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细胞间通信作为多细胞生命活动的核心调控机制,天然细胞通过外泌体等胞外囊泡载体实现RNA等生物分子的定向传递与功能调控[1]。在合成生物学领域,人工细胞通信系统的构建长期面临关键技术瓶颈:传统模型大多依赖小分子扩散或DNA信号传递,无法模拟天然外泌体对RNA的保护性运输及时空精准释放特性[2]。这一局限严重制约了人工细胞向复杂生命功能模拟的突破。

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细胞间通信作为多细胞生命活动的核心调控机制,天然细胞通过外泌体等胞外囊泡载体实现RNA等生物分子的定向传递与功能调控[1]。在合成生物学领域,人工细胞通信系统的构建长期面临关键技术瓶颈:传统模型大多依赖小分子扩散或DNA信号传递,无法模拟天然外泌体对RNA的保护性运输及时空精准释放特性[2]。这一局限严重制约了人工细胞向复杂生命功能模拟的突破。

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Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2025, e202514041., articleTitle=Photoactivatable synthetic exosomes for RNA-based communication between artificial cells and living cells, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144792818294985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357733087162627, xref=, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144792826683595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357733087162627, companyId=1242144792818294985, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark= 科技导报社《科技导报》编辑部)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242144793149645010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357733087162627, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+slYBuCc8BGQLiU2mdL3RA==, figureFileBig=mB9kv+S4ld59IIQQm076VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144793216753875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208357733087162627, language=CN, label=null, caption=在化学信号传导中,细胞可能以自身、附近的细胞、远处的细胞或通过间隙连接的细胞为目标

(图片来源:罗杰威廉姆斯大学官网)

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黄文光
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出版时间: 2025-09-28
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细胞间通信作为多细胞生命活动的核心调控机制,天然细胞通过外泌体等胞外囊泡载体实现RNA等生物分子的定向传递与功能调控[1]。在合成生物学领域,人工细胞通信系统的构建长期面临关键技术瓶颈:传统模型大多依赖小分子扩散或DNA信号传递,无法模拟天然外泌体对RNA的保护性运输及时空精准释放特性[2]。这一局限严重制约了人工细胞向复杂生命功能模拟的突破。

细胞间通信作为多细胞生命活动的核心调控机制,天然细胞通过外泌体等胞外囊泡载体实现RNA等生物分子的定向传递与功能调控[1]。在合成生物学领域,人工细胞通信系统的构建长期面临关键技术瓶颈:传统模型大多依赖小分子扩散或DNA信号传递,无法模拟天然外泌体对RNA的保护性运输及时空精准释放特性[2]。这一局限严重制约了人工细胞向复杂生命功能模拟的突破。

黄文光. 细胞通信进入光时代. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (18) : 12 -12 .
黄文光. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (18) : 12 -12 .
人工合成光响应外泌体精准递送RNA
细胞间通信作为多细胞生命活动的核心调控机制,天然细胞通过外泌体等胞外囊泡载体实现RNA等生物分子的定向传递与功能调控[1]。在合成生物学领域,人工细胞通信系统的构建长期面临关键技术瓶颈:传统模型大多依赖小分子扩散或DNA信号传递,无法模拟天然外泌体对RNA的保护性运输及时空精准释放特性[2]。这一局限严重制约了人工细胞向复杂生命功能模拟的突破。
荷兰埃因霍芬理工大学生物有机化学家Jan C.M. van Hest团队在《Angewandte Chemie Inter‐ national Edition》发表的研究成果,通过构建光激活合成外泌体系统有效突破了上述技术瓶颈[3]。该团队采用一套“装—放—收”可控链路,让人工细胞像自然细胞一样用RNA对话:先把siRNA装进可光控的聚合物囊泡(polymer‐ some),再把囊泡收纳进以阳离子化淀粉为核心的“软核”共沉淀液滴并覆上半透膜;365 nm光触发后,囊泡表面的对硝基苄基团断裂、表面电荷翻转(从-11.1 mV反转至+12.0 mV),被静电“排出”液滴,像外泌体释放一样,把RNA送往邻近活细胞。实验证明,HeLa细胞在1~2 h内高效内吞这些“合成外泌体”;在10 min紫外照射条件下敲低效率达56%,且只在被照区域发生,形成“可编址”的旁分泌通信通道。首次在人工细胞与活细胞间建立起RNA介导的功能性通信路径。
多位领域专家认为,这项工作把材料化学、自组装与合成生物学“配平”到一个可复用的通信模块,也清晰暴露了走向应用的瓶颈。浙江大学化学工程与生物工程学院陈狄副研究员(《科技导报》青年编委,以下简称青编)指出:这套体系“从共聚物组成调控出发,通过多层级自组装形成类细胞结构,并在光照下利用邻硝基苯基团的裂解打破静电平衡,可控释放生物分子以调控真实细胞行为”,为“模仿生物学功能、发展新型智能系统提供化学基础”。中国科学院国家纳米科学中心覃好(青编)评价说:人工细胞为认识生命与发展智能医疗提供了“可控、简化”的试验平台,该研究“以光诱导的精准控释合成外泌体,实现了人工—天然细胞间RNA层级的交流”,作为模块化平台有望推动更拟真的通讯模式。中国科学院上海药物研究所的韩海浩(青编)则认为该研究的核心突破在于建立了“光控电荷反转释放”机制,实现RNA载体的主动释放调控,克服了传统小分子扩散缺乏特异性、DNA信号无需保护性运输的固有局限,解决了RNA在复杂环境中传递的时空调控难题。
但该技术离真正落地还存在不小挑战。陈狄和覃好均提醒道,紫外光对细胞有潜在杀伤如核酸断裂、细胞毒性等,且紫外光穿透能力有限,并非真实生理激励因子,未来应发展更贴合生物场景的环境响应材料。此外,天然系统存在双向反馈,目前仍更像“可控释放”,陈狄表示,如何从单一行为走向“集成式、多环路”的人造生命功能,是下一步关键。韩海浩进一步指出,RNA低封装效率(34%)和聚合物(PEG-b-P,聚己内酯-聚乙二醇衍生物)的长期代谢行为仍是瓶颈,覃好也强调未来必须要解决RNA在体内易降解、长期生物相容性不足等挑战,同时开发更温和的调控机制,提升装载与递送效率,才能实现动物模型甚至临床应用。韩海浩则提议通过优化化学修饰提高负载量,开发抗酶涂层增强稳定性,并探索近红外光或磁场等更适合体内环境的触发方式。
未来,该系统可进一步进行升级改造。韩海浩和上海交通大学医学院松江研究院的张君妍(青编)建议,在功能拓展方面,将siRNA替换为mRNA或CRISPRCas9系统,可实现蛋白质表达调控或基因编辑等复杂功能;其次,可整合生物传感器模块,使人工细胞能响应活细胞分泌的炎症因子等信号分子,构建“感知-响应”闭环调控网络;最后,通过PEG表面修饰增强血清稳定性,结合靶向配体修饰提高细胞识别特异性,将推动系统从细胞实验向动物模型转化。
从科学意义看,Jan等把“RNA信号”这条最贴近基因调控的路径移植进人工细胞世界,为精确、可编址的基因层级对话提供了范式;从工程落地看,若能以近红外/上转换或化学—酶级联替代紫外触发,并把单次“敲低”升级为有反馈的“表达—抑制”闭环,这枚“通信插件”才可能从培养皿走向组织微环境与在体应用。无论如何,它已把人工细胞的拟生行为从“分子代谢”推进到“基因对话”,为生命系统工程打开了新的练兵场。

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2025年第43卷第18期
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  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-09-28
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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