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围绕难以捉摸的马约拉纳粒子(曾被寄予构建稳健量子芯片厚望)的争议持续分化整个研究领域。

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围绕难以捉摸的马约拉纳粒子(曾被寄予构建稳健量子芯片厚望)的争议持续分化整个研究领域。

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(图片来源:Saulius Vaitiekėnas)

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《Science》对微软量子计算研究的更正重新引发讨论
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围绕难以捉摸的马约拉纳粒子(曾被寄予构建稳健量子芯片厚望)的争议持续分化整个研究领域。

围绕难以捉摸的马约拉纳粒子(曾被寄予构建稳健量子芯片厚望)的争议持续分化整个研究领域。

Adam Mann. 《Science》对微软量子计算研究的更正重新引发讨论. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (16) : 14 -15 .
Adam Mann. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (16) : 14 -15 .
围绕难以捉摸的马约拉纳粒子(曾被寄予构建稳健量子芯片厚望)的争议持续分化整个研究领域。
就像薛定谔那只著名的猫,支撑量子计算机的量子比特也能同时存在于2种状态。量子计算研究的一个特殊分支试图用神秘的马约拉纳准粒子制造量子比特,似乎也以一种双重现实的状态蹒跚前行:既被确信,又遭质疑。
经过多年争议,《Science》对微软赞助的研究人员2020年的一篇论文追加了一则更正。该论文曾宣称在微小的“纳米线”内制备出了马约拉纳粒子,这被视为构建更强健量子计算机的重要一步。但该期刊的决定(遵循一项大学调查建议,但调查未发现科学不端行为)似乎难以平息作者与批评者之间的拉锯战,后者仍以涉嫌筛选数据为由要求撤回该论文。
此项更正同样不大可能平息围绕微软赞助的马约拉纳研究的广泛争议,微软已向该领域投入逾10亿美元资金。2025年2月,当微软宣布其号称全球首款基于马约拉纳的量子处理芯片时,不仅遭到独立专家的质疑,更引来一群坚定批评者的彻底蔑视。美国马里兰大学凝聚态理论家Jay Sau表示:“这是科学、社交媒体和企业相互交织下过度狂热的产物。毫无疑问,所有这些争议已让‘马约拉纳’这个词笼罩在有毒的阴云之中。”
与必须设置为0或1的经典比特不同,量子比特可以处于0和1状态共存的“叠加态”。理论上,利用这种特性的设备可以在某些领域(如密码破译和高级化学模拟)超越经典计算机。
但量子比特本身非常脆弱,任何微小干扰都可能使其精心构建的叠加态坍缩。这正是微软等机构致力于开发拓扑量子比特的原因,该技术通过空间分布量子态来抵御局部噪声干扰。例如,若研究人员能在超细纳米线的原子晶格内以特定方式排列电子和带正电的“空穴”,单个电子会呈现被撕裂成两半的状态,并分别向导线两端移动。这种分裂效应应能使这些半电子量子比特表现出自身反粒子的特性(该特性以20世纪初意大利物理学家Ettore Majorana命名),从而增强其抗干扰能力。美国匹兹堡大学物理学家Sergey Frolov解释道:“这类似于将信息比特分割后存储在两个独立位置,就像伏地魔的魂器。”
真正的难题在于证明马约拉纳量子比特的存在。研究人员通过扫描器件电压,来寻找电导中特定的量子化特征信号,但大多数材料固有的复杂性可能会干扰这种探测。英国圣安德鲁斯大学量子物理学家Henry Legg指出:“材料无序性本质上可能产生与马约拉纳完全相同的特征信号”。
2023年,哥本哈根大学审查了该团队的研究流程和实践,结论表明:尽管研究人员在数据选择上有时运用了主观判断,但被排除的数据并未动摇论文的主要结论,作者的行为不构成疏忽或学术不端。因此,《Science》已将关注声明替换为更正声明,澄清了部分术语和实验方案,并扩充了实验数据目录。
该研究的主要实验负责人、现就职于美国华盛顿大学的Charles Marcus及前哥本哈根大学研究生Saulius Vaitiekėnas对该结果表示欣慰。现任哥本哈根大学副教授的Vaitiekėnas说:“个人而言真是百感交集,这些年始终有这个指控(现已被证明不属实)悬在头顶,滋味实在不好受。”Frolov和Mourik则坚持认为该研究存在重大缺陷,除了全面撤稿之外的任何处理方式都不足以解决问题。
微软团队方面(其中部分成员也是2020年《Science》论文合著者)仍继续推进相关研究。2025年2月宣布的Majorana 1芯片并非基于纳米线,而是采用砷化铟晶圆,其原子棋盘格上的电子和空穴理应协同产生多达8个马约拉纳粒子,构成2个量子比特。研发团队在arXiv上发布了一篇预印本,宣称实验表明其中一个量子能在几分之一秒内保持正常功能。微软团队表示已开发出区分真实马约拉纳信号与虚假信号的检测方案。微软全球技术院士Chetan Nayak说:“我们非常了解器件特性,这些虚假信号的存在是可建模、可解释的现象。”
然而,质疑声浪短期内恐难平息。Legg指出:“这些器件中甚至不存在基础物理效应的证据,更遑论在此基础上构建量子比特。”
(译自《Sciene》,2025,389(6761))

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  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-28
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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