Article(id=1208362389863510974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208362378329174732, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00819, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=1733673600000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-09, acceptedDate=1758470400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-22, onlineDate=1766025644031, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1760284800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764000000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766025644031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080094694, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208362378329174732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='19', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760284800000', pubDateStr='2025-10-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766025641281, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1778551765812, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1260900752743064342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208362378329174732, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1260900752743064343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208362378329174732, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=23, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208362390220026837, articleId=1208362389863510974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Principles of shutdown and reboot of consciousness in the anesthetized brain and prospects for application, columnId=1157710593584190220, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Special to S & T Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A deep understanding of the molecular neural mechanisms underlying the loss and emergence of consciousness in the brain is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of disorders of consciousness associated with certain brain diseases, as well as for the development of super artificial intelligence. This article summarizes the progress of research into how the brain loses and regains consciousness in response to anesthetics. Based on advances in the biological mechanisms of anaesthesia−induced loss of consciousness and emergence from anesthesia, a new hypothesis for the emergence of consciousness is proposed. This article concludes with a list of key scientific questions that deserve attention in the context of in−depth research on loss and recovery of consciousness and cognitive dysfunction. This article lists several key scientific questions worthy of attention for in−depth research on the loss and recovery of consciousness and cognitive dysfunction: What are the biological principles underlying the molecular, neuronal, and neural network activities that normal conscious activity relies on; How do anesthetics, by acting on their pharmacological molecular targets to inhibit neuronal activity and interfere with or block information transmission, further lead to disorders of consciousness or loss of consciousness; What are the key nuclei, molecules, and their working mechanisms involved in the molecular neural mechanisms of regained consciousness after its loss, beyond the known ubiquitination−mediated degradation of KCC2 in ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) neurons; How does the intervention in specific neural nuclei and circuits through external forces, such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, electrical stimulation, and drugs, significantly alter the state of consciousness in the overall context of the brain; Unlike waking from normal periodic sleep, why does cognitive dysfunction occur after anesthesia or why does cognitive function not fully recover, and what are the molecular neural mechanisms hindering the recovery of cognitive function; Identifying which nuclei, neurons, their activity patterns, neural networks, and arousal systems are unique or shared mechanisms in the processes of anesthesia, sleep, and their recovery; What are the molecular neural mechanisms hindering the recovery of consciousness under states of anesthesia, coma, and vegetative state.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xuejun SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208362391876776952, articleId=1208362389863510974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=意识消失和重启的生物学原理及其应用前景, columnId=1150494644438708440, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=本刊专稿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

深刻认识大脑意识消失和重新获得的分子神经机制对意识障碍和有关脑疾病的防治至关重要,对超级人工智能的发展具有重大意义。综述了大脑在麻醉药作用下如何失去意识并重新获得意识的研究进展。在总结麻醉和神经科学学界对麻醉药导致大脑丧失意识和大脑重新获得意识的生物学机制认识的基础上,结合相关的研究成果,提出了麻醉大脑主动再获得意识的新假说。列举了深入研究意识消失和恢复及认知功能障碍中的关键科学问题:正常意识活动所依赖的分子、神经元和神经网络活动的生物学原理是什么;麻醉药作用于其药理学分子靶点而抑制神经元活动、干扰或阻断信息传递转导的过程如何进一步导致大脑意识障碍、意识消失;意识消失后大脑重新获得意识的分子神经机制,除了最新发现的丘脑腹后内侧核团(VPM)神经元平衡的钾−氯离子共转运体(KCC2)泛素化降解,还有哪些关键核团和分子及其工作原理;通过外力,如光遗传、化学遗传技术、电刺激和药物等,干预特定神经核团和神经环路的活动如何在大脑整体意义上显著改变意识状态;与从正常周期性睡眠中醒来不同,麻醉后出现认知功能障碍或认知功能不能完全恢复,阻碍认知功能恢复的分子神经机制是什么;鉴定在麻醉和睡眠及其恢复过程中哪些核团、神经元及其活动型式、神经网路和觉醒系统是麻醉和睡眠及其恢复过程所独有和共享的机制;麻醉、昏迷、植物人状态下,阻碍意识复苏的分子神经机制等。

, authors=

宋学军,教授,研究方向为感觉和认知神经科学,电子信箱:

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宋学军,教授,研究方向为感觉和认知神经科学,电子信箱:

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大脑内在驱动力是意识和认知功能最终

得以恢复的本质力量,麻醉药的代谢清除是重要的前提条件

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意识消失和重启的生物学原理及其应用前景
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宋学军
科技导报 | 本刊专稿 2025,43(19): 23-29
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科技导报 |本刊专稿 2025 , 43 (19) : 23 -29
意识消失和重启的生物学原理及其应用前景
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宋学军,教授,研究方向为感觉和认知神经科学,电子信箱:

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宋学军,教授,研究方向为感觉和认知神经科学,电子信箱:

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宋学军
作者信息
  • 南方科技大学医学院医学神经科学系,南方科技大学疼痛医学中心,深圳 518055
Principles of shutdown and reboot of consciousness in the anesthetized brain and prospects for application
Xuejun SONG
Affiliations
  • Department of Medical Neuroscience and SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
出版时间: 2025-10-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00819
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深刻认识大脑意识消失和重新获得的分子神经机制对意识障碍和有关脑疾病的防治至关重要,对超级人工智能的发展具有重大意义。综述了大脑在麻醉药作用下如何失去意识并重新获得意识的研究进展。在总结麻醉和神经科学学界对麻醉药导致大脑丧失意识和大脑重新获得意识的生物学机制认识的基础上,结合相关的研究成果,提出了麻醉大脑主动再获得意识的新假说。列举了深入研究意识消失和恢复及认知功能障碍中的关键科学问题:正常意识活动所依赖的分子、神经元和神经网络活动的生物学原理是什么;麻醉药作用于其药理学分子靶点而抑制神经元活动、干扰或阻断信息传递转导的过程如何进一步导致大脑意识障碍、意识消失;意识消失后大脑重新获得意识的分子神经机制,除了最新发现的丘脑腹后内侧核团(VPM)神经元平衡的钾−氯离子共转运体(KCC2)泛素化降解,还有哪些关键核团和分子及其工作原理;通过外力,如光遗传、化学遗传技术、电刺激和药物等,干预特定神经核团和神经环路的活动如何在大脑整体意义上显著改变意识状态;与从正常周期性睡眠中醒来不同,麻醉后出现认知功能障碍或认知功能不能完全恢复,阻碍认知功能恢复的分子神经机制是什么;鉴定在麻醉和睡眠及其恢复过程中哪些核团、神经元及其活动型式、神经网路和觉醒系统是麻醉和睡眠及其恢复过程所独有和共享的机制;麻醉、昏迷、植物人状态下,阻碍意识复苏的分子神经机制等。

意识  /  丘脑腹后内侧核团  /  钾−氯离子共转运体  /  麻醉  /  脑疾病  /  超级人工智能

A deep understanding of the molecular neural mechanisms underlying the loss and emergence of consciousness in the brain is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of disorders of consciousness associated with certain brain diseases, as well as for the development of super artificial intelligence. This article summarizes the progress of research into how the brain loses and regains consciousness in response to anesthetics. Based on advances in the biological mechanisms of anaesthesia−induced loss of consciousness and emergence from anesthesia, a new hypothesis for the emergence of consciousness is proposed. This article concludes with a list of key scientific questions that deserve attention in the context of in−depth research on loss and recovery of consciousness and cognitive dysfunction. This article lists several key scientific questions worthy of attention for in−depth research on the loss and recovery of consciousness and cognitive dysfunction: What are the biological principles underlying the molecular, neuronal, and neural network activities that normal conscious activity relies on; How do anesthetics, by acting on their pharmacological molecular targets to inhibit neuronal activity and interfere with or block information transmission, further lead to disorders of consciousness or loss of consciousness; What are the key nuclei, molecules, and their working mechanisms involved in the molecular neural mechanisms of regained consciousness after its loss, beyond the known ubiquitination−mediated degradation of KCC2 in ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) neurons; How does the intervention in specific neural nuclei and circuits through external forces, such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, electrical stimulation, and drugs, significantly alter the state of consciousness in the overall context of the brain; Unlike waking from normal periodic sleep, why does cognitive dysfunction occur after anesthesia or why does cognitive function not fully recover, and what are the molecular neural mechanisms hindering the recovery of cognitive function; Identifying which nuclei, neurons, their activity patterns, neural networks, and arousal systems are unique or shared mechanisms in the processes of anesthesia, sleep, and their recovery; What are the molecular neural mechanisms hindering the recovery of consciousness under states of anesthesia, coma, and vegetative state.

consciousness  /  VPM  /  KCC2  /  anesthesia  /  brain disease  /  super artificial intelligence
宋学军. 意识消失和重启的生物学原理及其应用前景. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (19) : 23 -29 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00819
Xuejun SONG. Principles of shutdown and reboot of consciousness in the anesthetized brain and prospects for application[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (19) : 23 -29 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00819
关于意识的起源、消失和复苏一直是哲学家、心理学家、医生和科学家最为关心和困惑的问题之一。意识是如何形成、如何消失,又是如何重新获得的?尽管现代医学和科学提供了很多机会可以在人和动物身上观察意识的存在、消失和再获得,但是,人类至今对意识的生物学本质仍缺乏深刻认识。自19世纪40年代全身麻醉药乙醚成功应用于外科手术以来,全身麻醉药诱导的可逆性意识消失和恢复成为研究意识的经典生物学模型。20世纪90年代,随着神经科学的发展进步,以及功能性磁共振成像和脑电图的日益普及,科学家开始对意识相关的神经机制进行科学实验探索。《Science》2005年发布的21世纪最具挑战的125个科学问题中,第1个是宇宙的物质构成,第2个便是意识的生物学基础。2013年以来,美国、欧盟、日本和中国相继启动了脑科学和类脑技术的国家战略研究计划,标志着人类对大脑高级功能和类脑技术的探索进入一个高速发展时期。当前,人类即将进入人工智能时代。科学家和医生也积极探索大脑的奥秘和意识障碍的神经生物学机制,努力寻求对临床上以意识障碍为主要特征的神经精神性疾病这一世纪难题的治疗方法,并致力于将脑科学研究及其成果应用到大健康领域。同时,科学家和工程师也积极探索将类脑技术发展成果应用于认识脑和治疗脑疾病。关于意识、认知等大脑高级功能的研究对认识脑和治疗脑疾病具有重大的学术、医疗和社会人文价值,同时,也将对超级人工智能的发展具有关键的启发和支撑作用。
19世纪40年代,全身麻醉成功应用于临床外科手术,科学家开始对麻醉药导致意识消失这个神奇现象产生浓厚的兴趣,并开始研究其生物学机制。迄今为止的研究成果被学界归纳为3个学说,即脂质学说、特异性蛋白质靶点学说和神经网络学说。脂质学说在整个20世纪的大部分时间里占主导地位,认为麻醉药是通过单一共同的机制发挥作用的,即通过作用于细胞膜脂质分子层继而产生麻醉作用;后来对于更多麻醉药的研究证明,只有个别麻醉药通过此机制发挥麻醉作用[14]。20世纪80年代,分子神经药理学研究在阐述麻醉机制中取得重要进展,发现麻醉药通过激活或抑制特定的蛋白质分子靶点,如中枢神经系统的γ−氨基丁酸受体A亚型(GABAAR)、2PK离子通道、N−甲基−D−天门冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)等抑制神经元的活动,从而产生麻醉作用。不同麻醉药作用的蛋白质分子靶点有相同和不同,特异性蛋白质靶点理论因此诞生[1, 519]。20世纪90年代,发现麻醉药的作用还与其作用的解剖学位点关系密切[20],因而诞生了神经环路理论,随后的研究进一步发现众多神经环路均与麻醉作用相关。神经环路研究中的另一个重要发现是麻醉作用与激活某些内源性促睡眠系统和/或抑制促清醒系统的神经元和神经网络活动高度相关,引发了学界对于麻醉和睡眠相关性的关注[1, 2125]
研究表明,麻醉药物分子通过与特异性蛋白质分子靶点或膜介导的靶点相结合,干扰正常的神经元活动,破坏正常信号传导和信息传递的神经环路的完整性和功能,从而抑制直至阻断意识感知(consciousness perception)和主观体验(subjective experience),产生以“意识消失”(loss of consciousness)为主要特征的麻醉作用。这3个学说从不同角度阐述了麻醉的分子神经环路机制。但是,这些学说并不能清楚地阐明麻醉药导致意识消失的机制,麻醉药作用于特定的分子靶点而抑制神经元活动、干扰或阻断信息传导转递这一过程与最终导致大脑意识消失之间还存在鸿沟。显而易见的例证包括:多个GABAAR激动剂和NMDAR抑制剂,如Clobazam、Felbamate、MK−801、D−APV和Ifenprodil等具有显著的抗焦虑、抗癫痫或镇痛作用,但是这些化学物质并不导致意识消失。这表明麻醉药导致意识消失的核心机制依然成谜。大脑意识消失即主观体验能力消失的分子神经环路机制是重大而极具挑战的科学难题。
相较于对麻醉药产生意识消失作用的研究和理解,人们对意识消失后大脑如何重新获得意识的机制更加缺乏深刻认识。意识的“被动恢复理论”(purely passive recovery theory)是近180年来麻醉学界公认的观点,认为麻醉后意识恢复基于麻醉药在脑内代谢降解的过程,是麻醉作用的逆向过程,即当麻醉药浓度在体内降低到一定水平之后,意识也就自然而然地恢复了。实际上,意识消失后大脑重新获得意识的机制远比预期的复杂。被动恢复理论不能解释临床常见的麻醉后意识和认知功能恢复延迟,甚至长期难以恢复的现象[2528]。发表在《Nature Neuroscience》的研究发现,麻醉药物从体内代谢清除是意识恢复的前提,但不是意识恢复的根本原因。大脑重新获得意识是一个由脑内在驱动力决定的主动过程,并非简单的麻醉作用的逆向过程。驱动意识恢复的内在动力与麻醉药抑制作用这一对矛盾中,麻醉药是胁迫意识消失的外力,脑内在驱动力是重新获得意识的主导和决定因素[1,29]
意识消失或处于极低水平(最小意识状态,MRS)时,大脑失去了对外界环境的感受和反应能力,让生命处于极其危险的境地。此时,丘脑腹后内侧核团(VPM)神经元中负责细胞内外氯离子转运和平衡的钾−氯离子共转运体(KCC2)迅速降解,驱动GABAAR介导的神经元去抑制,这种去抑制作用启动并加速了VPM神经元从麻醉抑制作用中快速恢复其兴奋性。VPM神经元的激活启动了局部神经网络的活动和相关神经环路,包括丘脑−皮层神经环路的重建,驱动大脑启动重新获得意识的内在机制。VPM神经元KCC2降解驱动的意识重启过程有3个核心点:(1) KCC2降解驱动的意识重启机制早在大脑被迫进入MRS伊始就已经启动并持续到意识脱离MRS状态,这一分子机制大大早于临床可以观察到的麻醉药停止后意识行为的恢复过程;(2) KCC2降解驱动的意识重启过程与麻醉药代谢清除之间没有直接关系,也不依赖于全麻药的药理学分子靶点,其与麻醉诱导意识消失的过程是2个平行共存、几乎同时发生的分子生化过程;(3) 驱动KCC2快速降解的生化机制是通过KCC2的泛素化降解实现的,KCC2−Thr1007位点磷酸化促进KCC2与泛素化连接酶Fbxl4的相互作用,Fbxl4驱动了KCC2的泛素化降解。这个KCC2降解机制不同于传统生理和病理情况下的降解通路(NMDAR−Ca2+−钙蛋白酶通路和脑源性神经营养因子−肌肽受体激酶B,BDNF−TrkB通路)[3035]。MRS状态下KCC2泛素化降解机制是KCC2降解一个重要的新发现。2025年,发表在《PNAS》上的文章进一步揭示了麻醉状态下KCC2泛素化降解的分子生化机制[36]。另外,操控丘脑VPM神经元的兴奋性或者KCC2降解可以精准调控麻醉状态下的意识水平,从麻醉中唤醒动物或者让其处于更长时间的意识消失状态。《Nature Neuroscience》在这一新发现发表的编辑按(Editor’s Summary)中指出:该研究揭示了麻醉大脑意识主动重启的共同机制(This study reveals a common mechanism for active reboot of consciousness from anesthesia),为深刻认识大脑如何重新获得意识提供了新机制、新思路和新的研究方法,具有里程碑意义。
据此,作者团队提出了麻醉大脑重新获得意识的新假说,即“意识主动重启理论”。(1) 丘脑VPM核团可比喻为意识重启的“发动机”,VPM神经元与脑内其他相关神经元之间的连接形成密切高效协作的神经网络负责传递和转导信息,对皮层的最终激活起决定性作用。(2) 麻醉药作用于特定分子靶点阻断了脑内绝大多数神经元和神经网络活动,造成信息传递转导中断,导致意识消失;与此同时,VPM神经元中的KCC2泛素化降解成为驱动意识重启的内在力量,通过启动和强化VPM这个“发动机”的功能、致力于恢复VPM神经元的兴奋性并重建相关神经网路的信息传递和转导整合功能,以驱动大脑重新获得意识。(3) 驱动意识重启的脑内在驱动力与麻醉药的抑制作用之间形成一种力量博弈:当麻醉药维持在足够高浓度时,无论VPM“发动机”怎样努力工作,都难以重新获得意识;反之,如果驱动意识重启的“发动机”受损甚至丧失功能,即使麻醉药从脑内清除后大脑依然不能重新获得意识。因此,大脑内在驱动力是意识和认知功能最终得以恢复的本质力量,麻醉药的代谢清除则是重要的前提条件(图1)。外力干预和操控可以协同加强或抑制脑内在驱动力,加速或延缓意识重新获得的进程。VPM神经元KCC2的泛素化降解是目前发现的驱动大脑重新获得意识的第1个内在驱动机制,需要进一步研究发现决定意识重启的内在驱动机制及其工作原理。深刻认识麻醉大脑如何重新获得意识的分子神经机制将有助于认识意识的本质,探索治疗意识障碍和意识消失患者的有效方法。
有关神经环路的研究发现,麻醉、睡眠和从麻醉或睡眠中醒来的相关神经核团、神经环路和觉醒系统有很多相似和重叠。例如,化学遗传实验显示,激活小鼠视前区(POA)神经元可以加速麻醉恢复和睡眠觉醒[37];异氟醚可以激活腹外侧视前区(VLPO)促睡眠觉醒神经元[38];光遗传激活小鼠丘脑室旁核(PVT)谷氨酸能神经元和下丘脑室旁核(PVH)神经元等可以加速睡眠觉醒和七氟醚麻醉恢复[24,3940]等。同时也发现很多相关核团和神经递质的活动在睡眠觉醒和麻醉恢复中的作用不一致,甚至截然相反[25]。目前,在人和动物上对麻醉和睡眠状态下神经元活动及其活动型式和规律的研究取得了重要进展[4150]。临床研究发现,麻醉和深度非快动眼睡眠时相(NREM)的总体脑电及其表现形式具有显著相似性[23,4142]。值得注意的是,麻醉和睡眠状态具有本质的不同,睡眠是在生物进化过程中形成的不可或缺的生理过程,麻醉则是一个病理过程。麻醉意识消失更趋近临床常见的各种昏迷状态,而不是生理性睡眠状态[23]。因此,为阐明麻醉大脑意识消失和再获得的分子神经机制,必须严格鉴定在麻醉和睡眠及其意识恢复过程中哪些神经核团、神经元活动及其活动形式、神经网路和觉醒系统是麻醉、睡眠及其恢复过程所独有和共享的机制。
近20年,神经科学研究发现,麻醉状态下意识水平是可操控的,即意识的深度是可以通过外界干预(如电刺激、光遗传、化学遗传等操纵方法)皮层和皮层下特定核团,睡眠觉醒系统相关的核团、神经元、神经环路,以及所关联的神经递质系统调控的,从而促进或延迟意识恢复。与此相关的核团、神经元和神经环路众多,已知核团主要包括臂旁核(PBN)、PVT、外侧缰核(LHb)、伏隔核(NAc)、PVH、外侧下丘脑外周区(LH)、基底前脑(BF)、背−中外侧隔(LS)、下丘脑视前区(HPOA)、结节乳头体核(TMN)、中央内侧丘脑(CM)、前额叶皮层(PFC)、蓝斑核(LC)、腹侧输导周围灰质(vPAG)、腹侧被盖(VTA)、嗅结节(OT)和中缝背核(DRN)等。这些核团包含的神经元及其递质系统主要包括谷氨酸能、γ−氨基丁酸能、多巴胺能、去甲肾上腺素能及食欲素能神经元的传出通路等。有关神经通路包括BF–PFC 胆碱能、VTA–NAc多巴胺、中央外侧丘脑−皮层和下丘脑食欲素等神经环路[1,26,3436]。Song等[1]详细解析总结了有关核团、神经环路和神经递质机制。复杂且众多的核团、神经环路和递质系统与意识水平密切关联,提示了人工干预措施治疗意识障碍等脑疾病具有相当大的可操作空间。
麻醉导致意识消失及大脑认知功能的完全恢复是复杂的生理病理过程,其详细的分子神经机制尚不清楚。亟待深入研究阐明的重要科学问题至少包括以下7个方面。(1) 正常意识活动所依赖的分子、神经元和神经网络活动的生物学原理是什么?(2) 麻醉药作用于其药理学分子靶点而抑制神经元活动、干扰或阻断信息传递转导的过程是如何进一步导致大脑意识障碍、意识消失的?(3) 意识消失后重新获得的分子神经机制,除了已知的VPM神经元KCC2泛素化降解,还有哪些关键核团和分子及其工作原理。这在因其他外力损伤及神经系统和脑血管疾病等引起的意识和认知功能障碍中也是同等重要的问题。(4) 通过外力,例如光遗传、化学遗传技术、电刺激和药物等,干预特定神经核团和神经环路的活动是如何在大脑整体意义上显著改变意识状态的?这些被调控的个别的神经核团和神经环路是如何与其他神经环路相互作用最终促使大脑重新获得意识的?(5) 与从正常周期性睡眠中醒来不同,麻醉后出现认知功能障碍或认知功能不能完全恢复,阻碍认知功能恢复的分子神经机制是什么?(6) 鉴定在麻醉和睡眠及其恢复过程中哪些核团、神经元及其活动型式、神经网路和觉醒系统是麻醉和睡眠及其恢复过程所独有和共享的机制。(7) 麻醉、昏迷、植物人状态下,阻碍意识复苏的分子神经机制等。
全身麻醉成功应用于手术是现代外科学诞生的标志和现代医学的里程碑事件。阐明麻醉意识消失和意识重启的分子神经机制,有助于进一步深刻认识全身麻醉原理、提高临床医疗水平。神经精神性疾病及其相关的意识障碍、认知功能障碍,甚至意识消失,如植物人状态等对人类健康构成巨大威胁。阐明意识障碍和认知功能障碍的发生发展机制、揭示阻碍意识和认知功能恢复的分子神经靶点和环路机制,是进一步探索治疗临床意识障碍及其相关疾病有效措施的基础。麻醉导致意识的消失和恢复过程也是研究意识本质和基本工作原理的极佳实验模型。脑科学研究成果在人工智能领域的重要性也愈受重视。1992年,国际神经网络学会授予著名生理学家、中国科学院院士、中国神经科学奠基人张香桐先生终身成就奖,以表彰其在20世纪50年代有关大脑神经元树突电位和树突兴奋性调控神经元活动的研究及其给现代人工智能的发展进步带来的启发和引领。脑科学研究及其成果在现今超级人工智能的发展进步中愈显重要,脑科学和类脑技术已经成为这个时代顶尖科技的主要标签。同时,科学家和工程师也积极探索将类脑技术成果应用于认识脑奥秘、治疗脑疾病的领域。脑科学研究和类脑技术的紧密结合必将为揭示意识和认知等大脑高级功能的本质规律,认识和治疗重大脑疾病和研发超级人工智能开辟崭新道路并取得革命性成果。脑科学研究和类脑技术的发展进步必将在多方面、多维度对人类生活产生积极、重大、深刻和长远影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金“外国资深学者”研究项目(NSFC82350710225);深圳市医学研究专项(D2403012)
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2025年第43卷第19期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00819
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-10-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
  • 修回日期:2024-12-09
  • 录用日期:2025-09-22
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国家自然科学基金“外国资深学者”研究项目(NSFC82350710225);深圳市医学研究专项(D2403012)
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    南方科技大学医学院医学神经科学系,南方科技大学疼痛医学中心,深圳 518055
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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