Article(id=1208361643440976802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, articleNumber=null, orderNo=16, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01752, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734278400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-16, revisedDate=1746547200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-07, acceptedDate=1756396800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-29, onlineDate=1766025466070, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1757692800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762358400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766025466070, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079923982, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208361635656352181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757692800000', pubDateStr='2025-09-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766025464214, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330860874, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196994169189037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196994169189038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=34, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208361643789104045, articleId=1208361643440976802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Progress in thermal barrier coatings and environmental barrier coatings for gas turbine engines, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The thermal barrier coatings (TBC) and environmental barrier coatings (EBC) are essential for advanced gas turbine engines, and their development history is briefly reviewed in this article. In order to champion the enormous challenge from much harsher operating conditions in next generation engines, numerous innovations of coating materials and novel designs of coating microstructures have been investigated. The most potential paths to develop new generation TBC and EBC are now becoming increasingly clear. The best novel TBC system may be based bond coat of nanocrystalline γ' phase and top coat of low thermal conductivity La2Zr2O7 or YTaO4, because the former is excellent chemically and mechanically compatible to single crystal Ni−base superalloy substrates, and leads to lower thermal stresses, and the latter is structurally stable at much higher temperatures, and has superior resistance against CMAS attack and high CTE similar to YSZ. One of the best ceramic candidates for thermal / environmental barrier coatings is the high−entropy rare earth silicates based on β−Yb2Si2O7, as it is resistant against CMAS and steam corrosion, and has extremely low thermal conductivity and good CTE match with CMC. A further topic of concern is dual−phase ceramics technologies, which are effective in fracture toughness enhancement and capable of improving corrosion resistance and thermal barrier capability.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shenglong ZHU, Mingli SHEN, Li XIN, Zebin BAO, Yunsong NIU, Qingqing ZHAO, Yao DU, Mingyu WU, Zhihong DONG, Shuai LI, Minghui CHEN, Jinlong WANG, Fuhui WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fuhui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208361645940782074, articleId=1208361643440976802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=燃气涡轮发动机用热障涂层和环境障涂层研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

热障涂层(TBC)和环境障涂层(EBC)是燃气涡轮发动机的关键技术。La2Zr2O7、YTaO4等低热导率陶瓷材料展现出相变温度高、热膨胀匹配性好、抗CMAS(CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2)腐蚀性能良好等特性,纳米晶γ'相涂层具有涂层−基体化学/力学相容性优异及体系应力低等优点,是下一代TBC的重要发展方向。基于β−Yb2Si2O7的高熵稀土硅酸盐,具有良好的热膨胀匹配性和抗CMAS腐蚀性能、优异的抗水蒸汽腐蚀性能,以及显著低于YSZ的热导率,是热环境障涂层(TEBC)的重要材料体系。双相陶瓷复合技术,可显著提高断裂韧性,并改善抗CMAS腐蚀性能和隔热性能,是未来研究应重点关注的方向。

, authors=

朱圣龙,研究员,研究方向为高端工业防护涂层,电子信箱:

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王福会(通信作者),教授,研究方向为腐蚀与防护,电子信箱:
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朱圣龙,研究员,研究方向为高端工业防护涂层,电子信箱:

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A 和A*区(红线以上)形成单一Al2O3膜,B区(红线和绿线之间)形成Cr2O3外氧化膜和Al2O3内氧化物,B*区形成Cr2O3外层膜和连续的Al2O3内层膜,C和 C*区形成NiO外氧化膜和Al2O3及Cr2O3内氧化物;粗实线和细虚线分别代表粗晶和纳米晶合金

, figureFileSmall=c8RMPl5/L/KpRu4HuXX+YA==, figureFileBig=RIEm/OxKEQbZ3hjZcDZAEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144526912009026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361643440976802, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CTE/
(ppm·K−1
KIC/
(MPa·m−1/2
k/
(W·m−1·K−1
参考
文献
superalloy 15.7 [8]
β−NiPtAl 15.6 [8]
α−Al2O3 8.6 3.3 30.0 [911]
8YSZ 10.8 4.0 5.9 [12]
La2Zr2O7 9.1 1.1 1.6 [13]
SrZrO3 11.2 1.5 2.1 [14]
YTaO4 10 3.0 1.8 [1516]
8YSZ coating* 9~10 1.8~2.2 1.3~1.6 [17]
8YSZ coating ** 9~10 3~4 0.6~1 [17]
CMC 4.5 [18]
mullite 5.2 1.7 3.5 [9, 1920]
β−Yb2Si2O7 3.6 2 2.1 [2122]
LaAlO3 5.5 4.1 2.2 [2325]
), ArticleFig(id=1242144527004283715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361643440976802, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TBC和EBC陶瓷材料及基体、黏结层的热膨胀系数、热导率和断裂韧性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CTE/
(ppm·K−1
KIC/
(MPa·m−1/2
k/
(W·m−1·K−1
参考
文献
superalloy 15.7 [8]
β−NiPtAl 15.6 [8]
α−Al2O3 8.6 3.3 30.0 [911]
8YSZ 10.8 4.0 5.9 [12]
La2Zr2O7 9.1 1.1 1.6 [13]
SrZrO3 11.2 1.5 2.1 [14]
YTaO4 10 3.0 1.8 [1516]
8YSZ coating* 9~10 1.8~2.2 1.3~1.6 [17]
8YSZ coating ** 9~10 3~4 0.6~1 [17]
CMC 4.5 [18]
mullite 5.2 1.7 3.5 [9, 1920]
β−Yb2Si2O7 3.6 2 2.1 [2122]
LaAlO3 5.5 4.1 2.2 [2325]
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燃气涡轮发动机用热障涂层和环境障涂层研究进展
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朱圣龙 1 , 沈明礼 1 , 辛丽 1 , 鲍泽斌 1 , 牛云松 1 , 赵清清 1 , 杜瑶 1 , 邬明钰 1 , 董志宏 1 , 李帅 1 , 陈明辉 2 , 王金龙 2 , 王福会 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(17): 34-48
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (17) : 34 -48
燃气涡轮发动机用热障涂层和环境障涂层研究进展
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朱圣龙1 , 沈明礼1, 辛丽1, 鲍泽斌1, 牛云松1, 赵清清1, 杜瑶1, 邬明钰1, 董志宏1, 李帅1, 陈明辉2, 王金龙2, 王福会2, *
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院金属研究所,沈阳 110016
  • 2. 东北大学材料科学与工程学院,沈阳 110819
通讯作者:
王福会(通信作者),教授,研究方向为腐蚀与防护,电子信箱:
Progress in thermal barrier coatings and environmental barrier coatings for gas turbine engines
Shenglong ZHU1 , Mingli SHEN1, Li XIN1, Zebin BAO1, Yunsong NIU1, Qingqing ZHAO1, Yao DU1, Mingyu WU1, Zhihong DONG1, Shuai LI1, Minghui CHEN2, Jinlong WANG2, Fuhui WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
出版时间: 2025-09-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01752
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热障涂层(TBC)和环境障涂层(EBC)是燃气涡轮发动机的关键技术。La2Zr2O7、YTaO4等低热导率陶瓷材料展现出相变温度高、热膨胀匹配性好、抗CMAS(CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2)腐蚀性能良好等特性,纳米晶γ'相涂层具有涂层−基体化学/力学相容性优异及体系应力低等优点,是下一代TBC的重要发展方向。基于β−Yb2Si2O7的高熵稀土硅酸盐,具有良好的热膨胀匹配性和抗CMAS腐蚀性能、优异的抗水蒸汽腐蚀性能,以及显著低于YSZ的热导率,是热环境障涂层(TEBC)的重要材料体系。双相陶瓷复合技术,可显著提高断裂韧性,并改善抗CMAS腐蚀性能和隔热性能,是未来研究应重点关注的方向。

热障涂层  /  环境障涂层  /  高温氧化  /  水蒸汽腐蚀  /  CMAS腐蚀

The thermal barrier coatings (TBC) and environmental barrier coatings (EBC) are essential for advanced gas turbine engines, and their development history is briefly reviewed in this article. In order to champion the enormous challenge from much harsher operating conditions in next generation engines, numerous innovations of coating materials and novel designs of coating microstructures have been investigated. The most potential paths to develop new generation TBC and EBC are now becoming increasingly clear. The best novel TBC system may be based bond coat of nanocrystalline γ' phase and top coat of low thermal conductivity La2Zr2O7 or YTaO4, because the former is excellent chemically and mechanically compatible to single crystal Ni−base superalloy substrates, and leads to lower thermal stresses, and the latter is structurally stable at much higher temperatures, and has superior resistance against CMAS attack and high CTE similar to YSZ. One of the best ceramic candidates for thermal / environmental barrier coatings is the high−entropy rare earth silicates based on β−Yb2Si2O7, as it is resistant against CMAS and steam corrosion, and has extremely low thermal conductivity and good CTE match with CMC. A further topic of concern is dual−phase ceramics technologies, which are effective in fracture toughness enhancement and capable of improving corrosion resistance and thermal barrier capability.

thermal barrier coatings  /  environmental barrier coatings  /  high temperature oxidation  /  steam corrosion  /  CMAS corrosion
朱圣龙, 沈明礼, 辛丽, 鲍泽斌, 牛云松, 赵清清, 杜瑶, 邬明钰, 董志宏, 李帅, 陈明辉, 王金龙, 王福会. 燃气涡轮发动机用热障涂层和环境障涂层研究进展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (17) : 34 -48 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01752
Shenglong ZHU, Mingli SHEN, Li XIN, Zebin BAO, Yunsong NIU, Qingqing ZHAO, Yao DU, Mingyu WU, Zhihong DONG, Shuai LI, Minghui CHEN, Jinlong WANG, Fuhui WANG. Progress in thermal barrier coatings and environmental barrier coatings for gas turbine engines[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (17) : 34 -48 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01752
燃气涡轮发动机主要用作航空发动机和工业燃机发电机组。提高燃气温度是提升其性能的重要技术路径,例如,H级燃机的燃气温度比E级燃机提高300℃,达1400℃,功率提高300 MW,达400 MW。在先进燃气涡轮发动机的所有热端组件中,工作条件最苛刻的是涡轮叶片。其工作温度超过了绝大多数结构材料的许用温度极限,且转子叶片还需承受高离心力,故需同时采用先进高温材料、高效冷却和防护涂层等3项技术措施,其中防护涂层主要包括用于高温合金的抗氧化涂层、抗腐蚀涂层、热障涂层(thermal barrier coating,TBC)和用于陶瓷基复合材料的环境障涂层(environmental barrier coating,EBC)。
材料的高温氧化一般特指氧气对材料的高温损伤现象,高温腐蚀则指其他腐蚀性介质对材料的高温损伤现象,主要包括水蒸汽腐蚀[1]、熔盐热腐蚀[2]、CMAS(CaO−MgO−Al2O3−SiO2)腐蚀[3]。此外,冷热循环导致的涂层剥落也是引起材料服役损伤的重要因素。
1) 高温氧化。材料高温氧化行为主要取决于其表面氧化物(thermally grown oxide,TGO) 热生长行为。在理想的稳态情况下,扩散是TGO生长的控制步骤,生长速率符合抛物线规律。当TGO膜扩散特性随时间发生变化时,生长速率偏离抛物线规律。在常见TGO膜中,生长速率较低的为SiO2和α−Al2O3。考虑到TGO−涂层−基体之间的化学和力学相容性,高温合金用防护涂层材料一般为铝化物或Al含量较高的合金,陶瓷基复合材料(ceramic matrix composite,CMC)用涂层为硅化物或Si。
2) 水蒸汽腐蚀。有时也称为水蒸汽加速氧化,其机理为TGO和陶瓷涂层与水分子发生反应,形成挥发性产物羟基氧化物。相对来说,水蒸汽对氧化铝膜的影响较小,氧化速率提高一般小于1倍[4],但对二氧化硅膜则可能提高1~2个数量级[5]。因此,CMC一般需采用EBC技术进行防护。氧化硅挥发速率能较准确地定义氧化硅形成材料的抗水蒸汽腐蚀性能,它与测试温度、水蒸汽流速及分压、气氛总压、流态(层流或湍流)有关,可表示为
$ k=\alpha v^mp_{\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}}^np^{m-1}\exp\left(-\frac{Q}{\mathrm{R}T}\right) $
式中,α为氧化硅活度,v为流速,$p_{\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}} $n分别为水蒸汽分压和指数,p为总压,Q为激活能,R为气体常数,T为绝对温度,m为流体指数,层流时为0.5,湍流时为0.8。
3) 熔盐热腐蚀。主要指燃料和大气中的S、V和Cl等及碱金属产生的高温熔盐对材料的腐蚀现象,主要机制为熔融硫酸盐、钒酸盐或氯盐及其混合物与TGO和金属反应,导致TGO的熔融碱性或酸性熔融破坏。在SO3分压较高环境中,CoCrAlY涂层表面可形成Na2SO4−CoSO4低熔点盐膜,进而加速腐蚀破坏。因其温度区间低于硫酸钠熔点,这种腐蚀常称为低温热腐蚀。固态NaCl盐,特别是水蒸汽和固态NaCl盐的共同作用,也会破坏保护性TGO,显著加速腐蚀[6]
4) CMAS腐蚀。在超高温条件下,火山灰和大气尘埃能形成碱土金属硅铝酸盐熔融物,可损害TBC和EBC陶瓷面层。一般用熔点为~1200ºC的CMAS腐蚀来表征,主要机制为陶瓷或其部分组元融入CMAS中,导致陶瓷材料晶体结构失稳和理化特性变化。CMAS对YSZ(Yttria−stabilized zirconia,YSZ)的破坏包括溶解t'−YSZ,并在冷却过程中重新析出贫Y含Ca的单斜相ZrO2[3],而对双硅酸钇EBC的破坏则包括脱Y形成单硅酸钇,进而形成磷灰石结构Y2O3−CaO−SiO2 针状物[7]
$ \text{4}{\text{Y}}_{\text{2}}\text{S}\text{i}{\text{O}}_{\text{5}}\text+\text{ }\text{2}\text{C}\text{a}\text{O}\text{ }\text+\text{ }\text{2}\text{S}\text{i}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\to{\text{Ca}}_{\text{2}}{\text{Y}}_{\text{8}}{\left({\text{SiO}}_{\text{4}}\right)}_{\text{6}}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} $
5) 涂层剥落。冷热循环引起的陶瓷涂层剥落是TBC和EBC失效的重要模式。剥落一般发生在冷却阶段,通常位于陶瓷面层/TGO /黏结层界面。导致剥落的主要机制是热应力对涂层的累积损伤。TBC和EBC体系至少包括4种材料:陶瓷面层、TGO、黏结层(bondcoat,BC)和基体,它们之间的热膨胀系数(coefficient of thermal expansion,CTE)有明显差异。表1列出了常用TBC和EBC陶瓷材料及基体、黏结层的热膨胀系数、热导率和断裂韧性,数据来源于文献[825]。可见,β−NiPtAl黏结层与高温合金基体的CTE相近,但α−Al2O3和8YSZ的CTE分别仅为β−NiPtAl的55%和70%左右,故从1100℃快速冷却到950℃产生的TGO压应力可达到0.5 GPa以上[26],冷却到室温则可高达3.5 GPa,超过氧化铝室温抗压强度。除了以界面分离方式突然释放外,陶瓷层的热应力也可通过局部开裂方式逐渐释放。提高陶瓷面层的断裂韧性有助于提高涂层抗剥落性能。
1) 热扩散涂层。最早应用的燃气涡轮发动机防护涂层是热扩散涂层,在二战末期应用于第1代喷气式战斗机的发动机,在1960年代应用于第2代工业燃气轮机涡轮叶片,其用途为提高零件的抗高温氧化性能。由于β−NiAl与镍基合金相容,且抗高温氧化性能优异,热扩散涂层主要是铝化物涂层,包括简单渗铝涂层、铝铬涂层、铝硅涂层和铂铝涂层,其中Cr、Si或Pt改性的主要目的是提高抗热腐蚀性能。
2) 包覆涂层。为了解决热扩散涂层成分难以调控问题,1960年代起开展了包覆涂层研究,因其制备方法一般为热喷涂或电子束物理气相沉积(EB−PVD)而得名。包覆涂层也常特指MCrAlY涂层,其中,M为Ni、Co或其组合,Y为以Y为代表的活性元素,其主要优点是抗氧化和抗热腐蚀综合性能良好,TGO抗剥落性能高,对基体力学性能的损害小。
3) 热障涂层。TBC最早应用在1970年代的JT9D发动机热端部件。TBC可使金属零件温度降低50~300℃,帮助热端部件在超越合金许用温度极限的环境中长期服役,从而显著提高航空发动机推重比和燃气轮机电站的热效率,降低碳排放,极大地促进了航空发动机和工业燃机的发展。目前工业标准的TBC是由MCrAlY或铂铝(β−NiPtAl) 黏结层、TGO(一般为α−Al2O3)、YSZ陶瓷隔热面层(topcoat,TC)构成的多层异质材料体系。
4) 环境障涂层。CMC,如SiC纤维增强SiC复合材料(SiCf/SiC),许用温度高达1300~1800℃,可替代单晶镍基高温合金(最高许用温度为~1200℃)。CMC承受的腐蚀主要是水蒸汽腐蚀和CMAS腐蚀,需要采用EBC 防护。公开报道的EBC研究始于1990年代,主要有莫来石涂层和BSAS(1−xBaO·xSrO·Al2O3·2SiO2,0≤x≤1)涂层。21世纪,国内外启动了新一代EBC研究项目,发展出了稀土硅酸盐等涂层材料。
块体ZrO2的热导率为~2.5 W/m·K,热膨胀系数为~10.3×10−6 K-1,断裂韧性KIC为~9.5 MPa·m1/2,综合性能较为优异。其主要缺点是在950~1180ºC温度区间有可逆的单斜(m相)和正方(t相)相变,通过Y2O3等相稳定剂可抑制该相变。因此,经过大量理论、实验及应用研究,Y2O3的质量分数为7%~8%的YSZ成为了目前最常用的TBC隔热陶瓷材料。采用缺陷簇改性,可降低其热导率。例如,在ZrO2中添加5.5 mol% Y2O3、2.25 mol% Gd2O3和2.25 mol% Yb2O3,可使热导率降低到YSZ的60%左右[27]
由于YSZ的氧迁移率很高,且为降低热导率还特意提高了涂层的孔隙率,故单一YSZ涂层的氧化速率太高,寿命并不长。增加MCrAlY黏结层,可在氧化过程中形成保护性氧化铝膜,并通过蠕变减轻热应力累积效应,显著延长TBC寿命。采用抗氧化性能更好的β−NiPtAl黏结层,替代MCrAlY,可进一步延长TBC寿命[28]
MCrAlY的常用制备工艺有低压等离子喷涂(low−pressure plasma spraying,LPPS)、超音速火焰喷涂(high−velocity oxygen−fuel spraying,HVOF)、电弧离子镀(arc ion−plating,AIP)、电子束物理气相沉积(electron beam physical vapor deposition,EB−PVD),β−NiPtAl的常用制备工艺为镀铂渗铝,YSZ的常用制备工艺为大气等离子喷涂(air plasma spraying,APS)或EB−PVD。APS−YSZ的热导率较低,EBPVD−YSZ的抗热震性能较高。
在先进燃气涡轮发动机设计中,涡轮前燃气进口温度提高到1650ºC以上,并采用二代以上含Re单晶镍基高温合金作为涡轮叶片,可极大地提高燃烧效率,提升发动机性能。但这也给基于YSZ的TBC体系提出了新挑战,主要有4个问题:YSZ相变与烧结、氧化加速、黏结层褶皱和二次反应区 (secondary reaction zone,SRZ)形成。
1) YSZ相变与烧结。如图1所示,在长期高温服役过程中,t'相YSZ将逐渐分解为富Y的立方相(c)和贫Y的四方相(t),出现t'→t+c相变,并在冷却过程中引起剧烈的体积变化[29]。另外,随着服役温度升高或时间延长,YSZ出现高温烧结,同时降低隔热效果和应变容限[30]。因此,YSZ的实用温度极限为1200ºC。当一级导叶燃气温度为1650ºC,且冷却技术降温效果为400 ºC时,TBC表面温度可达1250 ºC, YSZ的相变与烧结速率显著提高,这将降低TBC寿命和隔热效率。
2) 氧化加速。燃气温度的提高导致氧化加速,增大YSZ剥落倾向,显著降低了涂层寿命。平板结构基体/膜层界面开裂的膜层应变能阈值$ {\epsilon }_{c}^{*} $可表示为
$ {\epsilon }_{c}^{*}=\sqrt{\frac{2{\gamma }_{0}}{E\left(1-\nu \right)d}} $
式中,2γ0为界面断裂能,dE$\nu $分别为膜厚、杨氏模量和泊松比。因此,膜层增厚可导致应变能阈值降低。当膜层达到一定厚度后,热应力将导致应变超出其容限,出现界面开裂。根据β−NiAl合金氧化抛物线常数经验公式$ {k}_{p}=6.77\times {10}^{7}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-282.1/{R}{T}) $ (单位为mg2/cm4·h),可估算出TGO生长速率与温度的关系。与1000ºC时的涂层寿命相比,1050、1100、1150、1200ºC时的涂层寿命分别下降了64%、86%、94%和97%左右(图2)。
3) 黏结层褶皱。黏结层褶皱是BC表面粗糙度随服役时间延长而逐渐增大的现象,出现条件为:热循环温度高于1050℃[31]、TC/TGO界面结合不好[32]、热循环速率较低[33]。普遍接受的观点认为,黏结层褶皱主要驱动力是在冷却高温段的BC高温蠕变[3436]。如图3所示,在1050℃以上温度区间,BC的蠕变强度较低。由于BC与基体之间CTE差异较大,BC较薄且强度低于基体,故热应力可导致BC出现蠕变。较薄的TGO可随BC褶皱一起发生适应性变形,较厚的TC却不能。因此,黏结层褶皱的主要危害是导致TGO/TC界面分离,进而引起TC局部剥落。
4) 二次反应区形成。SRZ是互扩散区(β/TCP两相区)与含Re单晶合金基体(γ/γ'两相区)之间的次级互扩散反应产物,其中TCP为拓扑密排相。β/TCP两相区中贫Al的β相,与γ'/γ两相区中富Re的γ相发生固相反应,致使γ相转变为γ'相,且超低扩散性的Re以片状TCP形式原位析出[3738],如图4所示。SRZ形成可导致合金蠕变断裂寿命下降50%以上[39],部分甚至完全抵消单晶结构带来强化效果。为提高冷却效率和减重,一些新型叶片采用了超薄结构,这时SRZ导致的高温蠕变寿命降低更加严重[40]。SRZ降低单晶基体蠕变寿命的主要机制是:易蠕变的SRZ不仅减少了承载截面,而且可成为裂纹萌生优先点而促进断裂行为[4143]
由于YSZ不能高于1200℃使用,且其抗CMAS腐蚀性能不足,因此,耐温、耐蚀性更好的新型稀土(rare earth element,RE)氧化物低热导陶瓷材料得到了发展,主要有A2B2O7型烧绿石结构材料[44]、ABO3型钙钛矿结构材料[45]、铝酸盐[46]、磷酸盐[47]、硅酸盐[48]、钽酸盐[49]、铌酸盐[50]等。
A2B2O7型烧绿石结构材料(A=La, Sm, Nd, Gd, B=Zr)的相稳定温度高达2300ºC,热导率比7YSZ低40%左右,与YSZ化学相容性良好,是较早研究和应用的新型隔热陶瓷材料。等离子喷涂的Sm2Zr2O7涂层,因孔隙率较高,热导率可低至0.36~0.46 W/(m·K)[51]。RE3NbO7在1200 ºC时的CTE接近YSZ,热导率也比YSZ低40%,且氧迁移率比YSZ低3个数量级,主要缺点是断裂韧性仅为1 MPa·m1/2,而具有铁弹性的GdNbO4断裂韧性较RE3NbO7和锆酸盐高,但也仅为2.77 MPa·m1/2[50]。YTaO4的韧性更好一些,可达到3.0 MPa·m1/2[15]。综合性能较好的低热导陶瓷是双相陶瓷。例如,YTaO4−25%Y2Zr2O7双相陶瓷的断裂韧性比YTaO4高23%,达到3.7 MPa·m1/2,且其CTE与YSZ相当,热导率为YSZ的1/4左右[16]
稀土锆酸盐[52]、磷酸盐[53]、硅酸盐[54]、铪酸盐[55]、钽酸盐[56],均能与CMAS反应,在表面形成磷灰石结构的晶体层,抗CMAS腐蚀性能均优于YSZ。锆酸盐与CMAS的反应产物为磷灰石结构的2(Ca,RE)O·8REO2·6SiO2,而磷酸盐反应产物除磷灰石结构晶体外,还有Ca3(PO42。可用类似水溶液腐蚀中的活性溶解和钝化观点来理解不同陶瓷材料的CMAS腐蚀行为差异。可钝化材料的腐蚀速率远远低于活性溶解腐蚀速率,其原因是材料表面的钝化膜隔离了腐蚀介质。相似地,当材料与CMAS的反应能形成固态界面层时,腐蚀速率也显著降低。另外,铝酸盐陶瓷与CMAS反应不仅消耗CMAS中CaO,还可能提供Al源,促进石榴石(2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2)结晶物析出[57]
Pan等[58]认为,虽然很多新型低热导率材料的热稳定性好,热膨胀系数匹配良好,但如果它们存在诸如断裂韧性低、TC/TGO界面结合力差及涂覆性能差等缺点时,仍有可能不宜用作TBC。表1列出了CTE与YSZ相近,热导率低于YSZ的几种新型陶瓷材料,其KIC都低于YSZ。因此,目前广泛接受双陶瓷层方案(YSZ陶瓷底层和新型陶瓷面层)[59]
涂覆性能差主要指喷涂得到涂层结构为亚稳结构,如喷涂的SrZrO3涂层为正交结构,而稳态结构是伪四方结构。通过掺杂增熵改性可改善涂覆性能,如在SrZrO3中掺杂Yb2O3和Gd2O3,可以抑制亚稳结构的形成[60]。另一个关键的涂覆性能是涂层断裂韧性。喷涂涂层密度一般低于块体材料,因此其热导率更低,但断裂韧性更差。表1列出了块体和等离子喷涂的8YSZ涂层数据。块体、层状结构和垂直裂纹涂层的断裂韧性KIC分别为4.0、1.8~2.2和3~4,因此目前都倾向于采用垂直裂纹TBC,其寿命更长。
前文所述的氧化加速、黏结层褶皱、SRZ形成等3个问题都与黏结层密切相关。前一个问题涉及涂层抗氧化性能,后2个问题涉及涂层−基体相容性。目前开展的相关研究包括成分调控(Pt改性、活性元素效应)、相组织调控(Pt改性γ+γ'、相平衡、γ'相)、理化性能调控(增熵、低膨胀)和结构调控(扩散障、纳米晶)等方面。
本文所述成分调控是指在不改变相组成前提条件下的成分调控,对黏结层发展来说最有意义的是2项工作:Pt改性和活性元素(reactive element,RE)改性。活性元素概念是John Stringer 提出的,包括稀土元素、Y、Hf、Si等与O反应活性高于Al的化学元素。其缩写与通称的稀土元素RE一样,容易混淆。本文在讨论陶瓷材料时的RE指稀土元素,在讨论黏结层时的RE指活性元素。Pt和RE改性常与相组织、理化性能及结构调控组合使用。
Pt的首要作用是提高β−NiAl表面TGO黏附性,主要机制是抑制界面空洞形成[61]。Pt的第2个重要作用是降低高温氧化和热腐蚀速率[6263],其机制包括:(1) 提高合金中Al扩散速率[6465];(2) 抑制非α−Al2O3产物形成,促进非β−NiAl合金的选择性氧化[6667];(3) 在一定条件下促进θ→α−Al2O3相变[6869]。虽然Pt在抑制界面空洞形成方面不如RE,在促进θ→α−Al2O3相变和非β−NiAl合金的选择性氧化方面不如Cr,但Pt可降低TGO应力水平,β−NiPtAl涂层的抗高温氧化、抗热腐蚀性能均优于MCrAlY。
RE可显著提高TGO黏附性和降低氧化速率[70],在抑制界面空洞形成和降低氧化速率方面的能力均优于Pt。RE可抑制金属中S向TGO/金属界面扩散,从而抑制界面S偏聚和空洞形成。并且,RE在TGO/金属界面的偏聚也可提高界面强度。RE显著降低离子,特别是阳离子,在TGO中的扩散速率,从而降低氧化速率。在不同TGO形成体系中,RE效果差异较大。Ce[71]和Y[72] 常分别用于Cr2O3和Al2O3膜形成合金,但对于β−NiPtAl和γ'−(NiPt)3Al合金,Hf改性效果优于Y改性[7374]。当活性元素种类不合适,或活性元素过高,都会提高氧化速率[75]。目前RE种类和含量范围的合理选择还没有形成一个完备理论体系。总的来说,Y在抑制硫效应方面作用更强,Hf在降低α−Al2O3生长速率方面作用更强。
相组织调控目的是提高涂层−基体的力学和化学相容性,消除或减少黏结层褶皱和SRZ形成,主要包括Pt改性γ+γ'黏结层、相平衡黏结层和γ'相黏结层等工作。
Pt改性可抑制γ+γ'双相合金表面的非氧化铝产物(NiO和NiAl2O4尖晶石)生长,因此,Gleeson等[76]提出,在单晶高温合金上镀Pt并进行热扩散处理,从而形成Pt改性γ+γ'层,可替代β−NiPtAl作为TBC的黏结层,既避免了SRZ形成,又消除黏结层褶皱现象。但是,Pt改性γ+γ'黏结层未改善TBC寿命,且受基体化学成分影响而差异甚大[7779]
Sato等[80]提出了相平衡涂层的概念,拓展了抑制SRZ形成的思路,即抑制SRZ形成并不需要涂层−基体的化学成分完全一致,当涂层−基体处于相邻相区或相同相区时,也不会形成SRZ[81]。相平衡黏结层强度高,还可抑制黏结层褶皱,但不能改善TBC寿命,原因是生成的TGO不纯净,有尖晶石相,氧化速率较高[8283]
Pt或/和Cr改性的γ'相涂层可形成纯α−Al2O3膜,故可来代替β相,作为TBC黏结层,既具有良好的抗氧化性能,又可避免SRZ形成现象。在γ'相黏结层中应避免β相和γ相,因为前者可导致SRZ形成,后者会导致黏结层褶皱[8485]。γ'相涂层的蠕变强度应控制在适当的范围内,使得能够在热应力释放和抗褶皱性能之间取得平衡,从而得到更好的抗循环氧化性能[86]。Pt和Cr共改性可进一步提高γ'相抗氧化性能。其中,Pt改性可降低表面TGO杂质含量,并减小涂层−基体之间CTE差异,从而降低TGO裂纹形成倾向[87];Cr改性则可显著加速θ→α−Al2O3相变,降低初期氧化速率[88]
理化性能调控主要指高熵合金黏结层和低膨胀黏结层研究工作,前者可消除黏结层褶皱,后者可降低热应力。
高熵合金指5种或更多的等/近等摩尔比的元素组成的、混合熵大于1.5 R的合金(R为普适常数),主要优点是强度高,可抑制黏结层褶皱[89]。激光熔覆Alx(CrMoTsTi)1−x涂层的抗氧化性能与Al含量有很大关系,当Al含量达到15 mol%时TGO生长速率显著下降[90]。活性元素效应及减少TGO晶界密度对改善金属抗氧化性能有益,也适合于高熵黏结层[91]。等离子喷涂的AlCrFeCoNi表面TGO生长速率与NiCoCrAlYSiHf相当,不如β−NiPtAl[92]。高熵黏结层与含Re单晶合金基体的化学相容性应加以重视,目前在这方面的研究还很少。
低膨胀黏结层设计的目的是降低BC与TGO的CTE差异,进而降低了热应力。Fritscher等[93]发现提高NiCrAl材料中的Cr、Si和Ti含量,可形成第二相低膨胀质点,从而降低黏结层的CTE。在涂层制备过程中掺杂N元素,形成低膨胀的纳米金属陶瓷复合涂层,是简单且普适的降低CTE方法。Ni+CrAlYSiN涂层的CTE比NiCrAlY低30%左右,TGO热应力降低一倍,显著提高了TGO循环氧化性能[9496]。通过N和O共掺杂,在涂层中形成纳米氧化铝颗粒,可促进Al从基体向涂层进行上坡扩散,从而显著降低涂层退化速率[9798]。低膨胀的金属/陶瓷纳米多层膜也是提高TBC抗剥落性能的有效途径[99]。纳米多层膜结构对基体元素和活性元素扩散有良好的抑制作用,且能生成粗晶/细晶层状交替的氧化铝膜,同时增强热应力释放和降低氧化速率[100]
结构调控包括在黏结层−基体之间增加扩散障层和将黏结层纳米晶化。扩散障技术是抑制涂层−基体互扩散的普适方法,纳米晶化是通过细化黏结层晶粒方式改善抗氧化性能。
在理想的扩散障中,涂层和基体组元的扩散速率都非常低。α−Al2O3是一种自扩散系数和杂质扩散系数都很低的氧化物,具有非常好的阻扩散效果[101]。氮化物层状结构不稳定,易球化,掺杂O可改善结构稳定性[102103]。当涂层和基体中含有适量的C时,碳化物扩散障也是稳定的[104]。Al在难熔金属相中的扩散系数较低,因此难熔金属扩散障也受到重视,主要有Ta[105]、W[106]、Hf[107]、Re[108]等。在镍基合金中,Re的扩散系数比所有其他元素都低至少1个数量级以上。并且,Al在富Re的TCP相中的固溶度很低。因此,Re扩散障的结构稳定性良好,可阻碍涂层中Al向基体扩散,但阻碍基体中Ni向涂层的扩散效果不足,也只能减轻SRZ形成速率[109110]。为了同时获得优异的阻扩散性能和良好的结合力,发展出了活性扩散障。例如,NiCrO活性扩散障层,可原位反应转换成α−Al2O3/NiCr/α−Al2O3三明治结构[111]。三明治结构相当于在Al2O3中插入一层韧性层,分成更薄的两层,提高了Al2O3层高温应变容限和应用可行性。
采用基体合金相同化学成分的纳米晶黏结层,可避免涂层−基体互扩散,并提高了涂层的循环氧化性能[112]。纳米晶结构提高了组元扩散速率,促进了Al的选择性氧化,相当于扩大了合金的氧化铝膜形成区范围(图5),从而降低氧化速率[113]。此外,高密度晶界还提高了蠕变速率,可高效释放TGO生长应力和热应力,从而提高TGO黏附性[114115]。因此,对合金进行表面纳米晶化,提高抗高温氧化性能,可实现合金的高温自防护。在纳米晶涂层的设计中,并不需要受限于涂层与基体合金的化学成分完全相同这一教条。相反,调控化学成分是改善纳米晶涂层性能的有效途径。虽然纳米晶γ′相涂层与含Re的γ+γ'双相单晶镍基高温合金基体之间也存在互扩散,但并不会出现TCP相[84]。通过提高基于René N5合金的纳米晶涂层中Al含量和添加少量Y,可减少富Ta涂层中γ′−Ni3(Al, Ta)体积分数,抑制TGO中富Ta第二相颗粒形成,从而降低氧化速率[116]。通过氧掺杂方法,降低CTE和提高强度,可显著改善纳米晶γ+γ'黏结层的抗褶皱性能[117]
采用EBC技术的主要目的是提高CMC材料的抗水蒸汽和CMAS腐蚀性能。CMC表面可形成氧化硅膜,具有良好的抗高温氧化性能。但在温度为1350℃、含10%水蒸汽的常压流动气氛中,水蒸汽腐蚀导致的氧化硅消耗速率高达1 μm/h左右[118119],这远远高于零件设计寿命要求的腐蚀速率。另外,CMC的工作温度高,CMAS易于形成,抗CMAS腐蚀设计也十分重要。
莫来石(Al2O3xSiO2)与CMC的热膨胀匹配性好,其CTE分别为5和4.5×10−6 K-1,因此热喷涂莫来石涂层的抗剥落性能优于氧化铝和氧化锆[120],可通过1300℃/1200 h的水蒸汽腐蚀测试[121]。在制备莫来石涂层时应避免形成非晶相,因高温晶化可产生剧烈的体积变化,易导致涂层开裂[122]
BSAS (1−xBaO•xSrO•Al2O3•2SiO2, 0≤x≤1),是一种源于莫来石研究提出的钡锶铝硅酸盐[123]。其热膨胀系数与CMC匹配性比莫来石更好,且其氧化硅活度比莫来石低1/4以上。21世纪初,一种由硅黏结层、莫来石+BSAS中间层、BSAS面层构成的环境障涂层用于CMC燃烧室,通过了累积2万多h的试车考核[124]
BSAS涂层的主要问题是当潮湿燃气的温度较高时,涂层易形成低熔点玻璃和大量空洞,使其应用局限于1300ºC以下。为此,研究人员开展了镥(Lu)、钇(Y)、镱(Yb)等稀土元素的单硅酸盐和双硅酸盐涂层研究[125127]。硅酸镥价格较高,且易于出现晶界腐蚀,因此研究较少。硅酸钇的主要问题是晶型多,不同晶型的CTE差异大 [128]。双硅酸镱(β−Yb2Si2O7)的综合性能较好,其突出优点是氧化硅活度低,抗水蒸汽腐蚀性能优异[129]
当表面温度超过1300ºC时, CMAS腐蚀是β−Yb2Si2O7用作EBC时面临的主要问题,其破坏速率可达每小时数微米。氧化物陶瓷或玻璃的光学碱度(optical basicity,OB)定义为氧离子贡献电子的能力。根据Lewis酸度化学理论,氧化物陶瓷在玻璃中的反应性随OB差降低而降低。因YAlO3、γ−Y2Si2O7β−Yb2Si2O7和β−Sc2Si2O7与CMAS的OB相差较小,它们应具有较好的抗CMAS腐蚀性能。Turcer等[130131]的研究表明,因离子直径较大的Y与Ca有较高的亲和性,YAlO3和γ−Y2Si2O7易于与CMAS反应生成Y−Ca−Si磷灰石,而CMAS熔体几乎不会导致Yb2Si2O7和β−Sc2Si2O7表面生成磷灰石,但能逐渐侵入陶瓷晶界,并导致局部泡状开裂。在这4种材料中,虽然β−Yb2Si2O7与CMC的相容性最好,但抗CMAS性能却远不如YAlO3好。因此,王京阳等[127]提出,充分利用不同稀土元素在与CMAS反应过程中呈现的特性差异,通过采用多稀土组元搭配进行高熵化设计,如(Y0.25Yb0.25Er0.25Sc0.252Si2O7,可提升稀土硅酸盐材料抗CMAS腐蚀性能。
除要求抗水蒸汽和CMAS腐蚀性能好之外,环境障涂层材料还应有如下特性:(1) 与基体热膨胀匹配;(2) 制备及服役过程中无相变;(3) 多层膜的化学相容性好。应当尽量避免涂层裂纹,因为裂纹是水蒸汽和CMAS侵入的快速通道。在热循环条件下,热应力累积造成的裂纹难以避免,发展可自愈合裂纹的涂层技术是实用化EBC发展的重要趋势。Nguyen等[132]提出,在陶瓷涂层中添加少量的SiC纳米颗粒或纤维,通过SiC氧化形成氧化硅产生的体积膨胀效应填补裂纹,可实现裂纹自愈合。
Turcer等[133]提出的以(YxYb2−x)Si2O7为代表的热环境障涂层(thermal environmental barrier coating,TEBC)是正在发展的另一个重要方向,其特性比EBC增加了一个要求:热导率不高于1 W/(m·K)左右。与镍基合金用TBC不同的是,TEBC应为4.5×10−6 K左右,而不是10×10−6 K左右。新近的理论研究表明,在(YxYb2−x)Si2O7中用Eu或Er替代部分Y和Yb,可使热导率显著降低至0.25~0.39 W/(m·K),且其CTE在4.4~5.5×10−6K,与CMC基体的热膨胀相容性非常好[134]。Chen等[49]提出的高熵钙钛矿结构RETa3O9低热导材料也很有发展前途,其热导率为1.5 W/m·K,断裂韧性可达2.5 MPa·m1/2,并具有优异的抗CMAS腐蚀性能。双相陶瓷,如GdAlO3−Gd2Hf2O7[135],具有更高的断裂韧性,抗剥落性好,也是TEBC的一个重要发展方向。
以β−NiPtAl/YSZ为代表的TBC和以BSAS 为代表的EBC分别用于镍基高温合金和CMC的防护,为燃气涡轮发动机的发展作出了重要贡献。进一步提升燃气温度,可提升发动机性能,也对TBC和EBC带来了新的问题,前者包括加速YSZ的相变和烧结、β−NiPtAl的氧化、黏结层褶皱和SRZ形成等,后者包括水蒸汽和CMAS腐蚀。这些问题显著降低了涂层的服役寿命。为此,国内外开展了新型涂层研究,并取得了重要进展。
在改善涂层−基体化学相容性方面,发展出了非β相的Pt改性γ+γ'、相平衡和γ'相黏结层技术以及扩散障和纳米晶技术。其中纳米晶γ'相黏结层具有较好的发展前途,一方面,是因为其化学成分体系较为开放,具有较大的调控空间,另一方面,是该体系具有优异的涂层−基体力学相容性及可控的应力缓释能力。这一新型黏结层的未来发展方向,应着重于降低TGO生长速率和避免TC/TGO/BC界面应力集中等2方面的研究工作。例如,通过贵金属和活性元素改性,降低TGO晶界扩散速率;通过难熔金属增熵,改变BC的CTE和蠕变强度,降低界面平均应力水平。
也已证明,与经典的YSZ相比,许多低热导率稀土氧化物陶瓷材料,包括锆酸盐、铝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐、钽酸盐、铌酸盐等,都具有相近的CTE、更高的相稳定性以及更优异的抗CMAS腐蚀性能。这些材料各具特色,La2Zr2O7与YSZ相容性较好,YTaO4断裂韧性较高,RE3NbO7氧迁移率极低,GdAlO3抗CMAS腐蚀性能较好。
在新型EBC材料中,β−Yb2Si2O7的相稳定性和抗水蒸汽腐蚀性能优于其他材料,但抗CMAS腐蚀性能不如YAlO3和γ−Y2Si2O7。基于β−Yb2Si2O7的高熵化设计,如(Y1/4Yb1/4Er1/4Sc1/42Si2O7,可提高抗CMAS腐蚀性能。而且,高熵化还可显著降低材料热导率,形成TEBC。通过SiC纤维或颗粒增强,可提高EBC的裂纹自愈合性能。
提高断裂韧性对改善T/EBC抗剥落性能极其重要,是未来研究的重点方向之一。在本文讨论的各种陶瓷材料中,仍以YSZ的断裂韧性最高,相对较好的是YTaO4和GdNbO4,分别为YSZ的75%和70%。探索高韧性陶瓷材料可从根本上解决问题,但风险和投入较高。研究表明,双相复合陶瓷技术是显著提高涂层断裂韧性的捷径,具有良好的工程化应用可行性。在某些情况下,复合材料技术还可同时提高抗CMAS腐蚀性能和降低热导率。

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2025年第43卷第17期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01752
  • 接收时间:2024-12-16
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-16
  • 修回日期:2025-05-07
  • 录用日期:2025-08-29
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    1. 中国科学院金属研究所,沈阳 110016
    2. 东北大学材料科学与工程学院,沈阳 110819

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王福会(通信作者),教授,研究方向为腐蚀与防护,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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