Article(id=1207707602377609475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207707597713547639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=15, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01077, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=1724860800000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765869530528, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1755532800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-08-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765869530528, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079809843, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207707597713547639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='104', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753632000000', pubDateStr='2025-07-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765869529417, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330911654, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197207160144113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207707597713547639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197207160144114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207707597713547639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=24, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207707603140972837, articleId=1207707602377609475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=The development and characteristics of China's territorial ecological security pattern, columnId=1157710593584190220, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Special to S & T Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The territorial ecological security pattern refers to the planning and layout for ecological protection and restoration within the national territory to ensure ecological security. Analyzing the development process and characteristics of China's territorial ecological security pattern holds significant importance for promoting the construction and optimization of the national ecological security pattern. This research reviews the evolution of China's territorial ecological security pattern, clearly identifying the landmark events in each stage. It analyzes the current characteristics of China's territorial ecological security pattern and highlights the key aspects supporting the development of the national spatial ecological security pattern in the future. With the gradual deepening of awareness of ecological security theory and the development of socio-economic factors, the construction of China's territorial ecological security pattern has evolved from addressing the restoration of specific ecological issues to the development of the "two screens and three belts, " and further refined to the current "three screens and four belts." Nowadays, the construction of China's territorial ecological security pattern pays more attention to the integrity and functionality of geographical units in space. It emphasizes integrated governance of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grasslands, and sands. And it pays more attention to the coordinated layout of ecological, productive, and living spaces to ensure harmony between economic development and ecological security. Given the background of climate change and increasing human activities, more efforts need to be invested in areas such as technological support, comprehensive management, risk response, and guiding public participation to provide solid support for the construction of the territorial ecological security pattern.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jinhao LIU, Xiaoming FENG, Yihe LYU, Bojie FU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoming FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207707603975639369, articleId=1207707602377609475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=中国国土空间生态安全格局发展历程和特点, columnId=1150494644438708440, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=本刊专稿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

国土空间生态安全格局是为保障生态安全,在国土空间内进行生态保护和生态修复的规划和布局。分析中国国土空间生态安全格局的发展历程和特点对推动国土空间生态安全格局构建与优化具有重大意义。梳理了中国国土空间生态安全格局理念演进的不同阶段,明确不同阶段的标志性事件,分析了当前国土空间生态安全构建的特点,指出支撑国土空间生态安全格局建设的重点。随着社会经济的发展和对生态安全理论认知的逐步深入,中国国土空间生态安全格局布局在针对单一生态问题进行修复、奠定“两屏三带”国土空间生态安全格局的基础上,开始构建以“三区四带”为主体的国土空间生态安全格局;当前中国国土空间生态安全格局构建在空间上更加注重地理单元的功能完整性,在要素上重视山水林田湖草一体化治理,在布局上强调生态、生产、生活空间协调。未来需要加强已经实施生态工程与国土空间生态安全格局构建的衔接,在气候变化和人类活动强度增加的背景下,仍然在科学规划生态安全格局并量化效益、科学应对风险、加强动态监测和协调管理、积极引导公众参与等方面着力,为国土空间生态安全格局构建提供坚实的支持。

, authors=

柳金昊,博士研究生,研究方向为景观生态学、恢复生态学,电子信箱:

, authorsList=柳金昊, 冯晓明, 吕一河, 傅伯杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冯晓明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
冯晓明(通信作者),研究员,主要研究方向为景观生态学、恢复生态学,电子信箱:
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柳金昊,博士研究生,研究方向为景观生态学、恢复生态学,电子信箱:

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阶段 时间范围 布局方式 开始标志事件 主要目的 主要措施
第1阶段 20世纪50年代至21世纪初 针对发展出现的生态问题布局 新中国成立初期实施一系列水利治理工程 解决发展过程中遇到的生态问题 开展水利治理工程;
开展生态修复工程;
开展污染治理工程;
开展一系列基础研究和区划工作
第2阶段 2010—2020年 “两屏三带一区多点” 《全国主体功能区区划》发布 初步构建国家生态安全屏障骨架;
从源头上扭转生态环境恶化趋势
发布《全国主体功能区区划》;
发布《全国生态保护与建设规划(2013—2020年)》;建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系;
构建三线一单制度;
中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划
第3阶段 2020年至今 “三区四带” 《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划(2021—2035年)》发布 全面提升国家生态安全屏障质量;
促进生态系统良性循环和永续利用;
布局和组织重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程
布局青藏高原生态屏障区生态保护和修复重大工程;
布局黄河重点生态区(含黄土高原生态屏障)生态保护和修复重大工程;
布局长江重点生态区(含川滇生态屏障)生态保护和修复重大工程;
布局东北森林带生态保护和修复重点工程;
布局北方防沙带生态保护和修复重大工程;
布局南方丘陵山地带生态保护和修复重大工程;布局海岸带生态保护和修复重大工程;
布局生态保护和修复支撑体系重大工程;
布局自然保护地建设及野生动植物保护重大工程
), ArticleFig(id=1242144025986277799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707602377609475, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国国土空间生态安全格局构建的3个阶段

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段 时间范围 布局方式 开始标志事件 主要目的 主要措施
第1阶段 20世纪50年代至21世纪初 针对发展出现的生态问题布局 新中国成立初期实施一系列水利治理工程 解决发展过程中遇到的生态问题 开展水利治理工程;
开展生态修复工程;
开展污染治理工程;
开展一系列基础研究和区划工作
第2阶段 2010—2020年 “两屏三带一区多点” 《全国主体功能区区划》发布 初步构建国家生态安全屏障骨架;
从源头上扭转生态环境恶化趋势
发布《全国主体功能区区划》;
发布《全国生态保护与建设规划(2013—2020年)》;建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系;
构建三线一单制度;
中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划
第3阶段 2020年至今 “三区四带” 《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划(2021—2035年)》发布 全面提升国家生态安全屏障质量;
促进生态系统良性循环和永续利用;
布局和组织重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程
布局青藏高原生态屏障区生态保护和修复重大工程;
布局黄河重点生态区(含黄土高原生态屏障)生态保护和修复重大工程;
布局长江重点生态区(含川滇生态屏障)生态保护和修复重大工程;
布局东北森林带生态保护和修复重点工程;
布局北方防沙带生态保护和修复重大工程;
布局南方丘陵山地带生态保护和修复重大工程;布局海岸带生态保护和修复重大工程;
布局生态保护和修复支撑体系重大工程;
布局自然保护地建设及野生动植物保护重大工程
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中国国土空间生态安全格局发展历程和特点
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柳金昊 1, 2 , 冯晓明 1, 2, * , 吕一河 1, 2 , 傅伯杰 1, 2
科技导报 | 本刊专稿 2025,43(14): 24-33
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科技导报 |本刊专稿 2025 , 43 (14) : 24 -33
中国国土空间生态安全格局发展历程和特点
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2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049, bio={"content":"

柳金昊,博士研究生,研究方向为景观生态学、恢复生态学,电子信箱:

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柳金昊,博士研究生,研究方向为景观生态学、恢复生态学,电子信箱:

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柳金昊1, 2 , 冯晓明1, 2, * , 吕一河1, 2, 傅伯杰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心, 区域与城市生态安全全国重点实验室, 北京 100085
  • 2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
通讯作者:
冯晓明(通信作者),研究员,主要研究方向为景观生态学、恢复生态学,电子信箱:
The development and characteristics of China's territorial ecological security pattern
Jinhao LIU1, 2 , Xiaoming FENG1, 2, * , Yihe LYU1, 2, Bojie FU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01077
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国土空间生态安全格局是为保障生态安全,在国土空间内进行生态保护和生态修复的规划和布局。分析中国国土空间生态安全格局的发展历程和特点对推动国土空间生态安全格局构建与优化具有重大意义。梳理了中国国土空间生态安全格局理念演进的不同阶段,明确不同阶段的标志性事件,分析了当前国土空间生态安全构建的特点,指出支撑国土空间生态安全格局建设的重点。随着社会经济的发展和对生态安全理论认知的逐步深入,中国国土空间生态安全格局布局在针对单一生态问题进行修复、奠定“两屏三带”国土空间生态安全格局的基础上,开始构建以“三区四带”为主体的国土空间生态安全格局;当前中国国土空间生态安全格局构建在空间上更加注重地理单元的功能完整性,在要素上重视山水林田湖草一体化治理,在布局上强调生态、生产、生活空间协调。未来需要加强已经实施生态工程与国土空间生态安全格局构建的衔接,在气候变化和人类活动强度增加的背景下,仍然在科学规划生态安全格局并量化效益、科学应对风险、加强动态监测和协调管理、积极引导公众参与等方面着力,为国土空间生态安全格局构建提供坚实的支持。

生态安全格局  /  三区四带  /  山水林田湖草  /  生态−生产−生活空间

The territorial ecological security pattern refers to the planning and layout for ecological protection and restoration within the national territory to ensure ecological security. Analyzing the development process and characteristics of China's territorial ecological security pattern holds significant importance for promoting the construction and optimization of the national ecological security pattern. This research reviews the evolution of China's territorial ecological security pattern, clearly identifying the landmark events in each stage. It analyzes the current characteristics of China's territorial ecological security pattern and highlights the key aspects supporting the development of the national spatial ecological security pattern in the future. With the gradual deepening of awareness of ecological security theory and the development of socio-economic factors, the construction of China's territorial ecological security pattern has evolved from addressing the restoration of specific ecological issues to the development of the "two screens and three belts, " and further refined to the current "three screens and four belts." Nowadays, the construction of China's territorial ecological security pattern pays more attention to the integrity and functionality of geographical units in space. It emphasizes integrated governance of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grasslands, and sands. And it pays more attention to the coordinated layout of ecological, productive, and living spaces to ensure harmony between economic development and ecological security. Given the background of climate change and increasing human activities, more efforts need to be invested in areas such as technological support, comprehensive management, risk response, and guiding public participation to provide solid support for the construction of the territorial ecological security pattern.

territorial ecological security pattern  /  three zones and four belts  /  mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grasslands  /  ecological, productive, and living spaces
柳金昊, 冯晓明, 吕一河, 傅伯杰. 中国国土空间生态安全格局发展历程和特点. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (14) : 24 -33 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01077
Jinhao LIU, Xiaoming FENG, Yihe LYU, Bojie FU. The development and characteristics of China's territorial ecological security pattern[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (14) : 24 -33 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01077
国土空间生态安全格局是从国家战略的角度出发,为了保障国土空间生态安全,减少生态问题对人类生产生活造成的胁迫,而进行的生态保护和生态修复的规划和布局。国土空间生态安全格局是国家生态安全战略格局的重要组成部分[1],是保障国土空间生态安全的重要手段,其在维护生态安全、促进可持续发展和保护人类健康方面发挥着重要作用[24]
中国向来重视国土空间生态安全格局构建。20世纪,一系列生态恢复工程为中国生态安全格局构建打下了坚实的基础。2011年发布的《全国主体功能区区划》提出构建“两屏三带”为主体的生态安全战略格局,初步描绘了从国土空间尺度构建生态安全格局的蓝图。《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划(2021—2035年)》将中国国土空间生态安全格局由“两屏三带”细化为“三区四带”,《中华人民共和国青藏高原生态保护法》的颁布标志着国土空间生态安全格局构建开始有法可依,国土空间生态安全格局理论和实践逐步深入,呈现出了一些新的特点。然而,已有论述通常侧重国土空间生态安全格局在某一区域的规划方案[58]或生态安全格局构建后产生的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益[911]。一方面,未能从国家层面梳理生态安全格局建设实践历程和特点;另一方面,未能指出未来国土空间生态安全格局需要从哪些方向进行研究。因此,本研究期望通过梳理中国国土空间生态安全格局理念发展和实践,提出未来中国国土空间生态安全格局建设和理论研究的重点方向,为未来国土空间生态安全格局构建提供理论支撑。
中国国土空间生态安全格局构建主要分为3个阶段(表 1),逐步形成了“三区四带”的国土空间生态安全格局布局(图 1)。
第1阶段为20世纪50年代至21世纪初,这一阶段主要针对国土空间内存在的生态问题开展生态工程治理,以修复经济社会发展过程中产生的生态问题为主要目标,以水利治理工程、生态修复工程、污染治理工程和一系列基础研究结果为主要成果,为国土空间生态安全格局构建奠定了基础。20世纪50年代,为了防治洪水泛滥,减少大河水患对人民生活的影响,中国开展了治理海河工程、荆江分洪工程、官厅水库工程和治理黄河工程。随着经济建设的发展,工业污染问题日益突出,为了解决工业污染的问题,中国于1995年针对流经中国人口稠密聚集地的淮河、海河、辽河和太湖、巢湖、滇池开展了“三河三湖”重大污染治理工程。20世纪末,为了应对因毁林毁草开荒、坡地耕种等大规模人类活动造成的全国范围内土壤侵蚀量增加,水土流失加剧,土地退化严重、天然林丧失、生物多样性下降等生态环境恶化问题,中国先后开展实施了三北防护林体系建设工程、天然林保护工程与退耕还林还草工程等一些生态保护和修复工程。同时,新中国成立以来,中国在农业地理、自然地理、人文地理、地形地貌、气候变化等领域开展了大量基础研究,并基于研究结果开展了自然区划、农业区划、气象区划、生态功能区划等一系列区划工作。此阶段实施的生态工程产生了良好的生态、社会和经济效益。以三北防护林为例,该工程实施使得生物固碳量增加13×108 t,水土流失面积减少了66.6%,极重度、重度沙漠化面积分别减少3.97×106和9.19×105 hm2。工程区内干鲜果品年产量增加30倍,重点地区林果收入已占农民纯收入的50% 以上,约1500万人实现了稳定脱贫[12]。有研究表明,中国实施的重大生态工程空间内植被覆盖度增加了0.19%~26%、生物量由−13% 提升了187%、碳固存量由−7.41% 增长了200%、土壤保持量由−26.91% 增加了151.52%、水源涵养量由−64.66% 提升了80.24%、物种丰富度由−16% 提高了441%[13]。此阶段生态工程的实施和大量基础研究为中国国土空间生态安全格局构建奠定了坚实的基础。
第2阶段为2010—2020年,这一阶段初步从国土空间尺度进行生态安全格局布局,对全国内的生态保护和生态修复进行整体协调布局。此阶段以2011年发布的《全国主体功能区区划》为标志,以初步构建国家生态安全屏障骨架为目标,希望从源头上扭转生态环境恶化趋势,防范生态风险,增强生态承载力,提高生态服务价值,为实现经济社会全面协调可持续发展提供生态保障。《全国主体功能区区划》提出了要构建青藏高原生态屏障、黄土高原−川滇生态屏障和东北森林带、北方防沙带、南方丘陵山地带的“两屏三带”的生态安全格局,形成了中国国土空间生态安全格局的初步轮廓。《全国生态保护与建设规划(2013—2020年)》将近岸近海生态区和其他部分未包括进“两屏三带”的重点生态功能区划入中国的国土空间生态安全格局,形成青藏高原生态屏障、黄土高原−川滇生态屏障、东北森林带、北方防沙带、南方丘陵山地带、近岸近海生态区等集中连片区域和其他点块状分布的重要生态区域为主体的“两屏三带一区多点”为骨架的国土空间生态安全格局。在这一阶段,以《全国主体功能区区划》为主体,中国配套实施了“建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系”“构建三线一单(生态保护红线、环境质量底线、资源利用上线和生态环境准入清单)”“中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划”“资源环境承载能力与国土空间开发适宜性评价”一系列配套政策,初步构建了国土空间生态安全格局。以青藏高原生态安全屏障建设为例,青藏高原在水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、多样性保护方面具有重要作用。同时,青藏高原的生态安全不仅涉及本地区域,还影响到下游地区及周边区域的生态环境,保护青藏高原生态安全不仅对保持青藏高原生态系统健康具有重要意义,对防范青藏高原域外的生态风险也具有重要意义[14]。与实施单一生态工程相比,青藏高原生态安全屏障建设的过程中更强调生态系统的整体保护和系统治理,不仅是单一要素的改善。
第3阶段为2020年至今,此阶段中国国土空间生态安全格局进入“统筹规划、重点区域、重点部署”阶段。此阶段以2020年颁布的《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划(2021—2035年)》为标志,以全面提升国家生态安全屏障质量、促进生态系统良性循环和永续利用为目标,科学布局和组织实施重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程。此阶段中国国土空间生态安全格局调整为以青藏高原生态屏障区、黄河重点生态区(含黄土高原生态屏障)、长江重点生态区(含川滇生态屏障)、东北森林带、北方防沙带、南方丘陵山地带、海岸带为重点的“三区四带”格局,从国家层面进行统筹规划,针对重点区域相应重点部署了九大重点工程。国土空间生态安全格局构建不再是“大水漫灌”式的生态保护和生态修复,而是以提升质量和可持续发展为重要目标,从国家整体出发统筹规划,确定生态安全格局构建的重点区域,针对每个区域因地制宜地确定主攻方向,部署重大工程,进行综合修复、精细治理。同时,廊道也是生态安全格局的重要组成部分[1516],在未来需要建设国家和区域尺度的生态廊道,连接不同生态区域。傅伯杰[17]建议需要构建北方农牧交错带−南方喀斯特、燕山−太行山、京杭大运河等连接生态屏障和生态带的生态廊道,最终形成“屏障−带−廊道”的国土空间生态安全格局空间布局。作为第2阶段的细化和衔接,此阶段更注重国土生态安全格局布局的科学性和可持续性,强调高质量地提升生态安全格局发挥的生态屏障功能。
在第1阶段国土空间生态安全格局以生态工程的实施区为主,通常是哪里出现了生态问题,就把生态工程部署在哪里,没有充分考虑生态问题产生原因的地理差异。例如,为了防治风沙实施的三北防护林工程横跨近60个纬度,工程区最东面和最西面的自然地理环境显著不同,在东部半干旱半湿润地区的防护林建设方案放在西部干旱区则并不适用[18]。为了应对毁林毁草开荒、坡地耕种造成的水土流失加剧,土地退化等问题启动的退耕还林还草工程包含了西南高山峡谷区、华北干旱半干旱区等10个地理区域。不同地理区域的生态环境、气候条件、土壤类型等存在显著差异,如果简单将不同地理区域划分到同一个工程,没有对不同地区进行严密科学论证,简单地采取相同的措施,可能导致在一些地区发挥的生态效益较差[1920]
国土空间生态安全格局建设初期,中国大多聚焦于单一生态要素或者单一自然过程,并不考虑生态系统的整体性和生态问题发生的过程性,这种治理模式在中国生态保护和恢复初期起到了巨大的作用[2125]。然而,这种生态安全格局构建方式没有考虑地理空间内各种生态系统服务的权衡,通常在解决格局内一种生态问题的同时可能又导致了另一种生态问题[2627],例如,在北方旱区大量植树造林尽管能够防治风沙,但会对水资源可持续性产生影响[28];上游生态工程建设也会对中下游地下水位造成影响[29];在黄土高原布设大量水土保持设施也会对地区粮食产量、碳汇量和产水量产生影响[30]。同时,过去生态安全格局主要专注于空间内的生态保护和修复,相对忽略了对人类社会系统的生产和生活层面的考量。这种偏向可能导致在制定生态安全格局规划时以单纯的生态恢复效果为考核指标,忽视了生态修复对当地人民生计、经济和社会健康等方面的影响[31]。只注重短期的生态修复效果而不考虑长期的社会经济可持续发展,可能导致生态环境问题的再次出现[32]
近40年来,中国颁布了一系列生态保护与修复规划,并实施了覆盖全国、省区、自然区划等不同层级的生态工程。目前,中国的生态安全格局正在从传统的生态工程建设模式转变为“三区四带”的新格局。这一转变要求从单一的生态工程保护对象,向考虑植被、土壤、生物、人类活动等多种要素相互关联的系统性保护思路转变。这就需要通过规划加强生态工程与“三区四带”生态安全格局构建的有效衔接,使“三区四带”的建设能够充分运用过去生态工程建设的成果和经验。在过去,一个生态工程通常涉及多个职能部门,如林业部门、环保部门、国土部门和住建部门等。各部门之间的标准存在差异,协调起来较为复杂。目前,尚缺乏有效统一的管理监督机制,容易导致各部门之间的利益冲突,有些行政监管部门集“裁判员”与“运动员”身份于一身,管理效率低下,生态安全格局的构建面临多头管理和权责不清的问题[3334]
中国国土空间生态安全格局构建的特点并不是一蹴而就的,而是在发展的过程中,逐步总结经验教训,随时代演进提升的。在总结过去国土空间生态安全格局构建不足的基础上,现阶段,中国国土空间生态安全格局的构建在地理上注重地理单元的功能完整性,在要素上注重山水林田湖草多要素一体化治理,在布局上注重生态、生产和生活空间协调(图 2)。
中国国土空间生态安全格局构建发展体现了中国越来越考虑国土空间内地理单元的功能完整性。2011年,中国“两屏三带一区多点”的布局标志着中国开始根据不同地理区域发挥的功能不同进行国土空间生态安全格局构建。不同“生态屏障”和“生态带”都具有相对独立的地理区域,且生态系统结构和功能不同。其中生态屏障的生态系统结构和景观格局相对复杂,提供的生态功能和服务复合多样,而生态带往往由某一种生态系统类型主导,提供单一或主体的生态功能和服务[14]。2020年的《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划(2021—2035年)》根据地理单元的功能完整性对国土空间生态安全格局进一步细化,一方面提出除了陆地国土空间生态安全格局外,还要建设海洋国土空间生态安全格局,并确立海岸带为生态系统保护和修复的重要区域之一,使得生态安全格局包含国土空间内所有区域,保证国土空间生态安全格局实现地理单元全覆盖。另一方面根据地理区域的不同,将“两屏三带”细化为“三区四带”,充分考虑地理区划和生态区划,将不属于同一地理区域且发挥生态功能不同的黄土高原−川滇生态屏障划分为2个区域,保证设置的“三区四带”在地理空间上有完整性、生态功能上有独立性,并基于规划布局针对性地对每个区域发挥功能的特异性分别确定生态安全格局构建的主攻方向、部署重大工程[35]
在生态文明理论的指引下,当前中国国土空间生态安全格局强调“山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体”,国土空间生态安全格局要以“推进森林、草原、荒漠、河流、湖泊、湿地、海洋等自然生态系统保护和修复工作的主要目标”,国土空间生态安全格局构建由单一问题修复走向了系统治理修复。目前国土空间生态安全格局构建不要求国土空间内“越绿越好”,而是考虑水资源、土壤、光热、原生物种等自然禀赋,在山水林田湖草多要素一体化治理的框架下,综合考虑生态安全格局内的生态要素全过程,找到适合当地的最有效的整合方式和最合适生态系统。达到生态安全格局构建过程中的生态效益“最优解”,保证生态系统可持续性和稳定性[3638]
国土空间生态安全格局由关注生态空间修复转变为协调生态、生产、生活空间布局。《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划(2021—2035年)》及其支撑文件中,都将“改善当地居民生产生活水平和人居环境”作为除生态目标外的另一重要目标和效益。国土空间生态安全格局内涉及要素广泛,关系错综复杂,有自然生态系统要素也有人类社会系统要素。当前国土空间生态安全格局的构建过程中,更重视自然系统和社会系统的耦合级联,以实现区域的可持续发展为主要目标[3941]。在人地耦合视角下,国土空间生态安全格局综合考虑不同区域的特色自然社会条件,协调生态、生产、生活空间布局[4246],实现国土空间内生态空间山清水秀、生产空间集约高效、生活空间宜居适度,确保生态安全格局对人民的生活水平提升有积极作用,推动生态保护、资源可持续利用以及社会经济发展的协同进展[4748]
中国国土空间构建逐步深入,在未来人类活动加强和气候变化的大背景下,国土空间生态安全的格局、过程、服务也必然发生变化[4650],在未来仍需要从以下几个方面发力,支撑国土空间生态安全格局建设(图 3)。
由生态工程建设转向国土空间生态安全格局的构建。自20世纪开始实施的三北防护林体系建设工程、退耕还林还草工程、天然林保护工程等生态工程为维护国家生态安全发挥了重要的作用。然而,目前这些生态工程与目前“三区四带”国土空间生态安全格局的衔接不足,亟须将现有生态工程统筹规划到“三区四带”国土空间生态安全格局的构建中。在国家层面,梳理过去和现有的国土空间生态安全格局政策,将不同政策有机结合,多规合一、多措并举,避免出现政策互相打架,实现全国一盘棋,全域构建生态安全格局。在地方层面,统筹区域内的生态建设、地方经济发展,确保区域高质量协同发展,通过构建生态安全格局统筹社会资源,促进增长民生福祉,拉动当地经济增长,促进区域加快转变发展方式,支撑实现生态、生产、生活空间的协同提升。
国土空间生态安全格局构建涉及地理学、生态学、经济学等多学科,但目前尚没有一个机构可以将各个领域研究成果集成、推广、应用,亟须建设专门针对生态安全格局的研究平台,为国土空间格局的构建提供重要的理论支撑。通过构建国土空间生态安全格局研究平台,整合各个学科,加强国土空间生态安全格局构建的科技支撑。一方面,通过科学论证,规划国土空间内生态安全格局布局,合理规划国土空间内生态安全格局;另一方面,建立科学的评价体系,综合考虑自然−社会耦合的各个要素,建立科学、通用、简易的国土空间生态安全格局评价体系,量化生态安全构建的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益[5152]。同时,加强生态安全格局内生态−社会耦合研究,全面揭示生态安全格局内外生态−社会方面的耦合机制、演变机理、退化趋势、调控作用等基本科学规律,形成支撑国土空间生态安全格局构建的系统化科技理论,整体提升对国土空间生态安全格局的科学认知水平。此外,需要关注气候变化和人类活动强度变化背景下生态保护和修复措施的稳定性和持续性,研究国土空间生态安全格局内人类、动植物、微生物对气候变化的适应及响应机理,探究气候变化和人类活动强度变化下国土空间格局的变化规律。
完善国土空间生态安全格局建设的研究平台、监管体系、法律体系。国土空间生态安全格局构建涉及要素多、空间广、尺度大,不同专业从不同角度都对国土空间格局构建的理论、实践、效益等进行了相关研究[5354],近年来,无人机、遥感卫星、地理系统、大数据等技术的发展和进步,给生态安全格局的监测和管理带来了新的契机[55]。在未来,可以建立基于卫星遥感—无人机—地面验证—大数据物联网一体化的“空天地网”资源调查与环境监管体系,实现对国土空间生态安全格局的高时空分辨率监管。除此之外,以《中华人民共和国青藏高原生态保护法》的实施为契机,加强相关立法研究,加强国土空间生态安全保障工作相关的立法工作,使得国土空间生态安全格局建设从国家尺度走向法治化、制度化、规范化。
目前,国土空间生态安全格局构建多以政府主导“自上而下”地进行。然而随着气候变化和人类活动的加剧,政府的力量远远不够,仍然需要引导公众参与[5657]。一方面,通过对公众的科普教育,培育公众的生态安全素养,引导公众深入了解生态安全格局、生态文明、山水林田湖草系统治理等,唤醒公众保护环境的意识。另一方面,通过加强生态服务价值实现和生态系统服务流动等研究,通过实施生态补偿等一系列政策,调动社会多方参与,“自上而下”和“自下而上”地进行国土空间生态安全格局构建,为实现国土空间生态安全格局构建落实创造条件。
(1)随着经济的发展和每个阶段遇到的社会生态问题不同,中国国土空间生态安全格局经历了针对某一特定区域存在的单一生态问题进行修复、构建“两屏三带”国土空间生态安全格局2个阶段,目前形成了以“三区四带”为主体的国土空间生态安全格局,并针对不同区域确定主攻方向,分别部署重大工程。(2)这一演进过程反映出中国生态安全格局是在发展的过程中逐步总结经验教训,逐步克服了只关注单一生态问题,未考虑地区差异及各工程统一协调管理不足等问题。当前中国国土空间生态安全格局构建在空间上更加注重地理单元的功能完整性,在要素上重视山水林田湖草一体化治理,在布局上强调生态、生产、生活空间协调。(3)未来在气候变化和人类活动加剧大背景下,仍需注重加强过去生态工程与国土空间生态安全格局构建的衔接、通过构建国土空间生态安全格局研究平台,加强基础研究、加强监测监管、法律建设、积极引导公众参与。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(42041007)
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(41991233)
  • 中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队计划项目(YSBR-037)
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2025年第43卷第14期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.03.01077
  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
  • 修回日期:2024-08-29
基金
国家自然科学基金重大项目(42041007)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(41991233)
中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队计划项目(YSBR-037)
作者信息
    1. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心, 区域与城市生态安全全国重点实验室, 北京 100085
    2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

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冯晓明(通信作者),研究员,主要研究方向为景观生态学、恢复生态学,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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