Article(id=1208356304893100865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00130, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745683200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-27, revisedDate=1748448000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766024193261, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1756310400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1758297600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766024193260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079869505, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208356297246879939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756310400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766024191437, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330854827, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=25, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208356306797314928, articleId=1208356304893100865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Observation, understanding, and prediction of the solar cycle, columnId=1157710593584190220, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Special to S & T Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article summarizes the observational characteristics of the solar magnetic activity cycle, as represented by sunspots, and explains that the interaction between the plasma flow and magnetic field inside the Sun is the fundamental cause of the periodic variation in solar magnetism. It outlines the physical basis of the solar magnetic activity cycle-namely, the magnetohydrodynamic dynamo process in which the poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields regenerate each other under the influence of plasma flows. The paper reviews recent progress in the Babcock–Leighton−type kinematic dynamo models and surface flux transport models based on observations, including advances in understanding the mechanism behind the equatorward migration of toroidal fields and the significant roles of stochasticity and nonlinearity in the evolution of the surface magnetic field. The importance of physics−based prediction of the solar activity cycle is highlighted in comparison with other forecasting approaches. The article also emphasizes the contributions and leading role of Chinese researchers in the field of solar cycle studies and points out key unresolved issues, such as the need for improved observations of the solar polar regions.

, authors=null, authorsList=Binghang LI, Yukun LUO, Jie JIANG, Jingxiu WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208356308869301217, articleId=1208356304893100865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=太阳磁活动周的观测、理解与预报, columnId=1150494644438708440, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=本刊专稿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

总结了以太阳黑子为代表的太阳磁活动周的观测特征,阐明了太阳内部等离子体流场与磁场的相互作用是太阳磁场产生周期性变化的原因;概述了产生太阳磁活动周的物理基础,即极向磁场与环向磁场在流场的作用下互相产生的磁流体力学发电机过程;总结了基于观测建立起的Babcock?Leighton型运动学发电机模型和表面磁通量输运模型取得的进展,包括环向磁场赤道向迁移模式的产生机制和随机性与非线性在太阳表面磁场演化中的重要性等。指出了太阳磁活动周的物理预报相对其他预报方法的重要性;介绍了中国学者在太阳磁活动周领域的贡献与领先优势,同时给出了当前亟待解决的问题,如太阳极区的物理体征和环向场的产生位置等。

, authors=

李秉航,博士研究生,研究方向为太阳发电机理论和建模,电子信箱:

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姜杰(通信作者),教授,研究方向为太阳-恒星磁活动周和磁机制,电子信箱:
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1750年之前的数据来自群黑子数,并加入了0.6定标因子,1750年之后的数据来自黑子数版本2.0(来源:WDC−SILSO,Royal Observatory of Belgium)

, figureFileSmall=UWSb8IltF74gy/7VGb8AcQ==, figureFileBig=+q0PY9Mq9MqSq8AHFerNYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144281599750467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356304893100865, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gzdwyIRzN66YRGdRwMu5xg==, figureFileBig=moTRjXmBdaYm3W2tm3Epkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144281704608068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356304893100865, language=CN, label=图2, caption=黑子浮现纬度随时间的变化

数据来源:http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/greenwch.shtml

, figureFileSmall=gzdwyIRzN66YRGdRwMu5xg==, figureFileBig=moTRjXmBdaYm3W2tm3Epkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144281851408709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356304893100865, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=b++7T1NSGC7xOMX2cs0/2g==, figureFileBig=FIolm6a7P9iD/FoKPKlW4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144282023375174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356304893100865, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1996年以来,经度平均的太阳表面磁场随时间的变化

数据来源:SOHO/MDI综合磁图(1996—2010)和SDO/HMI综合磁图(2010—2024)

, figureFileSmall=b++7T1NSGC7xOMX2cs0/2g==, figureFileBig=FIolm6a7P9iD/FoKPKlW4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144282203730247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356304893100865, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HvlkrfBb32lofbCnPFwA6g==, figureFileBig=KbajGiM4mpZpIAQYry32cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144282300199241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356304893100865, language=CN, label=图4, caption=平均场(α−effect)与Babcock−Leighton型(BL mechanism)发电机工作过程示意, figureFileSmall=HvlkrfBb32lofbCnPFwA6g==, figureFileBig=KbajGiM4mpZpIAQYry32cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144282371502411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356304893100865, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2cCBVwyqWWn03PQA/8NhrA==, figureFileBig=axYK7XeBgiKHaERIOqRvpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144282438611277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356304893100865, language=CN, label=图5, caption=标准通量输运发电机模型的工作示意

注:表面橙色的区域对应Babcock−Leighton机制(α效应),底部青色的区域对应Ω效应,蓝色线圈对应子午环流,红色箭头对应磁浮力

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太阳磁活动周的观测、理解与预报
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李秉航 1, 2 , 罗昱琨 1, 2 , 姜杰 1, 2, * , 汪景琇 3
科技导报 | 本刊专稿 2025,43(16): 25-34
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太阳磁活动周的观测、理解与预报
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李秉航,博士研究生,研究方向为太阳发电机理论和建模,电子信箱:

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李秉航,博士研究生,研究方向为太阳发电机理论和建模,电子信箱:

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李秉航1, 2 , 罗昱琨1, 2, 姜杰1, 2, * , 汪景琇3
作者信息
  • 1. 北京航空航天大学空间与地球科学学院,北京 102206
  • 2. 工业和信息化部空间环境监测与信息处理重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 3. 中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100101
通讯作者:
姜杰(通信作者),教授,研究方向为太阳-恒星磁活动周和磁机制,电子信箱:
Observation, understanding, and prediction of the solar cycle
Binghang LI1, 2 , Yukun LUO1, 2, Jie JIANG1, 2, * , Jingxiu WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Space and Earth Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Space Environment Monitoring and Information Processing of MIIT, Beijing 102206, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Solar Activity, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
出版时间: 2025-08-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00130
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总结了以太阳黑子为代表的太阳磁活动周的观测特征,阐明了太阳内部等离子体流场与磁场的相互作用是太阳磁场产生周期性变化的原因;概述了产生太阳磁活动周的物理基础,即极向磁场与环向磁场在流场的作用下互相产生的磁流体力学发电机过程;总结了基于观测建立起的Babcock?Leighton型运动学发电机模型和表面磁通量输运模型取得的进展,包括环向磁场赤道向迁移模式的产生机制和随机性与非线性在太阳表面磁场演化中的重要性等。指出了太阳磁活动周的物理预报相对其他预报方法的重要性;介绍了中国学者在太阳磁活动周领域的贡献与领先优势,同时给出了当前亟待解决的问题,如太阳极区的物理体征和环向场的产生位置等。

太阳活动周  /  太阳磁场  /  太阳发电机  /  预报  /  太阳黑子

This article summarizes the observational characteristics of the solar magnetic activity cycle, as represented by sunspots, and explains that the interaction between the plasma flow and magnetic field inside the Sun is the fundamental cause of the periodic variation in solar magnetism. It outlines the physical basis of the solar magnetic activity cycle-namely, the magnetohydrodynamic dynamo process in which the poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields regenerate each other under the influence of plasma flows. The paper reviews recent progress in the Babcock–Leighton−type kinematic dynamo models and surface flux transport models based on observations, including advances in understanding the mechanism behind the equatorward migration of toroidal fields and the significant roles of stochasticity and nonlinearity in the evolution of the surface magnetic field. The importance of physics−based prediction of the solar activity cycle is highlighted in comparison with other forecasting approaches. The article also emphasizes the contributions and leading role of Chinese researchers in the field of solar cycle studies and points out key unresolved issues, such as the need for improved observations of the solar polar regions.

solar cycle  /  solar magnetic field  /  solar dynamo  /  prediction  /  sunspot
李秉航, 罗昱琨, 姜杰, 汪景琇. 太阳磁活动周的观测、理解与预报. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (16) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00130
Binghang LI, Yukun LUO, Jie JIANG, Jingxiu WANG. Observation, understanding, and prediction of the solar cycle[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (16) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00130
太阳黑子是最广为人知的太阳活动现象之一。中国古代典籍中保存了世界上最早、持续时间最长的太阳黑子观测记录。如《汉书·五行志》中记载的“河平元年,三月乙未,日出黄,有黑气大如钱,居日中央”,被国际公认为人类历史上最早的详细太阳黑子记录。1843年,Samuel Heinrich Schwabe首次发现太阳黑子数量存在约10年的周期性变化[1],后经证实其完整周期约为11年。这一周期性规律不仅体现在黑子数量的变化上,还显著影响着耀斑爆发、日冕物质抛射及太阳风参数等太阳活动现象。究其本质,太阳黑子实为强磁场的区域,其11年的周期性变化直接反映了太阳磁场的周期性演化规律。“驱动磁周期的原因是什么?”曾经被《Science》杂志列为125个前沿科学问题之一[23],美国科学院关于太阳和空间物理的10年战略规划也把其列为太阳物理的一个基本问题和关键性的挑战[4]。中国2024年发布的《国家空间科学中长期发展规划(2024—2050年)》将太阳磁活动周(太阳周)起源机制列为“日地全景”这一优先发展方向中拟解决的重大科学问题[5]
一方面,作为日地空间系统的源头,太阳对空间环境有着显著影响[6]。在太阳活动高年,太阳的紫外和X射线辐射,以及高能粒子会显著增加,威胁卫星载荷、寿命和轨道稳定性,航天员安全及干扰地面输配电系统。因此,理解并预报太阳周有助于更合理地安排卫星发射计划,实施相应的防护措施,以及对灾害性空间天气事件及时做出预警。在更长的时间尺度上,太阳活动的强弱还和地球的气候变化有较高的相关性,对太阳周的研究也有助于人们理解地球气候的变化。另一方面,观测显示类太阳恒星普遍存在磁场[7],部分恒星已经发现存在行星系统[8]。因此,对太阳磁周期的研究能为人们理解恒星的磁周期及其对行星系统宜居性的影响提供参考[9]
鉴于太阳周重要的科学意义和对空间天气以及空间气候的影响,本文综述太阳周的观测特征、理解太阳周的理论模型和预报方法,包括近年来取得的进展和仍然面临的问题。
人类对太阳周的认识起源于对太阳黑子的观测,被誉为“人类迄今为止持续时间最长的科学实验”[10]图 1展示了过去400年内记录的太阳黑子数随时间的变化[11-12],可以看出黑子数目呈现约11年的周期性变化,且每个太阳周的幅度都有所不同。其中1645— 1715年太阳黑子数显著减小,对应Maunder极小期。除黑子数目外,黑子的浮现纬度也存在周期性的变化:在活动周开始时,黑子群主要在纬度30°左右浮现,随着时间推移,浮现纬度逐渐降低;当周期结束时,黑子群主要在接近赤道处浮现。图 2展示了这一浮现纬度的变化特征,即Maunder蝴蝶图[13]
1908年,Hale利用Zeeman效应,首次发现太阳黑子对应于强磁场区域[14],Hale等[15]还发现黑子对的正负极性分布通常遵从一定的规律,且正负极性的连线通常与赤道呈一倾斜角。这一倾角随纬度的分布遵从Joy定律[14]图 3是经度平均的太阳表面磁场随时间的演化图,即“磁蝴蝶图”,可以看出太阳的极区磁场也呈现出约11年的周期性极性反转,这一周期性的反转和黑子倾斜角有直接关系。
另外,以太阳活动区电流螺度为代表的活动区物理参数呈现半球符号法则的规律,即在每个太阳周的南半球和北半球,活动区的电流螺度分别是负号和正号占主导的[16],且相邻太阳周不会出现交替变化的现象。中国怀柔太阳磁场望远镜[17]从20世纪80年代开始对太阳活动区做了持续近40年的矢量磁场观测,这些数据为国际同行提供了持续最长的太阳矢量磁场观测数据。
以上这些有关太阳周的观测特征驱使着人们从理论上认识和理解其背后的物理机制,丰富的观测数据也为人们的研究提供了坚实的基础。
1919年,Joseph Larmor首次提出太阳磁场是由内部旋转的带电流体产生[18]。磁流体力学(MHD),即研究导电流体在磁场作用下的运动规律及其相互作用的理论,是理解发电机过程的重要工具。MHD方程组中描述磁场随时间演化的磁感应方程的形式为
$\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{B}}{\partial t}=\nabla \times(\boldsymbol{U} \times \boldsymbol{B}-\eta \nabla \times \boldsymbol{B})$
式中,B为磁场,U为速度场,η为磁扩散率,t为时间。根据式(1)可以得到系统积分形式的能量变化
$\begin{gathered}\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{~d} t} \int_V \frac{\boldsymbol{B}^2}{8 \pi} \mathrm{~d} V=-\oint_{\partial V} \boldsymbol{S} \cdot n \mathrm{~d} A-\frac{1}{\sigma_e} \int_V J^2 \mathrm{~d} V- \\\frac{1}{c} \int_V \boldsymbol{U} \cdot(J \times \boldsymbol{B}) \mathrm{d} V\end{gathered}$
式中,S为坡印亭矢量,J为电流密度,c为真空中的光速,V为系统的体积,A为系统边界的面积微元。等式左边对应系统的磁能随时间的变化。等式右边第1项对于一个孤立系统为0,无需考虑。右边第2项对应欧姆耗散。第3项为流场运动克服洛伦兹力做功,进而实现系统的磁能增长[19],意味着系统将自身的动能转化为磁能。
在太阳内部,湍动的流场与磁场紧密耦合,且分层效应[20]导致压强、密度、温度等物理量存在跨越多个数量级的变化,这使得通过求解完整的MHD方程组得到流场和磁场的演化变得相当困难[2122]。近年来,由于计算机性能的提升,人们已经能够通过完整的MHD模拟再现磁场的周期性反转特征[23]。但通常这些模拟的参数域离太阳的实际参数还相差甚远,其结果也只能在非常有限的程度上再现太阳周的观测特征。
目前理解太阳周最普遍的方法是假定流场定常,从而实现磁感应方程与MHD方程组的解耦。对大尺度流场(较差自转[24]和子午环流[25])的日震学观测也表明,较差自转随时间变化较小。这种发电机模型被称为运动学发电机,是目前人们理解太阳磁周期的主流理论模型。
运动学发电机模型多采用平均场方法,并结合一阶平滑近似[26],将流场和磁场分解为随时间缓变的大尺度部分和随时间瞬变的小尺度部分(湍动部分),研究湍动的流场和小尺度磁场的平均效应对大尺度磁场演化的影响。由式(1)可得
$\frac{\partial\langle\boldsymbol{B}\rangle}{\partial t}=\nabla \times\left(\langle\boldsymbol{U}\rangle \times\langle\boldsymbol{B}\rangle+\left\langle\boldsymbol{U}^{\prime} \times \boldsymbol{B}^{\prime}\right\rangle-\eta \nabla \times\langle\boldsymbol{B}\rangle\right)$
式中,$\langle\boldsymbol{B}\rangle$$\langle\boldsymbol{U}\rangle$为大尺度磁场和速度场,$\left\langle\boldsymbol{U}^{\prime} \times \boldsymbol{B}^{\prime}\right\rangle$为由湍动的流场$\left\langle \boldsymbol{U}^{\prime}\right\rangle$和小尺度磁场$\left\langle \boldsymbol{B}^{\prime}\right\rangle$带来的平均感生电动势,其形式取决于湍流的统计特征,规避了反发电机理论所要求的三维复杂流场和磁场。观测显示太阳的大尺度磁场大致呈现轴对称的特征,在三维轴对称磁场的假设下采用合理的边界条件,由式(3)可以得到大尺度磁场的极向分量和环向分量随时间演化的方程。
目前学界普遍认可环向场是极向场在较差自转的剪切作用下产生的,这个过程被称为Ω效应。然而,关于极向场的产生机制仍然存在较大争议:一种观点认为,科氏力会扭曲对流原胞所携带的环向场,进而产生极向场[27],这一过程被称为α效应[28];另一种观点来源于Babcock[29]和Leighton[30],立足于黑子观测特征,他们认为具有倾角的黑子群在子午流和湍动扩散的作用下会将其部分磁通量向极区输运,反转并重建极向磁场。这种产生极向场的方式被称为Babcock− Leighton机制。基于上述2种极向场产生机制,运动学发电机模型通常分为平均场发电机和Babcock− Leighton型发电机2大类,图 4[31]形象地描述了这2种发电机的区别。
平均场发电机首次由Parker在1955年[28]提出,1966年由Steenbeck等[32]首次从第一性原理出发给出理论推导。式(3)的平均感生电动势的α效应项近似为
$\alpha \sim-\frac{\tau_c}{3}\left\langle\boldsymbol{U}^{\prime} \cdot \nabla \times \boldsymbol{U}^{\prime}\right\rangle$
式中,τc为对流翻转时间,α也被称作运动学螺度。20世纪七八十年代,子午流的作用还没有得到重视。为形成与观测一致的磁蝴蝶图,Parker−Yoshimura符号法则[33]要求太阳较差自转的径向梯度为负。然而,这一假设被后来的日震学观测否定。尽管近年来的平均场模型考虑了子午流的作用[34],可以得到类太阳的蝴蝶图,但其参数选取与真实太阳存在较大偏离。除此之外,平均场发电机的主要过程发生在无法观测到的太阳内部,存在与观测脱离等诸多其他问题,这些问题使得学界近年来逐渐将视野转向Babcock−Leighton型发电机。
1961年,Babcock首次提出黑子在太阳表面的演化有可能对极区磁场产生贡献[29],Leighton在1969年依照这一思想首次建立模型并复现了类太阳的蝴蝶图[30]。后来由Choudhuri等[3538]逐渐发展并完善形成了通量输运发电机。图 5[39]是通量输运发电机标准模型工作原理的示意图。表面的极向场被子午流输运到对流层底部的差旋层并剪切形成环向场,产生的环向磁场再随着子午流向赤道迁移,当环向场迁移到中低纬度时会随着子午流的回流以磁通量管的形式上浮形成黑子。黑子按Babcock−Leighton机制所描述的发生对消、扩散与输运,最终重建极向磁场,进入下一个太阳周循环。通量输运发电机模型取得了许多成果,除了产生与观测一致的蝴蝶图[40]外,Karak等[41]还通过调节子午流的强度复现了太阳周的强度变化,以及利用子午流和源项的随机性变化[42]解释Maunder极小期的产生原因以及如何恢复到正常太阳周[43]等。
然而,近年来许多新的观测和模拟结果对通量输运发电机模型提出了质疑与挑战。首先是环向场的产生位置问题。近年来的观测表明,没有差旋层的完全对流恒星和部分对流恒星遵循相同的磁活动强度−自转速度关系[44]。MHD的模拟[45]也显示这两者具有相似的大尺度磁场,应当具有相似的发电机过程。近年来也有研究认为近表面剪切层的磁旋转不稳定性主导了极向场向环向场的转化[46],这些结果对差旋层在发电机中所起的作用提出了质疑。
其次是子午流的重要性。在通量输运发电机模型中,子午流具有至关重要的作用,底部赤道向的子午流回流主导了环向场的迁移,而子午流的幅度变化调制了太阳周的强度。近年来,一些日震学观测[47]显示子午流并不会持续到对流层底部,而只维持到较浅的深度就产生回流。还有一些结果表明子午流在对流层底部可能是极向流动的,其形态是双胞乃至复杂的多胞结构[4849]。一些MHD模拟工作[50]也给出在对流层底部极向流动的子午流。以上观测和模拟结果质疑了子午流在环向场迁移过程中的作用,这促使着学界思考其他的环向场迁移方式。
基于以上质疑,Zhang等[51]开发了一种新的工作在对流层主体的Babcock−Leighton型发电机。在这个模型中,环向场在对流层主体由纬向剪切产生,差旋层不再起关键作用。此外,在该模型中,环向场的迁移模式由纬度依赖的纬向剪切主导[52]。观测显示,55°处的纬向剪切最强,因而产生环向场的速度最快,最先到达浮现强度,这时环向场上浮形成瞬现区。随着时间推移和扩散的作用,更低纬度的区域逐渐达到足以浮现产生黑子的强度,产生了依赖时间的环向场迁移模式。同时,该模型中无论底部是否有子午流的回流,环向场仍然存在赤道向迁移。这一结果减弱了通量输运型发电机模型对对流层底部子午流具体形态的依赖。图 6[51]是该模型模拟出的表面磁场和环向通量的时间−纬度分布图,可以看出该模型很好地复现了表面磁场的观测特征和对流层中环向场迁移模式。
Babcock−Leighton机制表明,极区磁场在太阳磁场的周期性演化中起着至关重要的作用。针对表面磁场的演化而提出的表面磁通量输运模型,是目前理解大尺度极区磁场的有利工具。该模型假设表面磁场以径向磁场为主,并在较差自转、子午环流以及超米粒流的作用下,实现磁通量的输运、对消以及极区磁场周期性的极性反转[53]。在合理的参数域下,表面磁通量输运模型能够成功复现与观测一致的太阳表面大尺度磁场的演化过程[5455],如图 7[54]所示。
表面磁通量输运模型建立于20世纪80年代[55],在过往的研究中,常将活动区近似为理想化的双极区作为模型的源项[56],并且认为表面磁通量输运过程是线性的。然而,近年来的观测与研究表明,源项中的随机性与非线性过程会导致非线性的表面通量输运过程,这对表面磁场的演化,进而对太阳周的非线性演化起着重要作用[57]
在非线性的表面通量输运模型发展过程中,中国学者进行了诸多引领性的工作,提升了人们对太阳表面磁场演化的认识。2019年,中国学者首次发现,如果将复杂活动区近似为双极区,会使得活动区对极区磁场的贡献发生显著的变化[58]。这一结果陆续得到国际上其他学者的研究验证,如Yeates等不同团队先后通过不同的方法,发现使用近似的双极区作为源项会系统性高估整个太阳周所有活动区对极区磁场的贡献[5961]。中国学者还首次基于观测数据,量化了活动区倾斜角等参数的随机性特征,进而基于表面磁通量输运模型,量化了活动区这些内禀的随机性特征带来的极区磁场强度的不确定性[62],指出随机性在调制太阳周强度的过程中起了主导作用。运用该结果,Jiang等[54]提出百年里最弱的第24太阳周是由于第23太阳周里一些异常极性的黑子浮现造成的,得到了国际同行的广泛认可[63]。在表面磁场演化的非线性调制方面,中国学者首次提出活动区浮现纬度对太阳周强度的依赖可以有效地调制太阳周强度,并量化了其对太阳周的影响[64],国际学术界现在普遍接受这种调制太阳周的非线性机制。这些研究改变了之前数十年人们所普遍认为的有关太阳表面的磁场是线性演化的错误观点,推动了人们对包括极区磁场在内的太阳表面磁场演化的认识。
虽然现有的发电机模型能够很好地复现太阳周的基本特征,但仍存在一些争论:极向场产生机制,环向场产生位置以及主导环向场赤道向迁移的物理机制等。除了这些争论外,最大的难题是环向场如何上浮产生黑子[65],以及如何将这一过程纳入发电机模型[66]。过去的Babcock−Leighton发电机模型往往借用平均场发电机源项的形式,这种处理与真实的Babcock−Leighton过程存在偏差,如何构建更合理的源项也是未来Babcock−Leighton发电机模型需重点考虑的因素。此外,尽管太阳极区的特征对理解太阳周至关重要,但现在还没有极区磁场和流场的直接观测。因此,发展太阳极轨卫星从而实现对太阳极区的直接探测迫在眉睫。太阳极轨卫星与黄道面卫星的观测相结合,也能帮助人们解码深对流层的子午流等动力学过程。
由于太阳活动变化对空间环境乃至地球气候存在重要影响,对太阳活动周的预报有着很强的现实意义[67],同时基于前述物理模型的预报也可以反过来帮助人们检验对太阳活动周的理解。
最直接的预报方法是根据太阳活动周的历史观测数据,利用统计学或机器学习等方法,对太阳周做预报,这一类方法被统称为外推法。随着近年来人工智能技术与计算机性能的发展,国内外大量工作都基于此类方法给出了关于太阳活动周的预报。Pesnell[68]和Nandy[69]分别对第24和25太阳周的预报结果做了汇总,预报的2个太阳周的强度覆盖从约50到约250,呈现非常大的变化范围。目前没有一种外推方法被普遍接受,并且这类方法缺乏对太阳周物理过程的认识[67]
另一类预报方法是预报因子法。预报因子指的是在活动极小年或太阳活动下降阶段时,与下一活动周活动水平有较强相关性的物理量,如极区磁场强度、地磁AA指数等。Jiang等[70]首次使用观测的极区磁场数据,论证了其与下一太阳周的最大黑子数存在非常好的相关性。Cameron等[71]从理论上证实了极小年时的极区磁场强弱对应着环向通量产生速率的峰值大小,进而反映了下一太阳周的强度。这意味着将极小年的极区磁场作为预报因子具有坚实的理论基础和非常高的可靠性。
既然极小年的极区磁场是非常好的预报因子,Babcock−Leighton型发电机模型和表面磁通量输运模型就可以用来作为预报太阳周的工具,基于这些物理模型的太阳周预报被称为物理预报法[69]。在第23活动周临近结束时,国际上2组团队分别独立地利用Babcock−Leighton型发电机模型对24活动周进行了预报。Dikpati等[7273]吸收黑子面积数据给出了第24活动周比23活动周强的预报结果。但由前文介绍的黑子浮现过程中的随机性与非线性可以知道,太阳周极大年时的黑子面积信息不能线性得到太阳周极小年时的极区磁场强度。而Jiang等[70]与Choudhuri等[74]则吸收观测的表面极向磁场,给出了弱第24太阳周的预报结果。第24太阳周是百年来最弱太阳周的观测事实,已经证实了其预报结果的准确性和预报方法的有效性。在此基础上,Guo等[75]利用相同的方法在2021年对第25太阳周给出了预报,认为第25太阳周强于第24活动周,也进一步得到了观测的证实。
现有的表面磁通量输运模型已经能够很好地复现极区磁场的演化过程,利用表面磁通量输运模型可以更进一步提前预报的时间窗口。因此,在第24太阳周结束之前国际上几个团队利用表面磁通量输运模型,模拟得到第24太阳周极小年时期的极区磁场强度,进而预报第25太阳周的强度。Jiang等[76]首次提出,当太阳周开始4年后,表面磁通量输运模拟能够给出本太阳周磁场演化的不确定性范围,进而可以预报下一太阳周的强度及其误差范围。距离太阳周极小年越近,预报的误差范围越小。图 8[76]是根据2018年之前的观测数据给出的第25太阳周预报结果:第25太阳周的最大黑子数期望值为125,比第24太阳周高约10%,考虑2倍方差的不确定性范围为93~157。而除了他们的工作之外,Upton等[77]、Iijima等[78]和Labonville等[79]都给出了第25周比24周更弱的预报结果。当下的观测数据表明,第25太阳周确实强于第24活动周,处于Jiang等给出的预报范围之内。迄今科学家对第24和25太阳周物理预报的2次尝试,充分显示了中国学者在太阳周物理预报领域的领先优势。
现有的预报方法已经能够给出相邻活动周以内的预报。但这些方法都非常依赖于太阳表面磁场的观测结果[67]。而目前的磁场观测依然存在一些问题,例如,对预报极为重要的极区磁场无法直接观测得到。在前文对表面磁通量输运模型的概述中,已经提及磁场源项对模拟结果的影响。因此,更准确、更高纬度的磁场探测有助于人们对太阳周进行更加可靠的预报。
太阳周的研究是现代天文学与空间科学的重要组成部分,它由太阳内部的等离子体与磁场的非线性相互作用产生,直接影响着地球的空间环境以及地球的气候变化。太阳黑子与表面磁场均呈现出约11年的周期变化,观测数据的积累和日震学的发展促进了人们对太阳周产生机制的认识。
太阳周起源于发电机过程,对应极向磁场和环向磁场在流场作用下的相互产生过程。近年来,基于Babcock−Leighton机制的通量输运模型与专注表面的表面磁通量输运模型取得了显著进展,特别是在复现太阳表面磁场演化方面表现出了很好的性能。然而,许多观测结果对标准的通量输运模型提出了质疑与挑战,主要表现为对环向场产生位置与子午流重要性的质疑。Zhang等[51]开展的工作在对流层主体的Babcock−Leighton发电机很好地回应了这些质疑,有望成为新一代发电机的范本模型。
预报太阳周对于减轻其对地球和人类社会潜在威胁至关重要。基于Babcock−Leighton型发电机与表面磁通量输运模型的物理预报法是基于人们目前对太阳周的物理理解建立起来的预报方法,中国科学家建立的物理预报模型已经成功预报了第24和25太阳周的强度,在国际学术界具有领先优势。物理方法对于初始太阳磁图的吸收与处理方法具有较强的敏感性,更精确的磁图观测和更合理地处理磁场源项可进一步提升预报精度。基于物理模型的持续太阳周预报将是下一代太阳周物理预报模型应努力的方向。
随着更多观测数据的积累及计算技术的不断进步,有望实现对太阳周背后物理机制认识的突破性进展,开发出更为有效的预报工具。就观测而言,目前仍然缺乏对太阳极区磁场和流场的直接观测[80],中国科学家已在研制太阳极轨天文台科学卫星,有望率先填补这方面的空白[81]。而理论模型方面,相信结合MHD模拟,考虑更为真实的极向场源项与非线性效应,并将磁浮过程纳入工作在对流层主体的Babcock− Leighton发电机模型将是下一步的有价值的发展方向之一,并可为物理预报法提供更为坚实的理论基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12425305)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12173005)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12350004)
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2025年第43卷第16期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00130
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-27
  • 修回日期:2025-05-29
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12425305)
国家自然科学基金项目(12173005)
国家自然科学基金项目(12350004)
作者信息
    1. 北京航空航天大学空间与地球科学学院,北京 102206
    2. 工业和信息化部空间环境监测与信息处理重点实验室,北京 102206
    3. 中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100101

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姜杰(通信作者),教授,研究方向为太阳-恒星磁活动周和磁机制,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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