Article(id=1208356299000103565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745424000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-24, revisedDate=1749052800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766024191856, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1756310400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1758297600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766024191856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079888447, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208356297246879939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756310400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766024191437, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330854827, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=93, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208356299469865619, articleId=1208356299000103565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Review of magnetic field evolution of solar active region 13664 and associated extreme space weather events in May 2024, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During May 10-11, 2024, Solar Active Region (AR) 13664 experienced one of the most intense solar storm events since the Carrington Event of 1859, triggering a G5-level geomagnetic storm (Dst index reaching -412 nT) and global auroral displays. AR 13664 exhibited a dense and complex magnetic field distribution, accompanied by rapid magnetic field evolution and high activity such as abundant magnetic emergence, topological restructuring, and the generation of multiple flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). AR 13664 may represent a typical process of energy accumulation and release in intense solar eruptions, making it an ideal subject for studying magnetic complexity, energy storage and release mechanisms, and the causes of strong solar eruptions. This paper reviews current relevant research findings, focusing on multi-band observations, magnetohydrodynamic modeling, and nonlinear force-free field extrapolations, to reveal the full chain physical processes from magnetic flux emergence to near-Earth space responses of AR 13664. The research results around AR 13664 indicate: (1) the region exhibited an extremely high rate of magnetic flux emergence, peaking at 2.2×1022 Mx/day, rapidly forming a complex βγδ-type magnetic structure, with a total unsigned magnetic flux of up to 1.35×1023 Mx, laying the magnetic topological foundation for efficient energy storage; (2) magnetic topology analysis indicates that the energy release process is closely related to the evolution of quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs) and the development of multiple current sheets, revealing the energy release mechanism in local non-potential energy regions; (3) multi-stage magnetic shearing processes were clearly observed, showing the gradual formation of magnetic rope structures and enhanced instability, closely associated with subsequent eruptions of 12 X-class flares and multiple halo CMEs; (4) the associated CMEs exhibit large-scale trans-equatorial source structures and propagate swiftly through solar-terrestrial space. Some of these CMEs reach projected speeds surpassing 2000 km/s and showcase pronounced southward magnetic fields (with the North-south magnetic field Bz dropping to a minimum of -50 nT) at 1 AU. These characteristics lead to significant impacts on Earth's magnetosphere, instigating intense magnetic storms and disturbances in the ionosphere. These studies systematically depict the full chain evolution process of extreme space weather events from the solar source to near-Earth space, providing innovative insights into the triggering, energy accumulation, release, and propagation mechanisms of solar eruptions, and offering an important research foundation for establishing more accurate and predictable space weather models.

, authors=null, authorsList=Guiping ZHOU, Zhenjun ZHOU, Xiaofan ZHANG, Wei LIN, Qingtao WAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208356302590427854, articleId=1208356299000103565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=2024年5月太阳活动区13664磁场演化及其极端空间天气事件研究综述, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2024年5月10—11日,太阳活动区(AR)13664爆发了自卡林顿事件(1859年)以来最强的太阳风暴事件之一,引发了G5级地磁暴(地磁扰动指数达-412 nT)和全球范围的极光现象。AR 13664呈现致密复杂的磁场分布,伴随快速磁场演化与高活动性,如丰富的磁场浮现、拓扑重构与产生多个耀斑和日冕物质抛射(CME)等。由此AR 13664是否代表强烈太阳爆发的能量积累和释放的典型过程,使其成为研究磁场复杂度、能量存储与释放机制、强烈太阳爆发成因的理想对象。综述了目前相关研究成果,聚焦基于多波段观测、磁流体力学建模和非线性无力场外推,揭示AR 13664从磁通量浮现到近地空间响应的全链条物理过程。围绕AR 13664的研究结果表明:(1)该活动区表现出极高的磁通量浮现速率,峰值可达2.2×1022 Mx/d,迅速形成复杂的βγδ型磁结构,总无符号磁通量高达1.35× 1023 Mx,为能量的高效存储奠定了磁拓扑基础;(2)磁拓扑分析结果表明,磁能释放过程与准分割面(QSL)及多重电流片的演化高度相关,揭示了局部非势能区的能量释放机制;(3)多阶段磁剪切过程被清晰观测到,表明磁绳结构的逐步形成与不稳定性增强,与随后爆发的12次X级耀斑和多个晕状CME密切相关;(4)相关CME具有跨赤道日面源区大尺度结构,在日地空间快速传播,最快投影速度超过2000 km/s,其行星际结构在1 AU处表现为强烈的南向磁场(行星际磁场z轴分量Bz最小达到-50 nT),对地球磁层造成剧烈冲击,诱发强磁暴和电离层扰动过程。这些研究系统描绘了极端空间天气事件从太阳源头到近地空间的全链条演化过程,为太阳爆发的触发、能量积累释放,以及传播机制提供了创新性理解,为建立更加准确和可预报的空间天气模型提供了重要的研究基础。

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周桂萍,研究员,研究方向为日冕物质抛射的源区、初发和传播,以及太阳/恒星磁活动类比,电子信箱:

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School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144360746263259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, companyId=1242144360729486041, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 中山大学大气科学学院, 珠海 519080)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242144362801472264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GZjvHC+zHIHZhLkQ63lB2w==, figureFileBig=Wmeh3r5acNnXgzZj6JQeZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144362855998217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=CN, label=图1, caption=RGO/NOAA数据库中太阳黑子群的最大面积和MDI/HMI数据库中黑子群视线方向总的无符号磁通量分布

AR 13664覆盖的黑子面积和磁通量上均超过绝大多数活动区,分别位列前99.95% 和99.10%

, figureFileSmall=GZjvHC+zHIHZhLkQ63lB2w==, figureFileBig=Wmeh3r5acNnXgzZj6JQeZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144362939884299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L7wy+AQLiZL5eZt12m4lDw==, figureFileBig=ysatr6vnZ1xdfzOaze0XNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363011187468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=CN, label=图2, caption=使用DAVE4VM结合SHARP HMI矢量磁图绘制的水平速度图

(a)~(b)描述了磁通量浮现阶段;(c)~(d)描述了剪切运动

, figureFileSmall=L7wy+AQLiZL5eZt12m4lDw==, figureFileBig=ysatr6vnZ1xdfzOaze0XNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363086684942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=il5UTJbWXIlQt5a7fw0HCw==, figureFileBig=U/DkaoZaEryQTbpSsH8SoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363166376718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=CN, label=图3, caption=AR 13664触发的X级耀斑伴随的系列CME具有跨赤道的大尺度日面源区磁结构

(a)SDO/211 Å波段的较差显示跨赤道日冕暗化,如白色方框内所示;(b)SOHO/LASCO白光日冕仪观测到的CME的抛射方向与跨赤道日冕暗化走向一致;(c)GOES X−ray流量显示耀斑开始于17:23 UT,峰值时间为17∶44 UT,相关CME于18∶01 UT已被STEREO−A探测到以2024年5月9日的X1.1级耀斑/CME为例

, figureFileSmall=il5UTJbWXIlQt5a7fw0HCw==, figureFileBig=U/DkaoZaEryQTbpSsH8SoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363233485583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=T3nJUZfuYac7HBSHhvBwPQ==, figureFileBig=5k+dnBc+5hpW2I3O8eBJlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363292205840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=CN, label=图4, caption=由墨西哥地磁台网(REGMEX)3个站点(COE、ITU、TEO)测量的区域地磁指数

左侧图表显示了3个区域的K指数,右侧图表显示了3个区域的ΔH指数

, figureFileSmall=T3nJUZfuYac7HBSHhvBwPQ==, figureFileBig=5k+dnBc+5hpW2I3O8eBJlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363350926097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jS0B44ttuTyGinULD8cfTg==, figureFileBig=TaGmuNvId4j1dlM5qGZNQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363422229266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Swarm B(510 km)卫星在2024年5月9—11日电子密度的观测结果

黑色曲线代表磁赤道

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图片来源:https://static.bjd.com.cn/dams-res/editing/imagehttps://pics1.baidu.com

, figureFileSmall=c+fVeOTItAh7HRU1JmNC3w==, figureFileBig=8XZZgNb2ajr+DtcQjZAfVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144365070590743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征 AR 13664 卡林顿事件(1859年)
总磁通量 ≈13.5×1022 Mx ≈5×1022 Mx
最大黑子尺寸(直径) >30000 km 可能>50000 km
地磁暴强度(Dst) ≈−412 nT ≈−1760 nT
爆发持续时间 4天渐变 更短但更剧烈
复杂度 βγδ型 高度复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1242144365133505304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AR 13664与卡林顿事件对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征 AR 13664 卡林顿事件(1859年)
总磁通量 ≈13.5×1022 Mx ≈5×1022 Mx
最大黑子尺寸(直径) >30000 km 可能>50000 km
地磁暴强度(Dst) ≈−412 nT ≈−1760 nT
爆发持续时间 4天渐变 更短但更剧烈
复杂度 βγδ型 高度复杂
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2024年5月太阳活动区13664磁场演化及其极端空间天气事件研究综述
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周桂萍 1, 2 , 周振军 3 , 张小凡 1, 2 , 林伟 1, 2 , 万庆涛 1, 2
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(16): 93-104
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (16) : 93 -104
2024年5月太阳活动区13664磁场演化及其极端空间天气事件研究综述
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周桂萍1, 2 , 周振军3, 张小凡1, 2, 林伟1, 2, 万庆涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院国家天文台太阳物理研究部, 北京 100101
  • 2. 中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院, 北京 101499
  • 3. 中山大学大气科学学院, 珠海 519080
Review of magnetic field evolution of solar active region 13664 and associated extreme space weather events in May 2024
Guiping ZHOU1, 2 , Zhenjun ZHOU3, Xiaofan ZHANG1, 2, Wei LIN1, 2, Qingtao WAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Solar Physics Research, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China
  • 3. School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519080, China
出版时间: 2025-08-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00117
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2024年5月10—11日,太阳活动区(AR)13664爆发了自卡林顿事件(1859年)以来最强的太阳风暴事件之一,引发了G5级地磁暴(地磁扰动指数达-412 nT)和全球范围的极光现象。AR 13664呈现致密复杂的磁场分布,伴随快速磁场演化与高活动性,如丰富的磁场浮现、拓扑重构与产生多个耀斑和日冕物质抛射(CME)等。由此AR 13664是否代表强烈太阳爆发的能量积累和释放的典型过程,使其成为研究磁场复杂度、能量存储与释放机制、强烈太阳爆发成因的理想对象。综述了目前相关研究成果,聚焦基于多波段观测、磁流体力学建模和非线性无力场外推,揭示AR 13664从磁通量浮现到近地空间响应的全链条物理过程。围绕AR 13664的研究结果表明:(1)该活动区表现出极高的磁通量浮现速率,峰值可达2.2×1022 Mx/d,迅速形成复杂的βγδ型磁结构,总无符号磁通量高达1.35× 1023 Mx,为能量的高效存储奠定了磁拓扑基础;(2)磁拓扑分析结果表明,磁能释放过程与准分割面(QSL)及多重电流片的演化高度相关,揭示了局部非势能区的能量释放机制;(3)多阶段磁剪切过程被清晰观测到,表明磁绳结构的逐步形成与不稳定性增强,与随后爆发的12次X级耀斑和多个晕状CME密切相关;(4)相关CME具有跨赤道日面源区大尺度结构,在日地空间快速传播,最快投影速度超过2000 km/s,其行星际结构在1 AU处表现为强烈的南向磁场(行星际磁场z轴分量Bz最小达到-50 nT),对地球磁层造成剧烈冲击,诱发强磁暴和电离层扰动过程。这些研究系统描绘了极端空间天气事件从太阳源头到近地空间的全链条演化过程,为太阳爆发的触发、能量积累释放,以及传播机制提供了创新性理解,为建立更加准确和可预报的空间天气模型提供了重要的研究基础。

极端太阳风暴  /  活动区  /  日冕物质抛射  /  磁重联  /  地磁暴

During May 10-11, 2024, Solar Active Region (AR) 13664 experienced one of the most intense solar storm events since the Carrington Event of 1859, triggering a G5-level geomagnetic storm (Dst index reaching -412 nT) and global auroral displays. AR 13664 exhibited a dense and complex magnetic field distribution, accompanied by rapid magnetic field evolution and high activity such as abundant magnetic emergence, topological restructuring, and the generation of multiple flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). AR 13664 may represent a typical process of energy accumulation and release in intense solar eruptions, making it an ideal subject for studying magnetic complexity, energy storage and release mechanisms, and the causes of strong solar eruptions. This paper reviews current relevant research findings, focusing on multi-band observations, magnetohydrodynamic modeling, and nonlinear force-free field extrapolations, to reveal the full chain physical processes from magnetic flux emergence to near-Earth space responses of AR 13664. The research results around AR 13664 indicate: (1) the region exhibited an extremely high rate of magnetic flux emergence, peaking at 2.2×1022 Mx/day, rapidly forming a complex βγδ-type magnetic structure, with a total unsigned magnetic flux of up to 1.35×1023 Mx, laying the magnetic topological foundation for efficient energy storage; (2) magnetic topology analysis indicates that the energy release process is closely related to the evolution of quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs) and the development of multiple current sheets, revealing the energy release mechanism in local non-potential energy regions; (3) multi-stage magnetic shearing processes were clearly observed, showing the gradual formation of magnetic rope structures and enhanced instability, closely associated with subsequent eruptions of 12 X-class flares and multiple halo CMEs; (4) the associated CMEs exhibit large-scale trans-equatorial source structures and propagate swiftly through solar-terrestrial space. Some of these CMEs reach projected speeds surpassing 2000 km/s and showcase pronounced southward magnetic fields (with the North-south magnetic field Bz dropping to a minimum of -50 nT) at 1 AU. These characteristics lead to significant impacts on Earth's magnetosphere, instigating intense magnetic storms and disturbances in the ionosphere. These studies systematically depict the full chain evolution process of extreme space weather events from the solar source to near-Earth space, providing innovative insights into the triggering, energy accumulation, release, and propagation mechanisms of solar eruptions, and offering an important research foundation for establishing more accurate and predictable space weather models.

extreme solar storms  /  active region  /  coronal mass ejections  /  magnetic reconnection  /  geomagnetic storms
周桂萍, 周振军, 张小凡, 林伟, 万庆涛. 2024年5月太阳活动区13664磁场演化及其极端空间天气事件研究综述. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (16) : 93 -104 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00117
Guiping ZHOU, Zhenjun ZHOU, Xiaofan ZHANG, Wei LIN, Qingtao WAN. Review of magnetic field evolution of solar active region 13664 and associated extreme space weather events in May 2024[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (16) : 93 -104 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00117
太阳活动区(active region,AR)是太阳表面磁场高度集中、结构复杂的强磁场载体。AR通常表现为黑子群的聚集,其磁场的演化、不稳定性及其与邻近磁场的相互作用被认为是太阳耀斑、日冕物质抛射(coronal mass ejection,CME)和高能粒子的驱动力[14]。AR是太阳大气中磁能积累与释放的主要场所,也是影响太阳−地球空间天气的关键区域,其中爆发活动可对地球磁层、电离层等近地空间环境,以及卫星通信、导航系统乃至地面电网等基础设施和技术系统产生显著扰动。因此,研究太阳活动区的结构、演化及其磁场性质,对于理解太阳爆发现象、评估地球空间天气风险具有重要的理论和现实意义。
太阳爆发事件(耀斑、CME)的主要源区与太阳活动区紧密相关,其磁场演化及拓扑复杂性直接决定极端空间天气的剧烈程度。1859年的卡林顿事件是历史上记录的最强地磁暴(地磁扰动指数值(Dst)≈−1760 nT)。研究表明,约40% 的强耀斑事件仅由约0.5% 的超级活动区(SAR)产生[5]。具有复杂磁结构的超级活动区则更易产生强耀斑[57]。然而,这类活动区其磁能存储位置、释放触发机制并不明晰[89]
活动区的形成源于太阳内部磁通量的浮现过程。新生的磁通量穿过光球进入日冕,逐渐积累磁自由能。在复杂磁拓扑结构中,磁重联等机制会触发快速的能量释放。活动区内黑子的磁场极性分布是评估其爆发潜力的关键依据。按照Hale分类方法,依据其磁极性和复杂程度,黑子可分为简单的α型(单极性)、β型(双极性)、δ型(单个半影中极性相反的本影),γ型(正负极性分布非常不规则,无法归类为双极黑子群)到复杂的组合形态,如βγ型和βγδ型等。特别是βγδ型黑子所处的活动区,其极性反转线(PIL)附近往往伴随剧烈剪切运动和大尺度电流系统,是最容易产生X级耀斑和高速CME的结构类型。活动区的磁场物理参数,如TOTUSJH(总无符号电流螺度)、TOTPOT(光球总磁能密度)、R_VALUE(极性反转线周边磁通量强度)等,可有效反映非势能积累程度。研究发现,这些参数与耀斑发生具有高度相关性,是现代爆发预测中重要的量化指标[1011]
2024年5月2—14日,太阳活动区AR 13664在可见日面发展为近10年来最活跃的大型活动区之一,形态与1859年卡林顿事件的致灾活动区高度相似,表现出显著爆发性,两者对比见表 1[11]。AR13664产生超100个黑子、呈现βγδ型复杂磁场,无符号径向磁通量从~3.3×1022 Mx增至13.5×1022 Mx[11]。该活动区在整个生命周期中,共产生12次X级耀斑(含1次X8.7耀斑)和52次M级耀斑[10],其中2次X级耀斑(5月9日、10日)触发了G5级地磁暴(Kp=9),产生至少19个CME(含10个晕状结构)[12],其中4个在传播过程中先后堆叠在一起形成复杂结构,导致行星际磁场z轴分量(IMF Bz)持续南向偏转,并引发2003年以来最强的地磁暴(2024年5月11日02:00 UT,Dst=−412 nT),恢复期超72 h。CME引起2024年5月11日02:00 UT中子计数减少15%,以及福布斯(Forbush)下降,根据地球同步环境业务卫星GOES−16记录,>500 MeV质子通量增加了3倍,被确认为第74次地面增强(GLE)事件。
AR 13664磁场演化速度之快、能量聚集程度之高、爆发活性之强,使其成为研究太阳极端活动的理想样本,也为理解卡林顿级事件的成因提供了重要线索。因此,AR 13664不仅在太阳物理学研究中具有重要的科学价值,也为空间天气预警、磁暴预测和灾害防护策略提供了独一无二的实证样本。现代多源数据(如磁场探测)极紫外成像、射电频谱、地磁监测等)和数值模型(非线性无力场外推、磁拓扑分析),为开展磁场演化规律、爆发触发机制及其空间天气效应的研究提供了机会。本文综合已有研究成果,对其磁结构、演化过程、爆发活动与近地空间效应进行系统综述,以期理解与AR 13664类似的复杂活动区演化爆发规律和太阳−地球系统极端响应机制,为建立极端事件准确预警预报模型提供重要研究基础。
AR 13664在多项物理参数上均表现出高度极端性,被确认为第25太阳活动周中迄今唯一超级活动区[5]。其黑子面积、非势能参数、磁通量与浮现速率均位于历史前列。在2024年5月9日,该活动区的最大黑子面积达到3494 μHem(1 μHem≈304万km2;百万分之一太阳半球,MSH),位列黑子面积历史排名前0.05%(英国皇家格林尼治天文台(RGO)和美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)1874—2024年联合记录)。活动区结构早期为β型,随后迅速演化为高度混杂的βγδ型,极性反转线长度迅速增长,表明其具备复杂的磁拓扑结构和强爆发潜力[13]。通过SDO/HMI(太阳动力学天文台的日震磁像仪)磁图数据计算,AR 13664的总无符号视向峰值磁通量达到1.35×1023 Mx,其磁通量增长速率峰值达到2.2×1022 Mx/d,远高于大多数活动区样本均值[11, 14]
纵向将AR 13664与历史上不同活动区进行对比:从活动区面积上看,相比前2次太阳活动周的最大AR(AR 10486和AR 12192),AR 13664面积略小,但磁通量分布更集中[13]图 1[13])。活动区AR 10486是2003年“万圣节风暴”的主触发源区,产生有史以来最强之一的X17.2耀斑,并多次触发晕状(Halo)CME[15]。AR 12192产生了自1990年至今最大面积的黑子,约4300 μHem,但其结构相对稳定,爆发效率较低;从爆发能力看,AR 12673爆发了第24太阳活动周最强的X9.3耀斑,结构紧凑且剪切剧烈。AR 13664峰值磁通量浮现速率在卫星高精度测量时代仅次于AR 12673(2.9×1022 Mx/d)与AR 12192(3.4×1022 Mx/d),表明其快速积累磁能的能力,被认为是最快的磁通量增长速率之一。然而,AR最大磁场强度高达4000 G,远高于典型强活动区。高磁通量浮现率及强磁场打破能量存储极限,驱动多米诺式爆发链[16]。因此,AR13664在多个关键物理维度上集成了AR 12192的“尺度优势”与AR 12673的“爆发能力”。
从矢量磁场参数上看,AR 13664也展现出系统性极端特征,在SDO/SHARP数据集中提供的20多项标准化参数中,共有16项达到或超过其他99% 的活动区,其中以下参数排在首位:总无符号电流螺度(TOTUSJH),净磁缠绕数(TOTTWIST),PIL附近总无符号磁通量密度(R_VALUE),极性净电流绝对值之和(SAVNCPP),以及净电流螺度绝对值(ABSNJZH)。其他关键参数如光球层总磁能密度(TOTPOT)、总无符号垂直电流(TOTUSJZ)与总无符号磁通量(USFLUX),也均超过99.9% 的活动区[10, 13]。这些参数与耀斑产率高度相关[17],共同反映出该活动区具有极高的非势能积累程度与潜在爆发极端活动能力。
AR 13664的演化和爆发过程由多颗空间探测器进行全面观测,涵盖了从近日面到远日面多个视角。观测平台包括地球轨道附近的羲和号(CHASE),夸父一号(ASO−S)、太阳动力学天文台(SDO)、太阳和日球观测天文台(SOHO)、日地关系天文台(STEREO),以及当时处于太阳背面的太阳轨道飞行器(SolO)。观测时间从2024年5月1日持续至6月12日,完整覆盖了其爆发全过程。
在此期间,AR 13664共爆发了23次X级耀斑,并伴随多次CME,最终触发了自2003年以来最强的地磁风暴(Kp=9),对地球空间环境产生了深远影响[13]。AR 13664的演化可分为4个阶段。
1)初期阶段(2024年5月1—4日):首次出现在东边缘,表现为普通的双极活动区(β型),磁通量稳定(< 4×1022 Mx),面积≈300 μHem。黑子直径5000~20000 km,磁场强度1000~3000 G,呈现简单α或β磁场构型[10]。磁场结构清晰,正负极性分布对称,极性反转线较短且结构平直,没有明显的剪切特征。该阶段黑子分布稀疏,数量不多,活动区在空间分布上呈现分离型双极系统,该阶段并未爆发M级或X级耀斑,活动性较低。
2)浮现阶段(2024年5月5—6日):双极黑子连续浮现,磁通量浮现率经历爆发性磁通量增长(速率从0.35×1022Mx/d升至2.2×1022 Mx/d),其无符号径向总磁通量达1.35×1023 Mx,与第24太阳周最大活动区AR 12192相当(2×1023 Mx)[11]。新双极场的持续注入不仅扩大了原有活动区的空间范围,同时让活动区磁场结构变得更为复杂。在这一过程中,一些新浮现的双极场向内侧移动并与原有磁极发生接触或合并,形成了高度压缩的极性反转线区域,为后期磁剪切的增强与能量积累奠定了基础。
3)压缩剪切阶段(2024年5月7—8日):多个分离的磁场逐步合并为强磁场区,伴随不同的黑子合并增长面积,其中最大的巨型黑子直径超过30000 km。黑子数量从初期80多个下降至约40个,总面积不断扩大,最终达到~3494 μHem的峰值。东侧连续浮现多个双极磁场结构,自2024年5月7日起迅速增大,自由磁能显著增加,耀斑活动随之增强[10];AR 13664的空间结构发生显著变化。这种黑子“数量减少、面积增加”的现象反映出合并带来的磁场结构压缩和磁能汇聚。HMI磁图显示,PIL的长度和曲率迅速增长,PIL两侧的矢量磁场的运动方向趋于反平行,形成典型的高度剪切结构。剪切速率在部分区域达到0.5~1.0 km/s,TOTUSJZ(总垂直电流)升高至2×1014 A,显示出系统内部正在积累大量非势能。该阶段也是多数SHARP参数(如TOTUSJH、TOTTWIST、R_VALUE)迅速上升的时段,为后续爆发活跃期积蓄能量。
4)磁能峰值与爆发阶段(2024年5月9—10日):最大黑子直径>30000 km,总磁通量≈13.5×1022 Mx,磁场强度>4000 G,发展为复杂的βγδ型;PIL和强剪切流(速度达1 km/s),持续超2 d,覆盖纬度范围200";持续剪切运动形成海蛇状磁绳[10]。AR 13664的磁参数达到峰值,TOTUSJH、TOTPOT、R_VALUE、USFLUX、TOTTWIST等关键参数均达到活动区磁参数观测史的前0.1%,部分甚至位列第一,意味着该系统已处于强的非势能极限状态。与此同时,SDO/AIA 94 Å与131 Å波段成像显示,PIL区域上方形成了清晰的Sigmoid结构,这是典型的爆发前日冕构型,通常预示着低层剪切场驱动的磁重联即将发生。
AR 13664在可见日面发展为近10年来最活跃的大型活动区之一,其快速演化与高活动性使其成为研究复杂活动区中磁场能量存储与释放机制的典型代表。通过对光球层磁结构浮现与水平运动的分析,Romano等[11]认为,同纬度、同经度的连续双极浮现,叠加汇聚与剪切运动,是磁能积累的关键过程(图 2[11])。
AR 13664在其爆发活跃期产生了至少11个X级白光耀斑(WLF),在3600  Å和6173 Å波段上明显增强。耀斑足点处的白光增强主要由非热电子束加热驱动,特别是在上升阶段与硬X射线(HXR)峰值高度一致[18],而6173  Å波段的延迟增强则可能受辐射回暖效应影响[19]。在衰减期,白光辐射多出现于耀斑环,与HXR源区存在空间错位,其增强可能与热等离子体冷却、汤姆逊散射或边缘等离子体抛射有关[2023],体现出多种辐射机制共存的特征[24]。Velusamy等[25]利用美国戈德斯通天文台(GAVRT)全频段(3~14 GHz)射电观测发现,相较于静态的热回旋共振谱,耀斑发生前后的频谱表现出高频段的辐射通量过剩,这表明,在此期间AR 13664的极端高活动性可能导致了在耀斑前后阶段仍然存在残余的非热辐射成分的积累。
基于光球磁场观测结合三维磁场外推,MacTaggart等[26]认为AR 13664爆发的第1次晕状CME是由新浮现的扭曲双极场所触发。磁中心线上正负磁通量的挤压,促使电流密度增加并重新分布是磁绳形成原因,而拓扑分割面上磁重联主导了能量释放。关于同源多个CME的成因,Wang等[16]分析认为AR13664磁通量的快速浮现,促进了碰撞剪切,导致多个强磁场梯度极性反转线的形成,触发相互作用并产生多个同源CME;其中7次晕状CME根据轴向磁场方向的差异,可分为2类,且引起不同的地磁效应。南向磁场主导的CME导致Dst快速下降,而北向磁场主导的CME会引发磁层顶压缩迟滞。CME南向和北向磁场的来源极可能与其日面源区磁结构有关[27]。根据SDO全日面紫外观测的较差图显示,尤其在211 Å波段(图 3(a)),以2024年5月9日的X1.1级耀斑/CME为例,AR 13664触发的X级耀斑/CME均伴有跨赤道的大尺度日冕暗化区域,与白光日冕仪观测到的CME的抛射方向一致,这就预示相关CME的日面源区磁结构包含跨赤道的多重复杂磁场连接性,极可能是行星际对应物南向和北向磁场的主要贡献。
活动区AR 13664触发了多次强耀斑与日冕物质抛射,这一系列能量释放在日地空间形成了复杂的磁流体扰动结构。AR 13664的行星际传播特征展现了高度非线性、多层结构交叠与极端场强叠加等现象,对地球轨道及更广阔的太阳系空间环境产生了深远影响[1213, 28]
2024年5月8日,AR 13664爆发了首个晕状CME,伴随行星际激波,相关太阳风速度峰值达1000 km/s,Bz分量持续南向,高达−50 nT[10, 29]。随后连续触发至少6次Halo型CME,伴随X级强耀斑。这些不同速度的快CME,在离开日冕后呈现显著的相互作用行为。在行星际空间中,多个CME的相继传播与碰撞导致其形成复合驱动结构,包括多重激波、交叠磁鞘与连续磁云系统[30]。太阳风探测卫星(Wind)、深空气候观测卫星(DSCOVR)与先进成分探测器(ACE)均观测到了这些结构的动态演化,特别是在L1点探测到的双重前向击波及随后的压缩鞘层,清楚地揭示了CME−CME互扰与磁压耦合的过程[12, 3132]。关于太阳风−磁层耦合的驱动原因,Vichare等[33]提出了一种非线性机制,即行星际磁场Y分量(IMF−By)强度的增加与黏滞的协同作用。这一机制极有可能加强太阳风−磁层耦合,调制低纬电离层;并进一步总结出IMF−By幅度−电离层响应的定量关系,为地磁暴预报模型提供新的参数。
Kwak等[31]提出,与2024年5月9日08:45 UT耀斑相关的CME在传播过程中扫过了前期CME,并最终在接近1 AU处与5月8日04:37 UT耀斑相关的CME发生合并。由此引发的IMF Bz剧烈波动(尤其是持续的强南向分量)导致了Dst指数在主相与恢复相均表现出非典型的“锯齿状”结构,引发了近20年来最强地磁暴。因此,这种CME行星际堆积效应,有放大磁场的效果[30]。进一步地,Kwak等[31]利用WSA–ENLIL+Cone模型模拟了这一CME−CME相互作用场景,结果与L1点就位观测到的太阳风参数非常吻合,进一步验证了CME−CME相互作用在引发强烈地磁风暴中的核心作用。
这些高速CME驱动形成强烈的激波结构。2024年5月10日17:05 UT,激波到达地球,显著压缩了地磁层至约5.04个地球半径(RE),并触发了一次深度的Forbush下降。这些激波在不同传播阶段持续加速高能粒子,产生了一次典型的多重注入型太阳高能粒子事件(SEP)。Ippolito等[34]利用蒙特卡洛模拟表明,CME通过期间增强的低频太阳风湍流导致行星际磁场线扩散增强,使地球磁连接区域显著靠近AR 13664,从而促使由CME激波加速的高能质子在短时间内传播至L1点,并造成GOES观测到质子通量的急剧上升。同时,Hayakawa等[12]研究证实,CME激波的连续叠加在日球空间形成复杂结构,对多个探测器(包括GOES与地面中子监测器)记录到的质子通量增强具有决定性影响。其数据显示,从2024年5月9日开始,质子通量逐步增强,并在10—11日迅速跃升,反映出多个激波前沿在不同阶段的持续加速作用。
Liu等[30]认为,在AR 13664所触发的CME中,其中7次的晕状(Halo)快速CME,构成了2次典型的“复合型太阳爆发事件”。这些爆发在行星际空间形成了强大的磁云与多重激波结构,在2024年5月10—11日对地球空间环境造成了自2003年以来最强的扰动过程。这次事件在磁层、电离层、热层、大气成分、导航通信系统以及地面电力系统中均引发了广泛而复杂的影响,体现了地球多尺度耦合系统对极端太阳活动多层级响应。
受连续激波压缩与磁云南向磁场影响,地球磁层发生了深度压缩与大规模磁场重联。Dst指数在2024年5月11日03:00 UT左右降至−412 nT(图 4[35]),达到现代记录中第6强水平。强度明显超越2015年3月(−234 nT)和2017年9月事件(−148 nT),表明此次事件在能量注入和磁层持续性扰动方面均达到极端值[12]。伴随Dst下降,Kp指数升至最大值9,并在连续24 h内保持高于8级,表明全球磁层处于持续高扰动状态。与此同时,AE/AL等指数显示极光电流系统向赤道延展,并出现饱和趋势,代表包括环电流、场向电流(FAC)和极区电流等系统在内的高纬电流结构已进入极限响应区间[12, 29]
在2024年5月超级地磁暴期间,赤道电离层表现出显著的扰动特征。福尔摩沙卫星七号(COSMIC−2)和全球导航卫星系统电离层总电子含量(GNSSTEC)等数据一致显示,在风暴主相期间,赤道F层高度迅速上升,最大跃升幅度达到~300 km,特别是在黄昏侧印度–东南亚–非洲区域[33]。该扰动伴随TEC的剧烈增强与波动,在亚洲、非洲与美洲低纬地区形成了典型的电离层舌状结构(TOI),在恢复相阶段出现高达70% 的降幅[35]。这类扰动不仅表现为L波段GNSS信号的闪烁增强(scintillation),也造成GPS(全球定位系统)、北斗、Galileo等系统在中低纬地区频繁出现相位偏移与信号锁失,严重影响导航与授时系统精度[36]。Vichare等[33]认为事件期间在赤道印度洋–非洲区域的等离子体垂直上升速度大幅高于静态模型预测值,表明强南向IMF引发的“瞬间穿透电场”(PPEF)效应在此次电离层暴中具有主导作用。
Wan等[37]利用Swarm B卫星对于510 km高度的电子密度的观测结果显示,在此次地磁暴期间美洲片区的赤道电离层异常显著增强,而亚洲片区的赤道电离层异常受到抑制,表现出强烈的经度差异(图 5[37])。基于地基和空基的多种观测数据表明,此次地磁暴期间的电离层扰动是瞬间穿透电场、赤道向扰动风、中性大气成分变化(O/N2)和扰动发电机电场(DDEF)的综合作用的结果,表现出复杂的性质特征。
热层和中高层大气的组分也因该事件发生变化。根据AURA/MLS卫星载荷的观测[38],2024年5月超级风暴后大气中出现明显臭氧损耗。其中75~80 km高度中层顶区域臭氧减少高达60%,并在随后的2周内持续维持在30%~50% 的低值区间。热层区域(>90 km)臭氧浓度也出现约20% 的下降,与极区高能粒子沉降过程密切相关。这些变化主要由高能电子与质子沉降引发的HOx/NOx化学催化反应所致,同时热层加热与子午环流结构改变也起到了间接放大作用。在2024年5月地磁风暴后,臭氧在中层顶(75 km)最大损耗达60%,热层(>90 km)浓度下降约20%,持续影响达15 d以上,具有明显的高纬主导性与南北不对称特征。这种变化由太阳高能粒子沉降(SEP+EEP)引发的HOx/NOx链式反应和热层加热所导致的环流扰动共同驱动。此外,Abunina等[39]指出,多个CME叠加引发的行星际扰动导致银河宇宙射线密度下降15.7%,为Forbush效应历史极值之一。
在2024年5月超级磁暴期间,地磁感应电流(GIC)在墨西哥区域显著增强,部分高压变电站记录到瞬时GIC电流超过40 A(为2021年事件的4倍),并报告温度异常[34]。意大利中部观测站测得的地磁扰动幅值接近600 nT,为30年来最大之一,表明中纬度电网对极端空间天气仍存潜在脆弱性[36]
Liu等[30]根据太阳风参数,使用经验公式计算得出的Dst曲线值与实测数据十分接近,其最小值约为−378 nT,仅比实际最小值低约8%。这种估计与实测结果的高度一致性可被视为一种“校准”,可以将该方法应用于STEREO−A探测器所观测到的太阳风数据,利用STEREO−A卫星观测到激波比Wind提前2.6 h抵达,估算该段结构命中地球时Dst指数值的变化,验证了多点观测在极端事件预测中的优势。
低地球轨道卫星(LEO)受热层密度增强影响可能出现轨道衰减加快的趋势,例如,俄罗斯的小型遥感卫星KANOPUS−V 3的平均轨道衰减率在风暴前约为每日38 m,而在风暴高峰期间则急剧增加至每日180 m,增长了超过4倍。许多其他卫星也在短短几天内经历了类似的快速轨道下降。这种突如其来的轨道衰减给卫星运营商带来了巨大挑战,尤其是在维持特定高度或星座配置时。计划外的高度变化可能会扰乱卫星之间精心设计的间距和相位,从而影响某些系统的服务质量或覆盖范围。根据美国太空部门公开的数据分析,超过5000颗卫星在风暴期间进行了主动机动,其中SpaceX的Starlink卫星群占据了主导地位。这些卫星通过自主导航系统启动推进器,主动调整轨道,以应对突如其来的轨道衰减。大规模的机动行为不仅增加了卫星之间发生碰撞的风险,还对碰撞预警系统提出了更高的要求,这些表明极端空间天气事件对在轨资产的持续运营带来很大风险。
AR 13664触发的系列爆发增加了人类对超级活动区新的认知,但也显露出对日地系统极端响应机制理解上的诸多空白。该活动区在太阳周期尚未达到极大期时快速形成并爆发,说明强活动区的时空分布可能并不完全服从经典的周期规律,而是在更高维度的非线性演化过程 [11, 40]。其在短时间内实现的高磁通量增长速率与系统性非势能积累,体现了太阳局部磁流体动力学系统高效的“发电机制”,现有基于稳态剪切场和逐步重联的理论模型难以给出充分解释[13, 41]。AR 13664连续爆发多次X级耀斑,并形成多个CME复合磁云,最终导致长时间强南向IMF输入与全球磁暴响应。其扰动模式表明,极端空间天气形成的一个重要模式,即源自非单一磁通量系统的强爆发,而可能由中等强度事件的结构性叠加所主导[29, 42]
值得注意的是,该活动区触发恒星级别的白光耀斑强度,预示太阳具备更高能级磁活动的物理潜力,类似AR 13664的超级活动区提供了连接太阳与恒星耀发机制的关键桥梁[12, 24, 43]。与此同时,此次事件造成电离层严重扰动、导航系统频繁失控、极区臭氧显著下降,以及地面电力系统遭遇感应电流增强,进一步凸显太阳活动已成为全球现代基础设施安全的重要风险因子。在多系统耦合、多学科交汇的背景下,深入探索AR 13664触发的日地系统爆发事件,是推动人们反思和重塑空间天气建模范式和预报服务能力、基础科研投入结构及全球响应体系的科学推进器。
尽管一系列研究揭示了极端空间天气事件的日地过程和对地球环境的影响,然而当前国内外在空间天气预报和应对方面仍存在较多不足。尤其是在预报的准确性和时效性上,现有的模型和监测网络仍无法提供足够精确的预测,特别是对于极端事件发生的时间、强度和影响范围的准确把握,不能及时准确地应对相关灾害性空间天气对地面技术系统,如电力、通信、导航等基础设施的潜在巨大影响。随着观测和研究不断取得进展,亟须深化太阳活动机理研究,全面理解极端爆发事件成因,具备早期预警能力;同时加强空间天气的监测能力建设,提高预警和应急响应能力,更好地保护技术系统和社会生活免受极端空间天气事件的威胁。
第廿五太阳周出现的这次太阳风暴事件呈现出从太阳源区、行星际扰动到地球响应的完整扰动链条。其爆发源区AR 13664呈现出极端的磁通量浮现速率(峰值达2.2×1022 Mx/d)、非势能积累33和复杂的βγδ磁结构,形成强剪切的极性反转线(PIL)和典型的sigmoid形态,短时间内爆发了至少12次X级与52次M级耀斑[11, 13]。白光耀斑活动尤为显著,在3600 Å和6173 Å波段的增强幅度分别达到13%~27% 和9%~15%[24]
该系列爆发伴随多次快速晕状CMEs。这些CMEs在日地空间内相继发生相互作用和合并,形成结构复杂的复合行星际CMEs系统。L1点探测数据显示,该事件形成了双激波结构、多重鞘层和多重磁通量绳系统,磁场总强度达到74 nT,IMF Bz分量连续南向维持超过30 h,构成典型的复合ICME结构[10, 29]。传播结构覆盖角度广泛,前沿传播速度普遍超过1000 km/s,局部区域接近1800 km/s[28, 31]。强烈的行星际磁场扰动引发了自2003年“万圣节风暴”以来最强的G5级地磁暴,Dst指数值最低降至−412 nT[35]。极光活动扩展至地磁纬度29.8°,形成全球性可视极光事件(图 6[12]。全球范围内的TEC(总电子含量)显著上升[35]。GNSS系统在多个区域受到严重影响,L波段信号闪烁增强与频繁失锁现象,提示可能造成导航与授时精度退化。风暴期间电离层扰动还引发了O/N2比值的下降与热层结构变化,Kwak等[31]指出该比值在极区出现显著降低。部分地区的垂直TEC在恢复相期间出现下降趋势[35],影响导航系统的垂直定位误差。
围绕该事件的系列研究激发了关于太阳爆发与空间天气耦合机制的科学思考。首先,AR 13664并未出现在太阳极大期,而是在上升—极大过渡阶段迅速成长,打破了周期峰值与爆发强度线性对应的传统认识,预示太阳活动受控于更复杂的深层调控机制[40],相关的物理规律以及被调控的极端爆发是否有更长时标周期性规律等尚待破解。其次,极端爆发的白光耀斑增强幅度接近恒星上超级耀斑水平,太阳爆发的能量释放上限仍未被完全揭示和理解,类太阳恒星超级耀发很可能与太阳耀斑有共同的机理或不同性质 [12, 24, 43]。通过太阳和恒星活动的类比研究,不仅促进对恒星活动及其周边空间天气的深入理解,而且也是检验太阳物理和空间物理获得的已有规律,以及深化探索未知的需要。另外,多重磁云结构经过相互作用长期维持南向IMF、造成激波交互形成和磁通量绳重组等复杂动力学过程,预示空间天气模型的发展需要对行星际磁场预测、结构合并演化、扰动持续性等方面进行充分地物理刻画[42],并急需发展日地系统的非线性耦合的观测和理论框架。
未来观测任务将在弥补现有模型不足与推动科学进展等方面发挥关键作用。目前,国内的先进观测如ASO−S[44]、“羲和”卫星[45],以及“空间环境地基综合监测网”(子午工程)等提供了包含太阳矢量磁场、硬X−ray与Lyman−α成像与Hα光谱,以及近地空间局地和遥测等最新数据,正进一步揭示太阳光球–色球–日冕–近地空间的物质和能量传输细节。国外空间观测如太阳轨道探测器(Solar Orbiter)、Wind、ACE、火星大气与挥发物演化任务探测器(MAVEN)等已为AR 13664提供了从太阳表面至1 AU的多点联动观测,促进建立CMEs并合过程中的三维结构演化链。正在研制的太阳极轨天文台[4647]与规划中环日全景探测[48]等将突破黄道面和单视角的限制,将补全当前在太阳极区与三维磁场重构方面的观测局限,将为全面建模多源爆发、磁云并合和行星际扰动传播机制提供重要的数据基础。AR 13664触发的系统性重大爆发不仅验证夯实太阳活动已有规律,更为揭示更多新的多尺度耦合物理机制与推动全球空间天气模型升级提供一个重要契机。
  • 中国科学院基础与交叉前沿科研先导专项(B类)(XDB0560102)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0503800)
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12533010)
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12350004)
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12473095)
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12373111)
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12403067)
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2025年第43卷第16期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00117
  • 接收时间:2025-04-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-24
  • 修回日期:2025-06-05
基金
中国科学院基础与交叉前沿科研先导专项(B类)(XDB0560102)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0503800)
国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12533010)
国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12350004)
国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12473095)
国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12373111)
国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12403067)
作者信息
    1. 中国科学院国家天文台太阳物理研究部, 北京 100101
    2. 中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院, 北京 101499
    3. 中山大学大气科学学院, 珠海 519080
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00117
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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