Article(id=1208361638332318143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, articleNumber=null, orderNo=23, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=1750176000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766025464851, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1757692800000, pubDateStr=2025-09-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762358400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766025464851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079977263, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208361635656352181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757692800000', pubDateStr='2025-09-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766025464214, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330860874, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196994169189037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196994169189038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208361635656352181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=122, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208361638684639687, articleId=1208361638332318143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Emerging trends and challenges in nanocomposite drugs for brain tumor therapy, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and lethal form of brain cancer, remains a formidable clinical challenge due to its molecular heterogeneity, pronounced invasiveness, the restrictive nature of the blood−brain barrier (BBB), and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Conventional therapeutic modalities comprising surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, offer limited efficacy, with the 5−year survival rate remaining below 10%. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the rational design of nanocomposite drug systems capable of penetrating the BBB, enabling site−specific drug delivery, and reducing systemic toxicity. These multifunctional nanoplatforms not only enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutics but also allow integration with immunomodulators, genetic tools, and imaging agents for synergistic multimodal therapies. This review critically examines the clinical and biological landscape of GBM, highlights recent breakthroughs in nanocomposite drug design, and discusses the translational hurdles and future directions toward clinical implementation. Together, these insights offer a forward−looking perspective on leveraging nanotechnology for precision therapy in GBM.

, authors=null, authorsList=Junyan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208361639414448602, articleId=1208361638332318143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=纳米复合药物治疗脑肿瘤研究热点与挑战, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

胶质母细胞瘤(GBM),是中枢神经系统中最具侵袭性和致命性的恶性肿瘤之一。现行治疗手段如手术切除、放疗和化疗等,因GBM显著的分子异质性、高度侵袭性、血脑屏障(BBB)阻隔以及免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境而效果有限,目前患者5年生存率仍不足10%。近年来,纳米技术的迅猛发展为GBM靶向治疗提供了新契机。通过精准调控纳米材料的物理化学特性,纳米复合药物不仅可实现穿越BBB的高效递送,还能降低全身毒性,增强治疗靶向性。此外,该类药物平台可集成化疗药物、免疫调节剂、基因治疗载体及成像探针,实现诊疗一体化和多模态协同治疗。概述了GBM的临床治疗现状与主要挑战,分析了其生物学特性及微环境特征,重点探讨了纳米复合药物在GBM治疗中的设计策略、功能优势、研究进展及转化应用面临的主要问题,旨在为该领域的基础研究与临床应用提供参考与思路。

, authors=

张君妍,副研究员,研究方向为生物基纳米复合材料、杂化多孔材料、多功能荧光探针、脑肿瘤力学调控,电子信箱:

, authorsList=张君妍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Hw8h5R4OX7SlTZDAzw/9qg==, magXml=Hw8h5R4OX7SlTZDAzw/9qg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QTIU6NonLW7JcRKeVXGiJw==, pdfFileSize=3834926, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=i+xiUHh/TgbIokj3sgiIpQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=S8xKs4Y9KtR656YGfXgZ/Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242144728075019253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=junyanzhang@dhu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144728167293944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, authorId=1242144728075019253, language=EN, stringName=Junyan ZHANG, firstName=Junyan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
2. Songjiang Research Institute Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144728242791417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, authorId=1242144728075019253, language=CN, stringName=张君妍, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江医院,上海 201600
2. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江研究院,上海 201600, bio={"content":"

张君妍,副研究员,研究方向为生物基纳米复合材料、杂化多孔材料、多功能荧光探针、脑肿瘤力学调控,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

张君妍,副研究员,研究方向为生物基纳米复合材料、杂化多孔材料、多功能荧光探针、脑肿瘤力学调控,电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144727936607214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144727940801519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727936607214, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144727949190128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727936607214, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江医院,上海 201600)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242144727999521777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144728012104690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727999521777, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Songjiang Research Institute Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144728016298995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727999521777, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江研究院,上海 201600)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242144728364426234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=glioblastoma), Keyword(id=1242144728435729403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=blood−brain barrier), Keyword(id=1242144728494449660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=nanotechnology), Keyword(id=1242144728553169918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=nanocomposites), Keyword(id=1242144728620278783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=targeted delivery), Keyword(id=1242144728691581952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=multimodal therapy), Keyword(id=1242144728750301184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=胶质母细胞瘤), Keyword(id=1242144728813215745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=血脑屏障(BBB)), Keyword(id=1242144728871936002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=纳米技术), Keyword(id=1242144728947433475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=纳米复合药物), Keyword(id=1242144729010348036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=靶向治疗), Keyword(id=1242144729081651205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=多模态治疗)], refs=[Reference(id=1242144729962455055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1039/C8CS00805A, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=48, issue=11, pageStart=2967, pageEnd=3014, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=Chemical Society Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang W, Fan W P, Lau J, et al. Emerging blood−brain−barrier−crossing nanotechnology for brain cancer theranostics[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2019, 48(11): 2967- 3014., articleTitle=Emerging blood−brain−barrier−crossing nanotechnology for brain cancer theranostics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730021175312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=70, issue=4, pageStart=299, pageEnd=312, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tan A C, Ashley D M, López G Y, et al. Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions[J]. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2020, 70(4): 299- 312., articleTitle=Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730075701265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41568-019-0205-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=26, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Reviews Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arvanitis C D, Ferraro G B, Jain R K. The blood−brain barrier and blood−tumour barrier in brain tumours and metastases[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2020, 20(1): 26- 41., articleTitle=The blood−brain barrier and blood−tumour barrier in brain tumours and metastases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730138615827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1039/D1CS00707F, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=17, pageStart=7531, pageEnd=7559, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=Chemical Society Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cong V T, Houng J L, Kavallaris M, et al. How can we use the endocytosis pathways to design nanoparticle drug−delivery vehicles to target cancer cells over healthy cells?[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2022, 51(17): 7531- 7559., articleTitle=How can we use the endocytosis pathways to design nanoparticle drug−delivery vehicles to target cancer cells over healthy cells?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730209918996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.020, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=98, pageEnd=110, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=Cancer Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Verhaak R G W, Hoadley K A, Purdom E, et al. Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1[J]. Cancer Cell, 2010, 17(1): 98- 110., articleTitle=Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730272833557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41467-023-39933-0, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=4122, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng Y N, Carrillo−Perez F, Pizurica M, et al. Spatial cellular architecture predicts prognosis in glioblastoma[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 4122., articleTitle=Spatial cellular architecture predicts prognosis in glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730344136726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1126/science.1254257, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=344, issue=6190, pageStart=1396, pageEnd=1401, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Patel A P, Tirosh I, Trombetta J J, et al. Single−cell RNA−seq highlights intratumoral heterogeneity in primary glioblastoma[J]. Science, 2014, 344(6190): 1396- 1401., articleTitle=Single−cell RNA−seq highlights intratumoral heterogeneity in primary glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730402856983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/nature05236, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=444, issue=7120, pageStart=756, pageEnd=760, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bao S D, Wu Q L, McLendon R E, et al. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response[J]. Nature, 2006, 444(7120): 756- 760., articleTitle=Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730474160152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/nature11287, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=488, issue=7412, pageStart=522, pageEnd=526, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen J, Li Y J, Yu T S, et al. A restricted cell population propagates glioblastoma growth after chemotherapy[J]. Nature, 2012, 488(7412): 522- 526., articleTitle=A restricted cell population propagates glioblastoma growth after chemotherapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730553851929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.3390/ijms22010351, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=351, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=International Journal of Molecular Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ou A, Alfred Yung W K, Majd N. Molecular mechanisms of treatment resistance in glioblastoma[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020, 22(1): 351., articleTitle=Molecular mechanisms of treatment resistance in glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730629349402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.009, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=31, issue=3, pageStart=326, pageEnd=341, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=Cancer Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Quail D F, Joyce J A. The microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors[J]. Cancer Cell, 2017, 31(3): 326- 341., articleTitle=The microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730696458267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.trecan.2015.10.009, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=1, issue=4, pageStart=252, pageEnd=265, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=Trends in Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hambardzumyan D, Bergers G. Glioblastoma: Defining tumor niches[J]. Trends in Cancer, 2015, 1(4): 252- 265., articleTitle=Glioblastoma: Defining tumor niches, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730759372828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/nrc1121, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=3, issue=7, pageStart=489, pageEnd=501, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Reviews Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rao J S. Molecular mechanisms of glioma invasiveness: The role of proteases[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2003, 3(7): 489- 501., articleTitle=Molecular mechanisms of glioma invasiveness: The role of proteases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730822287389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.046, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=100, issue=4, pageStart=799, pageEnd=815, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=Neuron, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen X, Wanggou S Y, Bodalia A, et al. A feedforward mechanism mediated by mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZO1 and tissue mechanics promotes glioma aggression[J]. Neuron, 2018, 100(4): 799- 815., articleTitle=A feedforward mechanism mediated by mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZO1 and tissue mechanics promotes glioma aggression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730901979167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1563-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=573, issue=7775, pageStart=539, pageEnd=545, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Venkatesh H S, Morishita W, Geraghty A C, et al. Electrical and synaptic integration of glioma into neural circuits[J]. Nature, 2019, 573(7775): 539- 545., articleTitle=Electrical and synaptic integration of glioma into neural circuits, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144730960699424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/nrc.2016.108, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=20, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Reviews Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi J J, Kantoff P W, Wooster R, et al. Cancer nanomedicine: Progress, challenges and opportunities[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2017, 17(1): 20- 37., articleTitle=Cancer nanomedicine: Progress, challenges and opportunities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731040391201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/nmat3776, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=12, issue=11, pageStart=991, pageEnd=1003, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mura S, Nicolas J, Couvreur P. Stimuli−responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery[J]. Nature Materials, 2013, 12(11): 991- 1003., articleTitle=Stimuli−responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731115888675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1021/acsnano.8b04406, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=13, issue=3, pageStart=2858, pageEnd=2869, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Nano, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arami H, Patel C B, Madsen S J, et al. Nanomedicine for spontaneous brain tumors: A companion clinical trial[J]. ACS Nano, 2019, 13(3): 2858- 2869., articleTitle=Nanomedicine for spontaneous brain tumors: A companion clinical trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731174608932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.010, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=64, issue=7, pageStart=640, pageEnd=665, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Y, Liu L H. Modern methods for delivery of drugs across the blood–brain barrier[J]. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2012, 64(7): 640- 665., articleTitle=Modern methods for delivery of drugs across the blood–brain barrier, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731241717797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/smll.202203448, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=18, issue=40, pageStart=2203448, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=Small, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Su J, Yao Z P, Chen Z X, et al. TfR aptamer enhanced blood−brain barrier penetration of biomimetic nano complexes for intracellular transglutaminase 2 imaging and silencing in glioma[J]. Small, 2022, 18(40): 2203448., articleTitle=TfR aptamer enhanced blood−brain barrier penetration of biomimetic nano complexes for intracellular transglutaminase 2 imaging and silencing in glioma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731317215270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04315-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=1991, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lam F C, Morton S W, Wyckoff J, et al. Enhanced efficacy of combined temozolomide and bromodomain inhibitor therapy for gliomas using targeted nanoparticles[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 1991., articleTitle=Enhanced efficacy of combined temozolomide and bromodomain inhibitor therapy for gliomas using targeted nanoparticles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731375935527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adma.201800316, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=30, issue=30, pageStart=1800316, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang Y, Yang W J, Zhang J, et al. Protein toxin chaperoned by LRP−1−targeted virus−mimicking vesicles induces high−efficiency glioblastoma therapy in vivo[J]. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(30): 1800316., articleTitle=Protein toxin chaperoned by LRP−1−targeted virus−mimicking vesicles induces high−efficiency glioblastoma therapy in vivo, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731451433000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.3109/10611861003734001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=19, issue=2, pageStart=125, pageEnd=132, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Drug Targeting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ulbrich K, Knobloch T, Kreuter J. Targeting the insulin receptor: Nanoparticles for drug delivery across the blood−brain barrier (BBB)[J]. Journal of Drug Targeting, 2011, 19(2): 125- 132., articleTitle=Targeting the insulin receptor: Nanoparticles for drug delivery across the blood−brain barrier (BBB), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731514347561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.026, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=269, issue=null, pageStart=245, pageEnd=257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Controlled Release, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim J S, Shin D H, Kim J S. Dual−targeting immunoliposomes using angiopep−2 and CD133 antibody for glioblastoma stem cells[J]. Journal of Controlled Release, 2018, 269: 245- 257., articleTitle=Dual−targeting immunoliposomes using angiopep−2 and CD133 antibody for glioblastoma stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731577262122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adfm.201909117, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=30, issue=12, pageStart=1909117, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Functional Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li B, Xiao H, Cai M Y, et al. Molecular probe crossing blood–brain barrier for bimodal imaging–guided photothermal/photodynamic therapies of intracranial glioblastoma[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30(12): 1909117., articleTitle=Molecular probe crossing blood–brain barrier for bimodal imaging–guided photothermal/photodynamic therapies of intracranial glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731644370987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.007, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=177, issue=null, pageStart=414, pageEnd=430, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Biomaterialia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei R L, Li J M, Lin W X, et al. Nanoparticle−mediated blockade of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling enhances glioblastoma immunotherapy: Monitoring early responses with MRI radiomics[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2024, 177: 414- 430., articleTitle=Nanoparticle−mediated blockade of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling enhances glioblastoma immunotherapy: Monitoring early responses with MRI radiomics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731715674156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adma.202109213, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=12, pageStart=2109213, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dong C Y, Huang Q X, Cheng H, et al. Neisseria meningitidis opca protein/MnO2 hybrid nanoparticles for overcoming the blood–brain barrier to treat glioblastoma[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(12): 2109213., articleTitle=Neisseria meningitidis opca protein/MnO2 hybrid nanoparticles for overcoming the blood–brain barrier to treat glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731778588717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07250-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=4777, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu M Y, Zhang H X, Tie C J, et al. MR imaging tracking of inflammation−activatable engineered neutrophils for targeted therapy of surgically treated glioma[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 4777., articleTitle=MR imaging tracking of inflammation−activatable engineered neutrophils for targeted therapy of surgically treated glioma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731858280494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1021/acsnano.3c01428, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=17, issue=14, pageStart=13333, pageEnd=13347, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Nano, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kuang J, Rao Z Y, Zheng D W, et al. Nanoparticles hitchhike on monocytes for glioblastoma treatment after low−dose radiotherapy[J]. ACS Nano, 2023, 17(14): 13333- 13347., articleTitle=Nanoparticles hitchhike on monocytes for glioblastoma treatment after low−dose radiotherapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731921195055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/natrevmats.2017.24, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=2, issue=null, pageStart=17024, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Reviews Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen H M, Zhang W Z, Zhu G Z, et al. Rethinking cancer nanotheranostics[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2017, 2: 17024., articleTitle=Rethinking cancer nanotheranostics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144731979915312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=4, issue=147, pageStart=147ra111, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=Science Translational Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Iliff J J, Wang M H, Liao Y H, et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β[J]. Science Translational Medicine, 2012, 4(147): 147ra111., articleTitle=A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732047024177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/nature14432, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=523, issue=7560, pageStart=337, pageEnd=341, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes T J, et al. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels[J]. Nature, 2015, 523(7560): 337- 341., articleTitle=Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732114133042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1039/D0CS00607F, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=49, issue=24, pageStart=9057, pageEnd=9094, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=Chemical Society Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen J J, Zhu Y F, Wu C T, et al. Nanoplatform−based cascade engineering for cancer therapy[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2020, 49(24): 9057- 9094., articleTitle=Nanoplatform−based cascade engineering for cancer therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732181241907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adma.202306583, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=7, pageStart=2306583, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=You Q, Liang F M, Wu G G, et al. The landscape of biomimetic nanovesicles in brain diseases[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(7): 2306583., articleTitle=The landscape of biomimetic nanovesicles in brain diseases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732252545076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adfm.202404234, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=34, issue=41, pageStart=2404234, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Functional Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cai X D, Drummond C J, Zhai J L, et al. Lipid nanoparticles: Versatile drug delivery vehicles for traversing the blood brain barrier to treat brain cancer[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2024, 34(41): 2404234., articleTitle=Lipid nanoparticles: Versatile drug delivery vehicles for traversing the blood brain barrier to treat brain cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732323848245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41565-020-00843-7, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=16, issue=5, pageStart=538, pageEnd=548, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang J, Chen C, Li A N, et al. Immunostimulant hydrogel for the inhibition of malignant glioma relapse post−resection[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2021, 16(5): 538- 548., articleTitle=Immunostimulant hydrogel for the inhibition of malignant glioma relapse post−resection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732395151414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121711, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=288, issue=null, pageStart=121711, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=Biomaterials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu L S, Liu J Y, Qiu M J, et al. Bacteria−mediated metformin−loaded peptide hydrogel reprograms the tumor immune microenvironment in glioblastoma[J]. Biomaterials, 2022, 288: 121711., articleTitle=Bacteria−mediated metformin−loaded peptide hydrogel reprograms the tumor immune microenvironment in glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732449677368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122708, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=311, issue=null, pageStart=122708, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=Biomaterials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li J N, Yang J, Jiang S P, et al. Targeted reprogramming of tumor−associated macrophages for overcoming glioblastoma resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy[J]. Biomaterials, 2024, 311: 122708., articleTitle=Targeted reprogramming of tumor−associated macrophages for overcoming glioblastoma resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732508397625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adma.202006116, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=33, issue=9, pageStart=e2006116, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao X H, Li S, Ding F, et al. A virus−mimicking nucleic acid nanogel reprograms microglia and macrophages for glioblastoma therapy[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(9): e2006116., articleTitle=A virus−mimicking nucleic acid nanogel reprograms microglia and macrophages for glioblastoma therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732583895098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121645, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=287, issue=null, pageStart=121645, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=Biomaterials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu S H, Liu J, Li H S, et al. An optimized ionizable cationic lipid for brain tumor−targeted siRNA delivery and glioblastoma immunotherapy[J]. Biomaterials, 2022, 287: 121645., articleTitle=An optimized ionizable cationic lipid for brain tumor−targeted siRNA delivery and glioblastoma immunotherapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732671975483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1021/acsnano.1c05505, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=16, issue=2, pageStart=1940, pageEnd=1953, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Nano, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tian T, Liang R Y, Erel−Akbaba G, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibition in GBM primed with radiation by engineered extracellular vesicles[J]. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(2): 1940- 1953., articleTitle=Immune checkpoint inhibition in GBM primed with radiation by engineered extracellular vesicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732747472956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=17, issue=3, pageStart=4480, pageEnd=4489, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Q S, Zhang Z Z, Wu X Y, et al. Cascade−responsive nanoparticles for efficient CRISPR/Cas9−based glioblastoma gene therapy[J]. Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2025, 17(3): 4480- 4489., articleTitle=Cascade−responsive nanoparticles for efficient CRISPR/Cas9−based glioblastoma gene therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732827164733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=116, issue=47, pageStart=23714, pageEnd=23723, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang P, Miska J, Lee−Chang C, et al. Therapeutic targeting of tumor−associated myeloid cells synergizes with radiation therapy for glioblastoma[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019, 116(47): 23714- 23723., articleTitle=Therapeutic targeting of tumor−associated myeloid cells synergizes with radiation therapy for glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732885884990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adma.202314197, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=32, pageStart=2314197, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Z, Chen F M, Cao Y, et al. An engineered nanoplatform with tropism toward irradiated glioblastoma augments its radioimmunotherapy efficacy[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(32): 2314197., articleTitle=An engineered nanoplatform with tropism toward irradiated glioblastoma augments its radioimmunotherapy efficacy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144732948799551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.nantod.2024.102253, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=102253, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=Nano Today, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang Q X, Liang J L, Niu M T, et al. Interfering tumor metabolism by bimetallic nanoagent for amplifying nanocatalytic−mediated glioblastoma immunotherapy[J]. Nano Today, 2024, 56: 102253., articleTitle=Interfering tumor metabolism by bimetallic nanoagent for amplifying nanocatalytic−mediated glioblastoma immunotherapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733011714113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.029, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=418, pageEnd=432, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=Bioactive Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang T T, Zhang H, Qiu W B, et al. Biomimetic nanoparticles directly remodel immunosuppressive microenvironment for boosting glioblastoma immunotherapy[J]. Bioactive Materials, 2022, 16: 418- 432., articleTitle=Biomimetic nanoparticles directly remodel immunosuppressive microenvironment for boosting glioblastoma immunotherapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733095600194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41467-022-35709-0, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=941, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen H, Li T, Liu Z Y, et al. A nitric−oxide driven chemotactic nanomotor for enhanced immunotherapy of glioblastoma[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 941., articleTitle=A nitric−oxide driven chemotactic nanomotor for enhanced immunotherapy of glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733154320452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122694, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=311, issue=null, pageStart=122694, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=Biomaterials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=You H Y, Geng S, Li S K, et al. Recent advances in biomimetic strategies for the immunotherapy of glioblastoma[J]. Biomaterials, 2024, 311: 122694., articleTitle=Recent advances in biomimetic strategies for the immunotherapy of glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733213040709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adma.202110364, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=15, pageStart=2110364, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu T T, Liu Y, Cao Y, et al. Engineering macrophage exosome disguised biodegradable nanoplatform for enhanced sonodynamic therapy of glioblastoma[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(15): 2110364., articleTitle=Engineering macrophage exosome disguised biodegradable nanoplatform for enhanced sonodynamic therapy of glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733275955271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101911, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=51, issue=null, pageStart=101911, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=Nano Today, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang Q X, Liang J L, Chen Q W, et al. Metal−organic framework nanoagent induces cuproptosis for effective immunotherapy of malignant glioblastoma[J]. Nano Today, 2023, 51: 101911., articleTitle=Metal−organic framework nanoagent induces cuproptosis for effective immunotherapy of malignant glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733347258440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.030, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=33, issue=11, pageStart=3071, pageEnd=3082, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=Biomaterials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xiao Y L, Hong H, Javadi A, et al. Multifunctional unimolecular micelles for cancer−targeted drug delivery and positron emission tomography imaging[J]. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(11): 3071- 3082., articleTitle=Multifunctional unimolecular micelles for cancer−targeted drug delivery and positron emission tomography imaging, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733422755913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adma.202400502, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=29, pageStart=2400502, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Y K, Ma H W, Li L S, et al. Dual−targeted novel temozolomide nanocapsules encapsulating siPKM2 inhibit aerobic glycolysis to sensitize glioblastoma to chemotherapy[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(29): 2400502., articleTitle=Dual−targeted novel temozolomide nanocapsules encapsulating siPKM2 inhibit aerobic glycolysis to sensitize glioblastoma to chemotherapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733489864778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adhm.202100812, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=10, issue=20, pageStart=2100812, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Healthcare Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Singh S, Drude N, Blank L, et al. Protease responsive nanogels for transcytosis across the blood−brain barrier and intracellular delivery of radiopharmaceuticals to brain tumor cells[J]. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2021, 10(20): 2100812., articleTitle=Protease responsive nanogels for transcytosis across the blood−brain barrier and intracellular delivery of radiopharmaceuticals to brain tumor cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733556973643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41565-022-01189-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=17, issue=9, pageStart=1015, pageEnd=1022, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arami H, Kananian S, Khalifehzadeh L, et al. Remotely controlled near−infrared−triggered photothermal treatment of brain tumours in freely behaving mice using gold nanostars[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2022, 17(9): 1015- 1022., articleTitle=Remotely controlled near−infrared−triggered photothermal treatment of brain tumours in freely behaving mice using gold nanostars, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733628276812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.017, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=96, issue=null, pageStart=491, pageEnd=504, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Biomaterialia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen L, Wu Y, Wu H A, et al. Magnetic targeting combined with active targeting of dual−ligand iron oxide nanoprobes to promote the penetration depth in tumors for effective magnetic resonance imaging and hyperthermia[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2019, 96: 491- 504., articleTitle=Magnetic targeting combined with active targeting of dual−ligand iron oxide nanoprobes to promote the penetration depth in tumors for effective magnetic resonance imaging and hyperthermia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733691191373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41578-021-00358-0, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=6, issue=12, pageStart=1078, pageEnd=1094, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Reviews Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hou X C, Zaks T, Langer R, et al. Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2021, 6(12): 1078- 1094., articleTitle=Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733754105934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1021/cr200256v, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=112, issue=2, pageStart=1232, pageEnd=1268, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=Chemical Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Horcajada P, Gref R, Baati T, et al. Metal−organic frameworks in biomedicine[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2012, 112(2): 1232- 1268., articleTitle=Metal−organic frameworks in biomedicine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733817020495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41573-020-0090-8, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=20, issue=2, pageStart=101, pageEnd=124, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mitchell M J, Billingsley M M, Haley R M, et al. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery[J]. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2021, 20(2): 101- 124., articleTitle=Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733879935057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1038/s41467-023-37328-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=1610, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang P, Rashidi A, Zhao J F, et al. STING agonist−loaded, CD47/PD−L1−targeting nanoparticles potentiate antitumor immunity and radiotherapy for glioblastoma[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 1610., articleTitle=STING agonist−loaded, CD47/PD−L1−targeting nanoparticles potentiate antitumor immunity and radiotherapy for glioblastoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733938655314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1002/adma.202307454, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=15, pageStart=2307454, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Y X, Ma Y X, Shi K X, et al. Self−disassembling and oxygen−generating porphyrin−lipoprotein nanoparticle for targeted glioblastoma resection and enhanced photodynamic therapy[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(15): 2307454., articleTitle=Self−disassembling and oxygen−generating porphyrin−lipoprotein nanoparticle for targeted glioblastoma resection and enhanced photodynamic therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144733997375571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, doi=10.1021/acsnano.7b05108, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=24, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Nano, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hartshorn C M, Bradbury M S, Lanza G M, et al. Nanotechnology strategies to advance outcomes in clinical cancer care[J]. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(1): 24- 43., articleTitle=Nanotechnology strategies to advance outcomes in clinical cancer care, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242144729811460110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(82272227,52203176,32471019);上海市自然科学基金项目(202340045);中国科协第八届青年人才托举工程项目(YESS20220160), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144727936607214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144727940801519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727936607214, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144727949190128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727936607214, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江医院,上海 201600)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242144727999521777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144728012104690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727999521777, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Songjiang Research Institute Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144728016298995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727999521777, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江研究院,上海 201600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242144729245229062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OogHPLvG94+HNqC4EQwnpQ==, figureFileBig=iFHRfXBuAhxAW01v78Sn0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144729329115143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GBM微环境主要特征, figureFileSmall=OogHPLvG94+HNqC4EQwnpQ==, figureFileBig=iFHRfXBuAhxAW01v78Sn0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144729459138570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gTRTWjaAKyCxX1IafYs6JQ==, figureFileBig=Sw0g0pUBU7Vh8QnB+ll6Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144729517858827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=CN, label=图2, caption=代表性纳米载体及药物负载简图, figureFileSmall=gTRTWjaAKyCxX1IafYs6JQ==, figureFileBig=Sw0g0pUBU7Vh8QnB+ll6Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144729614327820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BBB渗透机制 原理 常见靶点 代表性修饰与方法 优势 缺点
增强渗透与滞留效应(EPR)  病灶区血管内皮细胞连接松散,纳米粒子被动弥散进入脑组织  病理条件下血管内皮细胞紧密连接松散  无需主动修饰  实现纳米药物被动靶向富集  受BBB残余功能、肿瘤异质性和高间质压限制,渗透深度不足且分布不均,穿透效率低
受体介导转运
(RMT)
 利用BBB内皮细胞高表达的特定受体,将纳米颗粒表面修饰相应配体,触发受体介导的内吞及跨细胞转运  转铁蛋白受体1(TfR1)、低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLRs)、胰岛素受体等  转铁蛋白修饰、人重链铁蛋白、血管肽−2、载脂蛋白E衍生肽辉、细胞膜仿生包裹等  靶向特异性高,可转运较大纳米颗粒,转运效率高  易受内体−溶酶体降解,配体表达异质性影响疗效
载体介导转运(CMT)  利用BBB上营养物质转运蛋白,通过构象变化将修饰了底物的纳米颗粒进行跨膜输送  葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT1)、大中性氨基酸转运蛋白(LAT1)、胆碱转运蛋白等  葡萄糖、氨基酸、胆碱等  仿生高效,转运速度接近生理底物(秒级)  尺寸限制严苛(通常小于5 nm),内源性底物(如血糖)竞争抑制显著,转运效率有限
吸附介导转运(AMT)  依赖正电荷纳米颗粒与内皮细胞带负电荷膜表面的静电吸附,引发非特异性内吞  不依赖特定受体  细胞穿透肽(CPP)、阳离子脂质体、阳离子聚合物聚乙烯亚胺修饰等  通用性强,无需特定受体/载体表达  非特异性强,易引发全身毒性与免疫反应
细胞介导转运  将纳米颗粒装载于具有BBB穿透能力的活细胞内,利用细胞迁移机制实现“特洛伊木马”式递送  炎症趋化因子响应迁移、肿瘤归巢效应、变形穿越内皮间隙等  搭载巨噬细胞、间充质干细胞、中性粒细胞等  突破多重屏障,实现长效缓释  载药细胞存活率低,免疫清除导致递送效率不稳定
BBB破坏增强
转运
 通过物理/化学手段可逆打开BBB紧密连接,增大内皮间隙  血管内皮细胞紧密连接  BBB化学开放剂(如腺苷A2A受体激动剂)、聚焦超声、微波、激光、电磁场等  瞬时大幅提升穿透效率(10~100倍)  屏障开放不可控(脑水肿/出血风险),时间窗短
), ArticleFig(id=1242144729677242381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳米颗粒的BBB渗透机制分类与解析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BBB渗透机制 原理 常见靶点 代表性修饰与方法 优势 缺点
增强渗透与滞留效应(EPR)  病灶区血管内皮细胞连接松散,纳米粒子被动弥散进入脑组织  病理条件下血管内皮细胞紧密连接松散  无需主动修饰  实现纳米药物被动靶向富集  受BBB残余功能、肿瘤异质性和高间质压限制,渗透深度不足且分布不均,穿透效率低
受体介导转运
(RMT)
 利用BBB内皮细胞高表达的特定受体,将纳米颗粒表面修饰相应配体,触发受体介导的内吞及跨细胞转运  转铁蛋白受体1(TfR1)、低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLRs)、胰岛素受体等  转铁蛋白修饰、人重链铁蛋白、血管肽−2、载脂蛋白E衍生肽辉、细胞膜仿生包裹等  靶向特异性高,可转运较大纳米颗粒,转运效率高  易受内体−溶酶体降解,配体表达异质性影响疗效
载体介导转运(CMT)  利用BBB上营养物质转运蛋白,通过构象变化将修饰了底物的纳米颗粒进行跨膜输送  葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT1)、大中性氨基酸转运蛋白(LAT1)、胆碱转运蛋白等  葡萄糖、氨基酸、胆碱等  仿生高效,转运速度接近生理底物(秒级)  尺寸限制严苛(通常小于5 nm),内源性底物(如血糖)竞争抑制显著,转运效率有限
吸附介导转运(AMT)  依赖正电荷纳米颗粒与内皮细胞带负电荷膜表面的静电吸附,引发非特异性内吞  不依赖特定受体  细胞穿透肽(CPP)、阳离子脂质体、阳离子聚合物聚乙烯亚胺修饰等  通用性强,无需特定受体/载体表达  非特异性强,易引发全身毒性与免疫反应
细胞介导转运  将纳米颗粒装载于具有BBB穿透能力的活细胞内,利用细胞迁移机制实现“特洛伊木马”式递送  炎症趋化因子响应迁移、肿瘤归巢效应、变形穿越内皮间隙等  搭载巨噬细胞、间充质干细胞、中性粒细胞等  突破多重屏障,实现长效缓释  载药细胞存活率低,免疫清除导致递送效率不稳定
BBB破坏增强
转运
 通过物理/化学手段可逆打开BBB紧密连接,增大内皮间隙  血管内皮细胞紧密连接  BBB化学开放剂(如腺苷A2A受体激动剂)、聚焦超声、微波、激光、电磁场等  瞬时大幅提升穿透效率(10~100倍)  屏障开放不可控(脑水肿/出血风险),时间窗短
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1125356956822126595, delFlag=0, nameCn=科技导报, nameEn=Science & Technology Review, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-7857, eissn=, cn=11-1421/N, coden=null, periodic=3, language=CN, oaType=0, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Sci Technol Rev, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1784015846012, createdBy=null, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=K, firstLetterEn=K, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=自然科学, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, picEn=yjSfclmpNm7ihn9NbTZ69g==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1283818766098219763, language=CN, name=科技导报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=中国科学技术协会, sponsoredBy=中国科学技术协会, publishedBy=科技导报社, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/home, createdTime=1784015846037, updatedTime=1784015846037, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kjdbauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionReviewUrl=https://kjdbauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1283818766144357108, language=EN, name=Science & Technology Review, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/EN/home, createdTime=1784015846048, updatedTime=1784015846048, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/EN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kjdbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://kjdbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146031591421210625, websiteList=[Website(id=1146104741081231361, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031591421210625, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751182263881, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1751778001962, updateBy=18614031015, name=科技导报, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=科技导报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148021146403992296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751639170504, updateTime=1751639170504, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146378826469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751639170498, updateTime=1751639170498, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146366243556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=9GHSf7eGlIPH0Tv/OOdstA==, createTime=1751639170495, updateTime=1751639170495, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146395603687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751639170502, updateTime=1751639170502, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146387215078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751639170500, updateTime=1751639170500, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1146105254833139715, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031591421210625, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1751182386363, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753500121937, updateBy=18614031015, name=科技导报, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Science & Technology Review, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155838567709528217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753502988984, updateTime=1753502988984, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567692750998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753502988980, updateTime=1753502988980, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567688556693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic?fileId=9GHSf7eGlIPH0Tv/OOdstA==, createTime=1753502988979, updateTime=1753502988979, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567705333912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1753502988983, updateTime=1753502988983, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567701139607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1753502988982, updateTime=1753502988982, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=科技导报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Science & Technology Review, journalPhotoCn=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, journalPhotoEn=yjSfclmpNm7ihn9NbTZ69g==, journalFirstLetter=K, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=1, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=0.91, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00119, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00119, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00119, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00119, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1757692800000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
纳米复合药物治疗脑肿瘤研究热点与挑战
收藏切换
PDF下载
张君妍 1, 2
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(17): 122-131
收起
收藏切换
科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (17) : 122 -131
纳米复合药物治疗脑肿瘤研究热点与挑战
全屏
[Author(id=1242144728075019253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=junyanzhang@dhu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144728167293944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, authorId=1242144728075019253, language=EN, stringName=Junyan ZHANG, firstName=Junyan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
2. Songjiang Research Institute Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144728242791417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, authorId=1242144728075019253, language=CN, stringName=张君妍, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江医院,上海 201600
2. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江研究院,上海 201600, bio={"content":"

张君妍,副研究员,研究方向为生物基纳米复合材料、杂化多孔材料、多功能荧光探针、脑肿瘤力学调控,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

张君妍,副研究员,研究方向为生物基纳米复合材料、杂化多孔材料、多功能荧光探针、脑肿瘤力学调控,电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144727936607214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144727940801519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727936607214, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144727949190128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727936607214, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江医院,上海 201600)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242144727999521777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144728012104690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727999521777, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Songjiang Research Institute Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144728016298995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208361638332318143, companyId=1242144727999521777, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江研究院,上海 201600)])])]
张君妍1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江医院,上海 201600
  • 2. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江研究院,上海 201600
Emerging trends and challenges in nanocomposite drugs for brain tumor therapy
Junyan ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
  • 2. Songjiang Research Institute Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
出版时间: 2025-09-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00119
文章导航
收藏切换

胶质母细胞瘤(GBM),是中枢神经系统中最具侵袭性和致命性的恶性肿瘤之一。现行治疗手段如手术切除、放疗和化疗等,因GBM显著的分子异质性、高度侵袭性、血脑屏障(BBB)阻隔以及免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境而效果有限,目前患者5年生存率仍不足10%。近年来,纳米技术的迅猛发展为GBM靶向治疗提供了新契机。通过精准调控纳米材料的物理化学特性,纳米复合药物不仅可实现穿越BBB的高效递送,还能降低全身毒性,增强治疗靶向性。此外,该类药物平台可集成化疗药物、免疫调节剂、基因治疗载体及成像探针,实现诊疗一体化和多模态协同治疗。概述了GBM的临床治疗现状与主要挑战,分析了其生物学特性及微环境特征,重点探讨了纳米复合药物在GBM治疗中的设计策略、功能优势、研究进展及转化应用面临的主要问题,旨在为该领域的基础研究与临床应用提供参考与思路。

胶质母细胞瘤  /  血脑屏障(BBB)  /  纳米技术  /  纳米复合药物  /  靶向治疗  /  多模态治疗

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and lethal form of brain cancer, remains a formidable clinical challenge due to its molecular heterogeneity, pronounced invasiveness, the restrictive nature of the blood−brain barrier (BBB), and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Conventional therapeutic modalities comprising surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, offer limited efficacy, with the 5−year survival rate remaining below 10%. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the rational design of nanocomposite drug systems capable of penetrating the BBB, enabling site−specific drug delivery, and reducing systemic toxicity. These multifunctional nanoplatforms not only enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutics but also allow integration with immunomodulators, genetic tools, and imaging agents for synergistic multimodal therapies. This review critically examines the clinical and biological landscape of GBM, highlights recent breakthroughs in nanocomposite drug design, and discusses the translational hurdles and future directions toward clinical implementation. Together, these insights offer a forward−looking perspective on leveraging nanotechnology for precision therapy in GBM.

glioblastoma  /  blood−brain barrier  /  nanotechnology  /  nanocomposites  /  targeted delivery  /  multimodal therapy
张君妍. 纳米复合药物治疗脑肿瘤研究热点与挑战. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (17) : 122 -131 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00119
Junyan ZHANG. Emerging trends and challenges in nanocomposite drugs for brain tumor therapy[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (17) : 122 -131 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00119
脑肿瘤可分为原发性与继发性(转移性)2大类,其中原发性脑肿瘤主要包括胶质瘤、髓母细胞瘤、脑膜瘤等类型。胶质瘤为最常见的中枢神经系统恶性肿瘤,世界卫生组织(WHO)将其分为4个级别,其中Ⅰ和Ⅱ级为低级别,Ⅲ和Ⅳ级为高级别胶质瘤。胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma,GBM)属于Ⅳ级,是成人最常见、最具侵袭性且预后最差的原发性恶性脑肿瘤之一[1]。据国际癌症研究机构发布的全球癌症统计(GLOBOCAN 2022)数据显示,全球新发中枢神经系统肿瘤超30万例,GBM在死亡率中居于首位。当前,GBM的标准治疗方案包括最大限度的外科切除、术后放疗及替莫唑胺化疗的联合治疗[2]。然而,联合方案虽能延长患者生存期,但整体预后改善有限,其主要原因为:手术难以彻底切除弥漫性浸润的肿瘤细胞;放疗易对正常脑组织造成损伤,且存在放疗耐受问题;替莫唑胺虽可穿越血脑屏障(blood–brain barrier,BBB),但部分患者因O6−甲基鸟嘌呤−DNA甲基转移酶(MGMT)表达水平升高,导致化疗耐药性强。此外,BBB对大多数小分子药物、核酸类药物及抗体等构成物理屏障,极大限制了治疗药物在脑组织中的有效浓度[3]。随着纳米材料科学、生物医药和神经肿瘤学等多学科交叉融合的深入发展,纳米技术为GBM的精准治疗带来了新的突破。纳米药物载体具有粒径可控、表面可修饰、负载能力强、靶向性好等优势,能够通过优化粒径、电荷及配体修饰等方式实现对BBB的穿透和脑组织的特异性定位。纳米复合药物不仅可搭载传统化疗药物,还可与免疫治疗、基因干预及成像技术相结合,实现多功能集成与协同增效,推动GBM从“对症治疗”向“精准治疗”转变[4]。本文分别阐述GBM生物学特性和微环境特征、纳米复合药物的物理化学结构特征和GBM治疗优势,并对新型纳米复合药物治疗GBM的代表性研究进展进行回顾性概述和总结,最后探讨其临床转化方面面临的关键问题及未来发展方向。
GBM的生物学特性主要表现为高度侵袭性、分子异质性、干细胞特性以及显著的治疗抵抗性。首先,GBM具有显著的侵袭性,肿瘤细胞可沿白质纤维束、血管及脑室壁迁移并浸润正常脑实质,导致传统手术手段难以实现根治性切除。其次,其高度的分子异质性构成治疗难点的核心。根据转录组特征,GBM可分为经典型、间质型、神经型及前神经型亚型,各亚型对应特定的驱动基因突变[5]。这种分子层面的复杂性决定了不同亚型对治疗的响应差异显著,显著增加了精准治疗的复杂性[6]。此外,研究发现,同一肿瘤不同区域的细胞群体在转录谱上存在显著差异,提示GBM具备高度的空间异质性,进一步限制了单一靶向治疗的疗效[7]。GBM的干细胞特性是其复发和抵抗治疗的关键[8]。肿瘤内存在一小群胶质瘤干细胞(GSCs),具有自我更新、多向分化和肿瘤启动能力,GSCs不仅驱动肿瘤生长,还可以通过进入静息状态逃避传统放化疗,从而显著降低治疗效果[9]。GBM的治疗抵抗性还与多种分子机制密切相关,包括DNA损伤修复通路的激活(如MGMT基因高表达)、多药耐药相关蛋白(如P−糖蛋白)的上调以及自噬通路的激活等[10]
GBM的肿瘤微环境(TME)由肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞、神经元、胶质细胞、血管系统、细胞外基质(ECM)及多种细胞因子与趋化因子等组成,协同驱动其恶性表型的维持和进展,如图1所示。首先,GBM微环境呈现显著的免疫抑制特征,表现为免疫细胞浸润减少、抗原呈递受限及免疫细胞功能障碍[11]。肿瘤细胞通过分泌免疫抑制因子、上调程序性死亡配体−1(PD−L1)、招募调节性T细胞(Tregs)及髓源性抑制细胞(MDSCs)等手段抑制效应性T细胞功能,阻碍机体的抗肿瘤免疫应答。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAMs)及小胶质细胞在GBM组织中广泛存在,且多呈现M2型表型,促使肿瘤免疫逃逸及进展。总之,GBM与TME中的免疫抑制细胞群(包括TAMs、MDSCs、Tregs等)形成复杂的互作网络,通过释放白细胞介素−10(IL−10)、IL6和转化生长因子−β(TGF−β)等免疫抑制细胞因子,共同建立多重免疫抑制屏障,促进肿瘤免疫逃逸。其次,GBM的TME具有异常的血管生成及显著的缺氧状态。肿瘤细胞通过分泌血管内皮生长因子等介质诱导新生血管形成,但新生血管常表现为结构紊乱,导致局部血流灌注不均和氧气供应不足。缺氧区域尤其集中于坏死核心周边,诱导低氧诱导因子−1α信号通路激活,进而促进GSCs干性维持、侵袭性增强,并与放疗抵抗密切相关[12]。GBM的ECM由透明质酸、胶原蛋白和纤维连接蛋白等成分构成,并在肿瘤细胞与基质细胞(如成纤维细胞)参与下持续重塑。GBM通过上调基质金属蛋白酶等降解酶破坏ECM屏障,为肿瘤细胞迁移提供通路[13]。同时,胶质瘤细胞可通过整合素信号通路感知微环境变化,调节其迁移和浸润能力[14]。最新研究表明,GBM细胞通过形成功能性神经元−肿瘤突触,主动整合至脑神经环路中。此类突触结构以谷氨酸能信号为主导,GBM细胞通过过表达谷氨酸受体“劫持”神经元活动释放的谷氨酸,触发Ca2+内流并激活下游致癌通路。同时,GBM细胞间通过缝隙连接或隧道纳米管形成电耦合的肿瘤微管网络,实现长距离电信号传播与代谢协作,最终协同驱动肿瘤增殖、浸润及治疗抵抗[15]
综上所述,GBM不仅是高度异质性和侵袭性的实体肿瘤,更是一个与神经系统复杂互作的“共生性病灶”。其遗传多样性、GSCs存在、特殊的免疫与代谢环境等因素共同造成其极高的治疗难度。在此背景下,传统单一治疗手段难以获得持久疗效。纳米技术的发展为GBM的联合精准治疗提供了新的思路。通过合理设计纳米载体的物理化学结构,可实现穿越BBB、靶向递送多种治疗因子,并实现多模式协同诊疗,有望突破当前GBM治疗瓶颈。
随着纳米科学与生物医学等交叉学科的迅猛发展,纳米医学已成为生命科学研究的前沿热点[16]。纳米医学是指基于纳米材料和纳米技术,针对疾病的早期诊断、靶向治疗、影像引导和健康监测等开展研究与应用的一门新兴交叉学科。纳米材料具有独特的物理化学结构特征,是其在疾病诊断与治疗中发挥作用的基础。这类材料通常具有纳米级尺寸,可穿越细胞膜,甚至进入细胞器内;高比表面积特性使其具备卓越的药物负载能力及表面修饰潜力。通过表面电荷调控、靶向配体接枝或智能响应单元的构建,可赋予其靶向递送、增强细胞摄取、实时成像监测及响应性释放等多重功能[17]。同时,其形貌和结构可控性强,通过设计球形、棒状、多孔结构和核壳结构等,可以调节其在体内的分布、摄取效率及药物释放等行为,适应多种疾病环境[1];而其稳定性和可降解性也可根据需求进行定向设计,满足短效或长效治疗策略的差异化需求。
基于上述优势,纳米材料在GBM治疗中展现出多方面的独特优势。(1)穿越BBB及靶向能力显著提升。纳米颗粒可通过被动靶向机制和主动靶向策略穿越BBB。一方面,在脑肿瘤发生发展的病理状态下,病灶区血管内皮细胞连接松散,纳米粒子可通过增强渗透与滞留效应被动弥散进入脑组织[18];另一方面,纳米颗粒可通过化学修饰或物理干预等方法通过受体介导转运(RMT)、载体介导转运(CMT)、吸附介导转运(AMT)、细胞介导转运及局部BBB结构破坏增强转运等方式显著提升其穿越效率,见表1[1,19]。其中,受体介导转运因其特异性强、转运效率高,被广泛应用于靶向递送系统的设计,例如靶向血管内皮细胞高表达的转铁蛋白受体(TfR)[2021]、低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)[22]和胰岛素受体[23]等触发纳米颗粒的胞吞和跨细胞转运。纳米颗粒穿越BBB后同样可以通过利用GBM细胞表面高表达受体(LDLR[22]、分化簇CD133[24]、整合素αvβ3[2526])通过RMT机制在GBM病灶高度富集。此外,CMT机制、细胞介导靶向、物理干预手段以及基于GBM微环境特征的靶向策略,亦可进一步提升纳米颗粒在肿瘤部位的富集效率。一般而言,成功穿越BBB的纳米颗粒在脑内的富集高峰通常出现在给药后2~24 h内,随后逐渐向脑实质深部扩散,并在24~72 h内开始逐步清除[2729]。基于RMT设计的纳米颗粒显示出更长的滞留时间与更深层的肿瘤组织渗透能力。此外,粒径在20~200 nm范围的纳米颗粒表现出更优异的脑内穿透性与分布均一性[30]。在排出路径方面,纳米颗粒主要通过网状内皮系统[1]、脑脊液循环[31]及脑淋巴系统[32]逐步清除,而清除速度则受纳米颗粒表面修饰、生物降解性及肿瘤组织代谢环境等多重因素调控。总体而言,纳米颗粒独特的物理和化学结构特征为BBB渗透、GBM富集及安全清除提供了更多的优化路径。(2)具备多功能集成能力。纳米载体通过合理的结构设计可同时递送多种药物成分(如化疗药物、核酸类药物、光敏剂、声敏剂、免疫调节剂及成像探针等),实现多模态治疗协同增效与诊断一体化[3335]。其中,纳米药物在调节肿瘤免疫微环境方面尤具潜力,成为克服传统治疗耐药性、复发率高和系统毒性等难题的重要突破口[36]。作为典型的“冷肿瘤”,GBM免疫治疗效果受到极大限制,而纳米药物可以通过多种机制协同作用有效重塑GBM免疫微环境[37]。其中,调节TAMs极化是重要策略之一。GBM组织中大量浸润的促肿瘤M2型TAMs通过分泌IL−10和TGF−β等细胞因子,抑制效应T细胞功能、促进血管生成与肿瘤生长。研究表明,通过递送小分子药物瑞喹莫特(R848)[38]或核酸药物microRNA−155[39]的纳米平台,可有效促使TAMs由M2型向M1型抗肿瘤表型转化,恢复其抗原呈递能力及促炎效应,进而激活CD8+细胞毒性T细胞功能。此外,GBM通过上调CD47向巨噬细胞传递“别吃我”信号,通过负载CD47小干扰RNA(siRNA)的纳米药物可以促进巨噬细胞对GBM细胞的吞噬功能[40]。另一方面,GBM通过上调PD−L1的表达,结合T细胞表面的程序性死亡受体−1(PD−1),向T细胞传递“别杀我”信号,形成其免疫逃逸核心机制。利用纳米系统递送PD−L1 siRNA[41]、规律成簇间隔短回文重复序列/相关蛋白9(基因编辑工具CRISPR/Cas9)系统[42]或联合递送抗PD−L1抗体(αPD−L1)[4344],可有效降低肿瘤细胞PD−L1表达,恢复T细胞对GBM的杀伤活性。Tregs在GBM中亦有明显富集,其免疫抑制活性严重削弱了抗肿瘤免疫反应。纳米药物可通过选择性递送吲哚胺2,3−双加氧酶−1(IDO1)抑制剂,通过解除色氨酸代谢介导的免疫抑制来抑制Tregs细胞活性,恢复效应T细胞活性[4546]。更为重要的是,纳米药物通过整合化学动力(CDT)、光动力(PDT)、光热(PTT)、声动力(SDT)、放疗等化学和物理能量介导疗法,可诱导肿瘤细胞发生免疫原性细胞死亡(ICD),释放大量危险信号分子,进而激活树突状细胞(DCs)成熟和抗原呈递,系统性启动并扩增抗肿瘤免疫反应[29,4748]。总体而言,纳米药物在调节GBM免疫微环境、解除免疫抑制、激发系统性抗肿瘤免疫应答等方面展示出广阔的应用前景,有望成为未来GBM免疫治疗重要的技术支撑平台。(3) 实现智能控释和响应性药物释放。纳米材料通过刺激响应性设计,能够在延长药效、提高生物利用度的同时,有效减少药物在正常组织中的非特异性分布,降低全身毒副作用。可降解纳米载体及多孔材料可实现药物的缓慢释放,从而延长作用时间和靶向富集效果[49]。此外,纳米平台可利用GBM微环境特征,实现内源性响应性释放。例如,在GBM特有的低pH值、高谷胱甘肽(GSH)、缺氧环境或某些蛋白酶高表达条件下,酸敏感键[5051]、二硫/四硫键[52]、酶敏感肽段[53]等化学结构可被精准剪切,快速释放药物,提升肿瘤部位药物浓度。同时,外源性刺激响应系统也在快速发展,如光敏、热敏、磁敏和超声敏感型纳米材料。光热转换纳米材料(如金纳米颗粒)可在近红外光照射下局部升温,诱导热敏载体释放药物,实现时空可控[54]。磁性纳米颗粒(如Fe3O4)则可在外加磁场引导下精准定位,同时结合磁热效应促进载药释放[55]。这些智能控释策略的集成应用,不仅提高了药物在GBM病灶内的富集效率,同时为克服GBM治疗耐药性问题提供了新的策略与路径。
纳米复合药物的制备核心在于纳米载体的构建,其种类与合成方法呈现出高度多样化与功能化的发展趋势。根据材料组成和结构特征,纳米载体大致可分为3类:有机纳米载体、无机纳米载体以及有机−无机杂化纳米载体,如图2所示。有机纳米材料如脂质体、聚合物纳米颗粒、纳米胶束、纳米凝胶和外泌体等,因其柔软性、生物安全性、可降解性和低免疫原性等特征,被广泛用于小分子药物、蛋白质或核酸类药物的递送[56]。无机纳米材料包括金纳米颗粒、二氧化硅纳米颗粒、氧化铁纳米颗粒、上转换纳米颗粒、量子点、碳点、碳纳米管等,因其优异的稳定性及特有的电磁响应、光热转化与成像增强等功能,成为实现诊疗一体化的重要工具[33]。有机−无机杂化纳米材料(如金属−有机框架和可降解聚硅烷纳米颗粒等)则结合了有机材料的生物相容性和无机材料的稳定性和功能特性,可用于构建多功能集成型纳米系统[57]。针对不同的材料类型与功能需求,纳米材料的合成方法也各具特色,常见方法包括自组装法、乳液聚合法、溶剂挥发法/纳米沉淀法、溶胶−凝胶法、水热法和高温还原法等[58]。近年来,微流控合成、模板辅助法和界面组装等新兴技术也被引入纳米医学材料制备中,用于提升材料的结构均一性和功能集成度。通过材料类型与制备工艺的合理协同设计,可构建具备优异生物相容性、响应性及功能多样性的纳米平台,为GBM的精准高效治疗提供新思路与新策略。
近年来,大量研究表明创新设计的纳米复合药物平台能够在药物递送、免疫激活、术后监测与复发控制等方面提供多维支持,显著提升治疗效果。以下列举4项具有代表性的前沿研究,展示纳米复合药物在GBM治疗中的关键策略与创新方向。(1) 可注射免疫水凝胶系统抑制术后复发。2021年《Nature Nanotechnology》报道了一项题为《Immunostimulant hydrogel for the inhibition of malignant glioma relapse post−resection》的研究[36]。该研究构建了一种具备免疫调节功能的可注射水凝胶系统。研究者首先合成了正电荷、具有酸性环境响应降解特性的ZIF−8金属有机框架纳米载体,分别负载米托蒽醌(MIT)和IDO1的小干扰RNA,二者可诱导肿瘤细胞发生免疫原性细胞死亡并缓解免疫抑制。随后,研究者以GBM相关巨噬细胞膜对纳米复合药物进行包裹,形成具肿瘤归巢能力的免疫纳米调节剂,并与可上调白细胞趋化性的趋化因子CXCL10共同负载于寡肽水凝胶中。在小鼠GBM术后模型中,该系统可持续释放CXCL10以招募CD8+细胞毒性T细胞,同时释放出的免疫纳米调节剂调控肿瘤免疫微环境,进一步激活T细胞并解除Tregs细胞免疫抑制,显著增强术后抗复发效果,为GBM术后免疫治疗提供了新策略。(2) 可远程操控的光热治疗系统。2022年《Nature Nanotechnology》发表了题为《Remotely controlled near−infrared−triggered photothermal treatment of brain tumours in freely behaving mice using gold nanostars》的研究[54]。该研究设计了具强光热转换效率的星型金纳米颗粒,并通过聚乙二醇修饰以增强其稳定性。在小鼠GBM模型中,金纳米星被注入肿瘤局部,同时安装可无线操控的微型近红外光源于小鼠颅骨表面,实现对自由活动状态下脑部肿瘤的远程精准加热。该技术将纳米光热治疗与可植入式电子学结合,避免了传统开颅术及放化疗带来的不良反应,在延长生存期方面显示出显著效果,展现出良好的临床转化潜力。(3) 双靶向免疫纳米系统增强放疗疗效。2023年《Nature Communications》报道了题为《STING agonist−loaded,CD47/PD−L1−targeting nanoparticles potentiate antitumor immunity and radiotherapy for glioblastoma》的研究[59]。研究团队利用薄膜水化法合成脂质体纳米颗粒,并封装干扰素基因刺激因子(STING)激动剂二聚体氨基苯并咪唑(diABZI),同时在其表面修饰αPD−L1和抗分化簇47抗体(αCD47)。该研究基于放疗诱导的GBM上CD47和肿瘤相关髓系细胞(TAMCs)上的PD−L1上调,利用纳米载体易修饰特性,获得双靶向的桥接脂质纳米颗粒。在GBM小鼠放疗及给药后,桥接脂质纳米颗粒可以有效靶向GBM微环境并与GBM细胞表面CD47结合,解除肿瘤细胞“不要吃我”信号,促进TAMCs吞噬活性,而同时与TAMCs上的PD−L1桥接可以进一步促进TAMCs对GBM的吞噬能力。此外,纳米颗粒中封装的diABZI可以激活TAMCs中的STING信号通路,诱导T细胞浸润与活化,显著增强放疗效果并诱导免疫记忆,为GBM免疫治疗提供了高效安全的策略。(4) 光动力诊疗一体化纳米平台。2024年《Advanced Materials》发表了题为《Self−disassembling and oxygen−generating porphyrin−lipoprotein nanoparticle for targeted glioblastoma resection and enhanced photodynamic therapy》的研究[60]。研究者通过微乳液法合成具有产氧特性的过氧化钙纳米颗粒(CaO2),并通过薄膜水化法在其表面封装兼具荧光定位和光动力特性的卟啉脂质体,进一步通过共孵育在复合纳米颗粒表面修饰载脂蛋白E3,获得卟啉脂蛋白包覆过氧化钙纳米药物(PLCNP)。PLCNP可以通过受体介导的转胞吞作用穿过BBB,并通过巨胞饮作用在GBM中高效富集。CaO2纳米核通过降低自猝灭、促进溶酶体逃逸,增强卟啉荧光强度,同时释放氧气缓解肿瘤缺氧,提高光动力治疗(PDT)疗效。在小鼠模型中,静脉注射的PLCNP不仅实现了术中荧光引导的GBM精准切除,还通过术后光动力治疗清除残余肿瘤细胞,显著延长小鼠生存期。这一工作为GBM治疗提供了安全高效的纳米诊疗平台。上述研究充分展示了创新型纳米复合药物在GBM治疗中的多样化应用潜力。通过对治疗模式的系统集成与功能协同,这些平台不仅克服了传统治疗方式的空间、时间及靶向性限制,更为GBM术后复发控制、免疫激活、靶向精准治疗等提供了全新路径。
纳米医学的概念最早可追溯至1959年物理学家理查德·费曼提出的“底部有足够空间”设想,而其真正应用于医学领域则始于20世纪90年代纳米技术的突破性进展。1995年,美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准了首个脂质体载药系统Doxil®,标志着纳米药物实现了从实验室研究向临床应用的重大跨越[61]。截至目前,FDA已批准超过60种纳米药物,涵盖肿瘤、感染性疾病、遗传病等多个领域。在新冠肺炎疫情期间,美国辉瑞公司和德国生物技术公司BioNTech联合开发的Comirnaty(商品名)疫苗以及美国生物技术公司 Moderna开发的Spikevax疫苗,均采用脂质体纳米颗粒封装mRNA,是全球首批获得紧急使用授权的mRNA疫苗,广泛应用于新型冠状病毒的预防接种[56]。尽管纳米药物在多种疾病的临床应用中取得了积极进展,但受限于BBB的阻隔及中枢神经系统疾病本身的高度复杂性,GBM相关纳米复合药物的临床转化进程仍相对缓慢。目前主要集中在对已有获批药物进行表面修饰或功能化改造,以增强其对GBM的靶向治疗效果。
尽管如脂质体类纳米载体在临床转化方面已取得一定成果,但纳米复合药物整体的产业化和临床应用仍面临诸多挑战[16],主要包括以下几方面原因。(1) 生产工艺复杂性。纳米颗粒制备通常涉及多步骤反应及精准的参数控制,其粒径、形貌及表面修饰对最终药效具有重要影响。但制备过程中的批次间一致性难以保证,影响其可控性与质量稳定性。(2) 安全性评估不完善。纳米材料在体内的长期分布、蓄积、代谢路径及潜在毒性尚未充分明确,缺乏系统性的长期毒理学数据支持。(3) 监管与审批壁垒。由于纳米药物属于新兴治疗范式,当前的监管框架尚不成熟,相关技术标准缺乏统一性,导致其审批路径更加复杂与严格。(4) 高成本与市场化障碍。纳米药物的合成和质量控制成本相对较高,如何在保证疗效的同时提升经济性,是实现规模化推广的关键问题。未来可通过开发自动化生产技术、优化质量检测方法、开展长期体内研究、协同监管机构完善审批标准,并探索具有成本优势的新型材料和合成策略,从而为临床推广和患者获益提供保障。
GBM因其BBB阻隔、肿瘤异质性强、侵袭性高等特点,使得传统治疗手段疗效有限,患者预后依然不理想。纳米复合药物通过载体的功能化设计,不仅能够显著提高药物在病灶部位的蓄积与穿透能力,还可实现多模态治疗手段的协同效应与智能响应性控释,从而有望克服TME中的多重耐药机制,成为一种前景广阔的新型治疗策略。然而,尽管纳米药物在GBM治疗中取得了显著进展,但其广泛应用仍面临多重挑战:(1) 纳米药物穿越BBB后的精准递送效率仍面临巨大挑战,亟需开发具备多级靶向能力(如跨越BBB、特异性识别肿瘤细胞、实现亚细胞器精准递送)的智能纳米系统;(2) 纳米材料的长期生物安全性(如在组织中蓄积、诱导免疫反应等)及大规模制备工艺尚需进行系统性的评估,并建立标准化规范/流程;(3) 在临床个体化治疗层面,不同患者GBM的基因表达谱、免疫状态及微环境异质性差异巨大,目前仍难以形成具有广泛适用性的标准化治疗方案。
针对上述挑战,“精准纳米医学”有望为GBM治疗带来新的突破,其关键发展方向包括以下4点。(1) 人工智能辅助的纳米药物设计。AI特别是深度学习与机器学习算法,正在纳米药物研发中展现出巨大潜力,主要应用于载体结构设计预测、药物−载体材料相容性建模、靶向配体的高通量筛选验证及基于数据的结构优化。例如,可通过机器学习算法预测不同功能基团在GBM细胞表面的结合能力,从而实现靶向修饰的快速迭代与精准匹配。(2) 多组学驱动的个体化治疗方案构建。利用单细胞转录组、空间转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组数据,结合AI进行高维组学数据的特征提取、聚类分析与关联网络建模,可实现对GBM患者分型、免疫微环境分布状态及潜在治疗靶点的可及性与可行性的全面评估,为后续纳米药物功能模块设计提供数据支持。(3) 类脑类器官与人源异种移植模型验证。传统小鼠模型难以真实模拟人脑组织结构和GBM异质性,未来通过建立基于人干细胞的脑类器官模型及患者来源的异种移植模型,有望在减少对传统啮齿类动物模型依赖的同时,更准确评估纳米药物在人体脑组织中的递送效率与生物学响应,为纳米药物的临床前研究与转化医学研究提供更贴近临床的评估模型。(4) 跨学科融合与平台化转化体系建设。推动材料科学、神经科学、免疫学、影像学与数据科学等多学科融合,搭建覆盖基础研发—机制研究—大型动物模型验证—早期临床试验的全链条转化平台,为纳米药物的临床转化提供高效支撑路径,加速从实验室到临床的转化进程。
GBM的治疗有望迈入一个以“个体精准—智能设计—多维协同”为特征的新阶段。随着AI、组学、微系统技术等前沿技术的深度融合,纳米复合药物将不仅作为治疗载体,更将演变为集诊断、靶向递送、动态监测与反馈调节功能于一体的诊疗一体化智能平台。这一“精准纳米医学”新范式,有望在中枢神经系统恶性肿瘤治疗中发挥革命性作用,为GBM等极难治愈肿瘤的攻克带来前所未有的曙光。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82272227,52203176,32471019);上海市自然科学基金项目(202340045);中国科协第八届青年人才托举工程项目(YESS20220160)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
Tang W, Fan W P, Lau J, et al. Emerging blood−brain−barrier−crossing nanotechnology for brain cancer theranostics[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2019, 48(11): 2967- 3014.
2
Tan A C, Ashley D M, López G Y, et al. Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions[J]. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2020, 70(4): 299- 312.
3
Arvanitis C D, Ferraro G B, Jain R K. The blood−brain barrier and blood−tumour barrier in brain tumours and metastases[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2020, 20(1): 26- 41.
4
Cong V T, Houng J L, Kavallaris M, et al. How can we use the endocytosis pathways to design nanoparticle drug−delivery vehicles to target cancer cells over healthy cells?[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2022, 51(17): 7531- 7559.
5
Verhaak R G W, Hoadley K A, Purdom E, et al. Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1[J]. Cancer Cell, 2010, 17(1): 98- 110.
6
Zheng Y N, Carrillo−Perez F, Pizurica M, et al. Spatial cellular architecture predicts prognosis in glioblastoma[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 4122.
7
Patel A P, Tirosh I, Trombetta J J, et al. Single−cell RNA−seq highlights intratumoral heterogeneity in primary glioblastoma[J]. Science, 2014, 344(6190): 1396- 1401.
8
Bao S D, Wu Q L, McLendon R E, et al. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response[J]. Nature, 2006, 444(7120): 756- 760.
9
Chen J, Li Y J, Yu T S, et al. A restricted cell population propagates glioblastoma growth after chemotherapy[J]. Nature, 2012, 488(7412): 522- 526.
10
Ou A, Alfred Yung W K, Majd N. Molecular mechanisms of treatment resistance in glioblastoma[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020, 22(1): 351.
11
Quail D F, Joyce J A. The microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors[J]. Cancer Cell, 2017, 31(3): 326- 341.
12
Hambardzumyan D, Bergers G. Glioblastoma: Defining tumor niches[J]. Trends in Cancer, 2015, 1(4): 252- 265.
13
Rao J S. Molecular mechanisms of glioma invasiveness: The role of proteases[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2003, 3(7): 489- 501.
14
Chen X, Wanggou S Y, Bodalia A, et al. A feedforward mechanism mediated by mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZO1 and tissue mechanics promotes glioma aggression[J]. Neuron, 2018, 100(4): 799- 815.
15
Venkatesh H S, Morishita W, Geraghty A C, et al. Electrical and synaptic integration of glioma into neural circuits[J]. Nature, 2019, 573(7775): 539- 545.
16
Shi J J, Kantoff P W, Wooster R, et al. Cancer nanomedicine: Progress, challenges and opportunities[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2017, 17(1): 20- 37.
17
Mura S, Nicolas J, Couvreur P. Stimuli−responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery[J]. Nature Materials, 2013, 12(11): 991- 1003.
18
Arami H, Patel C B, Madsen S J, et al. Nanomedicine for spontaneous brain tumors: A companion clinical trial[J]. ACS Nano, 2019, 13(3): 2858- 2869.
19
Chen Y, Liu L H. Modern methods for delivery of drugs across the blood–brain barrier[J]. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2012, 64(7): 640- 665.
20
Su J, Yao Z P, Chen Z X, et al. TfR aptamer enhanced blood−brain barrier penetration of biomimetic nano complexes for intracellular transglutaminase 2 imaging and silencing in glioma[J]. Small, 2022, 18(40): 2203448.
21
Lam F C, Morton S W, Wyckoff J, et al. Enhanced efficacy of combined temozolomide and bromodomain inhibitor therapy for gliomas using targeted nanoparticles[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 1991.
22
Jiang Y, Yang W J, Zhang J, et al. Protein toxin chaperoned by LRP−1−targeted virus−mimicking vesicles induces high−efficiency glioblastoma therapy in vivo[J]. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(30): 1800316.
23
Ulbrich K, Knobloch T, Kreuter J. Targeting the insulin receptor: Nanoparticles for drug delivery across the blood−brain barrier (BBB)[J]. Journal of Drug Targeting, 2011, 19(2): 125- 132.
24
Kim J S, Shin D H, Kim J S. Dual−targeting immunoliposomes using angiopep−2 and CD133 antibody for glioblastoma stem cells[J]. Journal of Controlled Release, 2018, 269: 245- 257.
25
Li B, Xiao H, Cai M Y, et al. Molecular probe crossing blood–brain barrier for bimodal imaging–guided photothermal/photodynamic therapies of intracranial glioblastoma[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30(12): 1909117.
26
Wei R L, Li J M, Lin W X, et al. Nanoparticle−mediated blockade of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling enhances glioblastoma immunotherapy: Monitoring early responses with MRI radiomics[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2024, 177: 414- 430.
27
Dong C Y, Huang Q X, Cheng H, et al. Neisseria meningitidis opca protein/MnO2 hybrid nanoparticles for overcoming the blood–brain barrier to treat glioblastoma[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(12): 2109213.
28
Wu M Y, Zhang H X, Tie C J, et al. MR imaging tracking of inflammation−activatable engineered neutrophils for targeted therapy of surgically treated glioma[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 4777.
29
Kuang J, Rao Z Y, Zheng D W, et al. Nanoparticles hitchhike on monocytes for glioblastoma treatment after low−dose radiotherapy[J]. ACS Nano, 2023, 17(14): 13333- 13347.
30
Chen H M, Zhang W Z, Zhu G Z, et al. Rethinking cancer nanotheranostics[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2017, 2: 17024.
31
Iliff J J, Wang M H, Liao Y H, et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β[J]. Science Translational Medicine, 2012, 4(147): 147ra111.
32
Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes T J, et al. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels[J]. Nature, 2015, 523(7560): 337- 341.
33
Chen J J, Zhu Y F, Wu C T, et al. Nanoplatform−based cascade engineering for cancer therapy[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2020, 49(24): 9057- 9094.
34
You Q, Liang F M, Wu G G, et al. The landscape of biomimetic nanovesicles in brain diseases[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(7): 2306583.
35
Cai X D, Drummond C J, Zhai J L, et al. Lipid nanoparticles: Versatile drug delivery vehicles for traversing the blood brain barrier to treat brain cancer[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2024, 34(41): 2404234.
36
Zhang J, Chen C, Li A N, et al. Immunostimulant hydrogel for the inhibition of malignant glioma relapse post−resection[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2021, 16(5): 538- 548.
37
Zhu L S, Liu J Y, Qiu M J, et al. Bacteria−mediated metformin−loaded peptide hydrogel reprograms the tumor immune microenvironment in glioblastoma[J]. Biomaterials, 2022, 288: 121711.
38
Li J N, Yang J, Jiang S P, et al. Targeted reprogramming of tumor−associated macrophages for overcoming glioblastoma resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy[J]. Biomaterials, 2024, 311: 122708.
39
Gao X H, Li S, Ding F, et al. A virus−mimicking nucleic acid nanogel reprograms microglia and macrophages for glioblastoma therapy[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(9): e2006116.
40
Liu S H, Liu J, Li H S, et al. An optimized ionizable cationic lipid for brain tumor−targeted siRNA delivery and glioblastoma immunotherapy[J]. Biomaterials, 2022, 287: 121645.
41
Tian T, Liang R Y, Erel−Akbaba G, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibition in GBM primed with radiation by engineered extracellular vesicles[J]. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(2): 1940- 1953.
42
Li Q S, Zhang Z Z, Wu X Y, et al. Cascade−responsive nanoparticles for efficient CRISPR/Cas9−based glioblastoma gene therapy[J]. Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2025, 17(3): 4480- 4489.
43
Zhang P, Miska J, Lee−Chang C, et al. Therapeutic targeting of tumor−associated myeloid cells synergizes with radiation therapy for glioblastoma[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019, 116(47): 23714- 23723.
44
Wang Z, Chen F M, Cao Y, et al. An engineered nanoplatform with tropism toward irradiated glioblastoma augments its radioimmunotherapy efficacy[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(32): 2314197.
45
Huang Q X, Liang J L, Niu M T, et al. Interfering tumor metabolism by bimetallic nanoagent for amplifying nanocatalytic−mediated glioblastoma immunotherapy[J]. Nano Today, 2024, 56: 102253.
46
Wang T T, Zhang H, Qiu W B, et al. Biomimetic nanoparticles directly remodel immunosuppressive microenvironment for boosting glioblastoma immunotherapy[J]. Bioactive Materials, 2022, 16: 418- 432.
47
Chen H, Li T, Liu Z Y, et al. A nitric−oxide driven chemotactic nanomotor for enhanced immunotherapy of glioblastoma[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 941.
48
You H Y, Geng S, Li S K, et al. Recent advances in biomimetic strategies for the immunotherapy of glioblastoma[J]. Biomaterials, 2024, 311: 122694.
49
Wu T T, Liu Y, Cao Y, et al. Engineering macrophage exosome disguised biodegradable nanoplatform for enhanced sonodynamic therapy of glioblastoma[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(15): 2110364.
50
Huang Q X, Liang J L, Chen Q W, et al. Metal−organic framework nanoagent induces cuproptosis for effective immunotherapy of malignant glioblastoma[J]. Nano Today, 2023, 51: 101911.
51
Xiao Y L, Hong H, Javadi A, et al. Multifunctional unimolecular micelles for cancer−targeted drug delivery and positron emission tomography imaging[J]. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(11): 3071- 3082.
52
Zhang Y K, Ma H W, Li L S, et al. Dual−targeted novel temozolomide nanocapsules encapsulating siPKM2 inhibit aerobic glycolysis to sensitize glioblastoma to chemotherapy[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(29): 2400502.
53
Singh S, Drude N, Blank L, et al. Protease responsive nanogels for transcytosis across the blood−brain barrier and intracellular delivery of radiopharmaceuticals to brain tumor cells[J]. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2021, 10(20): 2100812.
54
Arami H, Kananian S, Khalifehzadeh L, et al. Remotely controlled near−infrared−triggered photothermal treatment of brain tumours in freely behaving mice using gold nanostars[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2022, 17(9): 1015- 1022.
55
Chen L, Wu Y, Wu H A, et al. Magnetic targeting combined with active targeting of dual−ligand iron oxide nanoprobes to promote the penetration depth in tumors for effective magnetic resonance imaging and hyperthermia[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2019, 96: 491- 504.
56
Hou X C, Zaks T, Langer R, et al. Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2021, 6(12): 1078- 1094.
57
Horcajada P, Gref R, Baati T, et al. Metal−organic frameworks in biomedicine[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2012, 112(2): 1232- 1268.
58
Mitchell M J, Billingsley M M, Haley R M, et al. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery[J]. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2021, 20(2): 101- 124.
59
Zhang P, Rashidi A, Zhao J F, et al. STING agonist−loaded, CD47/PD−L1−targeting nanoparticles potentiate antitumor immunity and radiotherapy for glioblastoma[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 1610.
60
Chen Y X, Ma Y X, Shi K X, et al. Self−disassembling and oxygen−generating porphyrin−lipoprotein nanoparticle for targeted glioblastoma resection and enhanced photodynamic therapy[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(15): 2307454.
61
Hartshorn C M, Bradbury M S, Lanza G M, et al. Nanotechnology strategies to advance outcomes in clinical cancer care[J]. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(1): 24- 43.
2025年第43卷第17期
PDF下载
2087
1285
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00119
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-13
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-21
  • 修回日期:2025-06-18
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82272227,52203176,32471019);上海市自然科学基金项目(202340045);中国科协第八届青年人才托举工程项目(YESS20220160)
作者信息
    1. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江医院,上海 201600
    2. 上海交通大学医学院附属松江研究院,上海 201600
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00119
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏