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小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中的常驻免疫巨噬细胞，在维持大脑稳态和调节免疫反应中发挥关键作用。相关基因突变会导致小胶质细胞数量减少和功能异常，从“大脑的保卫者”转变为“破坏者”，引发脑白质脱髓鞘和轴突肿胀等病理变化。

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小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中的常驻免疫巨噬细胞，在维持大脑稳态和调节免疫反应中发挥关键作用。相关基因突变会导致小胶质细胞数量减少和功能异常，从“大脑的保卫者”转变为“破坏者”，引发脑白质脱髓鞘和轴突肿胀等病理变化。

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（图片来源：马克斯·德尔布鲁克中心）

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