Article(id=1208356299000103565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745424000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-24, revisedDate=1749052800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766024191856, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1756310400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1758297600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766024191856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079888447, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208356297246879939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756310400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766024191437, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330854827, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196968781070576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208356297246879939, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=93, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208356299469865619, articleId=1208356299000103565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Review of magnetic field evolution of solar active region 13664 and associated extreme space weather events in May 2024, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
During May 10-11, 2024, Solar Active Region (AR) 13664 experienced one of the most intense solar storm events since the Carrington Event of 1859, triggering a G5-level geomagnetic storm (Dst index reaching -412 nT) and global auroral displays. AR 13664 exhibited a dense and complex magnetic field distribution, accompanied by rapid magnetic field evolution and high activity such as abundant magnetic emergence, topological restructuring, and the generation of multiple flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). AR 13664 may represent a typical process of energy accumulation and release in intense solar eruptions, making it an ideal subject for studying magnetic complexity, energy storage and release mechanisms, and the causes of strong solar eruptions. This paper reviews current relevant research findings, focusing on multi-band observations, magnetohydrodynamic modeling, and nonlinear force-free field extrapolations, to reveal the full chain physical processes from magnetic flux emergence to near-Earth space responses of AR 13664. The research results around AR 13664 indicate: (1) the region exhibited an extremely high rate of magnetic flux emergence, peaking at 2.2×1022 Mx/day, rapidly forming a complex βγδ-type magnetic structure, with a total unsigned magnetic flux of up to 1.35×1023 Mx, laying the magnetic topological foundation for efficient energy storage; (2) magnetic topology analysis indicates that the energy release process is closely related to the evolution of quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs) and the development of multiple current sheets, revealing the energy release mechanism in local non-potential energy regions; (3) multi-stage magnetic shearing processes were clearly observed, showing the gradual formation of magnetic rope structures and enhanced instability, closely associated with subsequent eruptions of 12 X-class flares and multiple halo CMEs; (4) the associated CMEs exhibit large-scale trans-equatorial source structures and propagate swiftly through solar-terrestrial space. Some of these CMEs reach projected speeds surpassing 2000 km/s and showcase pronounced southward magnetic fields (with the North-south magnetic field Bz dropping to a minimum of -50 nT) at 1 AU. These characteristics lead to significant impacts on Earth's magnetosphere, instigating intense magnetic storms and disturbances in the ionosphere. These studies systematically depict the full chain evolution process of extreme space weather events from the solar source to near-Earth space, providing innovative insights into the triggering, energy accumulation, release, and propagation mechanisms of solar eruptions, and offering an important research foundation for establishing more accurate and predictable space weather models.
, authors=null, authorsList=Guiping ZHOU, Zhenjun ZHOU, Xiaofan ZHANG, Wei LIN, Qingtao WAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=
All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208356302590427854, articleId=1208356299000103565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=2024年5月太阳活动区13664磁场演化及其极端空间天气事件研究综述, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
2024年5月10—11日,太阳活动区(AR)13664爆发了自卡林顿事件(1859年)以来最强的太阳风暴事件之一,引发了G5级地磁暴(地磁扰动指数达-412 nT)和全球范围的极光现象。AR 13664呈现致密复杂的磁场分布,伴随快速磁场演化与高活动性,如丰富的磁场浮现、拓扑重构与产生多个耀斑和日冕物质抛射(CME)等。由此AR 13664是否代表强烈太阳爆发的能量积累和释放的典型过程,使其成为研究磁场复杂度、能量存储与释放机制、强烈太阳爆发成因的理想对象。综述了目前相关研究成果,聚焦基于多波段观测、磁流体力学建模和非线性无力场外推,揭示AR 13664从磁通量浮现到近地空间响应的全链条物理过程。围绕AR 13664的研究结果表明:(1)该活动区表现出极高的磁通量浮现速率,峰值可达2.2×1022 Mx/d,迅速形成复杂的βγδ型磁结构,总无符号磁通量高达1.35× 1023 Mx,为能量的高效存储奠定了磁拓扑基础;(2)磁拓扑分析结果表明,磁能释放过程与准分割面(QSL)及多重电流片的演化高度相关,揭示了局部非势能区的能量释放机制;(3)多阶段磁剪切过程被清晰观测到,表明磁绳结构的逐步形成与不稳定性增强,与随后爆发的12次X级耀斑和多个晕状CME密切相关;(4)相关CME具有跨赤道日面源区大尺度结构,在日地空间快速传播,最快投影速度超过2000 km/s,其行星际结构在1 AU处表现为强烈的南向磁场(行星际磁场z轴分量Bz最小达到-50 nT),对地球磁层造成剧烈冲击,诱发强磁暴和电离层扰动过程。这些研究系统描绘了极端空间天气事件从太阳源头到近地空间的全链条演化过程,为太阳爆发的触发、能量积累释放,以及传播机制提供了创新性理解,为建立更加准确和可预报的空间天气模型提供了重要的研究基础。
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, authorsList=周桂萍, 周振军, 张小凡, 林伟, 万庆涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=
版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JseGkRy408wEABaiPDd8Zw==, magXml=JseGkRy408wEABaiPDd8Zw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ORSA+hJruum80xZRnbc5jQ==, pdfFileSize=6122658, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pgkCYPCsoK4Mx3S1D23JZg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=CpZ3wLhpcvgAuDdDlF4S7Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242144360817566429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=gpzhou@nao.cas.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144360893063905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, authorId=1242144360817566429, language=EN, stringName=Guiping ZHOU, firstName=Guiping, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=1. Department of Solar Physics Research, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144360960172770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, authorId=1242144360817566429, language=CN, stringName=周桂萍, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=1. 中国科学院国家天文台太阳物理研究部, 北京 100101
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周桂萍,研究员,研究方向为日冕物质抛射的源区、初发和传播,以及太阳/恒星磁活动类比,电子信箱:gpzhou@nao.cas.cn
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周桂萍,研究员,研究方向为日冕物质抛射的源区、初发和传播,以及太阳/恒星磁活动类比,电子信箱:gpzhou@nao.cas.cn
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3, address=3. 中山大学大气科学学院, 珠海 519080, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144360729486041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144360737874650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, companyId=1242144360729486041, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144360746263259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, companyId=1242144360729486041, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 中山大学大气科学学院, 珠海 519080)])]), Author(id=1242144361224413929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144361299911404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, authorId=1242144361224413929, language=EN, stringName=Xiaofan ZHANG, firstName=Xiaofan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=1. Department of Solar Physics Research, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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1, 2, address=1. Department of Solar Physics Research, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101499, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144361572541171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, authorId=1242144361442517743, language=CN, stringName=林伟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1, 2, address=1. Department of Solar Physics Research, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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RGO/NOAA数据库中太阳黑子群的最大面积和MDI/HMI数据库中黑子群视线方向总的无符号磁通量分布 AR 13664覆盖的黑子面积和磁通量上均超过绝大多数活动区,分别位列前99.95% 和99.10%
, figureFileSmall=GZjvHC+zHIHZhLkQ63lB2w==, figureFileBig=Wmeh3r5acNnXgzZj6JQeZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144362939884299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L7wy+AQLiZL5eZt12m4lDw==, figureFileBig=ysatr6vnZ1xdfzOaze0XNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363011187468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
使用DAVE4VM结合SHARP HMI矢量磁图绘制的水平速度图 (a)~(b)描述了磁通量浮现阶段;(c)~(d)描述了剪切运动
, figureFileSmall=L7wy+AQLiZL5eZt12m4lDw==, figureFileBig=ysatr6vnZ1xdfzOaze0XNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363086684942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=il5UTJbWXIlQt5a7fw0HCw==, figureFileBig=U/DkaoZaEryQTbpSsH8SoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363166376718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
AR 13664触发的X级耀斑伴随的系列CME具有跨赤道的大尺度日面源区磁结构 (a)SDO/211 Å波段的较差显示跨赤道日冕暗化,如白色方框内所示;(b)SOHO/LASCO白光日冕仪观测到的CME的抛射方向与跨赤道日冕暗化走向一致;(c)GOES X−ray流量显示耀斑开始于17:23 UT,峰值时间为17∶44 UT,相关CME于18∶01 UT已被STEREO−A探测到以2024年5月9日的X1.1级耀斑/CME为例
, figureFileSmall=il5UTJbWXIlQt5a7fw0HCw==, figureFileBig=U/DkaoZaEryQTbpSsH8SoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363233485583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=T3nJUZfuYac7HBSHhvBwPQ==, figureFileBig=5k+dnBc+5hpW2I3O8eBJlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363292205840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
由墨西哥地磁台网(REGMEX)3个站点(COE、ITU、TEO)测量的区域地磁指数 左侧图表显示了3个区域的K指数,右侧图表显示了3个区域的ΔH指数
, figureFileSmall=T3nJUZfuYac7HBSHhvBwPQ==, figureFileBig=5k+dnBc+5hpW2I3O8eBJlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363350926097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jS0B44ttuTyGinULD8cfTg==, figureFileBig=TaGmuNvId4j1dlM5qGZNQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242144363422229266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208356299000103565, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
Swarm B(510 km)卫星在2024年5月9—11日电子密度的观测结果 黑色曲线代表磁赤道
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2024年5月10日晚至11日凌晨中国新疆阿勒泰的红色极光(a)和北京周边拍到的极光(b) 图片来源:https://static.bjd.com.cn/dams-res/editing/image和 https://pics1.baidu.com
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| 特征 | AR 13664 | 卡林顿事件(1859年) |
| 总磁通量 | ≈13.5×1022 Mx | ≈5×1022 Mx |
| 最大黑子尺寸(直径) | >30000 km | 可能>50000 km |
| 地磁暴强度(Dst) | ≈−412 nT | ≈−1760 nT |
| 爆发持续时间 | 4天渐变 | 更短但更剧烈 |
| 复杂度 | βγδ型 | 高度复杂 |
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AR 13664与卡林顿事件对比
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| 特征 | AR 13664 | 卡林顿事件(1859年) |
| 总磁通量 | ≈13.5×1022 Mx | ≈5×1022 Mx |
| 最大黑子尺寸(直径) | >30000 km | 可能>50000 km |
| 地磁暴强度(Dst) | ≈−412 nT | ≈−1760 nT |
| 爆发持续时间 | 4天渐变 | 更短但更剧烈 |
| 复杂度 | βγδ型 | 高度复杂 |
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