Article(id=1208354092552926026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=17, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00644, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=1736438400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766023665797, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1755014400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757260800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766023665797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079834208, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208354088958407437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755014400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766023664940, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330848910, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196943967568110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196943967568111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=61, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208354092913636183, articleId=1208354092552926026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Application and challenges of information technology in disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief systems, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As global climate change accelerates and urbanization progresses, natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and typhoons pose serious threats to human society. The development of information technology provides new momentum and possibilities for disaster prevention, reduction, and relief systems, greatly enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of disaster management. This paper analyzes the key applications of information technology in modern disaster management systems and discusses its potential to improve disaster response speed and reduce casualties. The application of information technology significantly enhances the precision and speed of disaster warnings, offering technical support to reduce disaster losses. With further advancements in information technology and the integration of multi−source data, the intelligence and precision of disaster management will continue to improve, providing more robust security for society.

, authors=null, authorsList=Panyu PENG, Mingyang LI, Yi LONG, Yinqiao TAO, Yibin AO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yibin AO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208354094230647687, articleId=1208354092552926026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=信息技术在防灾减灾和救灾体系中的应用与挑战, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着全球气候变化和城市化进程加速,洪水、地震和台风等自然灾害对人类社会构成了严重威胁。信息技术的发展为防灾减灾救灾体系提供了新的动力和可能,极大地提升了灾害管理的效率和效果。综合分析了信息技术在防灾减灾救灾体系中的关键应用,讨论了信息技术在提高灾害响应速度和减少人员伤亡方面的潜力,即信息技术的应用显著提升了灾害预警的精度和响应速度,为减少灾害损失提供了技术保障。随着信息技术的进一步发展和多源数据的集成应用,灾害管理的智能化和精准化将得到持续提升,为社会提供更加稳健的安全保障。

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彭攀宇,博士研究生,研究方向为乡村韧性评估与防灾减灾,电子信箱:

李明洋(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为乡村规划与建设,电子信箱:

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敖仪斌(通信作者),教授,研究方向为灾害应急响应,电子信箱:
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分类 信息技术 应用描述
监测与数据收集 地理信息系统 收集、管理和分析地理空间数据,用于灾害风险评估和决策支持
遥感技术 使用卫星或航空器传感器监控地表,评估灾害前后的环境变化
卫星导航系统 提供精确位置服务,用于灾害现场的救援队伍导航和资源定位
无人机 在灾害现场快速进行空中评估,尤其是在不易到达的区域,用于灾情监测和评估
物联网 通过网络化的传感设备实时监测和报告环境或基础设施的状态,提供灾害预警
数据分析与预警 人工智能和大数据分析 分析历史和实时数据,预测灾害发生,优化应急响应策略和资源分配
智能预警系统 结合气象、地理和其他环境传感器数据,实时预测自然灾害如洪水、台风和地震,提早发布预警
通信与传播 移动通信和社交媒体 快速传播预警信息和紧急响应指南,通过手机和社交网络平台,以提高公众的灾害应对能力
应急响应与管理 实时通信 确保救援信息及时传递,利用卫星电话和无线电传输系统提供可靠通信手段
建筑信息模型 用于灾后建筑物的损坏评估和重建规划,提高恢复重建的效率和质量
虚拟现实、增强现实和数字孪生 灾害应急演练和培训,通过模拟真实灾害情境来提升救援人员的应对能力
在线平台和移动应用 提供心理援助、社区服务和就业指导,帮助受灾群众恢复正常生活
), ArticleFig(id=1242144128885142059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1208354092552926026, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

信息技术分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 信息技术 应用描述
监测与数据收集 地理信息系统 收集、管理和分析地理空间数据,用于灾害风险评估和决策支持
遥感技术 使用卫星或航空器传感器监控地表,评估灾害前后的环境变化
卫星导航系统 提供精确位置服务,用于灾害现场的救援队伍导航和资源定位
无人机 在灾害现场快速进行空中评估,尤其是在不易到达的区域,用于灾情监测和评估
物联网 通过网络化的传感设备实时监测和报告环境或基础设施的状态,提供灾害预警
数据分析与预警 人工智能和大数据分析 分析历史和实时数据,预测灾害发生,优化应急响应策略和资源分配
智能预警系统 结合气象、地理和其他环境传感器数据,实时预测自然灾害如洪水、台风和地震,提早发布预警
通信与传播 移动通信和社交媒体 快速传播预警信息和紧急响应指南,通过手机和社交网络平台,以提高公众的灾害应对能力
应急响应与管理 实时通信 确保救援信息及时传递,利用卫星电话和无线电传输系统提供可靠通信手段
建筑信息模型 用于灾后建筑物的损坏评估和重建规划,提高恢复重建的效率和质量
虚拟现实、增强现实和数字孪生 灾害应急演练和培训,通过模拟真实灾害情境来提升救援人员的应对能力
在线平台和移动应用 提供心理援助、社区服务和就业指导,帮助受灾群众恢复正常生活
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信息技术在防灾减灾和救灾体系中的应用与挑战
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彭攀宇 1 , 李明洋 2 , 龙毅 1 , 陶垠桥 1 , 敖仪斌 1, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(15): 61-70
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (15) : 61 -70
信息技术在防灾减灾和救灾体系中的应用与挑战
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彭攀宇1 , 李明洋2 , 龙毅1, 陶垠桥1, 敖仪斌1, *
作者信息
  • 1. 成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院,成都 610059
  • 2. 成都理工大学管理科学学院,成都 610059
通讯作者:
敖仪斌(通信作者),教授,研究方向为灾害应急响应,电子信箱:
Application and challenges of information technology in disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief systems
Panyu PENG1 , Mingyang LI2 , Yi LONG1, Yinqiao TAO1, Yibin AO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2. College of Management Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
出版时间: 2025-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00644
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随着全球气候变化和城市化进程加速,洪水、地震和台风等自然灾害对人类社会构成了严重威胁。信息技术的发展为防灾减灾救灾体系提供了新的动力和可能,极大地提升了灾害管理的效率和效果。综合分析了信息技术在防灾减灾救灾体系中的关键应用,讨论了信息技术在提高灾害响应速度和减少人员伤亡方面的潜力,即信息技术的应用显著提升了灾害预警的精度和响应速度,为减少灾害损失提供了技术保障。随着信息技术的进一步发展和多源数据的集成应用,灾害管理的智能化和精准化将得到持续提升,为社会提供更加稳健的安全保障。

信息技术  /  人工智能  /  社交媒体  /  防灾减灾救灾

As global climate change accelerates and urbanization progresses, natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and typhoons pose serious threats to human society. The development of information technology provides new momentum and possibilities for disaster prevention, reduction, and relief systems, greatly enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of disaster management. This paper analyzes the key applications of information technology in modern disaster management systems and discusses its potential to improve disaster response speed and reduce casualties. The application of information technology significantly enhances the precision and speed of disaster warnings, offering technical support to reduce disaster losses. With further advancements in information technology and the integration of multi−source data, the intelligence and precision of disaster management will continue to improve, providing more robust security for society.

information technology  /  artificial intelligence  /  social media  /  disaster prevention, disaster reduction and disaster relief
彭攀宇, 李明洋, 龙毅, 陶垠桥, 敖仪斌. 信息技术在防灾减灾和救灾体系中的应用与挑战. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (15) : 61 -70 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00644
Panyu PENG, Mingyang LI, Yi LONG, Yinqiao TAO, Yibin AO. Application and challenges of information technology in disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief systems[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (15) : 61 -70 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00644
全球气候变化的加剧与城市化的推进使得洪水、地震以及台风等自然灾害对人类生活与社会经济带来了前所未有的挑战。中国地域辽阔、地理气候条件复杂,自然灾害频发且种类繁多,居世界前列。近年来,中国的防灾减灾救灾体系经历了严峻的考验,如九寨沟地震、“利奇马”超强台风、郑州特大暴雨洪涝以及四川金阳“8·21”山洪灾害等灾害短时间内造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,且对受灾地区社会稳定及环境恢复造成了长远影响[13]。根据中华人民共和国应急管理部统计,2023年,中国自然灾害造成的受灾人数达到9544.4万人次,直接经济损失高达3454.5亿元[4]。因此,迅速有效的灾后响应与恢复对维护社会稳定与经济复苏至关重要。
面对复杂严峻的灾害形势,加强现代防灾减灾救灾体系建设显得尤为迫切。自党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视防灾减灾救灾工作,明确了新时代防灾减灾救灾理念、思想与战略。2017年公布的《中共中央国务院关于推进防灾减灾救灾体制机制改革的意见》提出要推进信息技术的应用,增强灾害信息的获取、风险评估和保障能力。2022年印发的《“十四五”国家应急体系规划》提出,到2035年,中国将建立与现代化相适应的应急体系,实现数字应急、智慧应急与科学应急,形成共建共治共享的应急管理新格局。信息技术的迅猛发展为防灾减灾救灾体系的现代化提供了新的动力。从卫星遥感到社交媒体,信息技术的应用已经彻底改变了传统灾害管理的面貌。本文将深入探讨信息技术在现代防灾减灾救灾体系中的关键应用,并讨论克服现有挑战、优化技术方案的途径,以期为中国灾害管理策略的制定与实施提供科学有效的建议,推动国家安全体系和能力的现代化,促进防灾减灾救灾体系向更高效、更智能的方向发展,提升应对灾害的能力与效率,有效预防与减轻灾害带来的影响,切实保障人民生命财产安全。
信息技术(information technology,IT)是利用计算机、通信设备和其他电子设备来收集、存储、处理、传输和展示信息的技术手段。它涵盖了硬件、软件、网络和数据库等多个方面,旨在实现数据的高效管理和信息的快速传递。在当代灾害管理领域,信息技术已成为不可或缺的核心组成部分,广泛应用于灾害预测、数据互联共享、紧急应对指挥、灾后损害评估及公共意识教育等关键领域。以郑州“7·20”特大暴雨灾害为例,综合利用传感器网络、遥感技术及大数据分析平台,有效实现了对洪水发展趋势的高精度预测,并及时发布预警,极大地降低了人员伤亡和经济损失[56]。在此次灾害应对中,地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)和移动通信技术展示了其在资源动态调度和战略配置中的高效性。进一步地,无人机技术在灾后损害评估中提供了精确的实时数据,加速了决策过程及后续的灾区重建工作。此外,社交媒体与移动应用程序在灾害期间扮演了传递信息和提升公众应对能力的双重角色,其在提高灾害应急反应效率和公众教育中的作用不容忽视,这进一步证明了信息技术在现代灾害管理策略中的深远影响。
信息技术已成为提高防灾减灾救灾效率与效果的关键力量,随着数字化和智能化技术的快速发展,其应用已深入灾害管理的各个阶段。具体框架如图 1所示。
本章将重点分析信息技术在防灾、减灾和救灾中的具体应用及其带来的变革。表 1详细列出了在防灾减灾救灾体系中的主要信息技术应用。
防灾(灾害预防)主要是指预防和减少灾害发生的可能性和影响,重点在于灾前的预防和准备工作,是灾害管理中的首要环节。在防灾阶段,主要目标是通过全面的风险评估来识别潜在的灾害威胁,并实施预防策略以避免或减少灾害发生的可能性。信息技术在防灾系统中的应用在过去几十年里取得了显著的进展,涵盖了从早期预警到实时监测等多个方面[7]。以下是信息技术在此阶段的应用。
1)预警系统。预警系统是信息技术在防灾应用中的重要组成部分,目前中国已初步建成地震预警系统[8]。该系统整合了地震监测网络、气象卫星及传感器数据,能够实时监测地震波动,迅速识别并及时发布预警信息,从而减少人员伤亡和财产损失[9]。同样,在日本等地震多发国家,地震预警系统也已经广泛应用,并显著降低了地震灾害的影响。
对于滑坡等地质灾害,预警系统通过实时监测自然变化,运用大数据和人工智能对所收集的数据进行快速解析,以识别异常并预测潜在灾害[10]。许强等[11]提出,通过构建天、空、地一体化的“三查”体系来进行重大地质灾害隐患的早期识别,结合专业监测技术,可以在掌握地质灾害的动态发展规律和特征的基础上,进行有效的地质灾害实时预警和预报(图 2)。此外,传感器,如水位传感器和潮汐传感器,则用于监测河流和海洋的水位变化,预测洪水和海啸的风险。例如,Najafi等[12]研发的河道洪水预警系统通过利用高分辨率的提前期地图和对建筑物和基础设施的潜在影响,能提前17 h发布预警。
在信息发布方面,预警系统通过多种渠道,如广播、电视、短信、社交媒体和专门的预警应用程序,确保预警信息能够迅速覆盖广泛人群[1314]。例如,气象预警系统通过分析气象数据,及时预测并发布暴雨、台风等极端天气预警,帮助公众和相关部门提前做好防范措施[15]。海啸预警系统在海啸形成初期即时发出警报,使沿海地区居民能够及时撤离,减少生命损失[1617]。此外,通过网络教育平台和应用程序,公众可以学习如何在接收到预警信息时采取正确的行动,如规划逃生路线和准备应急物资。社交媒体平台则在紧急情况下提供实时信息更新和互动交流,增强公众的应急响应能力。
2)风险评估与预测。地理信息系统作为防灾体系中的关键技术,能够整合多种地理和空间数据,为防灾决策提供支持[18]。例如,Zerger等[19]探讨了GIS在洪水管理中的应用,展示了如何利用GIS技术进行洪水风险分析和预测,从而为防洪措施的制定提供科学依据。同样,建模仿真通过数学模型和计算机模拟分析预测灾害影响。例如,地震风险评估模型评估地震波对建筑和基础设施的影响[2021],而洪水风险评估模型模拟降雨和河流流量变化,预测洪水路径和影响范围[22]
大数据和物联网技术在防灾系统中的应用也日益广泛。通过部署在各个环境中的传感器,物联网技术可以实时收集各种自然灾害的数据,如地震、洪水、台风等。宋亚磊[23]研究了物联网在泥石流道路中断监测中的应用,通过无线传感物联网技术评估系统,有效评估了汶川县5条道路的泥石流中断概率,为及时治理提供依据。大数据分析在风险评估中至关重要。通过分析历史灾害数据和实时监测数据,大数据技术识别灾害模式和趋势,提高评估准确性。例如,韩岳麒[24]讨论了大数据在防灾减灾中的应用,展示了大数据分析技术如何预测和管理自然灾害,提高防灾减灾效果。此外,机器学习可以从大量数据中提取出有价值的信息,进行灾害预测和预警。例如,袁爱璟等[25]探讨了机器学习在地震预测中的应用,提出机器学习改善了复杂地震数据的挖掘和发现,进一步推动了地震预测的发展。
3)公众教育和意识提升。信息技术还促进了公众参与防灾活动,通过社交媒体、移动应用等平台,公众可以及时获取灾害信息,并参与到防灾减灾活动中。例如,Khatoon等[26]研究了社交媒体在智慧城市应急响应和管理中的应用,通过分析多模态社交媒体数据,简化智慧城市的应急响应活动。社交媒体在提升公众防灾意识方面具有独特优势。社交媒体如微博、微信和抖音等,可以快速传播防灾信息和警报。例如,在台风来临前,相关部门可以通过社交媒体发布避难所位置、紧急联络方式和安全撤离路线[27]。社交媒体还可以通过互动功能,鼓励公众分享和讨论防灾知识,增强社区的防灾意识和互助精神[28]
减灾(灾害影响减轻)主要是指在灾害发生后,通过一系列措施尽量减少其对社会、经济和环境的负面影响。在减灾阶段,重点转向采取具体措施,以最大限度地减轻灾害可能造成的损害。这包括加强关键基础设施,如医院和学校,以确保它们能够在灾害冲击下保持正常运转,从而减少灾害对社会功能的影响。以下是信息技术在减灾中的应用。
1)基础设施监测。通过持续监控关键基础设施(如大坝、桥梁和电网),确保其在灾害发生时的稳定性和功能性[29]。使用传感器和实时数据分析工具,可以预见并解决潜在的结构问题,防止灾害扩大。例如,在大坝和桥梁上安装应变传感器和振动传感器[2930],可以实时监测结构健康状况。电网监测系统通过传感器和智能电网技术,实时监测电力设备的运行状态,识别潜在的故障和过载风险[31]。通过大数据分析和人工智能算法,可以预测设备的维护需求和潜在故障点,提前采取预防措施,确保电力供应的稳定性和连续性[32]。这种实时监测和预警机制大大提高了基础设施在灾害中的韧性,减少了灾害对社会功能的影响。
2)灾害模拟与训练。使用虚拟现实(virtual reality,VR)、增强现实(augmented reality,AR)及数字孪生(digital twins,DT)技术进行灾害响应训练,能为应急响应人员提供模拟真实灾害场景的平台,从而提高其响应能力和决策效率[33]。VR技术能够创建逼真的三维灾害场景,例如地震、火灾、洪水等,让应急人员在虚拟环境中进行应对演练[34]。不仅可以提高应急人员的实战能力,还可以在安全的环境中测试和改进应急预案。AR技术则可以在实际环境中叠加虚拟信息,增强应急人员的感知和决策能力。例如,在灾害演练中,AR设备可以实时显示建筑物的结构信息、逃生路线和危险区域,使应急人员能够更直观地理解和处理复杂的灾害场景[35]。此外,在灾害发生时,数字孪生系统可以提供实时的灾害信息和模拟结果,帮助应急指挥中心做出快速反应。例如,在洪水发生时,通过虚拟模型模拟洪水漫延的速度和范围,帮助制定紧急疏散和救援方案[36],减轻灾害损失。
救灾(灾害应急响应)是灾害管理中最直接的应对措施,旨在尽可能快速有效地响应灾害,减轻人员伤亡和财产损失。在救灾阶段,关键任务是有效响应灾害,以最快速度恢复正常状态。紧急救援行动包括搜索和救援受困人员、提供紧急医疗服务、分发救灾资和临时住宿。图 3为信息技术在救灾系统中的应用。
1)实时通信。在灾害应急管理中,实时通信技术至关重要,确保救援信息能够及时、准确地传递到指挥中心和救援团队,提高救援工作的效率[37]。有研究表明,目前针对山区灾害造成基础设施中断的情况,通信保障能力有待加强,特别是在队伍行进途中的实时通信保障、前后方视频会议联通等方面[38]。自然灾害发生时,往往会破坏地面通信设施,如电线杆倒塌和基站损毁[39]。卫星电话和无线电传输系统在通信基础设施受损时起到的作用非常关键。卫星电话提供了独立于地面网络的通信手段,确保救援人员与指挥中心的信息交流不受影响[4042]。便携式移动通信基站(如便携式卫星通信设备和车载移动基站)在偏远或通信基础设施严重受损的地区确保通信畅通[4344]。便携式基站可以灵活部署,不仅提供语音通信,还支持数据传输,使救援人员实时共享灾区的图片、视频和文字信息,提高救援工作的效率和准确性[45]。此外,移动应用和社交媒体平台在信息传递和协调方面也发挥重要作用。专门的救援应用程序可以让受灾民众通过智能手机报告位置和需求,帮助救援人员更快找到并援助被困人员[45]。社交媒体平台(如微博和微信)可以传播紧急信息和救援指令,提供实时灾情更新,帮助政府和救援组织更好地协调和分配资源[46],同时也能及时发布灾情信息和救援进展情况,保持信息公开透明,避免恐慌和谣言传播。
综上所述,实时通信技术在救灾中的应用确保了信息的及时传递和救援工作的协调,提高了救援行动的效率和准确性,减少了人员伤亡和财产损失。随着技术的不断进步,实时通信技术将在未来的救援行动中继续发挥重要作用,为灾害应急管理提供更加可靠和高效的支持。
2)灾区映射与分析。灾害发生后,无人机和遥感技术可以迅速获取受灾区域的实时图像数据,通过图像处理和人工智能分析,生成详细的灾害评估报告[47]。无人机的灵活性使其能够快速覆盖广泛区域,并进入传统救援队伍难以到达的危险区域,大幅提高救援效率和安全性[48]。例如,在2017年四川茂县滑坡和2018年金沙江白格滑坡事件中,无人机和遥感技术的结合显著提升了救援工作的效率和安全性[49]。GIS技术在灾区数据整合和分析中起到了关键作用。通过结合地形图、气象数据、人口密度、建筑物分布等多源数据,GIS提供了全面的灾区状况分析,帮助救援指挥中心制定科学的救援方案[50]。此外,人工智能在灾区映射与分析中开辟了新的可能性,通过分析无人机影像数据和卫星图像数据,能迅速识别和标记受损建筑、受困人员、阻塞道路等关键信息[5152]。这些自动化分析结果显著缩短了灾情评估的时间,提高了救援决策的速度和准确性。实时监测和数据共享平台在救灾阶段的作用也不容忽视。通过建立灾害监测平台,救援人员和相关部门可以实时共享和更新灾区信息,提高协同工作的效率[53]。在灾害发生后的应急响应阶段,多部门通过共享平台获取最新灾情数据,及时调整救援策略和资源配置,确保救援工作的有序进行[11, 54]。随着技术的持续进步,灾区映射与分析技术预计将在救灾工作中发挥更加重要的作用,为有效应对各类自然灾害提供强有力的支持。
3)人员定位和救援。人员定位和救援技术在灾害应急管理中至关重要,通过快速确定受灾者的位置和优化救援路线,提高救援速度和效率。北斗卫星导航系统和其他定位技术(手机信令、实时导航数据)能快速确定受灾者位置,优化救援路线和资源分配,加快救援速度和提高救援效率。如2021年河南郑州特大暴雨灾害中,5G通信、卫星通信确保了指挥中心与一线救援队伍之间的实时数据传输和协调,救灾人员在8天时间内共接收北斗卫星数据87万余份,大幅提升救援效率[5556]。此外,在指挥中心采用VR、AR等技术能直观展示救灾现场实时状况,辅助指挥人员作出精准决策[57]。通过这些技术,指挥人员可以实时查看灾区的三维模型,模拟不同的救援方案,选择最优的救援路径和方法。
4)资源调度与管理。信息技术在资源调度与管理中扮演了2个重要角色。首先是救援资源的管理与调度。通过大数据分析和云计算技术,救援物资、人员和设备可以得到精确的管理和高效的调度[58]。救援资源数据库结合灾情预测和实时需求分析,优化资源分配和运输路线,确保救援物资及时送达最需要的地方。例如,林森等[59]通过提取社交媒体中地震灾害信息,对地震灾害事件进行快速灾情研判,弥补了传统信息获取手段的滞后性。其次,信息技术在灾害信息的发布和公众指导方面同样关键。通过社交媒体、移动应用和短信平台,灾害信息和救援进展可以迅速传达给公众,有效指导受灾群众进行安全撤离和自救互救[60]
5)灾后恢复与重建。信息技术在灾后恢复与重建阶段同样不可或缺。遥感和卫星图像快速评估灾害的影响范围和程度,为灾后重建工作提供指导[53]。建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)和GIS用于灾后建筑物的损坏评估和重建规划,提高了恢复重建的效率和质量[6162]。信息技术还用于灾后的心理干预和社会重建。通过在线平台和移动应用提供心理援助、社区服务和就业指导,帮助受灾群众尽快恢复正常生活。例如,2008年汶川地震,在线心理援助系统在缓解人们的焦虑和恐慌中发挥了重要作用[63]
尽管信息技术在防灾减灾救灾体系中的应用带来了显著效益,但在实践中还面临着若干挑战,这些挑战需要通过不断的技术创新和策略调整来克服。同时,未来的发展方向也应当考虑这些挑战,以便更好地利用技术优势,提高灾害管理的整体效能。
1)技术复杂性与系统集成难度。随着信息技术的高速发展,灾害管理系统日益依赖于复杂的技术解决方案,如物联网(IoT)、云计算、边缘计算以及高级数据分析。这些技术的有效集成,尤其是在不同平台和操作系统之间的兼容性问题,成为实际应用中的一个主要挑战。系统集成的复杂性不仅增加了项目的时间和成本,也可能影响灾害响应的实时性和可靠性。
2)技术依赖性。高度依赖信息技术在关键时刻可能暴露出脆弱性,尤其是在基础设施损坏严重的情况下。断电或网络中断可能使得关键数据无法访问,影响救援效率。未来的解决方案可能包括开发更具韧性的网络架构来增强通信的可靠性,以及部署备用的、无需依赖电网的能源系统。
3)数据溢出与信息过载。在大规模灾害事件中,信息技术系统可能会收集到海量的数据,包括来自社交媒体、传感器网络和卫星的实时数据。如何从这些庞大的数据集中快速提取有用信息,并确保决策者能够获得准确和及时的数据,是信息技术面临的一个重大挑战。信息过载可能导致分析延迟,甚至在紧急情况下造成决策失误。此外,如何将这些数据与现有的历史数据进行有效整合,以提供更为精准的灾害预测和应对策略,也是一个巨大的挑战。为应对这一问题,未来可能需要更加先进的人工智能和大数据分析技术,尤其是能够实时处理和分析多模态数据的算法。
4)数据隐私和安全问题。在灾害管理过程中收集和使用大量个人和敏感数据,如何确保数据安全和保护个人隐私成为一个重要问题。如果这些数据在灾害期间被恶意利用或泄露,可能会导致严重的社会不稳定问题。此外,由于灾害情况下的应急需求,数据通常需要在多个部门、组织甚至国际共享,这进一步增加了数据安全的复杂性。
5)互操作性与标准化问题。灾害管理涉及多个组织和部门的协同工作,这要求各种信息系统之间具有高度的互操作性。然而,不同系统之间缺乏统一的通信协议和数据格式标准,极大限制了信息共享的效率。国际标准的缺乏或未被普遍接受也增加了全球范围内协作的难度。
1)强化基础设施的韧性。基础设施的冗余性、快速恢复能力和与社区的紧密协同,是确保在面对突发事件时,城市能迅速反应并最小化损失的关键因素。开发具备高度韧性的信息通信技术至关重要,确保其在极端条件下也能维持运作,从而保障紧急通信和数据传输不受影响。
2)推动开源技术和开放标准。为了解决互操作性问题,未来的技术发展需推广使用开源软件和开放标准。这可以促进不同系统和设备之间的兼容,降低技术壁垒,增加灾害响应工具的灵活性和可扩展性。例如,采用通用的地理数据标准和共享的卫星通信协议,可以提高国际救援行动中的数据共享和通信效率。
3)增强人工智能的应用。人工智能的应用能够显著提高灾害预测的精度和灾后评估的效率。未来的研究应侧重于开发能够适应不同灾害类型的智能算法,并整合多源数据进行综合分析。例如,在非显性、突发性滑坡的早期识别中,AI和机器学习通过对地质和环境监测数据的深度学习,可提升风险预测的精确度。随着这些技术的发展,它们将在灾害管理中发挥关键作用,并优化数据驱动的决策过程。
4)提升数据治理和隐私保护。随着数据在灾害管理中的作用日益增强,建立严格的数据治理机制变得尤为重要。这包括制定全面的数据隐私保护政策、实施数据加密技术,以及开发高效的数据访问控制系统,确保在快速响应灾害的同时,保护个人隐私和敏感信息的安全。
分析了信息技术在现代防灾减灾救灾体系中的应用及其面临的挑战,并探讨了未来发展的可能方向。信息技术已成为现代防灾减灾救灾体系不可或缺的一部分,它极大地提升了灾害管理的效率和效果。从灾害预警到救灾和恢复,信息技术的应用有助于更快地响应灾害,更科学地管理危机。然而,伴随着这些显著的优势,现阶段信息空间中的防灾减灾救灾工作也面临技术依赖、数据安全、资源不均等多重挑战。未来的发展需要在增强技术的可靠性、保护数据隐私、扩大技术的普及和接入等方面做出努力。通过持续的技术创新和全球合作,有望进一步提升灾害管理的能力,为防灾减灾救灾体系的进一步完善打下坚实的基础。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(24&ZD164)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.06.00644
  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-01
  • 修回日期:2025-01-10
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国家社会科学基金重大项目(24&ZD164)
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    1. 成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院,成都 610059
    2. 成都理工大学管理科学学院,成都 610059

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敖仪斌(通信作者),教授,研究方向为灾害应急响应,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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