Article(id=1208362390203249620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208362378329174732, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00078, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1752422400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-14, revisedDate=1757952000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-16, acceptedDate=1759075200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-29, onlineDate=1766025644112, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1760284800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764000000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766025644112, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080094615, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208362378329174732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='19', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760284800000', pubDateStr='2025-10-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766025641281, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1778551765812, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1260900752743064342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208362378329174732, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1260900752743064343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208362378329174732, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=30, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208362390526211047, articleId=1208362390203249620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress on salt−tolerant gene mining as well germplasm identification and development in wheat, columnId=1208362379369362126, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive: Crop Genetic Improvement for Tolerance to Saline-Alkali and Other Environmental Stresses, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As one of the world's major food crops, wheat production is severely threatened by soil salinization, as salt stress affects approximately 10% to 20% of the global wheat cultivation area. Salt stress inhibits wheat growth via a triple mechanism including osmotic imbalance, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage. Wheat, being a salt−sensitive crop, possesses a narrow genetic base for salt tolerance, limiting its productivity improvement in salinized lands. In recent years, multi−level studies have elucidated the molecular, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in wheat. However, coordinated optimization of salt tolerance with agronomic traits such as yield, as well as the complexity of salt stress responses, remain major challenges. This review summarizes advances in understanding the physiological and biochemical mechanisms, molecular regulatory networks, genetic basis of salt tolerance, discovery and utilization of novel salt−tolerant genes, and breeding strategies for developing salt−tolerant wheat varieties. It also analyzes existing challenges in the field, including the paradigm and limitations of conventional breeding, identification and cloning of key salt−tolerant genes, applications of genetic engineering and gene editing technologies, and the systematic integration of multidisciplinary technologies. Due to the mechanism complexities of plant resonese to salinity stress, and the exploring and functional characterization difficulties of salt tolerance related genes in wheat, it is necessary to identify salt tolerance genes from wheat by integrating multiomics techniques, and timely employ the important salt resistance genes excavated in other plant species for wheat improvement. This paper aims to provide some valuable information for genetic improvement of wheat on salt tolerance.

, authors=null, authorsList=Buquan ZHAO, Xingyu YAO, Xingguo YE, Huali TANG, Shuangxi ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huali TANG, Shuangxi ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208362392279429133, articleId=1208362390203249620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=小麦耐盐基因挖掘和种质鉴定及创制研究, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

小麦作为全球主要粮食作物之一,其生产受到土壤盐渍化的严重威胁,全球约10%~20%的小麦种植面积正遭受盐胁迫的影响。盐胁迫通过渗透失衡、离子毒性和氧化损伤三重机制抑制小麦生长,而小麦作为盐敏感作物,其耐盐遗传基础狭窄,制约盐渍化土地产能提升。近年来,小麦耐盐的分子机制和生理生化机制逐渐得到揭示,然而耐盐性与产量等农艺性状协同优化和盐胁迫响应复杂性仍是主要挑战。综述了小麦响应盐胁迫的生理生化机制、分子调控网络、耐盐遗传基础、耐盐新基因的发掘与利用,以及耐盐育种策略与新品种选育等方面的研究进展,并对该领域目前存在的传统育种的范式与瓶颈、关键耐盐基因的鉴定与克隆、基因工程与编辑技术的应用以及多学科技术的系统性整合等问题进行了剖析。鉴于植物盐胁迫响应机制的复杂性,以及小麦耐盐基因挖掘与功能鉴定的难度,需要整合多组学研究技术挖掘小麦耐盐基因,并将其他植物中鉴定的重要耐盐基因及时用于小麦耐盐性改良。

, authors=

赵补全,硕士研究生,研究方向为小麦分子育种,电子信箱:

, authorsList=赵补全, 要星宇, 叶兴国, 唐华丽, 张双喜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=唐华丽, 张双喜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
唐华丽(通信作者),助理研究员,研究方向为小麦分子育种,电子信箱:
张双喜(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为小麦遗传育种,电子信箱:shxzhang@163.com
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小麦耐盐基因挖掘和种质鉴定及创制研究
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赵补全 1, 2, 3 , 要星宇 2, 4 , 叶兴国 2 , 唐华丽 2, * , 张双喜 3, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(19): 30-43
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (19) : 30 -43
小麦耐盐基因挖掘和种质鉴定及创制研究
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赵补全1, 2, 3 , 要星宇2, 4, 叶兴国2, 唐华丽2, * , 张双喜3, *
作者信息
  • 1. 宁夏大学农学院,银川 750021
  • 2. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京 100081
  • 3. 宁夏农林科学院农作物研究所,银川 750002
  • 4. 河南农业大学省部共建作物逆境适应与改良国家重点实验室,郑州 450002
通讯作者:
唐华丽(通信作者),助理研究员,研究方向为小麦分子育种,电子信箱:
张双喜(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为小麦遗传育种,电子信箱:shxzhang@163.com
Research progress on salt−tolerant gene mining as well germplasm identification and development in wheat
Buquan ZHAO1, 2, 3 , Xingyu YAO2, 4, Xingguo YE2, Huali TANG2, * , Shuangxi ZHANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
  • 2. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3. Institute of Crop Research, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Agricultural University (Co−established by the Province and Ministry), Zhengzhou 450002, China
出版时间: 2025-10-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00078
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小麦作为全球主要粮食作物之一,其生产受到土壤盐渍化的严重威胁,全球约10%~20%的小麦种植面积正遭受盐胁迫的影响。盐胁迫通过渗透失衡、离子毒性和氧化损伤三重机制抑制小麦生长,而小麦作为盐敏感作物,其耐盐遗传基础狭窄,制约盐渍化土地产能提升。近年来,小麦耐盐的分子机制和生理生化机制逐渐得到揭示,然而耐盐性与产量等农艺性状协同优化和盐胁迫响应复杂性仍是主要挑战。综述了小麦响应盐胁迫的生理生化机制、分子调控网络、耐盐遗传基础、耐盐新基因的发掘与利用,以及耐盐育种策略与新品种选育等方面的研究进展,并对该领域目前存在的传统育种的范式与瓶颈、关键耐盐基因的鉴定与克隆、基因工程与编辑技术的应用以及多学科技术的系统性整合等问题进行了剖析。鉴于植物盐胁迫响应机制的复杂性,以及小麦耐盐基因挖掘与功能鉴定的难度,需要整合多组学研究技术挖掘小麦耐盐基因,并将其他植物中鉴定的重要耐盐基因及时用于小麦耐盐性改良。

小麦  /  耐盐性  /  耐盐机制  /  基因挖掘  /  种质鉴定

As one of the world's major food crops, wheat production is severely threatened by soil salinization, as salt stress affects approximately 10% to 20% of the global wheat cultivation area. Salt stress inhibits wheat growth via a triple mechanism including osmotic imbalance, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage. Wheat, being a salt−sensitive crop, possesses a narrow genetic base for salt tolerance, limiting its productivity improvement in salinized lands. In recent years, multi−level studies have elucidated the molecular, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in wheat. However, coordinated optimization of salt tolerance with agronomic traits such as yield, as well as the complexity of salt stress responses, remain major challenges. This review summarizes advances in understanding the physiological and biochemical mechanisms, molecular regulatory networks, genetic basis of salt tolerance, discovery and utilization of novel salt−tolerant genes, and breeding strategies for developing salt−tolerant wheat varieties. It also analyzes existing challenges in the field, including the paradigm and limitations of conventional breeding, identification and cloning of key salt−tolerant genes, applications of genetic engineering and gene editing technologies, and the systematic integration of multidisciplinary technologies. Due to the mechanism complexities of plant resonese to salinity stress, and the exploring and functional characterization difficulties of salt tolerance related genes in wheat, it is necessary to identify salt tolerance genes from wheat by integrating multiomics techniques, and timely employ the important salt resistance genes excavated in other plant species for wheat improvement. This paper aims to provide some valuable information for genetic improvement of wheat on salt tolerance.

wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)  /  salt tolerance  /  salt tolerance mechanisms  /  gene exploration  /  germplasm identification
赵补全, 要星宇, 叶兴国, 唐华丽, 张双喜. 小麦耐盐基因挖掘和种质鉴定及创制研究. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (19) : 30 -43 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00078
Buquan ZHAO, Xingyu YAO, Xingguo YE, Huali TANG, Shuangxi ZHANG. Research progress on salt−tolerant gene mining as well germplasm identification and development in wheat[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (19) : 30 -43 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00078
小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)是全球最重要的口粮作物之一,为35%~40%的人口提供基础能量供应,其消费量占全球谷物总量的19%。据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)2024年的统计,全球小麦种植面积已突破2.3亿hm2,约占谷物总播种面积的31.5%,其种植规模持续领跑主要粮食作物。然而,土壤盐渍化已成为威胁小麦生产的主要非生物胁迫因子。FAO最新评估显示,全球盐渍化土壤面积已达13.81亿hm2,占陆地总面积的10.7%,其中,70%集中于中国等10个主要农业生产国。值得注意的是,小麦主产区与盐渍化高频发生区高度重叠,而春季返盐高峰期恰逢小麦营养生长与生殖发育的关键阶段,进一步加剧了产量损失的风险。
盐胁迫通过渗透失衡、离子毒性和氧化损伤三重机制影响小麦生长发育[1]。高浓度的Na+和Cl干扰根系离子稳态,降低水分吸收效率,活性氧(ROS)的过量积累会破坏细胞膜系统,抑制光合作用与代谢活动。尽管植物通过渗透调节、离子区隔化及抗氧化酶系统等途径响应盐胁迫,但小麦作为盐敏感作物,其耐盐遗传基础仍较狭窄,制约了盐碱地小麦产量的提升[2]。因此,解析小麦耐盐分子机制并创制耐盐新种质和培育新品种,已成为保障国家小麦安全生产与产业持续发展的战略需求。近年来,随着空间转录组学、基因组编辑等技术的突破,小麦耐盐育种进入精准设计时代。此外,设计模块化抗盐通路和多组学联合分析策略等为小麦耐盐机制研究提供了新视角。本文综述了小麦耐盐生理与分子机制研究和耐盐种质材料筛选的最新进展,评析了遗传改良小麦耐盐性的创新方向,以期为解决盐碱地小麦生产的遗传瓶颈提供理论参考。
为应对盐胁迫引起的水分亏缺,小麦进化出渗透调节机制,主要通过积累脯氨酸、可溶性糖等有机渗透物质来降低细胞渗透势,维持水分吸收和细胞膨压,保障正常生理功能,这种适应性策略涉及多种渗透物质的协同作用[3]。脯氨酸是关键的渗透调节物质,其积累显著增强小麦耐盐性。在盐胁迫下,耐盐基因型通常表现出更高效的脯氨酸积累能力。在150 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下,耐盐小麦材料Mirbashir128和Gobustan的脯氨酸含量比敏感小麦材料Fatima和Zirva80高40%~60%[4]。除渗透调节功能外,脯氨酸还具有多重保护作用,作为自由基清除剂保护膜结构完整性,并通过激活超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶系统增强植株的氧化应激耐受能力[5]。可溶性糖是另一类重要的渗透调节物质,其在盐胁迫下的积累呈现时间依赖性特征。王雨晴等[6]研究表明,盐胁迫后期,由于碳代谢可能受限,可溶性糖积累下降,需要与其他渗透物质协同作用以维持有效的渗透势。耐盐品种通常具有更强的可溶性糖积累能力,研究发现,在150 mmol/L的NaCl处理下,耐盐品种青麦6号的可溶性糖含量显著高于盐敏感品种,其合成受到位于小麦6A、7A和7D染色体上的基因调控[7]。可溶性糖不仅维持渗透平衡,还能保护膜结构和蛋白质稳定性。高效的渗透调节是一个复杂的多维度防御体系,其效率不仅取决于渗透调节物质的积累水平,更依赖于其与离子转运TaHKT1;5−D介导的Na+区隔化、抗氧化防御系统以及表观遗传调控等过程的协同作用[8]。耐盐小麦基因型Kharchia65和Mirbashir128能够快速激活SOS关键通路和抗氧化基因表达,从而有效维持细胞离子和氧化还原稳态。相反,敏感品种则往往因渗透调节能力不足或相关通路响应迟缓而导致代谢紊乱[9]
小麦耐盐性的核心生理机制在于维持细胞内的离子平衡,特别是Na+/K+稳态[10]。在盐胁迫条件下,小麦根系通过其膜定位的多种转运蛋白,精细调节离子的吸收、外排和区室化,以降低胞质Na+浓度并维持较高的K+/Na+比值,从而确保关键酶活性、细胞膜完整性及代谢功能正常[11]。在抵御盐胁迫的初期响应机制中,盐过度敏感(SOS)信号通路介导的Na+外排起着首要作用(图1[12]。该通路的核心组分TaSOS1基因编码一个定位于质膜的Na+/H+反向转运蛋白。盐胁迫下,SOS2−SOS3激酶复合体通过磷酸化激活TaSOS1蛋白,驱动其将胞内过量Na+排出胞外或隔离至液泡[13]。全基因组分析表明,小麦基因组中存在一个包含119个成员的TaSOS1基因家族,其中的28个成员在盐胁迫下表达显著上调,且携带这些高表达基因型的小麦表现出更强的根系活力与水势维持能力[14]。功能研究证实,组成型激活的超活性突变体TaSOS1Δ974能显著增强Na+外排能力,在250 mmol/L的NaCl处理下,其转基因烟草的鲜重损失比野生型减少了21%[15]。进一步,在小麦地方品种中鉴定到一个耐盐主效等位基因TaSPL6−D,它通过解除对TaHKT1;5−D基因的转录抑制,间接增强了SOS1介导的Na+外排过程[16]。2025年,瑞士科学家通过新型冷冻纳米二次离子质谱技术,实现了植物细胞钠元素的原位高分辨率成像,发现SOS1在液泡膜的富集强度高于质膜的水平,且盐胁迫下SOS1与液泡膜标志蛋白共定位,这一发现彻底颠覆了SOS1定位在细胞质膜通过质膜钠外排泵降低胞质钠浓度的传统认知,表明在盐胁迫下,植物通过液泡隔离(而非传统的外排)主导钠解毒,且SOS1是液泡钠积累的关键因子[17]
维持细胞离子稳态(尤其是K+的选择性吸收和Na+的排斥)依赖于高亲和性钾转运蛋白(HKT)家族成员的功能,其中TaHKT1;5−D在根木质部薄壁细胞中特异性表达,将Na+截留在根部组织,从而显著降低了Na+向地上部的转运量,使得耐盐小麦品种地上部的Na+积累量比敏感品种低40%~44%[18]。深入的等位变异分析证实,与TaHKT1;5功能密切相关的Kna1位点在野生小麦中富集,其特定单倍型与盐胁迫下植株中的K+积累量呈显著正相关(r=0.83)[19]。另外,耐盐小麦品种在盐胁迫下能更有效地协同SOS1介导的Na+外排与HKT介导的Na+区室化及K+吸收,从而维持较低的胞内Na+浓度和较高的K+/Na+比值,这是其保持良好生长状态的基础[20]。研究表明,茶多酚负载的金属有机框架(MOF−TPs)通过激活花青素代谢通路,提高K+和Ca2+的吸收和提高多酚显著促进了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长,为化学调控技术增强小麦耐盐性开辟了新方向[21]
盐胁迫通过渗透干扰和离子毒害破坏小麦细胞稳态,导致ROS过量积累,主要包括超氧阴离子(O2−)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和羟自由基(OH—)等[22]。这些ROS会损害生物膜脂质、蛋白质及核酸,造成氧化损伤,严重影响小麦生长与产量。为应对盐胁迫,小麦进化出由酶促与非酶促抗氧化物质组成的防御系统,其效率直接影响植株的耐盐性[23]。该系统的激活可能受ROS信号驱动,转录组分析显示盐胁迫早期ROS积累可激活抗氧化系统[24]。Yang等[25]研究揭示了Q转录因子通过直接抑制TaSOS1和ROS清除基因的表达,负调控小麦的耐盐性,TaWD40通过干扰Q与TaTPL的相互作用,增强了小麦耐盐性基因的表达。
酶促抗氧化系统是ROS清除的主要机制:SOD作为第一道防线,催化O2转化为H2O2和O2。CAT和过氧化物酶(POD)则分解H2O2为H2O和O2,防止其参与芬顿反应生成毒性更强的OH−[26]。抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)在AsA−GSH循环中发挥核心作用,过氧化物酶(PX)利用抗坏血酸(AsA)还原H2O2,GR则维持还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平,共同维持氧化还原平衡[27]。耐盐品种Kharchia65在盐胁迫下通常维持更高的SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性,显著降低膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量[28]。非酶促抗氧化物质同样重要:AsA和GSH不仅清除ROS,还参与渗透调节[29]。盐胁迫下,耐盐品种德抗961能积累更多AsA、GSH及脯氨酸,降低渗透势,维持水分平衡。最新研究表明,外源水杨酸(SA)可上调AsA−GSH循环关键酶活性,使小麦叶片AsA含量增加40%,GSH/GSSG比值提高2倍,有效缓解100 mmol/L的NaCl造成的氧化损伤[30]。此外,信号分子在抗氧化防御调控中扮演枢纽角色,一氧化氮(NO)和SA通过激活抗氧化基因表达提高耐盐性[31]。粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii)作为小麦D基因组的供体,蕴含着丰富的耐盐遗传变异,基于粗山羊草渗入系Berbet的研究发现,耐盐品系L47和L72通过协同调控气孔密度、渗透平衡物质及抗氧化酶系统,在盐胁迫下维持离子稳态并降低氧化损伤[32]
盐胁迫下,小麦通过复杂的信号转导网络激活耐盐相关基因表达,其中激素信号通路发挥核心调控作用。脱落酸(ABA)信号通路是小麦响应盐胁迫的关键途径,盐胁迫诱导ABA合成增加,ABA与受体PYR/PYL结合后,通过抑制PP2C磷酸酶活性解除对SnRK2蛋白激酶的抑制作用。激活的SnRK2进一步磷酸化下游转录因子,后者识别并结合耐盐基因启动子中的ABRE顺式作用元件,调控渗透调节物质合成、活性氧清除系统及离子转运蛋白等基因的表达。值得注意的是,ABA信号通路的精细调控还涉及蛋白质翻译后修饰。U−box型泛素连接酶PUB35通过介导ABI5转录因子的泛素化降解负调控ABA信号,而ABI5的磷酸化状态影响其与AFP1/PUB35复合体的互作,从而调控蛋白稳定性[33]
钙离子(Ca2+)信号通路是另一重要调控模块。盐胁迫触发胞质Ca2+浓度瞬时升高,Ca2+信号由钙调蛋白(CaM)及钙依赖蛋白激酶解码。CPK3/4/6/11/27通过延伸因子(EF)手性结构域感知Ca2+浓度变化,其激活后直接磷酸化SnRK2激酶,形成“Ca2+−CPKs−SnRK2”级联通路,介导渗透胁迫的快速响应[34]。CPKs还可磷酸化质膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白,促进Na+外排,同时调控细胞壁合成酶活性以增强机械强度。相反,钙调蛋白样蛋白PvCML9/OsCML9负调控耐盐性,其功能缺失突变体通过维持Na+/K+平衡及ROS稳态显著增强耐盐性[35]
另外的研究表明,耐盐小麦品种晋麦47在盐胁迫下能维持细胞水合度与膜完整性,通过激活液泡Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因TaNHX1的表达,实现Na+液泡区隔化,降低细胞质毒性,同时优化光合机构保护机制,稳定叶绿素含量与光系统Ⅱ量子效率[36]。离子稳态调控能力是关键评价指标,耐盐基因型能显著抑制叶片Na+内流并维持K+水平,使Na+/K+比降低30%以上,同时促进脯氨酸和可溶性糖等渗透调节物质积累。
小麦的耐盐性是由多个基因协同调控的复杂过程,涉及众多功能基因和转录因子,形成了一个庞大而精细的基因调控网络[37]。除ABA信号通路和Ca2+信号通路中的关键基因外,其他基因也参与小麦耐盐调控。NAC基因家族作为重要转录因子,在小麦耐盐过程中发挥关键作用,通过过表达和敲除小麦TaNAC019基因,发现过表达株系耐盐性增强,敲除株系对盐胁迫敏感[38]。ASR基因家族在非生物胁迫耐受性中发挥着重要的调节作用,特别是小麦TaASR1基因,其过表达不仅提升了小麦的耐盐碱性,还保证了产量的稳定[39]。过表达小麦FLZ基因家族成员TaFLZ54D的株系,通过互作E3泛素连接酶复合体SCF的SGT1亚基和负调控因子TaPP2C,在150 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下生物量提高45%,Na+/K+比降低30%[40]。研究证实,一些与离子转运、渗透调节、抗氧化防御等直接相关的功能基因,如HKT基因家族、SOS基因家族、脯氨酸合成酶基因等,也是小麦耐盐基因调控网络的重要组成部分[41]。这些基因在盐胁迫下的表达受到精确调控,通过协同作用来增强小麦的耐盐能力。在转录调控层面发现,TaWRKY44通过正向调控脱水蛋白TaDHN7的表达提升小麦耐盐性。同时,TaWRKY17通过与TaWRKY44相互作用,抑制26S蛋白酶介导的TaWRKY44蛋白降解,从而增强TaWRKY44在盐胁迫下的蛋白稳定性,最终维持TaDHN7的稳定表达[42]。研究发现,SUMO蛋白酶基因TaDSU通过调控MYC2的SUMO化水平,激活RD26等靶基因表达,从而增强K+/Na+稳态。田间试验表明,TaDSU过表达株系在盐碱地中产量提升12%~18%,且分子标记辅助筛选的种质在拟南芥异源体系中耐盐性提高30%以上[43]
类似地,通过酵母双杂交、双分子荧光互补及免疫共沉淀等蛋白质互作实验,证实了小麦TaCML31蛋白与MYB转录因子TaMYB77之间存在相互作用。TaMIR5062−5A与其靶基因TaCML31和TaMYB77共同构成一个参与植物响应渗透胁迫的miRNA分子调控模块,即TaMIR5062−5A−TaCML31−TaMYB77。过表达TaCML31与TaMYB77或敲除TaMIR5062−5A,能够通过调控渗透调节物质积累,促进气孔关闭,影响根系形态建成以及维持活性氧稳态,显著增强小麦对干旱和盐胁迫的耐受能力[44]
耐盐小麦品种SR3中的甘油−3−磷酸酰基转移酶(GPAT)家族基因TaGPAT6在盐胁迫下表达上调,其编码蛋白具有sn−2酰基转移酶和磷酸酶活性,可在内质网中合成角质和木栓质的前体物质(sn−2 LPA与sn−2 MAG)[45]。这些前体转运至外质体后聚合成角质和木栓质聚酯,在种皮和根表面形成外质体屏障。该基因的表达受盐胁迫特异性诱导,其分子调控网络在禾本科作物中具有进化保守性,为多物种耐盐育种策略的制定提供了重要理论依据。
基因组学技术的飞快进步正深刻改变着数量性状位点的定位策略。利用覆盖全基因组的90K单核苷酸多态性芯片(SNP),在耐盐小麦品系CH7034的5A染色体上鉴定到一个主效数量性状基因座(QTL),命名为QSI.sxau_5A.1,可解释15.73%~20.18%的表型变异(PVE)。研究人员基于此开发了侧翼简单重复序列标记(SSR)进行精细定位,最终将该主效QTL确认为QSI.sxau−5A.1(PVE=20.2%)。进一步转化开发的竞争性等位基因特异性PCR(KASP)标记KASP−5A−SNI,在黄淮麦区种质资源中验证效率达92%,为标记辅助选择(MAS)提供了高精度工具[46]。通过对已报道的215个小麦耐盐QTL进行系统性元分析(MQTL),获得了100个分布于小麦21条染色体上的一致性MQTL。其中,位于4A(Xgwm219−Xbarc78)、3B(Xwpt800213−Xwpt9432) 和7B (Xbarc176−Xwgp45)染色体上的3个区域被确定为热点区域,分别富集了7个、5个和6个MQTL;这些热点区域主要参与调控脯氨酸积累、SOD活性等关键耐盐生理响应[47]。利用KASP标记辅助导入关键耐盐QTL,显著提高了小麦回交世代中耐盐性。基于全基因组关联分析(GWAS)分析鉴定出37个与产量性状相关的耐盐SNP位点,这些位点可用于构建早代基因组预测模型,显著降低田间测试规模[48]。通过对228份春小麦进行GWAS,鉴定出25个高置信度耐盐QTL,其中qRWbySW_S_2A与已知耐盐基因Nax1(HKT1;4)共定位,单倍型分析进一步锁定优异等位变异,如钠同向转运蛋白基因TraesCS1B02G413800的Hap2基因的优异单倍型,发现这些优异的单倍型在盐胁迫下可显著改善幼苗耐盐性,将这些优异单倍型整合到现代栽培品种中可以取代育种过程中的劣质单倍型,从而能够开发出耐盐、高产的小麦品种[49]
尤其,从小麦农家种中克隆了耐盐主效基因TaSPL6−D,该基因因47 bp插入导致功能丧失,进而解除了其对钠外排基因TaHKT1;5−D的抑制,发现TaSPL6−DIn能够提高小麦在盐碱地的产量表现,将其引入现代优良品种,取得了显著的耐盐性提升[50]。同时,利用GWAS揭示了小麦耐盐性状的复杂遗传基础,在5AL染色体区域鉴定到与Na+/K+平衡密切相关的QTL簇,其中TaHKT1;5基因座可作为分子标记辅助选择的重要靶标,从而调控K+积累并显著影响耐盐性[51]
利用粗山羊草耐盐种质Y215与栽培小麦杂交,在6D染色体上定位到一个显著提高苗期耐盐性的主效QTL qSFWI6D;创制的渗入系材料PT1047在150 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下,植株存活率提高了40%,幼苗地上部鲜重增加了28%;在qSFWI6D位点205 kb的精细定位区间内开发了SSR标记SSR−D1,为该优异等位基因高效渗入小麦的分子育种实践提供了有力支持[52]。在小麦近缘物种冰草(Agropyron)中,通过整合耐盐QTL定位与转录组测序,成功克隆了功能基因SnRK2.9−V,该基因通过增强ABA信号通路和优化ROS代谢平衡,显著提高了小麦对盐胁迫和干旱胁迫的适应性[53]。类似地,利用大麦野生种质创制的渗入系揭示,7H染色体上一个特定区段的QTL能显著增强幼苗期耐盐性,其候选基因HvNCX编码一种定位于液泡膜的钠钙交换体,通过促进Na+在液泡中的区隔化,有效缓解了细胞质中的离子毒害[54]。另外,对小麦5A染色体上耐盐位点qS5A.1的深入研究发现,与其紧密连锁的SNP标记RAC875_c51493_471在盐胁迫条件下可使植株生物量增加8.6%。分子机制研究表明,该位点可能与高亲和性钾转运蛋白(HKT)家族成员协同作用,参与调控木质部Na+的卸载过程,从而维持地上部的离子稳态[55]。将源于粗山羊草的小麦D基因组中的外源耐盐QTL渗入小麦,不仅表现出增产潜力,还能通过优化根系构型增强盐胁迫下水分和养分吸收能力[56]
表观遗传机制在植物逆境适应中的核心调控功能体现在其通过动态调控基因表达网络来增强植物的抗逆能力。关键的表观遗传修饰形式如DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰以及非编码RNA介导的调控通路,能够可逆地改变染色质状态和基因转录活性,从而精密调控植物应对胁迫环境的生理生化响应过程[57]。环境胁迫常诱导特定基因组区域的DNA甲基化水平发生重编程,进而特异性抑制或激活相关基因的表达[58]。组蛋白修饰则通过影响核小体的紧密程度和高级染色质构象,直接调控关键胁迫响应基因的可能性及其转录效率[59]。尤为重要的是,部分表观遗传修饰具有跨代遗传的特性,能够将亲代经历环境胁迫所获得的适应性“记忆”传递给后代,使子代在遭遇相似胁迫时能启动更快速、更有效的防御反应,表现出增强的胁迫耐受性[60],这些机制为作物遗传改良开辟了新途径。特别值得关注的是,利用新兴的表观遗传编辑技术精确操控关键农艺性状相关基因的表达时空模式与水平,已成为突破传统育种瓶颈、定向创制高抗逆和高产作物新种质的重要策略[61]
聚焦小麦耐盐性研究,表观遗传调控的关键作用正被逐步阐明。近年来的研究发现,组蛋白乙酰转移酶基因TaHAG1通过表观遗传调控下游靶基因,精细调节盐胁迫下ROS的清除能力及其信号转导网络,从而显著增强了小麦的耐盐性[62]。同时,作为响应环境胁迫的核心表观遗传标记之一,DNA甲基化在小麦应答盐胁迫等非生物逆境过程中扮演着不可或缺的调控角色。基于高通量测序的全基因组甲基化图谱分析,清晰揭示了盐胁迫诱导的小麦全基因组DNA甲基化动态变化模式,并且这些变化与耐盐表型间存在显著关联,表明其在耐盐机制中起核心作用[63]。这些突破性研究不仅为深入解析小麦耐盐性的复杂分子遗传基础提供了关键的表观遗传学证据,更重要的是,为根据表观遗传标记筛选、表观遗传编辑或表观遗传记忆诱导等创新策略制订小麦耐盐分子设计育种方案奠定了理论基础[64]
小麦耐盐种质资源的规模化鉴定依赖于标准化盐胁迫体系的建立与高通量表型技术的应用。当前研究中,水培法因其环境可控性强已成为苗期耐盐鉴定的主流方法。研究证实,在0~150 mmol/L的NaCl梯度胁迫下,对156份小麦品系和3份亲本材料进行耐盐性和形态及生理指标研究,通过对耐盐性综合评价指数(D值)进行聚类分析,可鉴定出高耐盐材料7份、耐盐材料42份、中度耐盐材料51份[65]。采用在Hoagland营养液中添加250 mmol/L NaCl的水培法,对山东85份小麦地方品种和德抗961进行了苗期耐盐性鉴定,研究了盐胁迫对小麦苗期表型性状和生理指标的影响,发现盐胁迫下耐盐小麦品种的苗高、根长、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)值及SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性和脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量均显著高于不耐盐小麦品种,叶片丙二醛、超氧阴离子含量均显著低于不耐盐小麦品种;鉴定到6份高耐盐品种、2份中等耐盐品种和13份耐盐品种;通过主成分分析结合隶属函数法构建了D值,为区域特色小麦种质资源的高通量表型鉴定与耐盐性分级提供了系统方法,其研究路径可拓展至其他作物的耐盐性评价体系[66]。研究人员在建立小麦品种抗旱耐盐评价体系的基础上,以8份小麦品种(系)为材料,采用苗期水培法进行了抗旱耐盐小鉴定,在干旱胁迫(20% PEG−6000)、盐胁迫(200 mmol/L的NaCl)和双胁迫(20% PEG−6000+200 mmol/L NaCl)下,小麦叶片相对含水量和可溶性蛋白质含量(SP)呈下降趋势,保护酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT),MDA含量和脯氨酸含量以及根平均体积、根系表面积、根总长等指标呈上升趋势,确定SPAD、SP含量、根系表面积、根平均体积、根总长和根冠比可以作为评价不同小麦材料抗旱耐盐能力的鉴定指标,陇鉴114和西科麦510耐盐性较强,西农535和陇育11号同时具有较强的耐盐性和耐旱性[67]。传统耐盐评价多聚焦于苗期,但盐胁迫对小麦的影响贯穿整个生育期。研究建立了4个阶段动态评价模型,萌发期以相对发芽率(>80%为耐盐)和发芽势为核心指标,苗期(3~4叶)重点考察株高抑制率、Na+/K+比、MDA含量,拔节孕穗期监测光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和穗分化进度,灌浆成熟期分析千粒重降幅与籽粒离子分布。
在利用γ射线辐照创制的小麦突变体中,M04、M05、M07在盐胁迫下籽粒产量损失仅6.1%~8.5%,显著低于盐敏感对照,其优势源于抗氧化酶系统活性提升及膜脂过氧化抑制[68]。利用航天诱变技术与常规育种技术结合培育的小麦新品种航麦802,成功聚合了液泡Na+区隔化基因TaNHX1、木质部Na+卸载基因HKT1;5及根际Na+外排基因SOS1,该品种在3.21‰~3.39‰盐碱地上表现出全生育期Ⅰ级耐盐性,其根系长度超过1 m,亩穗数达35.5万,穗粒数(31.3~35.6)粒[69]。航麦802兼具中强筋品质、耐旱性、叶锈病免疫以及中抗赤霉病/白粉病等优良特性。在集成了“耐盐品种−微咸水灌溉−生物炭改良”的盐碱地利用模式和节水50%的条件下,衡麦30实现亩产超过400 kg。
新型作物育种技术在耐盐小麦品种选育中取得了可喜进展。将功能基因组学、分子设计育种与传统遗传改良技术紧密结合,有效促进了耐盐基因和耐盐小麦新种质创制。Bai等[70]结合转录组测序与基因组编辑技术,成功培育出耐盐高产小麦新种质KD808,该品系在盐胁迫条件下通过维持TaSGR−5B基因的稳定转录水平,显著降低Na+在组织中的积累,同时保持优良农艺性状。田间试验表明,KD808在盐碱地的产量稳定性较常规品种提高23%,为边际土地开发提供了优异种质资源。利用CRISPR/Cas9系统靶向编辑TaSRO1基因,在增强活性氧清除能力的同时,避免了传统突变导致的产量损失,使转基因植株在盐胁迫下的存活率提高了2.8倍[71]
随着耐盐基因资源的不断丰富与分子标记技术的日益成熟,耐盐分子设计育种可望逐步取代传统经验育种,实现从经验选育向定向改良的转换。国家耐盐碱作物育种联合攻关组整合全国55家科研单位与种业企业,构建了“基因挖掘—分子标记开发—品种设计”一体化育种平台,为小麦种质资源和新品种耐盐性鉴定提供了便利,最近几年培育的耐盐小麦品种沧麦6002、沧麦6005、中麦36、渭麦9号、捷麦19、捷麦20、衡麦30、京麦188、航麦802、济麦60、小偃60等均通过该平台进行了耐盐性鉴定和评价。目前,中国耐盐小麦育种全面进入产业化应用阶段,国家耐盐碱育种联合攻关组育成的21个耐盐品种已在环渤海和南疆盐碱地区域推广应用,耐盐小麦品种的审定数量已从2022年的5个增长至2025年的21个,且企业作为第一育种单位的占比超过50%,标志着产学研深度融合迈上新台阶。现代小麦品种因遗传基础狭窄导致耐盐等位基因大量流失,研究者通过野生近缘种渐渗和诱变育种等多途径创制耐盐新种质,显著拓宽了小麦耐盐遗传资源,将加速耐盐小麦新品种培育。
盐胁迫对植物的影响是一个由多种因素共同构成的复杂胁迫体系,包括盐分离子组分差异、浓度梯度变化、作用时间差异以及空间分布特点,这种复杂性为研究植物耐盐机制带来了系统性挑战。盐胁迫的化学复杂性主要表现在离子组成多样性上,除主要成分Na+和Cl外,碱性盐、中性盐及微量离子通过不同作用影响胁迫强度。Na2CO3可使土壤pH值升至9.0以上,导致膜脂过氧化加剧和抗氧化酶活性降低,其毒性强度约为NaCl的1.3倍[72]。NaCl/Na2SO4混合盐则可能通过抑制K+通道破坏离子稳态。Ca2+通常通过激活SOS信号通路促进Na+外排,而高浓度Mg2+会干扰这一过程[73]。分子研究表明,碱性盐胁迫能特异性诱导小麦TaHAK5基因的表达,而中性盐胁迫则主要激活TaNHX1等液泡Na+/H+逆向转运体基因[74]
盐浓度与植物生理损伤之间常表现为非线性剂量效应,存在关键的浓度阈值,导致耐盐主导机制的转换。当土壤电导率(EC)低于约8 dS/m时,渗透胁迫效应占主导,主要抑制幼叶生长;当EC超过8 dS/m后,Na+在成熟叶片中积累加剧,导致衰老加速[75]。胁迫持续时间深刻影响着植物耐盐表型的塑造,短期胁迫(72 h内)往往会迅速激活SOS通路介导Na+的外排。相比之下,长期胁迫(7 d以上)则更多地依赖于液泡区隔化等策略来长期隔离Na+[76]。盐胁迫训练作为一种诱导胁迫记忆的策略,小麦耐盐性可显著提升30%,但训练间隔时间过短(<5 d)可能导致诱导效应消失[77]
盐离子在植物不同器官、组织乃至细胞器间的非均匀分布,导致了响应机制的层级差异。根系作为直接接触高盐环境的器官,主要通过TaHAK1等基因调控K+的吸收,而地上部叶片受蒸腾流驱动,Na+常在叶缘组织积累,其积累量可达叶脉区域的2.3倍[78]。基于共聚焦显微技术的观测表明,在盐胁迫的根表皮细胞中,液泡内Na+浓度可高达胞质的6.8倍,而在叶肉细胞中,叶绿体内Cl的积累量常超过线粒体。单细胞测序发现根中柱鞘细胞特异表达TaNHX3,可能形成“离子屏蔽层”[79]
小麦耐盐机制表现为生理生化响应与分子网络形成动态互作。在盐胁迫条件下,植株通过代谢重塑实现渗透平衡,脯氨酸和可溶性糖等有机渗透调节物质的大量积累。TaNHX3编码的转运体驱动Na+区隔化至液泡,而TaHKT1;5介导的木质部卸载机制则形成双重保障。SOS通路与ABA信号形成调控枢纽,miR393−RACK1A精细调控ABA强度[80]。在转录因子调控网络方面,TaWRKY44与TaWRKY17互作抑制蛋白酶体降解。利用CRISPR编辑TaCIPK24等基因,能显著提高小麦耐盐性[81]。表观遗传调控DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰动态调控耐盐相关基因表达。盐胁迫下TaGPAT6的启动子区组蛋白乙酰化水平升高,促进其转录[82]。当前研究面临基因冗余、环境互作等问题,未来应整合组学数据构建网络,设计模块化抗盐通路。
小麦基因组的高度重复性(>80%)和同源基因冗余,显著增加了从多组学数据中精确鉴定关键耐盐基因的难度。尽管多组学整合策略加速了耐盐基因挖掘进程,其效率仍受到基因组注释不完整和同源基因功能相似性的严重制约。通过比较耐盐与敏感基因型根系的转录组差异,鉴定了529个差异表达基因(DEGs),并构建了其蛋白质互作(PPI)网络,识别出ROS解毒通路的核心基因簇。然而,受限于小麦基因功能注释的完整性,其中约30%的DEGs功能尚不明确[83]。因此,克服同源基因功能冗余、基因组注释缺口以及基因型−表型关联解析中的背景噪声干扰,是提升候选基因筛选精度的核心瓶颈[84]
基因功能验证是分子育种的关键步骤,但小麦遗传转化周期较长是其主要的限制因素。传统的农杆菌介导转化从转化到获得可育T1代植株的再生周期长达10~12个月,小麦基因组的高度复杂性和植株再生能力不足制约了其遗传转化效率[85]。为克服这一技术瓶颈,病毒载体介导的基因递送系统被开发用于CRISPR/Cas9介导的植物基因组编辑。例如,利用BSMV载体可将向导RNA(gRNA)递送至Cas9过表达植株中,以精准敲除小麦易感基因(S−genes),快速获得抗性突变体。常规方法需通过基因枪或农杆菌介导法将CRISPR/Cas9组件导入植物,但由于多数小麦品种愈伤组织诱导与再生效率极低,严重限制了该技术在小麦育种中的应用[86]。更为复杂的是,由于小麦六倍体特性,通常需要同时编辑A、B、D 3套基因组上的同源拷贝才能显现清晰的表型效应。在编辑耐盐相关基因TaHKT1;5时发现,仅编辑D基因组拷贝可部分提升耐盐性,而3套基因组同步编辑的成功率不足40%[87]。功能验证效率受制于多拷贝编辑协同性差以及标准化高通量表型技术的缺乏,亟需开发适配小麦特性的高效多基因组编辑平台和高通量表型鉴定平台。
近年的研究表明,小麦耐盐性不仅由DNA序列变异决定,还显著受到表观遗传修饰组蛋白乙酰化、DNA甲基化和非编码RNA的调控,这为功能解析引入了新的动态维度。表观遗传修饰由DNA甲基化、非编码RNA、染色质重塑和组蛋白修饰组成,对植物发育、胁迫相关基因的表达具有重要调控作用。然而,表观修饰具有动态性和时空特异性,其功能验证需要在胁迫的不同阶段进行追踪分析,复杂度远超静态基因编辑,但要严格区分遗传变异与表观修饰各自对表型的独立贡献,通常需要构建近等基因系(NILs),而小麦杂交后代分离获得稳定NILs的过程耗时长达3~5年[88]。因此,表观遗传机制的介入要求功能验证从静态基因编辑转向动态修饰追踪,并解决跨代遗传验证周期长、成本高的问题。
小麦耐盐性基因挖掘与功能验证的核心挑战,源于其基因组结构的高度复杂性和耐盐性状的多基因调控本质。虽然近年来多组学数据整合平台、病毒载体辅助的基因编辑以及对表观遗传调控机制的解析等方面取得了许多重要突破,然而同源基因功能冗余导致的筛选噪声、功能验证周期漫长以及表观调控网络的动态复杂性,仍是当前面临的主要瓶颈。
虽然耐盐小麦品种的培育在缓解盐胁迫影响方面取得明显进展,但其农艺性状如分蘖能力、籽粒品质和产量等往往表现不尽理想,成为制约其推广应用的主要障碍。植物在盐胁迫响应过程中需优先维持离子稳态Na+/K+选择性运输与渗透调节功能,导致光合产物向生殖器官的转运效率降低[89]。耐盐小麦品种虽能在高盐土壤中存活,但其地上部生物量与穗粒数较常规品种显著下降,这与盐诱导的碳同化物再分配模式改变直接相关。耐盐基因型通过根系形态重塑侧根增生与皮层加厚增强离子排斥能力,但过多能量分配到根系发育会限制穗部干物质积累,最终造成产量损失。
耐盐性状的多基因调控特性会引发非目标性状的连锁抑制。例如,TaWRKY44通过激活脱水蛋白TaDHN7的表达增强细胞渗透调节能力,但过量表达会破坏分蘖调控激素网络(独脚金内酯合成通路受阻),致使有效分蘖数降低[90]。另外,通过远缘杂交导入小麦的耐盐QTL常伴随不利等位基因的连锁,尽管通过连续回交可部分消除遗传累赘,但残留DNA片段仍可能影响籽粒灌浆等关键生物学过程。一般情况下,耐盐小麦的生理适应机制表现为角质层增厚、离子区隔化等,这可能影响光合效率和物质运输。TaGPAT6基因通过增强角质层生物合成提升耐盐性,但其组成型表达会降低气孔开度,限制CO2扩散效率并抑制光合碳同化[91]。同时,盐胁迫诱导的ROS爆发虽可通过SOD等抗氧化系统缓解,但过度清除ROS可能干扰线粒体电子传递链功能,进而影响籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性。
传统育种多基于表型选择,难以精准平衡耐盐性与农艺性状。分子标记辅助选择和基因组编辑技术虽可定向改良耐盐性,但靶基因的编辑可能引发非预期效应。耐盐品种的农艺性状呈现显著的环境依赖性,部分基因型在轻度盐渍土(EC<4 dS/m)中产量接近常规品种,但在中重度盐碱地(EC>8 dS/m)中因离子毒害与渗透胁迫协同作用引发早衰[92]。尤其,盐−旱复合胁迫可加剧细胞膜脂过氧化程度,而现有品种缺乏跨逆境协同响应能力,导致性状稳定性显著降低。
耐盐小麦品种农艺性状的改良需从系统生物学视角出发,整合多组学数据解析耐盐性与产量形成的调控网络。首先,鉴定协同调控离子转运与碳氮代谢的关键枢纽基因CIPK家族激酶,通过等位变异挖掘实现性状协同改良。其次,构建高通量表型组−基因组整合分析平台,实现耐盐性与产量性状的同步筛选。尤为关键的是运用合成生物学策略设计时空特异性表达模块,解析抗逆与生长发育的遗传关联。通过多学科交叉创新,有望突破耐盐品种农艺性状较差的瓶颈,提高耐盐小麦品种的产量和品质。
随着全球气候变化与土壤盐渍化加剧,耐盐性研究已成为小麦安全生产的热点议题。传统育种技术通过系统性的遗传重组与基因型和表型选择,已经在小麦耐盐品种培育中发挥了重要作用。其核心策略在于挖掘种质资源中耐盐性状的遗传多样性,创造遗传分离群体,严格筛选耐盐单株和株系,逐步聚合耐盐性与关键农艺性状的优良等位基因。其中,对耐盐育种材料的鉴定至关重要,包括发芽期筛选、苗期根系筛选和全生育期产量验证的三步筛选法是传统耐盐育种的经典范式,涵盖全生育期耐盐性评价,可以及时淘汰盐敏感基因型,锁定耐盐材料。但传统育种技术受限于基因复杂性及基因−环境互作机制不明,亟需多学科交叉融合以突破瓶颈。因此,需要深入研究小麦耐盐的分子机制,进一步从小麦中鉴定和克隆关键耐盐基因。同时,参考拟南芥、水稻等模式植物中鉴定和克隆的重要耐盐基因,从小麦中克隆这些基因的同源基因。然后,利用转基因和基因编辑等技术对这些目标基因进行遗传操作,培育耐盐性较强的小麦新种质资源。
在拟南芥中发现,盐诱导的钙信号由14−3−3和SOS3/SCaBP8蛋白解码,它们选择性激活或失活下游蛋白激酶SOS2和PKS5,通过协同介导质膜Na+/H+逆向转运体和H+−ATPase活性来调节Na+稳态,表明PKS5负调控拟南芥的耐盐性,意味着敲除PKS5同源基因可以提高植物的耐盐性[93]。高粱具有较强的抗逆性,2023年中国科学院谢旗团队[94]通过对高粱进行全基因组关联分析,鉴定出主效耐盐碱基因AT1,揭示了该基因通过调节细胞内ROS水平响应碱胁迫的分子机制,敲除高粱、水稻和玉米等作物中的AT1基因,突变体耐盐碱性增强,在盐碱地上的籽粒产量显著增加。盐生植物在长期进化过程中形成了独特的耐盐适应机制,为作物改良提供了宝贵的基因资源。中国农业科学院李慧慧团队[95]完成了盐生植物互花米草染色体级别基因组组装,发现其中多个与盐环境适应相关的盐胁迫响应转录因子和基因(如AP2/ERF、PP2C、SnRK2等)家族均发生了显著扩张,显著增强了互花米草对盐胁迫的耐性。该工作不仅为深入理解其耐盐分子机制奠定了重要基础,也为其他作物的耐盐遗传改良提供了宝贵的基因资源。在棉花中发现,GhTOP4aD与GhRAF36互作并抑制GhRAF36的活性,盐胁迫会诱导GhTOP4aD蛋白降解,沉默GhTOP4aD显著增强了棉花的耐盐性,鲜重和叶绿素含量大幅度增加,Na+与K+比值降低,而过表达GhTOP4aD植株表现相反性状,但过表达GhRAF36植株耐盐性增强,表明GhTOP4aD通过抑制盐胁迫响应信号通路,负调控棉花的耐盐性[96]。近几年在水稻中鉴定了多个耐盐碱基因,Gandhivel等[97]在遗传学、表观基因组学和生理生化学层面系统阐明了水稻特有的组蛋白H4变体H4.V在盐胁迫响应中的分子机制,发现H4.V通过调节核小体结构及组蛋白H4第5位赖氨酸乙酰化(H4K5ac)的动态变化,影响水稻盐胁迫相关基因的表达。另外发现,水稻中的OsWRKY53转录因子直接调控OsMKK10.2和OsHKT1;5基因的表达,形成“转录因子−激酶−离子转运蛋白”调控轴,协调离子稳态与ROS清除,进而调控水稻的耐盐性,过表达OsMKK10.2能够增强水稻的耐盐性[98]。在水稻中还发现,赤霉素(GA)信号通路中编码赤霉素氧化酶GA20的2个基因ATT1和ATT2基因通过动态调节GA水平参与水稻胁迫响应,即高GA水平引发ROS过度积累,而低GA水平则通过DELLA−NGR5复合物抑制抗逆基因表达;通过调控水稻ATT1和ATT2基因表达适度调控GA水平,可以提高水稻对碱热的耐受性和产量[99]。以上耐盐基因为小麦耐盐性的基因工程改良提供了重要参考,可以利用这些基因直接改良小麦耐盐性。同时,利用生物信息学和基因组学数据从小麦中获得这些基因的同源基因,进而用于小麦耐盐性遗传改良。
另外,小麦野生近缘植物是抗生物和非生物胁迫基因的宝贵资源库,在提升作物抗病性、环境适应性及品质性状方面发挥着不可替代的作用。综合将生物信息学、基因组学、转录组学、蛋白组学、代谢组学等现代生物技术与传统育种方法结合,系统、深入地挖掘小麦野生植物资源在耐盐性方面的遗传潜力,可持续为培育耐盐高产小麦品种提供重要基因资源和育种材料。所以,传统育种技术仍然是小麦耐盐性遗传改良的重要途径。通过深入挖掘和创制耐盐种质资源,持续优化表型选择体系,并有效整合分子标记辅助选择、全基因组选择、转基因和基因编辑等技术,加快耐盐小麦新品种培育和应用。
  • 宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2022BBF02039)
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2025年第43卷第19期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00078
  • 接收时间:2025-07-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-10-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-14
  • 修回日期:2025-09-16
  • 录用日期:2025-09-29
基金
宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2022BBF02039)
作者信息
    1. 宁夏大学农学院,银川 750021
    2. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京 100081
    3. 宁夏农林科学院农作物研究所,银川 750002
    4. 河南农业大学省部共建作物逆境适应与改良国家重点实验室,郑州 450002

通讯作者:

唐华丽(通信作者),助理研究员,研究方向为小麦分子育种,电子信箱:
张双喜(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为小麦遗传育种,电子信箱:shxzhang@163.com
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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