Article(id=1208362384264118341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208362378329174732, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747584000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-19, revisedDate=1752940800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-20, acceptedDate=1758124800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-18, onlineDate=1766025642695, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1760284800000, pubDateStr=2025-10-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764000000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766025642695, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080108182, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208362378329174732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='19', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760284800000', pubDateStr='2025-10-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766025641281, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1778551765812, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1260900752743064342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208362378329174732, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1260900752743064343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208362378329174732, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=83, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208362384608051295, articleId=1208362384264118341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Development of an Al2O3−YSZ coating for high temperature CMAS corrosion resistance of aeroengines, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are one of the core thermal protection technologies for the hot components of advanced aeroengines. Under high−temperature service conditions, TBCs of engine blades are eroded and damaged by environmental deposits mainly composed of CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2 (CMAS), leading to early spalling and failure of the blade coatings, which has attracted extensive attention in the field of high−temperature protection among the researchers. Especially for the commonly used TBCs material−yttria−stabilized zirconia (YSZ) prepared by electron beam−physical vapor deposition (EB−PVD) method, molten CMAS can easily penetrate into the coatings through the columnar crystal gaps and microcracks, causing severe corrosion. This article focused on the urgent issue of CMAS corrosion in the high−temperature service process of TBCs for advanced aeroengines. A proper amount of Al2O3 was doped into the YSZ material by means of composition modification to form an Al2O3−YSZ composite coating (AYSZ coating). YSZ coating and AYSZ/YSZ coating were fabricated on the surface of alumina ceramic plates by EB−PVD technique. The phase composition and microstructure evolution of the coatings were studied. The comparisions of the two coatings were made on their thermal conductivity, high−temperature thermal stability and resistance to molten CMAS. The results show that in the AYSZ/YSZ coating system, YSZ possesses feather structure while AYSZ exhibits "micro columnar crystal" structure at the microscopic level. Compared to YSZ coating, the porosity of AYSZ coating decreased by 12.6%, indicating that AYSZ is denser layer. The thermal conductivity of AYSZ coating at 1200℃ is only 0.94 W/(m·K), which is better than that of YSZ coating at the same temperature. Moreover, it maintains phase stability for a long time at 1400℃ and has excellent high−temperature stability. AYSZ coating exhibits certain resistance to melting CMAS corrosion, which is because of its dense "micro columnar crystal" structure, as well as the reaction sacrificial layer containing high melting point compounds such as CaAl2Si2O8, MgAl2O4, and CaAl4Si2O11 formed by the reaction between AYSZ coating and CMAS, hindering the penetration of CMAS into the interior of the coatings. The novel developed AYSZ coating has achieved efficient insulation, high−temperature stability, and resistance to molten CMAS corrosion, providing theoretical and technical guidance for the development of long−life and corrosion−resistant TBCs for aeroengines.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xudong YAN, Hongbo GUO, Fengbin LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208362387883802864, articleId=1208362384264118341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=航空发动机耐高温CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2腐蚀的Al2O3−YSZ涂层研制, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

热障涂层(TBCs)是先进航空发动机热端部件核心热防护技术之一。在高温服役环境下,发动机叶片涂层由于受到主要成分为CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2(CMAS)的环境沉积物的侵蚀和损伤,造成叶片涂层早期剥落与失效,引起国内外高温防护领域广泛关注。特别是对于采用电子束物理气相沉积(EB−PVD)方法制备的常用TBCs材料——氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ),熔融态CMAS易通过柱状晶间隙、微裂纹渗入到涂层内部,产生严重腐蚀。着眼于先进航空发动机TBCs高温服役过程中亟待解决的CMAS腐蚀问题,通过成分改性的方法在YSZ材料中掺入适量的Al2O3,形成一种Al2O3−YSZ复合涂层(AYSZ涂层),采用EB−PVD技术在氧化铝陶瓷片表面分别制备出YSZ涂层与AYSZ/YSZ涂层,研究了涂层物相、显微组织结构演变规律,对比了2种涂层热导率、高温热稳定性以及对熔融CMAS的抵抗能力。结果表明,在AYSZ/YSZ涂层体系中,YSZ涂层微观上呈“羽毛”结构,AYSZ涂层呈“微柱状晶”结构,与YSZ涂层相比,AYSZ涂层的孔隙率下降12.6%,说明AYSZ更致密。AYSZ涂层在1200℃下热导率仅为0.94 W/(m·K),比相同温度下YSZ涂层隔热性能更好,且在1400℃长时间保持相稳定,具有优异的高温稳定性。AYSZ层表现出一定的阻熔融CMAS腐蚀能力,这是因为涂层的致密“微柱状晶”结构以及涂层与熔融CMAS反应形成的含有CaAl2Si2O8、MgAl2O4和CaAl4Si2O11等高熔点化合物的反应牺牲层,共同阻碍了CMAS熔体向涂层内部渗入。所研制的新型AYSZ陶瓷隔热涂层实现了高效隔热、长时高温稳定性以及抗熔融CMAS腐蚀的功能,为航空发动机长寿命抗腐蚀TBCs的发展提供了理论和技术指导。

, authors=

严旭东,讲师,研究方向为先进航空发动机热障涂层,电子信箱:

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2. Key Laboratory of High Temperature Structure Materials and Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industy and Information Technology), Beijing 100191, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242145348651655426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208362384264118341, authorId=1242145348483883262, language=CN, stringName=严旭东, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. 北方工业大学机械与材料工程学院,北京 100144
2. 高温结构材料与涂层技术工信部重点实验室,北京 100191, bio={"content":"

严旭东,讲师,研究方向为先进航空发动机热障涂层,电子信箱:

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涂层类型 电压/kV 基体温度/℃ 旋转速率/(r·min−1 电子束枪电流/A 蒸发枪室真空度/(10−1 Pa) 平均总厚度/mm
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AYSZ/YSZ 18.88 950 12 141.2 4.8 150
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2种涂层制备过程中的工艺参数

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涂层类型 电压/kV 基体温度/℃ 旋转速率/(r·min−1 电子束枪电流/A 蒸发枪室真空度/(10−1 Pa) 平均总厚度/mm
YSZ 19.10 930 15 142.4 6.6 200
AYSZ/YSZ 18.88 950 12 141.2 4.8 150
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涂层类型 Zr数原子
分数/%
O数原子
分数/%
Y数原子
分数/%
Al数原子
分数/%
YSZ涂层 36.78 60.53 2.69
AYSZ涂层 29.05 46.27 1.88 21.63
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沉积态YSZ涂层、AYSZ涂层表面区域的元素分布

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涂层类型 Zr数原子
分数/%
O数原子
分数/%
Y数原子
分数/%
Al数原子
分数/%
YSZ涂层 36.78 60.53 2.69
AYSZ涂层 29.05 46.27 1.88 21.63
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航空发动机耐高温CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2腐蚀的Al2O3−YSZ涂层研制
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严旭东 1, 2 , 郭洪波 2, 3 , 刘峰斌 1
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(19): 83-94
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (19) : 83 -94
航空发动机耐高温CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2腐蚀的Al2O3−YSZ涂层研制
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严旭东1, 2 , 郭洪波2, 3, 刘峰斌1
作者信息
  • 1. 北方工业大学机械与材料工程学院,北京 100144
  • 2. 高温结构材料与涂层技术工信部重点实验室,北京 100191
  • 3. 北京航空航天大学材料科学与工程学院,北京 100191
Development of an Al2O3−YSZ coating for high temperature CMAS corrosion resistance of aeroengines
Xudong YAN1, 2 , Hongbo GUO2, 3, Fengbin LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of High Temperature Structure Materials and Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industy and Information Technology), Beijing 100191, China
  • 3. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-10-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00105
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热障涂层(TBCs)是先进航空发动机热端部件核心热防护技术之一。在高温服役环境下,发动机叶片涂层由于受到主要成分为CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2(CMAS)的环境沉积物的侵蚀和损伤,造成叶片涂层早期剥落与失效,引起国内外高温防护领域广泛关注。特别是对于采用电子束物理气相沉积(EB−PVD)方法制备的常用TBCs材料——氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ),熔融态CMAS易通过柱状晶间隙、微裂纹渗入到涂层内部,产生严重腐蚀。着眼于先进航空发动机TBCs高温服役过程中亟待解决的CMAS腐蚀问题,通过成分改性的方法在YSZ材料中掺入适量的Al2O3,形成一种Al2O3−YSZ复合涂层(AYSZ涂层),采用EB−PVD技术在氧化铝陶瓷片表面分别制备出YSZ涂层与AYSZ/YSZ涂层,研究了涂层物相、显微组织结构演变规律,对比了2种涂层热导率、高温热稳定性以及对熔融CMAS的抵抗能力。结果表明,在AYSZ/YSZ涂层体系中,YSZ涂层微观上呈“羽毛”结构,AYSZ涂层呈“微柱状晶”结构,与YSZ涂层相比,AYSZ涂层的孔隙率下降12.6%,说明AYSZ更致密。AYSZ涂层在1200℃下热导率仅为0.94 W/(m·K),比相同温度下YSZ涂层隔热性能更好,且在1400℃长时间保持相稳定,具有优异的高温稳定性。AYSZ层表现出一定的阻熔融CMAS腐蚀能力,这是因为涂层的致密“微柱状晶”结构以及涂层与熔融CMAS反应形成的含有CaAl2Si2O8、MgAl2O4和CaAl4Si2O11等高熔点化合物的反应牺牲层,共同阻碍了CMAS熔体向涂层内部渗入。所研制的新型AYSZ陶瓷隔热涂层实现了高效隔热、长时高温稳定性以及抗熔融CMAS腐蚀的功能,为航空发动机长寿命抗腐蚀TBCs的发展提供了理论和技术指导。

热障涂层  /  氧化铝  /  显微结构  /  热导率  /  电子束物理气相沉积

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are one of the core thermal protection technologies for the hot components of advanced aeroengines. Under high−temperature service conditions, TBCs of engine blades are eroded and damaged by environmental deposits mainly composed of CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2 (CMAS), leading to early spalling and failure of the blade coatings, which has attracted extensive attention in the field of high−temperature protection among the researchers. Especially for the commonly used TBCs material−yttria−stabilized zirconia (YSZ) prepared by electron beam−physical vapor deposition (EB−PVD) method, molten CMAS can easily penetrate into the coatings through the columnar crystal gaps and microcracks, causing severe corrosion. This article focused on the urgent issue of CMAS corrosion in the high−temperature service process of TBCs for advanced aeroengines. A proper amount of Al2O3 was doped into the YSZ material by means of composition modification to form an Al2O3−YSZ composite coating (AYSZ coating). YSZ coating and AYSZ/YSZ coating were fabricated on the surface of alumina ceramic plates by EB−PVD technique. The phase composition and microstructure evolution of the coatings were studied. The comparisions of the two coatings were made on their thermal conductivity, high−temperature thermal stability and resistance to molten CMAS. The results show that in the AYSZ/YSZ coating system, YSZ possesses feather structure while AYSZ exhibits "micro columnar crystal" structure at the microscopic level. Compared to YSZ coating, the porosity of AYSZ coating decreased by 12.6%, indicating that AYSZ is denser layer. The thermal conductivity of AYSZ coating at 1200℃ is only 0.94 W/(m·K), which is better than that of YSZ coating at the same temperature. Moreover, it maintains phase stability for a long time at 1400℃ and has excellent high−temperature stability. AYSZ coating exhibits certain resistance to melting CMAS corrosion, which is because of its dense "micro columnar crystal" structure, as well as the reaction sacrificial layer containing high melting point compounds such as CaAl2Si2O8, MgAl2O4, and CaAl4Si2O11 formed by the reaction between AYSZ coating and CMAS, hindering the penetration of CMAS into the interior of the coatings. The novel developed AYSZ coating has achieved efficient insulation, high−temperature stability, and resistance to molten CMAS corrosion, providing theoretical and technical guidance for the development of long−life and corrosion−resistant TBCs for aeroengines.

thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)  /  aluminum oxides  /  microstructure  /  thermal conductivity  /  electron beam−physical vapor deposition
严旭东, 郭洪波, 刘峰斌. 航空发动机耐高温CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2腐蚀的Al2O3−YSZ涂层研制. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (19) : 83 -94 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00105
Xudong YAN, Hongbo GUO, Fengbin LIU. Development of an Al2O3−YSZ coating for high temperature CMAS corrosion resistance of aeroengines[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (19) : 83 -94 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00105
燃气涡轮发动机是航空飞机的“心脏”,高推重比是航空发动机的永恒追求[1]。随着推重比不断提高,发动机燃烧室与涡轮叶片需承受更高温度、更大压力载荷,所应对的服役环境更为苛刻。热障涂层(thermal barrier coatings, TBCs)是与高温结构材料、高效气冷技术并重的航空发动机3大热防护技术之一[23]。TBCs通过高效隔热、耐腐蚀的陶瓷材料涂敷在基体合金表面,以降低合金服役的温度,从而保证叶片正常工作。典型的TBCs由金属黏结层和陶瓷顶层组成:与高温合金基体接触的是一层金属黏结层,主要起抗高温氧化和黏结过渡的作用;在黏结层上则是外层的陶瓷顶层,主要起隔热的作用[4],因此也被称为陶瓷隔热涂层。氧化钇稳定氧化锆(yttria−stabilized zirconia,YSZ)由于具有熔点高、热导率低、热膨胀系数高、抗热冲击性能良好及综合机械性能优异等优势,是最常见服役的TBCs材料[56]
随着发动机温度的不断提高,飞机在服役过程不断受到空气中可吸入发动机的漂浮微粒的危害和侵蚀,例如,火山爆发、沙尘暴、工业燃料燃烧、汽车排放和其他PM2.5来源引起的微粒[7]。这些沉微粒的主要化学成分为CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2(CMAS)。对于经常服役用YSZ TBCs,CMAS在1200℃高温条件下转变为熔融态,附着、浸润并渗入YSZ涂层内部,经热力学–化学交互作用,破坏YSZ稳定相结构、阻塞气膜冷却孔且在凝固过程中产生较大的收缩应力,引起陶瓷层内部热不匹配、应变容限降低,涂层内部裂纹增加,从而导致涂层分层开裂、逐层剥离失效[8]。特别对于采用电子束物理气相沉积(electronbeam−physical vapor deposition,EB−PVD)技术制备的YSZ涂层,其特有的柱状晶结构涂层以及表面有孔洞或裂纹的涂层更容易受到 CMAS 的侵蚀,柱状晶间隙等缺陷为CMAS的铺展和渗入提供了快速通道[9]。如何减缓熔融CMAS对柱状结构涂层的腐蚀、提高YSZ涂层高温稳定性和服役寿命成为国际高温防护领域研究的重点和难点。
国内外学者针对航空发动机的CMAS腐蚀问题开展了大量研究,主要的防护策略包括致密型、牺牲型和防润湿型3种类型的防护涂层[1013]。Rai等[10]指出在YSZ表面涂覆Pt、Pd、SiC等能形成一层无孔洞、无缝隙的致密防护层,有效阻隔CMAS熔体的渗入,起到良好的防护效果,但高昂的成本及复杂的制备工艺限制了其在TBCs领域的应用。近年来,随着激光微加工技术的迅速发展,研究人员发现通过表面结构优化方法构筑防润湿型涂层/结构,以降低涂层与熔融CMAS的接触面积,实现物理防护效果。Song等[14]仿照荷叶表面分级结构特点,通过激光微加工方法在YSZ陶瓷材料表面构筑了类似的微纳结构,并研究了CMAS在YSZ表面的浸润行为,发现了微纳结构YSZ表面具有常温超疏水特征与高温“超疏硅酸盐”特征。Guo等[15]通过飞秒激光重熔方法在原本疏水的Yb改性镐酸钆(GYbZ)涂层表面上雕刻出微纳三级仿生结构,大大增大了熔融CMAS在该结构GYbZ表面接触角,表现出“疏CMAS熔体”特征。然而,尽管表面激光构筑“疏CMAS结构”的方法具有一定的防护效果,但是在实际叶片生产中仍产生许多局限性,例如微纳结构的重筑有可能阻塞气膜冷却孔:叶片激光加工工艺困难性等。目前应用最广泛且有效的是牺牲型涂层,通过陶瓷改性的方法,在常用的YSZ和GZO涂层表面新制一层易于参与熔融CMAS反应,形成体积较大、高熔点化合物的牺牲层,阻隔CMAS铺展与渗透,减缓其进一步腐蚀[1617]。例如,一些稀土磷酸盐材料[如LnPO4 (Ln = Nd, Sm, Gd)]可作为YSZ顶层材料,在高温下能与CMAS形成主要成分为Ca3Ln7(PO4)(SiO45O2磷灰石、CaAl2Si2O8和MgAl2O4钙长石的反应层,具有较好的防护作用[12]
Al2O3具有高强度、不透氧和耐腐蚀等独特性能,是与YSZ互补的TBCs改性材料[1819],与YSZ相比,Al2O3一般熔化状态较好,结构更为致密,两者复合可能使YSZ涂层的抗CMAS腐蚀性能得到改善。在现有的YSZ层表面预制一层Al2O3防护层容易与高温CMAS反应形成高熔点化合物,阻碍CMAS的渗透,保护底层YSZ涂层不被腐蚀[11,20]。另外,不少研究人员在YSZ涂层成分改性时发现,在YSZ中引入适量的Al2O3能使涂层具备一定的无定形相,适当的Al2O3晶粒存在于ZrO2晶粒周围,可以减少涂层的微观缺陷并产生一定的压应力效果,对ZrO2的晶粒尺寸起到限制作用,进而限制了ZrO2相变,保证了涂层的高温相稳定性,Al2O3还具备调节微观结构的作用[2124]。然而对于氧化铝改性YSZ应用于EB−PVD涂层制备中的研究较少,对于Al2O3−YSZ作为陶瓷顶层的抗CMAS机理仍有待进一步探索,本文的思路是在保持原YSZ涂层特有的低热导、高热膨胀系数、力学性能优异的基础上,引入Al2O3作为掺杂改性,应用于EB−PVD涂层,这样使得TBCs在高温稳定、低热导和高抗CMAS腐蚀性能方面成为可能。
本文以常见服役的EB−PVD用YSZ涂层作为研究对象,尝试在YSZ层表层预制一层厚度较薄的Al2O3改性YSZ(AYSZ)层,提出一种新型AYSZ/YSZ复合结构TBCs体系,并开展了复合涂层的热物理性、高温稳定性以及熔融CMAS服役环境中的涂层腐蚀行为,揭示Al2O3−YSZ涂层高温长时稳定性与耐熔融CMAS腐蚀的功能机制。
采用某高校改良设计的EU−205型EB−PVD设备进行涂层制备,EB−PVD设备如图1(a)所示。本文涉及YSZ和AYSZ 2种靶材,其中,YSZ靶材为标准的质量分数8%YSZ靶材(致密度为60%~70%),采用冷等静压——无压烧结法制得,靶材规格:直径为68.5 mm、厚度为100 mm;AYSZ靶材是由YSZ和Al2O3自制获得的,使用纯度为99.99%的Al2O3粉体压制陶瓷片,在1600℃高温烧结10 h获得直径为30 mm、厚度为40 mm的陶瓷片(烧结后的样品尽量与YSZ靶材的致密度相近,以保证电子束蒸发时造成较少的喷溅)。与此同时,在YSZ陶瓷靶材底部铣出直径为30 mm、高度为40 mm的孔洞,随后将陶瓷片置于靶材铣出的孔内,形成新的AYSZ复合靶材。采用EB−PVD沉积目标涂层时,首先在基片表面沉积YSZ涂层,随后通过自动转换器切换为AYSZ靶材(将AYSZ靶材倒置,电子束流轰击在Al2O3靶和YSZ靶的交界处,通过电子束流轰击位置控制既定AYSZ涂层中Al2O3的成分),靶材受热后蒸发至基板表面最终形成涂层。图1(b)、(c)所示分别为采用EB−PVD方法制备涂层与AYSZ靶材原理。2种涂层的EB−PVD制备工艺参数见表1
根据标准GJB/1201.1A—2021测量涂层样品的热导率,涂层样品的热扩散系数测试时采用圆片状试样,样品尺寸为ϕ12.7 mm、厚度为1.5 mm。首先通过激光脉冲法测量样品的热扩散率,本实验测定热扩散系数的仪器型号为德国Netzsch公司生产的LFA 427激光热导仪,根据样品厚度(L)和背面激光脉冲强度达到最大值1/2时间t1/2,并通过式(1)计算出样品热扩散系数(α):
$ \alpha =1.38{{L}^{2}}/({{\text{π} }^{2}{t}_{1/2}}) $
通过阿基米德排水法测得各涂层的密度(ρ),通过差示扫描测量仪(DSC,STA 449F3,Netzsch,德国)测试得到不同温度条件下涂层的比热容(Cp)。由此,可以计算得到涂层的热导率(λ):
$ \lambda =\rho {c}_{P}\alpha $
为保证测试涂层的准确度,测试过程中将YSZ涂层、AYSZ涂层与氧化铝基片分别进行剥离后进行单独测试。
采用热重法(TG)和DSC对涂层样品高温相稳定性进行分析,DSC测试过程中升温速率为20℃/min,测量过程中使用氩气保护。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD,Ultima IV,Rigaku,日本)检测YSZ涂层、AYSZ涂层分别热处理100 h前后的相结构变化。
本研究选用的CMAS成分为22CaO−19MgO−14Al2O3−45SiO2,该成分为国际上某退役航空飞机发动机叶片上沉积物的主要成分[2527]。组成CMAS的4种氧化物按照上述比例均匀混合,随后置于Pt坩埚中(避免CMAS在高温下与坩埚成分反应),在1500℃高温炉中热处理10 h以充分形成玻璃态,最后使用研钵将冷却后的CMAS玻璃块捣碎形成细片状或粉末状备用。采用静态热处理方法进行高温CMAS腐蚀实验以研究熔融CMAS和涂层之间的相互作用,使用的方法是将CMAS涂覆在涂层表面:将烧结后的CMAS配制酒精悬浮液,用吸管吸取后逐滴滴在样品的表面,干燥后即可得到表面涂覆CMAS的样品。待测涂层表面上的CMAS粉体的浓度均为25 mg/cm2。将涂层试样置于1300℃的高温炉中分别保温5、20和50 h以模拟发动机叶片涂层短期和中长期的服役环境,保温过程结束后随炉冷却到室温。实验结束后对腐蚀的涂层样品进行微观形貌观察和成分分析。
采用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM,LEXT OLS4100,Olympus,日本)观察涂层表面轮廓并检测涂层表面粗糙度;使用场发射扫描电镜(FE−SEM,Gemini 300,Zeiss,德国)观察涂层显微组织结构,通过电子能谱仪(EDS)分析涂层各腐蚀阶段成分变化;采用XRD分析腐蚀产物组成。
2种制备态涂层的表面宏观、微观形貌如图2所示。对比图2(a)、(c)可以看出,沉积态的YSZ涂层表面呈现灰白色;而沉积态AYSZ涂层表面呈现出棕黄色(AYSZ涂层宏观棕黄色是由于制备过程中供氧量不足所造成),部分区域存在少量的喷溅点。通过FE−SEM对2种涂层表面的微观形貌进行分析,如图2(b)、(d)所示,可以看出,沉积态YSZ涂层表面呈现出典型的“金字塔”结构,涂层柱头间轮廓清楚、晶粒疏散、柱头间距相对较大;而沉积态AYSZ涂层表面晶粒结合比较紧密,呈现出“鳞片”结构,这也侧面反映出AYSZ涂层具备更高的致密度。对上述涂层表面棕色方框区域进行EDS能谱分析,结果见表2。对于沉积态YSZ涂层,主要成分由Zr、O、Y元素组成,Zr与Y元素的原子比为1∶13.67,其成分比接近YSZ靶材的化学计量比;对于沉积态AYSZ涂层,主要成分由Zr、O、Y、Al元素组成,其中Al元素在整体涂层中的原子占比约21.63%。
2种沉积态涂层的三维轮廓如图3所示。由图中看出,沉积态YSZ涂层(图3(a))表面较为粗糙,表面轮廓不均匀,表面轮廓的峰值、谷值均较为突出;沉积态AYSZ涂层(图3(b))表面更平整,表面轮廓的峰值、谷值差距较小。通过OLYMPUS粗糙度探针测量的2种涂层的表面粗糙度(Ra)分别为1.582和0.606 μm,YSZ涂层的线粗糙度数据波动较大,而AYSZ涂层粗糙度波动程度较小,进一步说明了与YSZ涂层相比,AYSZ涂层表面更均匀、平整,结合前文中观察到的涂层柱状结构的表面形貌综合分析可知,AYSZ涂层表面因具有更紧密的“鳞片”结构,涂层更为致密。
2种沉积态涂层的截面显微结构FE−SEM图像如图4所示。由图4(a)可以看出,沉积态YSZ涂层呈现出典型的柱状结构,厚度约为230 μm,YSZ涂层颜色较浅。进一步放大图像以观察涂层柱头的柱状晶形态,如图4(b)所示。可以看出,这些柱状晶柱头尺寸介于5~12 μm,柱状晶在微观上呈现“羽毛”结构,其柱间间隙约为1 μm。从图4(c)可以看出,AYSZ/YSZ复合涂层具有双陶瓷层结构,即厚度约45 μm的AYSZ顶层和厚度约105 μm的YSZ底层,其中AYSZ顶层的颜色较深。AYSZ顶层比YSZ底层更致密(图4(d)),经放大后观察到AYSZ涂层的微观结构呈现出“微柱状晶”结构,即柱头尺寸较小且柱间间隙更窄。通过使用Image J软件计算孔隙率,检测AYSZ/YSZ复合涂层各层的致密度。结果表明,YSZ层孔隙率约为18.9%,AYSZ层仅为6.3%,两者相差12.6%,这说明AYSZ比YSZ更致密,这一发现与前文的表面粗糙度结果一致。
为探究涂层的隔热性能,需明确涂层的热物理性能。图5(a)~(c)分别为2种涂层热扩散系数、比热容和热导率随温度的变化。如图5(a)所示,随温度增加,从室温至1400℃,涂层热扩散系数先降低(前1000℃)后增加(1000~1400℃),在1000℃附近热扩散系数最低。2种涂层相比较,AYSZ涂层的热扩散系数更低。2种涂层比热容变化如图5(b)所示,可以看出,随着温度增加,2种涂层比热容持续升高,其中YSZ涂层比热容相对更高。YSZ涂层与AYSZ涂层的密度通过阿基米德方法测得分别为5.2和6.3 g/cm3。根据式(2)热导率的测量方法分别计算出2种涂层的热导率,如图5(c)所示。可以看出,与热扩散率的变化相似,2种涂层中YSZ在室温(25℃)、1000℃和1200℃时的热导率分别为1.37、1.22、1.27 W/(m·K),而AYSZ涂层在室温(25℃)、1000℃和1200℃时分别为1.08、0.92、0.94 W/(m·K),这说明2种热导率在1000℃前先降低而在高温段(1000~1400℃)上升。根据热传导理论,随温度升高,声子本征散射加剧,导致声子平均自由程急剧下降,因此热导率在升温初始阶段下降迅速;由于受晶格原子间距的限制,声子平均自由程不可能无限小下去,随温度的升高,声子平均自由程趋近于一个最小值,从而使热导率在中温阶段下降趋势减缓;高温阶段,由于热辐射的影响,光子热传导随温度升高迅速增加,使得热导率在高温阶段有一个上升趋势,这与其他研究者对于材料热导率的相关研究类似[28]。比较YSZ和AYSZ 2种涂层的热导率,发现AYSZ涂层热导率每一对应温度下热导率更低,尽管Al2O3材料本征的热导率偏高,而当Al2O3作为改性材料掺杂于YSZ涂层中时,一方面所制备的涂层具有典型的柱状结构,其柱间间隙、孔隙、裂纹等会影响涂层热导率的变化;另一方面,由于Al2O3掺杂,第二相的Al2O3成分易在AYSZ涂层成分中产生横向裂纹、微孔洞等缺陷,从而降低了热导率[29]。本研究中通过EB−PVD制备的AYSZ涂层在1200℃下热导率仅为0.94 W/(m·K),较同等温度下YSZ涂层隔热性能更优。
涂层的高温稳定性通常采用热重分析、DSC测试以及高温服役前后的XRD图谱对比来进行研究。2种涂层从室温到1400℃的TG曲线变化如图6(a)所示。由图中可以看出,在1000~1200℃温度区间内,YSZ涂层出现一小段增重峰,说明此时YSZ发生相变,而AYSZ涂层质量几乎无变化。DSC随温度变化曲线如图6(b)所示,随着温度增加,YSZ涂层DSC整体变化显著大于AYSZ涂层,这反映出AYSZ涂层热流量变化较小,涂层更稳定。从2条曲线的平整度也可以看出:对于YSZ涂层,在1000℃以上时出现了明显的吸热峰,说明此时YSZ已经发生相变;而对于AYSZ涂层,在整个温度范围内DSC曲线中无任何吸热放热现象,说明涂层稳定,无相变。图6(c)、(d)所示为YSZ涂层、AYSZ涂层在1400℃分别进行100 h热处理前后的XRD图谱。从图6(c)可以看出,在1400℃长时暴露条件下,YSZ涂层的XRD图谱中位于35.2°(2 2 0)、60.2°(3 1 1)处的特征峰表现出明显的P42/nmc空间群特征,与热处理前相比,此时YSZ的结构已经从t−ZrO2向c−ZrO2发生转变,说明YSZ涂层在高温条件下发生了相变。与之形成对比的AYSZ涂层图谱中,如图6(d)所示,在热处理前后,涂层的XRD图谱近乎一致,说明1400℃高温条件下AYSZ涂层长时热稳定,无相变发生。
综上所述,AYSZ涂层在室温到1400℃保持相稳定,且在1400℃高温热暴露100 h无相变发生,这说明AYSZ涂层具有优异的高温稳定性。
图7所示为1300℃不同热处理时间条件下2种涂层经CMAS腐蚀的截面显微结构FE−SEM图像,(蓝色、红色、黄色和黑色箭头分别表示腐蚀坑、腐蚀点、腐蚀裂纹和腐蚀黏结)。如图可见,2种涂层顶部均参与了与熔融CMAS的反应,形成反应牺牲层。
对于CMAS腐蚀的YSZ涂层,如图7(a)~(c)所示。随着在CMAS环境中暴露时间的增加,反应牺牲层厚度从29.59 μm增加到105.26 μm,CMAS腐蚀优先发生在YSZ柱头处,形成相对较小的腐蚀坑(图7(a))。随着腐蚀时间的增加,熔融的CMAS通过柱状间隙渗透到YSZ涂层内部,进一步放大后的微观形貌中发现YSZ涂层内部出现许多腐蚀裂纹(图7(b))。当腐蚀时间增加到50 h时,如图7(c)所示,可以清楚地看到CMAS几乎覆盖了整个YSZ涂层,其微观形貌中出现部分腐蚀黏结结构,这也表明YSZ的稳定结构被破坏,并形成了新相。
不同时间条件下CMAS腐蚀AYSZ涂层的微观结构如图7(d)~(f)所示。在腐蚀时间分别为5、20、50 h的情况下,AYSZ表面反应层厚度依次约为5.28、14.49和40.28 μm,对比YSZ涂层,其腐蚀后的反应层更薄。熔融CMAS通常以腐蚀点的形式存在于AYSZ涂层的顶层(图7(d)红色箭头),经20 h腐蚀后,AYSZ层内部仅有少量的腐蚀裂纹(图7(e))。结果表明,AYSZ层对熔融CMAS具有一定的阻隔作用。然而,随着腐蚀时间增加到50 h,CMAS对AYSZ反应层变厚,CMAS开始向YSZ层渗透(图7(f))。
图8所示为1300℃ CMAS腐蚀20 h后YSZ涂层显微结构中对应线扫描、选区以及面扫描的EDS数据。观察从YSZ层顶部至底部的线扫描结果可知,在腐蚀反应区内(约40 μm),Si、Ca等成分含量较高,而在未腐蚀区(40~120 μm)Y、Zr成分含量较高,AD区域相应的4种成分分布变化结果类似。值得注意的是,由于这几种成分的强度均较弱,在EDS面扫结果中很难看出几种成分明显的区别。
图9所示为1300℃ CMAS腐蚀20 h后AYSZ涂层显微结构中对应线扫描、选区以及面扫描的EDS数据。由线数据结果可以看出,从腐蚀反应区至AYSZ涂层内部,Ca、Mg、Si等腐蚀成分显著降低,且线数据中几种成分强度值很高。区域EH的分析中,E处Ca、Mg、Si的含量最高,随着扫描距离的渗入,逐渐远离腐蚀反应层,则Ca、Mg、Si成分降低,在H处位于YSZ底层,此时只剩下Y和Zr成分(YSZ涂层成分)。进一步观察面扫描结果,可以发现代表着腐蚀反应的Ca、Mg、Si显著分布在AYSZ涂层顶部的腐蚀反应层中,而其他区域分布较少,这也证实了熔融CMAS与AYSZ涂层界面反应存在,其成分分布中Mg的化合物含量较高。
在腐蚀时间分别为5、20、50 h的情况下,对经不同时间CMAS腐蚀后的YSZ涂层、AYSZ涂层表面进行XRD分析,结果分别见图10(a)和(b)。图10(a)所示为YSZ涂层物相的变化,可以看出,经过CMAS腐蚀后,XRD图谱中出现位于28.2°(1 1 1)、31.4°(1 1 1)、55.8°(0 3 1)、44.8°(2 1 1)、45.2°(2 0 2)的特征峰和晶面,与#PDF−37−1484中代表m−ZrO2的特征峰位置一致,说明经过与CMAS反应后,YSZ结构从t−ZrO2向m−ZrO2发生相变。与此同时,随着腐蚀时间的增加,代表m−ZrO2的特征峰强度也增加。特别地,28.2°位置特征峰同时也对应着#PDF−41−1488 CaAl2Si2O8,这意味着腐蚀反应也生成少量的CaAl2Si2O8钙长石化合物。
对于腐蚀后的AYSZ涂层,如图10(b)所示,其表面主要由3种腐蚀产物组成:CaAl2Si2O8、MgAl2O4、CaAl4Si2O11,分别对应PDF卡片中#PDF−41−1488、#PDF−21−1142和#PDF−51−0093。当腐蚀时间为5 h时,CMAS腐蚀较短,首先生成的是CaAl2Si2O8钙长石和MgAl2O4尖晶石相,随腐蚀进行,MgAl2O4成分逐渐增加,当AYSZ涂层与在1300℃ 经CMAS腐蚀50 h时,甚至出现了许多CaAl4Si2O11的腐蚀产物,这通常被认为是高熔点化合物[3032],这些发现也与Zhang等[33]研究结果相吻合。
对上述研究结果进行综合分析,可以归纳出AYSZ涂层对熔融CMAS腐蚀的防护机制,如图11所示。腐蚀防护机制取决于以下2个方面:(1) 对比YSZ涂层疏松的柱状晶涂层结构,AYSZ涂层结构更致密,表面粗糙度更低,不利于CMAS熔体的浸润与铺展,AYSZ特有的“微柱状晶”结构相当于填充在原YSZ结构柱间间隙顶层,有效地阻碍了熔融CMAS的流通与渗入;(2) 当CMAS熔体开始渗入时,由于AYSZ中Al2O3等组分参与了CMAS反应生成了富有CaAl2Si2O8钙长石相、MgAl2O4尖晶石相以及CaAl4Si2O11等腐蚀产物的反应牺牲层,CaAl2Si2O8的结晶温度高于1300℃,熔点一般在1550℃左右,MgAl2O4的熔点通常约为2135℃,CaAl4Si2O11在1280℃以上也能保持相对稳定状态,说明这些化合物熔点相对较高[31,3335],在反应牺牲层的保护作用下,进一步阻碍了熔融CMAS的流通和铺展,减缓了CMAS对涂层的腐蚀,除此之外,由于Al2O3掺入,提高了原YSZ涂层的高温热稳定性和隔热性能,使得复合涂层抗CMAS能力更持久。以上两者协同作用,保证了复合涂层高温长时稳定抗熔融CMAS的性能。AYSZ/YSZ复合涂层有望成为新一代长寿命耐高温腐蚀TBCs研发的关键技术。
1) 研制的AYSZ/YSZ复合涂层,其中YSZ涂层厚度约为105 μm,AYSZ层厚度约为45 μm,晶粒尺寸集中分布在1~8 μm,Al成分(原子数分数)为21.63%;AYSZ层表面宏观呈现出紧密平整的“鳞片”结构,微观上表现为较YSZ涂层更为致密的“微柱状晶”结构。其中,AYSZ涂层在1200℃的热导率仅为0.94 W/(m·K),远低于YSZ涂层,在室温至1400℃保持相稳定,且在高温条件热处理100 h未发生相变。
2) AYSZ/YSZ涂层体系具有一定的抗CMAS能力,在顶层AYSZ拥有致密的“微柱状晶”结构,且AYSZ能参与同熔融CMAS的反应生成CaAl2Si2O8、MgAl2O4以及CaAl4Si2O11等高熔点腐蚀产物,这两者协同作用阻碍了CMAS熔体对涂层内部渗入,有效地阻碍了CMAS熔体对于YSZ底层的腐蚀。
3) 随着反应时间增大到50 h以上,AYSZ层中反应牺牲层变厚,部分未反应的CMAS熔体甚至向YSZ层渗透,说明AYSZ涂层的防护效果有限,若要解决涂层长期耐CMAS腐蚀的问题,仍需要对AYSZ/YSZ双陶瓷层结构、层厚比以及涂层表面微结构进行设计与进一步研究。
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2022QNRC001); 北方工业大学青年科研专项(2025NCUTYRSP009)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00105
  • 接收时间:2025-05-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-10-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-19
  • 修回日期:2025-07-20
  • 录用日期:2025-09-18
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中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2022QNRC001); 北方工业大学青年科研专项(2025NCUTYRSP009)
作者信息
    1. 北方工业大学机械与材料工程学院,北京 100144
    2. 高温结构材料与涂层技术工信部重点实验室,北京 100191
    3. 北京航空航天大学材料科学与工程学院,北京 100191
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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