Article(id=1208354091554685826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=24, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00104, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737475200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-22, revisedDate=1748966400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766023665560, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1755014400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757260800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766023665560, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079852318, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1208354088958407437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755014400000', pubDateStr='2025-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766023664940, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330848910, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243196943967568110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243196943967568111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1208354088958407437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=132, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208354091957339016, articleId=1208354091554685826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Zhu Futang: A founder of modern pediatrics in China and contributor to measles prevention and control, columnId=1150494646058185020, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Science and Humanity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Zhu Futang was a founding figure of modern pediatrics in China, dedicating his life to the systematic development of pediatric medicine. He was among the first to propose and experimentally validate the use of placental globulin for measles prevention, opening a new pathway for passive immunization in the control of infectious diseases. He also played a pivotal role in organizing and advancing the research, development, and nationwide implementation of the attenuated live measles vaccine, laying the groundwork for China's pediatric immunization system. As the chief editor of Practical Pediatrics, he established a comprehensive theoretical framework for pediatric education and practice. Zhu also founded China's first specialized pediatric hospital, delivering high−quality care to countless children. Guided by the principles of "public service, compassion, diligence, and harmony", he cultivated a strong professional ethic in pediatrics and advanced the field through both research and medical education. Zhu's lifelong commitment to child health, his scientific contributions, and his moral vision continue to serve as a beacon for the progress of Chinese medicine.

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诸福棠是中国现代儿科学的奠基人,一生致力于推动儿科学的体系化建设和发展。他率先提出并验证胎盘球蛋白在麻疹预防中的应用,为全球传染病被动免疫提供了新路径;他组织推进中国麻疹减毒活疫苗的研发与推广,为国家儿童免疫防控体系建设奠定了基础;他主编《实用儿科学》,构建了系统化的儿科学理论体系;他创办中国首家专科儿童医院,为无数患儿提供优质医疗服务。他提倡以“公、慈、勤、和”的精神塑造儿科医学职业操守,并通过科研与教育促进医学进步,培养了几代儿科医务人员。诸福棠的一生,是献身于儿童健康事业的一生,他的卓越贡献和科学精神成为中国医学发展的灯塔。

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吴宗震,硕士研究生,研究方向为科学技术史,电子信箱:

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刘欢(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为科学技术史、医学史、生命科学史,电子信箱:
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(图片来源:wiley)

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(图片来源:中国科学院院士文库)

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诸福棠:中国现代儿科学奠基人与麻疹防治事业贡献者
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吴宗震 1 , 高婉莹 1 , 左锟澜 2 , 相强宇 1 , 张璐 1 , 孙博 3 , 刘欢 1, 4, *
科技导报 | 科技人文 2025,43(15): 132-136
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科技导报 |科技人文 2025 , 43 (15) : 132 -136
诸福棠:中国现代儿科学奠基人与麻疹防治事业贡献者
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吴宗震1 , 高婉莹1, 左锟澜2, 相强宇1, 张璐1, 孙博3, 刘欢1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,合肥 230026
  • 2. 哈尔滨工业大学管理学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 3. 北京中医药大学第三附属医院,北京 100029
  • 4. 病毒学国家重点实验室,武汉 430072
通讯作者:
刘欢(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为科学技术史、医学史、生命科学史,电子信箱:
Zhu Futang: A founder of modern pediatrics in China and contributor to measles prevention and control
Zongzhen WU1 , Wanying GAO1, Kunlan ZUO2, Qiangyu XIANG1, Lu ZHANG1, Bo SUN3, Huan LIU1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of the History of Science and Technology and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
  • 2. School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
  • 3. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2025-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00104
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诸福棠是中国现代儿科学的奠基人,一生致力于推动儿科学的体系化建设和发展。他率先提出并验证胎盘球蛋白在麻疹预防中的应用,为全球传染病被动免疫提供了新路径;他组织推进中国麻疹减毒活疫苗的研发与推广,为国家儿童免疫防控体系建设奠定了基础;他主编《实用儿科学》,构建了系统化的儿科学理论体系;他创办中国首家专科儿童医院,为无数患儿提供优质医疗服务。他提倡以“公、慈、勤、和”的精神塑造儿科医学职业操守,并通过科研与教育促进医学进步,培养了几代儿科医务人员。诸福棠的一生,是献身于儿童健康事业的一生,他的卓越贡献和科学精神成为中国医学发展的灯塔。

诸福棠  /  麻疹防控  /  胎盘球蛋白  /  儿科学  /  现代医学教育

Zhu Futang was a founding figure of modern pediatrics in China, dedicating his life to the systematic development of pediatric medicine. He was among the first to propose and experimentally validate the use of placental globulin for measles prevention, opening a new pathway for passive immunization in the control of infectious diseases. He also played a pivotal role in organizing and advancing the research, development, and nationwide implementation of the attenuated live measles vaccine, laying the groundwork for China's pediatric immunization system. As the chief editor of Practical Pediatrics, he established a comprehensive theoretical framework for pediatric education and practice. Zhu also founded China's first specialized pediatric hospital, delivering high−quality care to countless children. Guided by the principles of "public service, compassion, diligence, and harmony", he cultivated a strong professional ethic in pediatrics and advanced the field through both research and medical education. Zhu's lifelong commitment to child health, his scientific contributions, and his moral vision continue to serve as a beacon for the progress of Chinese medicine.

Zhu Futang  /  measles prevention  /  placental globulin  /  pediatrics  /  modern medical education
吴宗震, 高婉莹, 左锟澜, 相强宇, 张璐, 孙博, 刘欢. 诸福棠:中国现代儿科学奠基人与麻疹防治事业贡献者. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (15) : 132 -136 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00104
Zongzhen WU, Wanying GAO, Kunlan ZUO, Qiangyu XIANG, Lu ZHANG, Bo SUN, Huan LIU. Zhu Futang: A founder of modern pediatrics in China and contributor to measles prevention and control[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (15) : 132 -136 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00104
诸福棠(1899—1994)是中国现代儿科学的奠基人,在儿童保健、儿科疾病防控、疫苗研究和医学教育等多个领域均做出了奠基性贡献[12]。20世纪初,中国儿科医学尚未形成系统化学科体系,儿科医疗资源匮乏,儿童传染病高发且缺乏有效的防控手段。在这一背景下,诸福棠(图 1)不仅率先提出用胎盘球蛋白预防麻疹,推动中国免疫学与疫苗科学的进步,还主持编撰了中国第一部系统化儿科专著《实用儿科学》[34],为中国现代儿科学理论体系的建立奠定了基础。此外,他创办了中国首家专科儿童医院,积极推动医学教育改革,为中国培养了几代儿科医学人才[57]。诸福棠的学术思想和实践探索不仅提升了中国儿科医疗水平,也对世界儿科学发展产生了深远影响。
近年来,关于诸福棠的研究主要集中在其个人生平和个别学术成就的分析,但对于其整体贡献的系统性研究较为有限,尤其是对其在麻疹防控、儿科教育和医院管理等方面的作用缺乏深入探讨。因此,本文通过回顾诸福棠的学术历程,重点分析其在中国儿科学体系构建中的核心地位,并探讨其科研理念对后世医学发展的影响。
诸福棠1899年出生于江苏无锡,自幼体弱多病。原本可走上学工救国道路的他,经过慎重考虑,毅然选择从医。
20世纪初,中国西医推广尚处初级阶段,北京协和医学院是当时中国现代医学教育的灯塔。1919年,诸福棠考入北京协和医学院预科,1922年升入本科,成为中国首批接受现代医学教育的学生之一。在校期间,他受到众多国内外名师的指导,尤其是受美国儿科泰斗Luther Emmett Holt教授的影响最深。Holt教授虽仅在协和任教半年,后因慢性肾炎去世,但他不远万里致力于知识传播并捐献遗体的精神深深触动了诸福棠。他目睹Holt教授遗体解剖后的病理变化,由此深刻认识到医学研究与医生职责的重要性,并立志将终身精力投入到儿童医疗保健事业。
在协和学习期间,诸福棠目睹许多患儿因缺乏专业儿科资源而延误治疗甚至死亡,强烈意识到儿童医学不仅需要细致研究,更需建立系统化医疗体系。他逐渐坚定了以儿科为终身职业的决心[8]
1927年,诸福棠以全班第一的优异成绩从北京协和医学院毕业,并获得由美国纽约州立大学授予的医学博士学位,还荣获协和毕业生最高荣誉“文海奖”,展现出卓越的医学潜力。毕业后,他留校任职并开展科研工作,陆续在国际权威期刊发表了关于益母草对子宫平滑肌收缩作用及其活性成分初步分离、手足搐搦症和乳酸牛奶喂养婴儿等研究论文[911]
诸福棠深信,儿童是国家和民族的未来,儿科医学是关系国家兴衰的重要领域。他面对儿童因病致贫、因病夭折的惨状,进一步坚定了为中国儿科事业奋斗终身的信念。
1931年,诸福棠获得了到美国哈佛医学院儿科进修的机会。在波士顿儿童医院期间,他接触到了国际最前沿的医学研究方法和理念。然而,他很快发现,即使在医疗发达的西方国家,麻疹仍然是一种高度致死性的儿童传染病,传统的治疗方式难以有效减少死亡率。这促使他开始思考:如果无法完全阻止麻疹的传播,是否可以通过被动免疫降低病情严重程度?
这一思路推动他开始研究胎盘球蛋白的免疫特性。面对当时医学界对母体抗体研究的空白,他不仅系统性地开展了临床试验,还改进了胎盘抗体提取技术。最终,他在1933年成功提取出2种球蛋白:优球蛋白(euglobulin)和假球蛋白(pseudoglobulin),并验证了其免疫活性。更重要的是,他的研究不仅揭示了胎盘球蛋白在麻疹防控中的作用,也为日后母婴免疫学的发展奠定了基础。他的导师Charles F. McKhann教授极为认可这一成果,并指导诸福棠将其研究撰写成论文,分别发表在《The Journal of Infectious Diseases》和《American Journal of Diseases of Children》上[1213]。这一研究打破了麻疹不可预防的定律,引发广泛关注。美国《Time》周刊甚至刊发专题报道《 Measles: A Gospel for Children》,令诸福棠的名字传遍美国。
1934年,回国后的诸福棠继续投身中国儿科学发展[14]。1936年,他成为协和医学院首位中国籍小儿科主任,并在新中国成立后,在“预防为主”卫生方针的指引下,积极推广胎盘球蛋白用于麻疹预防,大幅减少了麻疹病例。著名免疫学家谢少文教授曾评价诸福棠,“诸老是我最佩服的科学家。他的重要科研成果胎盘球蛋白预防麻疹,是应用免疫学的一个巨大发现,它既有理论上的创新,又有应用上的贡献,非常有意义。”[4]
20世纪60年代,随着麻疹减毒活疫苗研究的发展,诸福棠组织并领导了中国疫苗研发和推广工作。他联合北京、上海、长春等地的病毒学家、生物制品专家及儿科医务人员,成立专项科研团队,集中攻克疫苗生产和临床应用的关键难题[1516]。在疫苗推广阶段,他主导制定了覆盖托儿所、幼儿园和小学的接种计划,细化接种流程,并密切监测免疫反应与流行病学效果。通过这些精准而高效的策略,他和团队显著降低了全国麻疹发病率,为中国儿童健康构筑了重要屏障,同时进一步巩固了中国在儿童传染病防控领域的重要地位。
1942年,因战争而自谋生计的诸福棠,在深思熟虑后设定了一个远超个人生活问题的目标——创办一家专门的儿童医院,为中国现代儿科事业奠定基础,并培养优秀人才。他与协和医学院小儿科的同事、年轻的讲师吴瑞萍商议此事,双方一拍即合,又邀请到主治医师邓金鍌共同参与。经过数月筹备,“北平私立儿童医院”于1942年4月4日正式开院,地址位于东城东堂子胡同十三号,诸福棠担任首任院长。这是中国历史上首家专科儿童医院[17]
医院创立之初困难重重。受限于资金短缺,医疗设备简陋,甚至连基本的药品和诊疗器械都需依靠募捐和个人积蓄购置。诸福棠带领团队积极与社会各界沟通,寻求支持,同时身体力行参与医院的日常管理。他们秉承“关注最需要帮助的儿童”这一宗旨,为经济困难的家庭提供免费或低费用的医疗服务,并努力保障治疗质量。这种大公无私的精神迅速赢得了社会的认可,医院很快成为北平地区最重要的儿童健康机构。
随着影响力的扩大,医院迅速发展,不仅拥有50张床位、近百名职工,还能接待每日700余名门诊病人,成为当时中国规模最大的综合性儿科医院,对全国范围内的儿科医疗起到了示范作用。20世纪40年代,胡亚美、江载芳、李同等后来成为中国儿科医学泰斗的青年医生,纷纷加入医院工作,形成了“诸福棠、吴瑞萍、邓金鍌”三老带“三小”的精英队伍。1949年,诸福棠在长期的医学实践中深刻认识到,医院不仅是治病救人的场所,更是培养医学人才、塑造医者精神的重要阵地。在总结自己行医与医院管理经验的基础上,他与吴瑞萍、邓金鍌等人共同提出了“公、慈、勤、和”的院训精神。这4个字不仅仅是医院的管理理念,更是儿科医学工作者的职业准则,长期以来影响着中国儿科医疗事业的发展[18]
“公”:大公无私,医者仁心。诸福棠认为,儿科医生的首要职责是维护儿童健康,医疗行为必须以患者利益为中心,不应受经济利益驱动。在北平私立儿童医院初创阶段,医院为许多经济困难的儿童提供免费或低费用治疗,这种“医者仁心”理念至今仍是北京儿童医院的核心精神。
“慈”:慈祥友爱,关怀病患。儿科医学不同于成人医学,患儿不仅需要药物治疗,更需要心理上的安慰。诸福棠强调,医生与护士应当关注患儿的情绪状态,给予他们亲人般的关爱。他曾要求医院医生在冬天查房时,必须先用热水暖手,以免冰冷的触感让孩子产生恐惧感(图 2)。这种对病人的人文关怀,成为后来儿科医疗服务的重要标准。
“勤”:勤奋工作,严谨治学。诸福棠本人以严谨的学术精神著称,鼓励医生们不仅要精进医术,还要积极参与科研。他在医院内推动开展儿科临床研究,鼓励年轻医生撰写病例报告,为中国儿科医学的专业化发展奠定了学术基础。
“和”:团结和睦,协作共进。诸福棠深知,医学是一门协作性极强的学科,单靠个人的努力难以推动学科发展。因此,他在医院内部倡导团队合作精神,建立了系统化的医疗管理模式,使不同科室的医生能够高效协作,推动儿科医学的整体进步。
“公、慈、勤、和”的院训精神,不仅塑造了北平私立儿童医院的文化传统,还成为新中国儿科医疗事业的重要道德准则。如今,这一精神仍然在全国各大儿童医院得到传承,成为指导儿科医生职业道德与医学实践的核心理念。
1951年秋,当诸福棠得知北京市计划创建一所儿童医院时,他毫不犹豫地决定将私立北京儿童医院无偿献给国家。他与吴瑞萍、邓金鍌一再请求,最终获得北京市人民政府批准。1955年“六一”儿童节,一座占地100亩、拥有600张床位的北京儿童医院新大楼在北京复兴门外正式落成,成为当时亚洲规模最大的儿童专科医院。诸福棠受邀担任首任院长,主持医院建设和学科发展,为中国现代儿科医疗体系奠定了重要基础[19]。1962年6月1日儿童节,时任北京市副市长吴晗代表政府接收医院,并将其更名为“北京市第二儿童医院”。尽管医院的体制和领导权发生变化,诸福棠依然继续担任院长。
1943年之前,协和医学院的教材几乎全部为外文,其中儿科领域一直沿用Holt教授所著的《The Diseases of Infancy & Childhood》一书[20]。这种情况虽然帮助国内医学生了解国际先进知识,却无法充分反映中国的实际医疗需求。诸福棠在繁忙的工作之余,深刻意识到编写一本具有中国特色的现代儿科医学全书的重要性与紧迫性。
从1937年起,诸福棠与范权、苏祖斐、吴瑞萍、邓金鍌等通力合作,开始了这项艰巨的任务。他广泛收集资料,参考了大量国内外文献,同时将自己多年来积累的临床经验融入其中。白天他忙于诊疗与教学,晚上则伏案写作,就这样坚持了6个寒暑,最终于1943年完成了这部80万字的巨著——《实用儿科学》。这本书开创了中国儿科医学的系统性研究和教学体系,是中国第一部全面介绍儿科医学的专业学术著作。
《实用儿科学》的出版具有3大特点:第一,它主要采集了中国本土的医学资料,真正贴合中国儿童疾病防治的实际需求;第二,它强调“预防为主”的理念,为现代儿科医学树立了重要方向;第三,它从初版开始就体现了集体协作精神,汇聚了全国优秀儿科医护人员的智慧。诸福棠在书稿初稿中亲自完成了80% 的内容,并首创了分工合作、集体编写的模式,为医学著书立下了典范。时任北平医学院医史教研组的李涛医师评价道:“这不仅是国人自著的第一部儿科学,而且是一部活的书。”诸福棠在回忆这段创作历程时感慨道:“那时日本蹂躏我们的国土,我无心再做实验室研究,决定集中精力,把多年积累的临床经验记录下来,以便国内医务人员学习儿科时有所参考。”
《实用儿科学》第一版在1943年出版后,广受业界好评。为了使这本书始终保持其科学性和实用性,诸福棠不断邀请全国各地的儿科专家参与编写工作。他本人更是随时记录临床心得,以备新版内容的更新补充。此外,书中的图表、照片和索引等技术细节都由诸福棠亲自校对,以尽量减少错误,确保权威性和精准性[21]
新中国成立后,《实用儿科学》得到了党和政府的大力支持,分别于1957、1965、1973、1985和1995年5次再版。初版的80万字内容逐步扩展至第6版的400万字,成为国内外儿科医疗和教学工作者的必备参考书。1993年,该书荣获首届中国国家图书奖,这不仅肯定了其学术价值,更彰显了其在实践中的巨大影响力。为了纪念诸福棠教授毕生的心血结晶,2005年出版的第6版正式更名为《诸福棠实用儿科学》。
2022年7月1日,第9版《诸福棠实用儿科学》由国家儿童医学中心发布。这一版本由全国62家单位的273位专家参与编撰,总字数达667万字。新版进一步提升了书籍的全面性、科学性和实用性,继续引领中国儿科医学的发展[2225]
诸福棠的科学生涯,是一部从人间困苦中生长出的知识史诗。他以医学博士的身份走入实验室,却从未离开病床与社区;他曾在哈佛诊所提出抗体免疫的破冰之论,在中国乡村完成疫苗接种的推广。他并非一味追逐科研的风口,而是在每一处人群最需之地播下希望的种子。
他深信,科学不仅是冷静思维的产物,更是深情注视世界的结果。正如他所倡“公、慈、勤、和”,这是科学伦理的4种维度:公正,是对每一个生命权利的尊重;慈爱,是将科学用于照顾脆弱者;勤奋,是持续探索复杂世界的勇气;和谐,则是科学群体之间彼此成就的信念[2627]
他用胎盘球蛋白拯救麻疹患儿的生命,用疫苗连接免疫与国家的希望;他用一本儿科学著作,搭建起中华医学知识体系的结构;他更用自己一生,为科学家这一词汇注入了“民族希望、人民福祉与医学理想”的三重内涵[2829]
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFA0917200)
  • 中国疾病预防控制中心项目(BB2110240090)
  • 中国科学技术大学教育创新计划世界医学史项目(2024YCHX07)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00104
  • 接收时间:2025-01-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2025-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-22
  • 修回日期:2025-06-04
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFA0917200)
中国疾病预防控制中心项目(BB2110240090)
中国科学技术大学教育创新计划世界医学史项目(2024YCHX07)
作者信息
    1. 中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,合肥 230026
    2. 哈尔滨工业大学管理学院,哈尔滨 150001
    3. 北京中医药大学第三附属医院,北京 100029
    4. 病毒学国家重点实验室,武汉 430072

通讯作者:

刘欢(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为科学技术史、医学史、生命科学史,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00104
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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