgRNA表达dCas9及其相应的sgRNA。sgRNA序列设计用于靶向目标基因的启动子区域或起始密码子附近区域H.bluephagenesis[19] 抑制ftsZ导致细胞更长。抑制prpCgltA表达,成功实现了3HV含量可调且PHB积累增强的PHBV生产
CRISPR/Cas9 pQ08用于表达Cas9蛋白。携带2个同源臂的pSEVA241用于表达单个sgRNAH.bluephagenesis[32] 获得100%的基因编辑效率。删除或插入的DNA片段长度可达4.5 kb
 对于大片段DNA删除,在单sgRNA策略基础上优化了双sgRNA策略H.bluephagenesis[33] 可敲除50 kb基因片段,效率为12.5%。总计删除了约121 kb DNA序列
 CRISPR−Cas9基因编辑系统与来自结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的非同源末端连接修复系统相结合H.bluephagenesis[35] 可以高效(31.3%)快速敲除长达50 kb的DNA片段
CRISPR−AID 质粒pSEVA341和pSEVA321设计用于表达gRNA(需找到表达谷氨酰胺的CAA密码子,NG/NGG−PAM序列位于需要点突变的碱基上游18~21 bp)和与dCas9融合的胞嘧啶脱氨酶H.bluephagenesis[34] 使用CRISPR/AID编辑方法删除pck基因。所得盐单胞菌TDL6−68在摇瓶中生长的赖氨酸产量高于TDL5−68
特异性位点
attPattB
 Cas9由pCas(用于大肠杆菌TOP10)和pSEVA321(用于盐单胞菌TD01)表达,而携带attB阵列和引导RNA基因的pTarget用于大肠杆菌TOP10(和pSEVA241用于TD01)H.bluephagenesis[46] 转化程序在2轮或3轮内对编码的DNA序列进行,生成了含有高达51 kb连续合成DNA的盐单胞菌
小分子调控
RNA
 建立了来自铜绿假单单胞菌的小调控RNA(sRNA)PrrF1支架,以特异性靶向和下调pSEVA321上的目标基因H.bluephagenesis[36] 在盐单胞菌中靶向prpC的PrrF1−2−HfqPa系统帮助将PHBV中的3−羟基戊酸比例提高到21%(摩尔百分比),而对照组为3.1%(摩尔百分比)
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基于极端微生物代谢工程与合成生物学的“下一代生物制造技术”
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陈江楠 1 , 陈国强 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(23): 70-82
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (23) : 70 -82
基于极端微生物代谢工程与合成生物学的“下一代生物制造技术”
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陈江楠,博士研究生,研究方向为合成生物学,电子信箱:

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陈江楠1 , 陈国强1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1清华大学生命科学学院,北京 100084
  • 2清华大学化学工程系,北京 100084
  • 3清华大学合成与系统生物学中心,北京 100084
  • 4清华北大生命中心,北京 100084
  • 5绿色生物制造全国重点实验室,北京 100084
通讯作者:
陈国强(通信作者),教授,研究方向为工业生物技术、微生物聚羟基脂肪酸酯的合成与应用,电子信箱:
"Next generation biomanufacturing technology" based on metabolic engineering and synthetic biology of extremophiles
Jiangnan CHEN1 , Guoqiang CHEN1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 4Tsinghua−Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 5State Key Laboratory of Green Biomanufactoring, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-12-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00032
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为实现“双碳”目标,工业生物制造需向绿色可持续转型。高耗水、高灭菌能耗及工艺不连续等瓶颈推动了以极端微生物(如盐单胞菌)为核心的下一代生物制造技术的发展,其免灭菌开放发酵特性可显著降低能耗与操作成本。综述了盐单胞菌作为核心底盘的应用价值与技术进展:通过开发特异性基因调控工具、优化基因编辑与高效进化方法、改造代谢途径及细胞形态等合成生物学手段,盐单胞菌已被成功工程化为高效底盘,能利用淀粉、纤维素、乙酸、餐厨废弃物等多种廉价废弃碳源,低成本合成可降解生物基塑料聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)、高附加值小分子、氨基酸及蛋白质。未来需着力开发通用性更强的合成生物学工具,提升规模化发酵过程的稳定性,强化碳源预处理与工艺环节的整合度。 基于盐单胞菌的下一代生物制造技术,凭借“极端抗感染底盘+合成生物学工具+工艺简化”的综合优势,有效克服了传统制造的固有局限,其突出的经济效益与环境友好性为构建绿色可持续的生物制造体系和实现“双碳”目标提供了重要支撑。

极端微生物  /  盐单胞菌  /  下一代生物制造技术  /  合成生物学  /  碳中和  /  生物制造  /  聚羟基脂肪酸酯

To achieve the "Dual Carbon" goals, industrial biomanufacturing must transits toward green sustainability. Bottlenecks such as high−water consumption, sterilization energy demands, and discontinuous processes have driven the development of next generation biomanufacturing centered on extremophiles (e.g., Halomonas spp.). Their non−sterile open fermentation significantly reduces energy consumption and operational costs. This review highlights Halomonas bluephagenesis as a chassis strain: Through synthetic biology approaches—including the development of specific genetic regulatory tools, optimization of gene editing, accelerated evolution methods, metabolic pathway and cell morphology engineering, Halomonas bluephagenesis has been successfully constructed into an efficient platform. It can utilize diverse and low−cost waste carbon sources (e.g., starch, cellulose, acetate, food wastes) to synthesize biodegradable bioplastics (PHA), high−value small molecules, amino acids, and proteins. Future efforts should focus on developing more versatile synthetic biology toolkits, enhancing the robustness of large−scale fermentation processes, and improving the integration between carbon source pretreatment and process engineering. In conclusion, next generation Halomonas−based biomanufacturing, leveraging the combined advantages of extreme contamination−resistant chassis+synthetic biology tools+process simplification, effectively overcomes inherent limitations of traditional methods. Its significant economic efficiency and environmental compatibility provide crucial support for building a green, sustainable biomanufacturing system and realizing the dual carbon goals.

extremophiles  /  Halomonas  /  next generation biomanufacturing technology  /  synthetic biology  /  carbon neutrality  /  biomanufacuring  /  PHA
陈江楠, 陈国强. 基于极端微生物代谢工程与合成生物学的“下一代生物制造技术”. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (23) : 70 -82 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00032
Jiangnan CHEN, Guoqiang CHEN. "Next generation biomanufacturing technology" based on metabolic engineering and synthetic biology of extremophiles[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (23) : 70 -82 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00032
生物制造技术发展历经了第一代(依赖天然微生物的基础发酵)与第二代(基于基因工程在常规底盘菌中构建特定代谢路径)的阶段。近年来,合成生物学的发展进一步推动了微生物生物制造在多样化产品生产中的应用研究,并引领了下一代技术的探索。相较于常规微生物底盘,极端微生物凭借其在严苛环境中突出的生长能力,展现出显著的抗染菌、可连续过程和低成本的生产潜力,尤其适用于大规模发酵生产各种生物产品(表1)。其中,嗜盐微生物可以同时具有嗜盐、嗜冷、嗜热、嗜酸、嗜碱和嗜旱特性,可以利用多种非粮原料如CO2、乙酸和甲酸等。本文系统综述了基于嗜盐微生物盐单胞菌(Halomonas spp.)开发的核心遗传元件、分子生物学工具及代谢工程策略,并梳理了近年来利用此类微生物成功合成的代表性产品,以及各种非粮碳源。同时,探讨了非传统底盘菌株工程化所面临的关键挑战与发展机遇。基于极端微生物代谢工程与合成生物学改造的下一代生物制造技术,不仅有望显著简化工艺过程,支撑以低成本原料为底物、无需灭菌的开放式连续发酵,更进一步彰显了其成为可持续制造领域核心绿色解决方案的潜力。
传统化学工程路线下的工业生产模式,因其存在显著的高碳排放、环境污染及对不可再生资源的依赖,面临严峻的可持续性与效率挑战[1]。在此背景下,利用微生物作为“细胞工厂”的生物制造技术,凭借其环境友好特性,正日益成为生产多样化的化学品的重要替代方案,并受到广泛关注[2]。得益于合成生物学的快速发展,生物制造在生物燃料[3]、生物材料[4]、食品添加剂[5]等多种化学品生产领域已展现出与传统制造相当的竞争力,呈现出未来替代传统石油基生产路径的趋势。
然而,以常规微生物[如大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、富养罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia eutropha)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.)及各类酵母]为基础的当前工业生物技术(current industrial biotechnology, CIB),其规模化应用仍受限于几个关键瓶颈:为防控杂菌污染所必需的高能耗灭菌过程、难以实现连续化生产导致效率低下,以及由此带来的成本竞争力不足[6]
为突破这些限制,以极端微生物为底盘菌株的下一代生物制造(next generation industrial biotechnology, NGIB)应运而生。NGIB的核心革新在于直接利用能在有盐(10~80 g/L NaCl)、高pH值(8~10)等条件下快速生长的微生物(如盐单胞菌属),从根本上支持开放、非无菌条件下的连续发酵过程。这一策略显著降低了灭菌能耗、简化了操作流程(尤其是淡水资源的消耗),并提高了生产的连续性。得益于针对此类极端微生物开发的遗传操作工具箱,NGIB平台已成功用于高效合成多种产品[7]。通过将工程化改造的极端微生物发展为高效工业底盘,下一代生物制造技术正引领着实现低成本、资源节约型生物合成的新方向。
极端微生物指能够在高盐度、极端pH值、高温或高压等恶劣环境中生存的微生物,主要为原核细菌和古菌。根据其耐受的主要环境条件,它们被命名为嗜酸菌、嗜碱菌、嗜盐菌、嗜热菌等[8]。部分菌株甚至具备多重环境耐受性,例如,盐单胞菌Halomonas bluephagenesis TD01(耐受高盐/高pH值)、嗜酸热菌Picrophilus torridus(耐受低pH值/高温)和戈氏厌氧枝菌Anaerobranca gottschalkii(耐受高pH值/高温)(表1)。目前,极端微生物的应用主要集中于嗜热菌(生长温度>50℃)、嗜酸碱菌和嗜盐菌这3大类群,呈现“三足鼎立”之势。其中,嗜热菌因其高温生长特性,在发酵过程中可显著节省冷却成本并有效防止杂菌污染,已成功用于生产琥珀酸、丁醇、乙醇等高附加值产物[912];其来源的高温稳定性酶在生物催化领域也展现出巨大潜力[13]。嗜酸碱菌在极端pH值条件下生长具有天然的抗杂菌污染优势:嗜酸菌常被用于有机酸合成[14],而嗜碱菌则能生产甲烷、乙酸盐等产物[15],其分泌的纤维素水解酶还能优化生物炼制过程[1617]。嗜盐菌通过胞内积累四氢嘧啶、聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)等相容性溶质以适应高渗甚至干旱环境。代表性菌株 Halomonas bluephagenesis TD01 不仅能积累含量高达80%(体积分数)的聚−3−羟基丁酸酯(PHB),更被成功改造用于生产多种PHA共聚物、赖氨酸等高价值产物[1820],并已在开放非无菌条件下实现了200 m3的大型工业规模发酵罐的PHA生产[20]。嗜盐菌的这种高盐适应性使其在开放培养体系中大幅减少灭菌需求,有效降低生产成本,因此在可持续生物制造领域备受关注。
盐单胞菌 Halomonas bluephagenesis TD01分离自新疆艾丁湖,是一株可天然合成PHB的嗜盐菌。其最适生长条件为:温度37℃、pH值9.0、NaCl质量浓度60 g/L[21]。相较于传统模式生物,H. bluephagenesis具有显著优势:耐受高盐高碱环境,抗杂菌污染能力强;其野生型菌株在优化的葡萄糖矿物质培养基中可高效积累PHB;且细胞壁在低渗条件下易破裂,便于下游产物提取。凭借这些特性,H. bluephagenesis 已成为下一代工业生物技术的较为理想底盘菌株之一[6]。下文讨论了基于盐单胞菌开发的代表性技术。
在遗传操作的核心工具方面,盐单胞菌主要依赖3类载体系统:基于标准欧洲载体架构(SEVA)的pSEVA系列载体[22]、经改造的pRE112−pMB1载体[23],以及基于天然毒素−抗毒素模块构建的无抗生素表达系统pHbPBC[24]。调控基因表达的关键在于启动子工程,该菌株中已成功开发出多种启动子工具:包括活性范围广泛的组成型孔蛋白启动子文库[25]、诱导强度高(超200倍)且背景泄露低的诱导型启动子[25]、高特异性的T7样表达系统[26],以及多种由小分子精准诱导的模块化调控系统[27]。特别值得指出的是,强效的低氧诱导启动子Pvgb及其工程化串联版本P8vgb,显著提升了该菌在微好氧条件下生产PHA的能力[28]。核糖体结合位点(RBS)的优化则借助在线计算工具和RNA测序(RNA−seq)技术实现[2930],而终止子工程则开发了高效的不依赖Rho因子的终止子[31]
基因组编辑技术的进步极大推动了代谢途径的精准改造。在该菌中,编辑策略已从早期基于I−SceI内切酶介导的双交换[23],发展至高效的CRISPR系统应用,涵盖了CRISPRi介导的基因抑制[19]、CRISPR/Cas9实现的基因删除与插入[32]、利用双sgRNA策略删除大片段[33]、基于dCas9−CDA的碱基编辑[34],以及利用非同源末端连接修复机制高效删除大片段的创新系统[35]。基于小分子RNA(sRNA,如PrrF1−2−HfqPa)的调控系统也能有效下调靶基因,显著改变产物的组成[36]
提升遗传转化效率是重要挑战,利用大肠杆菌S17−1进行接合转移是常用方法[21,37]。通过删除该菌自身编码次级酰基转移酶的lpxL基因或胞外多糖合成相关基因,成功构建了电穿孔效率显著提高的工程菌株[33,38]
适应性进化是增强宿主性能的有效策略。通过逐步提高乙酸盐浓度的适应性实验室进化,获得了高效利用乙酸盐且PHB产量提升的菌株B71[39]。常压室温等离子体诱变结合染色体工程显著提高了PHB、共聚物P(3HB−co−4HB)、四氢嘧啶和苏氨酸的产量[40]。利用易错DNA聚合酶Ⅲ ε亚基进行的全基因组随机诱变,产生了抗逆性增强且耐受高细胞密度培养的菌株[41]。尽管传统蛋白质定向进化在盐单胞菌中应用有限,近期开发的革命性正交转录突变系统(OTM)融合了噬菌体RNA聚合酶和脱氨酶功能,实现了超快速(1 d)、高效率(突变率提升150万倍)的体内蛋白质进化,为未来代谢途径的深度优化开辟了新途径[4243]表2)。
综上所述,基于盐单胞菌所开发的技术已发展出一套综合体系,集成了精细的遗传元件设计、多样化的基因组编辑工具以及高效的宿主进化策略(图1)。这些进展不仅显著提升了目标产物的产量和生产效率,降低了生产成本,更凸显了盐单胞菌在实现可持续、开放式连续生物制造方面的巨大潜力,为工业生物技术的革新奠定了坚实基础。
代谢流调控是极端微生物代谢工程的核心挑战。因此,除了传统的筛选、工程化与优化策略,还需要协同开发多种代谢工程方法,以强化目标产物的代谢通量,提升盐单胞菌在生物制造中的产出。
优化细胞形态是提高产物积累的有效策略。细菌形态主要由参与细胞骨架构建的基因(如mreB)和细胞分裂调控基因(如ftsZ)决定。在盐单胞菌中,通过基因工程扩大细胞体积已被证实能有效促进PHA的积累。例如,在H.campaniensis LS21菌株中,敲除mreBftsZ基因导致细胞尺寸增大和形状伸长,最终使PHB产量提高了80%[47]。同样地,在H.bluephagenesis ZS97菌株中,通过调控编码抑制环形成的细胞分裂相关蛋白的minCD基因簇,诱导产生了伸长形态的细胞。这种形态变化不仅使细胞干重增加了10%,还改善了细胞分离效率[48]。此外,更为精细的调控策略也已开发,例如改造ClpXP蛋白降解系统。该系统是细菌内依赖ATP的蛋白酶复合体,能识别带有特定SsrA标签的靶蛋白并促使其降解;SspB蛋白作为适配子,增强SsrA标签与ClpXP的结合。通过敲除sspB基因消除其干扰,可使降解过程完全依赖于SsrA标签与ClpXP的直接结合。通过构建SsrA标签突变库(SsrA2−SsrA22)改变标签与ClpXP的结合强度,实现了对目标蛋白(如MreB)降解速率的动态、可调控降解,为精确控制细胞形态提供了新工具[49]
革兰氏阴性菌的外膜结构在维持细胞完整性、降低通透性方面构成关键屏障。通过敲除影响外膜紧密性和厚度的相关基因(如waaCkdsDlpxL),成功构建了多种H.bluephagenesis的外膜缺陷菌株。这些工程菌株表现出增强的细胞通透性,这不仅提高了异丙基−β−D−硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导的灵敏度,还增强了菌株在低氧条件下的适应性,增加了对抗生素的敏感性,改善了胞内氧气摄取效率,并促进了相容性溶质四氢嘧啶的外泌。更重要的是,这些改造显著提升了细胞干重、PHA含量以及PHA的转化效率[38]。进一步的研究中,同时删除编码次级酰基转移酶的lpxLlpxM基因,这不仅使PHB积累量增加了37%,还将内毒素产量降至原水平的1/85,成功开发出能高效生产高4−羟基丁酸(4HB)含量共聚物的优良菌株[50]。最近,为降低PHA下游提取成本,在不同工程化的H.bluephagenesis菌株中应用了胞外多糖(EPS)缺陷策略,通过删除特定的EPS合成基因片段(如PS1、PS2和PS4)。利用这些EPS敲除细胞进行发酵,有效减少了底物消耗,降低了能量需求,并显著简化了下游提取流程[51]
细胞内氧化还原环境的平衡是影响代谢物(尤其是PHA)高效积累的另一个决定性因素。在H.bluephagenesis中,PHB的合成主要依赖于还原型辅酶Ⅰ(NADH)而非还原型辅酶Ⅱ(NADPH)。为了在限氧条件下提升NADH/NAD+比值并促进PHA积累,可以靶向电子传递链。通过破坏电子转移黄素蛋白的α和β亚基(由etf操纵子编码),成功增加了胞内NADH的可用性。这一氧化还原工程策略使细胞干重中的PHB含量达到了90%,显著超越了野生型菌株84%的PHA含量[52]。利用外源添加乙酸来平衡NADH/NAD+比值也被证明是有效的策略。在P(3HB−co−5HV)共聚物的生产中,添加乙酸将产物滴度从5.4 g/L提高到7.31 g/L,同时PHA含量也从51.7%提升至65.2%[1]。氧化还原平衡策略同样适用于其他高附加值化学品的生产。在3−羟基丙酸(3HP)的生物合成中,添加6 g/L乙酸导致胞内NAD+和NADH的总量增加了1.5倍,NAD+/NADH比值提升了2倍,最终实现了3HP产量、细胞干重以及PHB含量的最大化[53]
创新性调控系统的开发极大地推动了PHA生产的自动化和经济性。通过对H.bluephagenesis TD菌株进行代谢工程改造,开发了一种基于PHA合成相关蛋白PhaR和PhaP1的自诱导表达系统。该策略将编码PHA合成上游途径的关键酶基因(phaAphaB)置于phaP1启动子的调控之下,从而构建了一个“自激励”的生产系统,能够在无需添加昂贵外源诱导剂(如IPTG)的条件下实现PHB的高效合成[48]。深入研究表明,PhaR蛋白在这一过程中扮演着核心调控角色:该蛋白可结合phaP1启动子区域,在胞内缺乏PHA颗粒时抑制其表达;而当PHA颗粒开始积累时,PhaR会优先结合到颗粒表面,从而解除对phaP1启动子的抑制,促进更多PHA合成相关基因的表达。这种精妙的自我调控机制显著提高了PHA产量,并简化了生产工艺,大幅降低了成本[48]。为了进一步解决PHA生产中下游提取成本高昂的瓶颈问题,在盐单胞菌中成功构建了一套智能自裂解系统。该系统利用T4噬菌体的穿孔蛋白和溶菌酶组成裂解模块,并首创性地使用PHA感应型的PhaP1启动子进行调控,即当胞内PHA积累到一定程度时,自动触发裂解基因的表达。同时,通过优化裂解基因前的RBS,最大限度地减少其对宿主细胞PHA合成能力的干扰。这套系统在包括H.bluephagenesis在内的3种不同盐单胞菌中均被验证有效,其PHA产量损失不足9.4%。尤为重要的是,该系统成功实现了从7 L、100 L到5000 L生物反应器的规模化应用。结果显示,该自裂解系统完全避免了传统提取方法中额外添加溶菌酶的需要,下游提取时间缩短了26%,水消耗降低了30.7%,最终PHA产品的纯度从96.1%显著提升至99.2%。这些突破性进展为PHA的工业化生产带来了显著的经济效益提升[54]
综上所述,通过对极端微生物盐单胞菌进行多层次的工程改造,包括优化细胞形态、调控外膜通透性、精细管理胞内氧化还原平衡,以及开发智能的自诱导和自裂解系统,这些工作成功开发出一系列具有显著工业应用价值的下一代生物制造技术方案。这些系统性工程策略有效克服了PHA生产成本高昂的障碍,极大地推动了生物可降解材料的商业化进程,充分展示了极端微生物代谢工程在可持续生物制造领域的广阔应用前景。
盐单胞菌能够高效合成2类关键产品:生物可降解材料PHA及多种高附加值化学品,为可持续工业生物技术提供了独特平台(图2[22]
在生物材料领域,PHA作为胞内积累的聚酯,因其优异的生物相容性、可降解性及材料可塑性,被视为石油基塑料的绿色替代品[55]。盐单胞菌天然具备PHA合成能力,如H. bluephagenesis TD01菌株可在非灭菌条件下实现80 g/L生物量并积累质量分数为80%的PHB[21]。通过代谢工程强化,整合外源phaAB基因可使PHB产量提升至细胞干重的76%[48]。更重要的是,菌株改造已突破均聚物限制,成功生产含3−羟基丙酸(3HP)、4−羟基丁酸(4HB)、5−羟基戊酸(5HV)等单体的共聚物,显著拓展材料性能谱——例如含3HP的聚合物增强机械强度[53],而含3−羟基己烯酸酯(3HHxE)的共聚物断裂伸长率超1000%[56]。为降低生产成本,工程策略聚焦底物多元化:利用淀粉[57]、木质纤维素[58]等廉价碳源,并通过途径重定向实现葡萄糖至P(3HB−co−4HB)的直接合成[20]。规模化生产验证了其工业可行性,如P(3HB−co−4HB)在5000 L反应器成功投产[20]
高值化学品的生物合成是盐单胞菌另一核心应用方向。氨基酸类产物中,四氢嘧啶作为高端化妆品与医药原料,通过调控ectABC操纵子并删除降解基因doeA/ectD,在H. bluephagenesis中实现与PHB联产[59]。系统代谢工程进一步将其产量推至85 g/L[60]。L−苏氨酸生产则通过引入thrABClysCrhtC基因并敲除竞争途径,达到33 g/L[61],而L−赖氨酸工程菌株产量达22.59 g/L[34]。有机酸领域亮点突出:3−羟基丙酸(3HP)产量达154 g/L[53],衣康酸作为可再生平台化学品通过全细胞催化实现高效转化[62],甲羟戊酸(MVA)作为类异戊二烯前体产量达121 g/L[63]。此外,γ−氨基丁酸(GABA)通过全细胞催化实现879.6 g/L超高产量[64],凸显其生物催化潜力。
盐单胞菌在蛋白质生产领域同样展现独特价值,其胞内积累的四氢嘧啶可稳定蛋白质构象[66],而天然分泌系统支持重组酶表达:例如H. bluephagenesis生产乳化性能优异的PhaP蛋白(1.86 g/L)[67]和耐热PhaR蛋白[23]。此外,该菌属作为嗜盐酶资源库,提供耐极端条件的水解酶与氧化还原酶,适用于制药、食品工业[6869]
创新应用方向正在拓展:PHA可酯化为生物燃料(如R−3−羟基丁酸甲酯)[70],而H. bluephagenesis已实现丙烷、PHB与扁桃酸酯联产[71]。色素生产方面,工程化H. elongata 的β−胡萝卜素产量达560 μg/g干重[72]
综上所述,盐单胞菌通过多层次代谢工程,已发展成为兼具“生物材料工厂”与“高值化学品合成平台”双重功能的超级微生物底盘(图2[65]。其在开放连续发酵、底物广谱利用及产品多元联产方面的独特优势,为降低生物制造成本、推动循环经济提供了关键技术支撑[43]
盐单胞菌通常以葡萄糖为主要碳源[21],但部分菌株可天然利用非常规底物。例如,H. campaniensis LS21能分泌淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶,高效降解可溶性/不溶性淀粉、纤维素、蛋白质及动物脂肪[73]。然而,工业潜力突出的菌株因缺乏胞外酶分泌能力,难以利用复杂底物,需通过代谢工程改造解决。
针对淀粉利用,研究者改造H. bluephagenesis使其分泌淀粉酶和葡萄糖苷酶,成功以玉米淀粉为碳源合成PHA、PHB、PHBV、P34HB及四氢嘧啶等产物,摇瓶中细胞干重(CDW)达10 g/L,PHB含量占51%[57,74]。木质纤维素水解产物木糖的利用亦获突破:通过引入木糖转运蛋白、异构酶及磷酸酮醇酶途径,工程化H. bluephagenesis的PHB产量提升至5.37 g/L(CDW 8.81 g/L)[75]。该菌株还可从木糖合成乙二醇(0.91 g/L)和乙醇酸(0.80 g/L),同时积累1 g/L PHB[74]。此外,H. cupida J9经改造后抑制木糖酸形成,在葡萄糖/木糖共补料及玉米秸秆水解液条件下,于5−L生物反应器中实现12.57 g/L PHA产量[76]
餐厨垃圾的资源化利用是另一重点。工程化H. bluephagenesis在细胞外膜合成基因ompW启动子驱动下过表达PHA操纵子,以富氮食物垃圾水解液为原料,在7−L生物反应器中CDW达70 g/L,PHB含量占80%[77]。针对低成本底物乙酸,通过适应性实验室进化获得耐受性菌株H. bluephagenesis B71,其在补料分批发酵中积累49.79 g/L PHB(CDW 70.01 g/L)[39]。进一步引入甲羟戊酸途径并结合非氧化糖酵解设计,使MVA产量达121 g/L[63]
CO2固定技术为碳中和提供新思路。过表达E. coli磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(Pcka)基因并添加NaHCO3,使H. bluephagenesis的PHB产量从7.2 g/L增至8.7 g/L[78]。值得注意的是,部分盐单胞菌(例如H. rowanensis)通过还原性三羧酸(rTCA)循环而非卡尔文循环实现化能自养,以硫代硫酸根为能源[7980],其独特CO2同化机制的阐明将对工业应用产生深远影响。
NGIB作为当前工业生物技术的重大升级与创新方向[6],其核心优势在于利用极端微生物(如盐单胞菌)作为底盘细胞进行生物制造。这些微生物能在高盐等极端环境下生长,从根本上消除了传统发酵过程中复杂且高能耗的灭菌步骤需求,实现了开放发酵[81]。这一特性赋予了NGIB显著的优势:高底物转化率、低能耗、节水以及环境友好性(因其产生的废水量少且可回收利用[81])。在设备方面,NGIB打破了传统限制,能够使用塑料、陶瓷甚至水泥等廉价材料替代昂贵的不锈钢生物反应器,大幅降低了设备投资成本[56]。此外,通过工程技术(如增大细菌体积或调整表面电荷)诱导微生物发生自絮凝沉降,NGIB极大地简化了产物的下游分离纯化过程[45,82]图3)。
NGIB技术已成功应用于多种高价值产品的生产,特别是生物可降解材料PHA以及各类精细化学品[83]。随着合成生物学工具的快速发展及其在盐单胞菌工程化中的应用,NGIB的优势不断被强化和完善,并已在中国实现工业化。代表性企业如蓝晶微生物(Bluepha)、微构工场(PhaBuilder)、麦德发(MedPha)、微琪(Weiqi)、微宁(Weining)和中粮生物技术(COFCO)等是该领域的先驱。其中,微构工场专注于工业发酵,尤其是在PHA生产和盐单胞菌应用方面处于国际前沿,已成功建成全球首个万吨级PHA生产线[84]。为进一步扩大规模,微构工场与安琪酵母(AngelYeast)合作建立合资企业,建成年产1万t的PHA生产基地。该公司的研发与生产理念围绕“PHAmily”(探索超过100亿种PHA材料组合)、“PHAbrary”(提供聚合物应用解决方案)、“PHAdustry”(推动下一代生物制造)和“PHAlife”(倡导基于PHA的绿色生活方式)展开,产品线涵盖PHA颗粒、吸管、注塑餐具、淋膜纸杯、3D打印材料和医药中间体等多元化终端应用(图4)。综上所述,凭借其高效、节能、节水和环境友好的核心特点,NGIB正迅速发展成为工业生物技术领域至关重要的未来方向[6,84]
极端微生物特别是盐单胞菌,正成为下一代生物制造的重要生产平台。这类微生物具有独特的环境适应能力,其强大的抗污染特性尤为突出,使得在开放环境下进行非灭菌发酵成为可能,显著降低了生产能耗与成本。目前代表性菌株如H. bluephagenesis已在生物材料PHA生产中展现出优势,性能优于常规宿主如大肠杆菌、芽孢杆菌等。
未来突破需系统整合前沿技术、智能装备与政策支持。技术层面亟需开发高效菌种筛选技术,构建跨物种基因表达载体,优化CRISPR等基因编辑工具的多位点编辑能力,建立从基因序列到生理功能的预测模型,设计耐受严酷环境的遗传元件,并统一代谢分析标准。产业实施路径应包含:建立代谢模型指导产物合成路线设计,拓展工农业废弃物等替代原料的应用,采用智能生物反应器实现精准工艺调控。依托中国“双碳”政策支持,通过发展循环经济模式推进废弃物资源化利用,构建完整产业生态链。随着关键技术瓶颈的突破与产业生态的成熟,基于极端微生物的下一代生物制造技术将在全球绿色制造体系中发挥重要作用,为可持续发展提供关键技术支撑。

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2025年第43卷第23期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00032
  • 接收时间:2025-09-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2025-12-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-23
  • 修回日期:2025-11-19
  • 录用日期:2025-11-19
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    1清华大学生命科学学院,北京 100084
    2清华大学化学工程系,北京 100084
    3清华大学合成与系统生物学中心,北京 100084
    4清华北大生命中心,北京 100084
    5绿色生物制造全国重点实验室,北京 100084

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陈国强(通信作者),教授,研究方向为工业生物技术、微生物聚羟基脂肪酸酯的合成与应用,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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