Article(id=1207707600662139069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207707597713547639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=14, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00116, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747670400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-20, revisedDate=1748793600000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765869530120, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1755532800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-08-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765869530120, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079805364, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207707597713547639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='104', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753632000000', pubDateStr='2025-07-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765869529417, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330911654, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197207160144113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207707597713547639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197207160144114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207707597713547639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=16, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207707601022849225, articleId=1207707600662139069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=How can indigenous engineering design software forge the "Chinese cornerstone" of digital infrastructure?, columnId=1150494641880182997, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

China has achieved remarkable accomplishments in infrastructure construction, with its scale and speed ranking among the world's foremost. However, behind this rapid development, engineering design software, the "nerve center" of digital engineering, has long been dominated by foreign products, creating severe "bottleneck" risks due to external dependencies. The inclusion of the "Issue of Indigenous Engineering Design Software in the Infrastructure Sector" among the Top Ten Engineering and Technological Challenges for 2024 by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) underscores the extreme urgency of addressing this "Achilles' heel". This paper first reviews how foreign software established market dominance in China through first−mover advantages during the technological evolution from 2D drafting to 3D modeling. It then provides an in−depth analysis of the multidimensional risks arising therefrom, including threats to national information security, constraints on key core technologies, and stifled industrial innovation vitality. Building upon this, the paper systematically evaluates the profound "growth dilemmas" currently faced by domestic software in achieving autonomy in key core technologies, fostering a collaborative innovation ecosystem, and adapting to the strategic demands of "new quality productive forces". In response to this situation, this paper focuses on the core question of "How can indigenous engineering design software forge the 'Chinese cornerstone' of digital infrastructure?", rejecting superficial, symptomatic remedies and instead endeavoring to explore systemic breakthrough strategies for developing indigenous and controllable engineering design software. It emphasizes that this is not merely a technological challenge but a critical strategic imperative concerning the consolidation of national digital sovereignty, the cultivation of new industrial growth drivers, and the shaping of future national core competitiveness. The aim is to stimulate profound reflection within the industry on how to construct an autonomous, secure, and efficient "Chinese cornerstone" for digital engineering, and to foster consensus that drives proactive practical actions.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ming ZHU, Yifei XU, Fei ZHAO, Haifeng YUAN, Ruicheng QIU, Jie CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fei ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207707601626829021, articleId=1207707600662139069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=自主工程设计软件如何铸就数字基建的“中国基石”, columnId=1150494642043760854, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技评论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中国基础设施建设取得了举世瞩目的成就,建设规模和速度位居世界前列。然而,在快速发展的背后,作为数字工程“神经中枢”的工程设计软件却长期受制于人,形成了严重的“卡脖子”隐患。“基础设施领域自主工程设计软件问题”入选中国科学技术协会2024年十大工程技术难题,凸显了破解此“软肋”的极端紧迫性。回顾了从二维制图到三维建模的技术浪潮中,国外软件如何凭借先发优势占据中国市场主导地位,并深入剖析了由此引发的国家信息安全风险、关键核心技术受制、产业创新活力不足等多维度风险。综合以上情况,进一步从技术壁垒、生态构建、知识产权保护及人才支撑等层面,系统评论了当前国产软件在实现关键核心技术自主化、构建协同创新产业链,以及适应“新质生产力”发展战略需求方面所遭遇的深层次“成长困境”。面对此局,聚焦“如何铸就数字基建的‘中国基石’”这一核心问题,摒弃“头痛医头”的浅层对策,致力于探讨发展自主可控工程设计软件的系统性破局之道。这不仅是单纯的技术攻坚,更是关乎国家数字主权稳固、新兴产业动能培育以及未来国家核心竞争力塑造的重大战略抉择。引发行业对如何铸就自主、安全、高效的数字工程“中国基石”进行深刻反思,并凝聚共识,推动实践层面的积极行动。

, authors=

朱明,正高级工程师,研究方向为公路设计及BIM技术,电子信箱:

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赵飞(通信作者),正高级工程师,研究方向为公路地质及BIM技术,电子信箱:
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DFx为面向产品生命周期各环节的设计;CAM为计算机辅助制造;HPC为并行计算;NVH为噪声、振动与声振粗糙度;HIL为硬件在环仿真

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自主工程设计软件如何铸就数字基建的“中国基石”
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朱明 1, 2 , 徐益飞 1, 3 , 赵飞 1, 2, * , 袁海峰 1 , 邱瑞成 1 , 陈洁 1
科技导报 | 科技评论 2025,43(14): 16-23
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自主工程设计软件如何铸就数字基建的“中国基石”
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朱明1, 2 , 徐益飞1, 3, 赵飞1, 2, * , 袁海峰1, 邱瑞成1, 陈洁1
作者信息
  • 1. 四川省交通勘察设计研究院有限公司交通运输部BIM技术应用行业研发中心, 成都 610017
  • 2. 成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护全国重点实验室, 成都 610059
  • 3. 西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院, 成都 610031
通讯作者:
赵飞(通信作者),正高级工程师,研究方向为公路地质及BIM技术,电子信箱:
How can indigenous engineering design software forge the "Chinese cornerstone" of digital infrastructure?
Ming ZHU1, 2 , Yifei XU1, 3, Fei ZHAO1, 2, * , Haifeng YUAN1, Ruicheng QIU1, Jie CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1. Research and Development Center of Transport Industry of BIM Technology Application, Sichuan Communication Surveying & Design Institute Co, Ltd., Chengdu 610017, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 3. Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00116
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中国基础设施建设取得了举世瞩目的成就,建设规模和速度位居世界前列。然而,在快速发展的背后,作为数字工程“神经中枢”的工程设计软件却长期受制于人,形成了严重的“卡脖子”隐患。“基础设施领域自主工程设计软件问题”入选中国科学技术协会2024年十大工程技术难题,凸显了破解此“软肋”的极端紧迫性。回顾了从二维制图到三维建模的技术浪潮中,国外软件如何凭借先发优势占据中国市场主导地位,并深入剖析了由此引发的国家信息安全风险、关键核心技术受制、产业创新活力不足等多维度风险。综合以上情况,进一步从技术壁垒、生态构建、知识产权保护及人才支撑等层面,系统评论了当前国产软件在实现关键核心技术自主化、构建协同创新产业链,以及适应“新质生产力”发展战略需求方面所遭遇的深层次“成长困境”。面对此局,聚焦“如何铸就数字基建的‘中国基石’”这一核心问题,摒弃“头痛医头”的浅层对策,致力于探讨发展自主可控工程设计软件的系统性破局之道。这不仅是单纯的技术攻坚,更是关乎国家数字主权稳固、新兴产业动能培育以及未来国家核心竞争力塑造的重大战略抉择。引发行业对如何铸就自主、安全、高效的数字工程“中国基石”进行深刻反思,并凝聚共识,推动实践层面的积极行动。

自主工程设计软件  /  数字工程  /  基础设施  /  十大工程技术难题  /  信息安全

China has achieved remarkable accomplishments in infrastructure construction, with its scale and speed ranking among the world's foremost. However, behind this rapid development, engineering design software, the "nerve center" of digital engineering, has long been dominated by foreign products, creating severe "bottleneck" risks due to external dependencies. The inclusion of the "Issue of Indigenous Engineering Design Software in the Infrastructure Sector" among the Top Ten Engineering and Technological Challenges for 2024 by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) underscores the extreme urgency of addressing this "Achilles' heel". This paper first reviews how foreign software established market dominance in China through first−mover advantages during the technological evolution from 2D drafting to 3D modeling. It then provides an in−depth analysis of the multidimensional risks arising therefrom, including threats to national information security, constraints on key core technologies, and stifled industrial innovation vitality. Building upon this, the paper systematically evaluates the profound "growth dilemmas" currently faced by domestic software in achieving autonomy in key core technologies, fostering a collaborative innovation ecosystem, and adapting to the strategic demands of "new quality productive forces". In response to this situation, this paper focuses on the core question of "How can indigenous engineering design software forge the 'Chinese cornerstone' of digital infrastructure?", rejecting superficial, symptomatic remedies and instead endeavoring to explore systemic breakthrough strategies for developing indigenous and controllable engineering design software. It emphasizes that this is not merely a technological challenge but a critical strategic imperative concerning the consolidation of national digital sovereignty, the cultivation of new industrial growth drivers, and the shaping of future national core competitiveness. The aim is to stimulate profound reflection within the industry on how to construct an autonomous, secure, and efficient "Chinese cornerstone" for digital engineering, and to foster consensus that drives proactive practical actions.

indigenous engineering design software  /  digital engineering  /  infrastructure  /  top ten engineering and technological challenges  /  information security
朱明, 徐益飞, 赵飞, 袁海峰, 邱瑞成, 陈洁. 自主工程设计软件如何铸就数字基建的“中国基石”. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (14) : 16 -23 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00116
Ming ZHU, Yifei XU, Fei ZHAO, Haifeng YUAN, Ruicheng QIU, Jie CHEN. How can indigenous engineering design software forge the "Chinese cornerstone" of digital infrastructure?[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (14) : 16 -23 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00116
纵观当今中国,基础设施建设取得了举世瞩目的成就。截至2023年底,中国高速铁路营业里程达到4.5万km,高速公路通车里程超过18万km,稳居世界第一[1];现代化桥梁隧道技术不断突破世界纪录,智慧城市建设亦在加速推进。中国在较短时期内完成了大规模的基础设施网络构建,有力支撑了国家经济社会发展。从港珠澳大桥的世纪工程,到“八纵八横”高铁网的宏大布局,再到数字孪生城市理念的实践[2],这些辉煌成就不仅是物质实力的展现,更是先进工程技术与数字化能力高度融合的成果。然而,在赞叹这些宏伟工程的同时,一个值得深思的问题浮出水面:在这耀眼光环之下,驱动这一切的核心工具——工程设计软件——其自主可控的程度究竟如何?
工程设计软件,被认为是现代工程建设的“神经中枢”与核心生产力工具[34]。无论是广泛应用于二维绘图与三维建模的计算机辅助设计(computer aided design,CAD)技术,用于复杂结构仿真与性能优化的计算机辅助工程(computer aided engineering,CAE)软件[5],在建筑、交通等领域推动全生命周期数字化协同的建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)技术[6],还是在国土空间规划与智慧城市管理中发挥关键作用的地理信息系统(geographicinformation system,GIS)平台[7],均是工程师进行高效、精准设计不可或缺的利器。这些软件通过复杂的算法与模型,将抽象的设计构想转化为精确的数字模型,并贯穿项目从概念规划、设计深化、施工建造到运营维护的全生命周期。
可以说,若无现代工程设计软件的强力支撑,那些挑战工程极限的复杂结构、精妙绝伦的建筑造型以及高效协同的建造流程,都难以高效实现。尤为重要的是,不同于一般通用型软件,工程设计软件直接服务于交通、能源、水利、市政等关乎国计民生和国家安全的关键基础设施建设,其成果直接物化为实体工程。同时,其承载和处理的数据贯穿了基础设施从规划、设计、施工、交付到长期运维的全生命周期,这些数据不仅体量庞大、类型复杂,更具有高度的关联性和时序性,对数据的一致性、准确性和安全性要求极高。
然而,在这一关键技术领域,中国工程设计软件市场长期高度依赖少数国外商业软件巨头的产品[810],构成了中国基础设施领域一个看似隐蔽却至关重要的“技术命门”。这种对国外软件的深度依赖格局,已成为制约产业发展的现实瓶颈。
根据工业和信息化部电子第五研究所发布的《中国工业软件产业发展研究报告(2024)》,研发设计类工业软件经过近几年发展,国产化的市场份额已经从5% 提升到10%,但相比生产控制类(60%)、经营管理类(70%)和运维服务类(50%),短板仍然显著[11]。尽管近年来,在国家政策推动和市场需求牵引下,国产CAD软件市场份额有所提升,例如到2023年已增长至25% 左右[12],但整体而言,在高端功能、核心技术以及生态完备性方面,国外软件仍占据绝对优势。这种差距的背后,也反映了工程设计软件相较于其他类别工业软件,其核心技术(如几何造型内核、物理仿真求解器)研发周期更长、所需持续投入更大、且对多学科顶级人才依赖更深的固有特性。核心技术受制于人的局面,在国际经贸环境平稳时期或许尚能维持基本运转,但在全球科技竞争日趋激烈、地缘政治风险不断升级的当下,其脆弱性与潜在风险日益凸显[13]。正因如此,“基础设施领域自主工程设计软件问题”入选中国科学技术协会2024年十大工程技术难题,揭示了突破这一“隐形命门”的极端重要性和紧迫性。
因此,在为“中国建造”的卓越成就感到自豪的同时,更需清醒地审视“中国智造”在底层关键工具方面存在的“软肋”。这已不仅是单一产业的发展问题,更深层次地关乎国家关键基础设施的安全保障、核心数据的自主掌控,乃至国家整体科技创新能力和国际竞争力的长远发展。若此“命门”迟迟未能突破,中国数字工程的宏伟蓝图即便得以描绘,其根基的稳固性与安全性也难免令人忧虑。本文正是基于对这一严峻挑战的深刻认知,旨在剖析其背后的深层原因,并探讨实现自主可控的突围路径。
工程设计软件作为数字工程的基石,其自主可控程度直接关系到国家基础设施建设的命脉。然而,一个令人警醒的现实是:中国在这一领域长期面临着被“卡脖子”的风险。回顾历史,这一深度依赖格局的形成具有清晰的演进路径。自20世纪八九十年代,以Autodesk AutoCAD为代表的国外CAD软件,凭借其技术领先性和功能完备性,迅速渗透并主导了中国市场[10, 14]。进入21世纪,随着BIM技术的兴起与普及,全球工程建设行业加速向数字化、智能化深度转型,Autodesk、Bentley、Dassault Systèmes等国外软件巨头再次凭借其在BIM领域的技术积累、庞大的用户基础和完善的产业生态系统,进一步巩固了其市场垄断地位。这些国外软件巨头的成功并非偶然,其发展历程与核心竞争力值得我们深入剖析,以资借鉴。
国外主流工程设计软件之所以能够长期占据全球市场主导地位,其成功经验主要体现在以下几个方面。
首先,持续的技术创新与高强度的研发投入是其立身之本。他们往往能敏锐捕捉技术变革趋势,例如从二维CAD到三维参数化建模,再到BIM和数字孪生,并通过持续的巨额研发投入,不断迭代产品,保持技术领先[15]
其次,构建了强大且完善的产业生态系统。通过开放应用程序编程接口、支持二次开发、建立开发者社区、与高校深度合作培养用户,以及提供丰富的在线资源和培训认证等方式,吸引了大量合作伙伴和用户,形成了强大的网络效应和用户黏性[16]
再次,精准的市场策略与有效的用户培育。例如,早期通过教育版软件普及市场,培养用户习惯,以及针对不同行业和规模的企业提供差异化的产品和解决方案。此外,成功的战略并购与资源整合也功不可没。许多软件巨头通过收购有潜力的新兴技术公司或竞争对手,快速获取核心技术、拓展产品线、消除竞争,从而巩固市场地位。
最后,积极参与甚至主导行业标准的制定,也极大地提升了其行业话语权和影响力。这些成功经验共同铸就了国外软件的强大竞争力,也为中国自主软件的发展提供了深刻启示。
正是由于国外工程设计软件的上述优势和长期积累,中国在该领域形成了“大而不强”“用而不控”的尴尬局面。尽管近年来国产CAD软件的市场份额有所提升,根据相关行业报告,如国际数据公司(IDC公司)2023年发布的《中国设计研发类工业软件之CAD市场厂商份额,2023:长期主义》的数据显示,到2023年本土厂商市场占比达到25% 左右,但国外软件依旧在高端应用和核心技术层面占据绝对优势。那么,当数字工程的“命脉”如此这般掌握在他人手中,其带来的“卡脖子”之痛,究竟“痛”在何处?
其一,“痛”在国家安全之基石可能因此动摇。国家信息安全与关键基础设施安全面临着潜在且巨大的威胁。工程设计软件承载着从宏观规划到微观构造的海量核心数据,这些数据不仅包含工程本身的几何信息、物理参数、工艺流程,更可能涉及敏感的地理信息、国防工程布局、国家战略资源分布等。若这些关键数据通过国外软件可能存在的“后门”,不受控的云服务被窃取、滥用,或在特定地缘政治冲突下被精准定位与破坏,其后果不堪设想。正如业内专家所警示,一旦基础设施重要控制性工程的关键信息泄露,直接危及国家安全。这种风险并非杞人忧天,在全球地缘政治博弈日益加剧、数据主权已上升为国家核心利益的今天,其现实威胁性不容低估。
其二,“痛”在产业链韧性之缺失,技术封锁与供应链中断的风险犹如悬顶之剑。近年来,国际贸易摩擦频发,单边主义和技术保护主义抬头,对全球产业链供应链的稳定构成严重挑战。美国等西方国家将一些中国高科技企业列入“实体清单”,实施技术禁运和出口管制,已对中国部分产业造成了实质性冲击。华为公司曾因核心电子设计自动化(electronic designautomation,EDA)软件断供而一度陷入“休克”状态,这一事件为各行各业敲响了警钟。同样,在工程设计软件领域,如果关键时刻遭遇类似制裁,国外软件供应商暂停授权、停止服务或禁止升级,中国众多正在进行或规划中的重大基础设施项目将面临停滞风险,甚至对“一带一路”等国家目标的顺利实施产生负面影响。2022年俄乌冲突中,部分国外软件公司迅速暂停在俄业务的事件,再次以残酷的现实印证了这种供应链“断链”风险的真实存在。
其三,“痛”在创新活力之扼杀,本土产业生态构建步履维艰。对国外软件的过度依赖,严重制约了中国本土产业的自主创新能力和健康生态的构建。在国外软件成熟的技术体系、庞大的用户基础和强大的市场壁垒面前,国产软件企业往往面临生存空间被挤压、研发投入回报周期漫长、难以形成规模效应等诸多困境。许多国内团队早期被迫选择在国外软件平台上进行二次开发,这种“依附式”发展模式虽然在短期内满足了部分本土化需求,但也进一步固化了对国外基础平台的依赖,使得本土企业难以触及和突破核心技术瓶颈。长此以往,中国在工程设计软件领域便难以形成自主的技术标准和引领性的创新范式,难以培育出具有国际竞争力的龙头企业和完善的产业链生态系统,这无疑将迟滞中国从“建造大国”向“建造强国”“智造强国”的战略转型步伐,也难以有效支撑新质生产力的培育与发展。
尽管国家战略层面日益重视自主可控,市场也对国产工程设计软件寄予厚望,但其突围之路并非坦途,可谓步履维艰。这背后既有历史积累的差距,也存在当前发展阶段面临的多重深层次困境。
核心技术的“冰山”壁垒是首要挑战。工程设计软件,尤其是CAD、CAE等基础性平台软件,其核心技术如图形引擎、几何造型内核、多物理场仿真求解器等[17],是数十年乃至更长时间数学、物理学、计算机科学与工程经验积累的结晶,图 1[18]为工业软件技术图谱。这些核心算法不仅理论体系庞大复杂,工程化实现难度极高,而且往往存在大量的“Know−how”和隐性知识。国内软件企业在这些底层技术上与国际巨头相比,尚存在显著差距,短期内难以一蹴而就。正如业内人士所言,这如同冰山,水面之上可见的功能模仿相对容易,但水面之下支撑软件性能、稳定性和可扩展性的核心技术才是真正的难关。
产业生态的“孤岛”效应与用户习惯的“路径依赖”共同构成了国产软件推广应用的巨大阻力。一个成熟的工程设计软件并非仅是一个独立的工具,其背后是一个庞大而复杂的生态系统,包括丰富的二次开发接口与插件、完善的培训认证体系、活跃的用户社区以及与上下游软硬件的兼容性等。国外主流软件凭借先发优势早已构建起这种“网络效应”显著的生态壁垒,用户一旦习惯了某个平台及其生态,转换成本极高。国产软件往往在生态配套上显得“势单力薄”,难以在短期内提供同等丰富度和成熟度的生态支持。加之设计行业长期形成的基于国外软件的工作流程和数据标准,使得用户在选择时更倾向于“路径依赖”,即使国产软件在某些单点功能上有所突破,也难以撼动整体格局。这种“好用才用”与“用了才好用”的矛盾,让国产软件的商业化进程尤为艰难。
知识产权保护的缺失与市场环境的非理性竞争,严重侵蚀了国产软件的生存与发展空间。长期以来,中国软件盗版现象屡禁不止,尤其在工程设计领域,由于正版软件价格相对较高,盗版软件的泛滥使得国产软件开发者难以通过正常的市场销售获得合理的研发回报。这种“劣币驱逐良币”的现象,极大地打击了本土企业的创新积极性。同时,一些用户“重硬件、轻软件”的传统观念根深蒂固,对软件的价值认知不足,不愿意为高质量的国产软件付费,导致国产软件企业普遍面临研发资金投入不足的困境。相比之下,国外软件巨头凭借其全球市场和高利润,能够持续投入巨额研发资金,进一步拉大了技术差距。
复合型高端人才的匮乏和科研评价体系的错位成为制约自主软件研发能力提升的关键瓶颈。工程设计软件的研发,需要大量既精通土木、机械、力学等工程专业知识,又掌握软件工程、计算机图形学、数值算法等信息技术的复合型人才。然而,目前中国高校在相关学科设置、课程体系以及人才培养模式上,尚不能完全满足这种跨学科融合的需求,导致“懂工程的不懂软件、懂软件的不懂工程”的现象普遍存在。更为重要的是,现有的科研成果评价体系和人才激励机制,往往更偏重于发表高水平论文或取得传统工程技术的突破,对于工程设计软件这类需要长期积累、迭代优化且短期内难以产生显著“可见”成果的研发工作,其价值认可和激励力度尚显不足。这使得有志于从事国产软件研发的高端人才面临职业发展空间有限、获得感不强等现实问题,难以形成稳定和高水平的研发梯队。
前文已揭示中国自主工程设计软件发展的重重困境。面对此局,破局之路绝非简单的“头痛医头,脚痛医脚”,而必须是一场深刻的系统性变革。这意味着需跳出传统追赶思维的窠臼,以更广阔的视野和更具创新性的策略,从把握中国特有的发展机遇、重塑科研与市场的协同机制、构建开放共赢的产业生态以及夯实人才培养的根本保障等多个关键维度协同发力[19],方能真正铸就起自主可控的“数字基石”,为中国数字基建的未来奠定坚实基础。
与其在传统赛道上苦苦追赶,不如另辟蹊径,探索一条以“中国特色应用场景”为牵引、以“新一代数字技术”为赋能、以“开放协同创新生态”为支撑的突围之路。这意味着,不仅要补齐短板,更要敢于在某些新兴领域实现“换道超车”。如在数字孪生城市[20]、智能建造[2122]、大型复杂基础设施全生命周期智慧运维[2324]等领域,中国拥有全球最丰富的应用场景和最庞大的数据积累,这为我们定义和研发具有中国特色的、深度融合人工智能(AI)、大数据、云计算等新技术的下一代工程设计与管理平台提供了独一无二的“试验场”和“孵化器”。
事实上,国内已有不少企业、设计院及科研机构看到特定行业对本土化、定制化解决方案的迫切需求,并积极投身自主研发的浪潮。在基础CAD平台领域,以中望软件、浩辰软件为代表的国产厂商持续投入,努力提升核心技术能力和产品性能,逐步在国内外市场获得认可。在BIM技术应用方面,广联达、鲁班软件等企业在建筑工程领域深耕多年,提供了覆盖工程造价、施工管理等环节的解决方案;同时,一些大型设计院和业主单位也开始探索基于自主BIM平台的项目实践。
针对特定行业需求,也涌现出一批专业应用软件,例如,在公路设计领域,面对中国复杂多变的地形地貌和独特的工程规范,对设计软件的精细化、本土化适配提出了更高要求。在此背景下,一些领先的设计单位积极探索自主研发路径,其中,四川省交通勘察设计研究院有限公司自主研发的“经天路图”系列软件,便是在三维正向设计、参数化建模以及与本土标准深度融合等方面进行了有益尝试,提升了复杂山区公路等项目的设计效率与质量;在轨道交通、水利水电等领域,也有科研团队和企业在仿真分析CAE、GIS及专业设计模块上进行着自主化的有益探索。
这些多元化的尝试,尽管面临诸多挑战,但共同指向了摆脱对国外通用平台过度依赖、深度服务本土工程实践、乃至在特定细分市场寻求突破的新路径。与其在传统CAD的几何造型内核上与国外巨头进行全面的正面竞争,不如在这些新兴交叉领域和特定专业方向上,率先构建起基于自主标准和数据驱动的新型软件体系。
要实现这一战略构想,首先是重塑科研攻关与市场应用的联动机制,变“输血式”扶持为“造血式”赋能。以往单纯的项目制资助,往往容易导致研发与市场脱节。未来,应建立以重大工程项目需求为导向的“揭榜挂帅”与“赛马”机制,将自主软件的研发与国家级、省级重大基础设施项目的规划、设计、建设、运维深度绑定。这不仅要在立项中明确国产软件的应用比例和攻关目标,更要建立“首席用户官”制度,让真正懂行的一线总工程师、设计大师深度参与软件的需求定义、功能迭代和验证评价,形成“需求牵引研发,研发支撑应用,应用反馈迭代”的良性闭环。同时,对于在重大项目中率先“吃螃蟹”、成功应用并验证国产软件的单位和个人,应给予超常规的激励和容错空间,以此培育敢用、愿用、善用国产软件的“种子用户”和“标杆案例”。
构建“分层解耦、开源开放、协同进化”的自主软件技术与产业生态,是打破国外巨头“赢者通吃”垄断格局的关键。不能期望一家或几家企业包打天下。国家层面应主导推动建立自主可控的工程设计软件核心技术底座(如自主图形引擎、BIM/城市信息模型数据标准与服务平台),并将其中一部分通用性强、非战略敏感的基础模块,以“有组织开源”的模式向全行业开放,如同把一些基础的“积木块”和“设计图纸”共享出来,鼓励产学研各方力量在此基础上进行专业化、特色化的二次开发和应用创新,形成“众创、共建、共享”的局面。同时,要大力支持发展一批专注于特定细分领域(如公路、桥梁、隧道、水利等)的“专精特新”软件企业,通过标准互认、数据互通,构建起既有核心竞争力又有广泛适应性的国产软件“雁阵”。这种模式既能集中力量办大事,突破核心瓶颈,又能激发市场活力,避免重复建设和低水平竞争。
人才培养与价值实现的“双轮驱动”是自主软件事业可持续发展的根本保障。除了在高校层面加强跨学科人才培养、改革课程体系外,更要着力打通软件研发人才在工程行业的职业发展通道和价值实现路径。这意味着,要在职称评定、科技奖励、薪酬体系等方面,对工程设计软件的研发贡献给予与传统工程技术成果同等甚至更高的认可。要鼓励大型设计院、施工企业、业主单位设立专门的“数字技术创新中心”,赋予其更大的自主权和资源投入,让那些既懂工程又懂软件的复合型人才有施展才华的舞台,让他们的“代码”和“算法”能够像“图纸”和“专利”一样,成为衡量其专业价值和贡献的重要标尺。唯有让创新者名利双收,才能真正吸引和留住顶尖人才,为自主软件的持续迭代注入源源不断的智力活水。
发展自主可控的工程设计软件,绝非一时权宜之计,而是保障中国数字工程建设安全、提升国家核心竞争力、培育新质生产力的战略必然。这条破局之路,诚然挑战重重,既需要“十年磨一剑”的战略定力和不懈投入,也呼唤着体制机制的深刻变革与全产业链的协同创新。然而,正视挑战的同时,更应看到其中孕育着的前所未有的历史机遇。中国庞大的基础设施建设市场、全球领先的丰富应用场景以及国家对科技自立自强的坚定决心,共同为自主工程设计软件的崛起提供了最肥沃的“创新土壤”和最强劲的“政策东风”。因此,基于前文的深入剖析以及中国特有的发展优势,有充分的理由相信,自主软件不仅“能”,而且必将成为驱动“新基建”未来的核心引擎,一个由其深度赋能的新时代正加速到来。
展望未来,自主工程设计软件的战略价值,将远超简单的“进口替代”,它将作为驱动行业整体变革与源头创新的关键力量。之所以“能”驱动未来,关键在于其与本土需求的深度契合以及在新一代数字技术融合应用上的独特优势。在人工智能、大数据、数字孪生、工业互联网等前沿技术的强力加持下,拥有数据主权和本土化适配优势的国产软件,有望在智能化设计、精细化建造、智慧化运维等领域实现跨越式发展。将催生出更高效、更绿色、更安全的工程建设新范式,为智能交通网络构建、韧性智慧城市发展、清洁智慧能源体系建设等“新基建”的宏伟蓝图提供坚实且自主可控的技术支撑[25-26]。这不仅将有力重塑中国在全球工程建设领域的话语权和核心竞争力,更将为数字中国战略的全面深入推进注入源源不断的澎湃动力。迎接并创造这一未来,需要政产学研用各方戮力同心,以更为开放的姿态拥抱变革,以更为坚韧的毅力攻克难关,共同将“能否”的疑问,书写为中国自主工程设计软件驱动“新基建”走向辉煌的肯定答案。
  • 四川省科技计划资助项目(2025YFNH0003)
  • 四川省科技计划资助项目(2022YFJC0008)
  • 四川省科技计划资助项目(2023NSFSC1414)
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2025年第43卷第14期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00116
  • 接收时间:2025-05-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-20
  • 修回日期:2025-06-02
基金
四川省科技计划资助项目(2025YFNH0003)
四川省科技计划资助项目(2022YFJC0008)
四川省科技计划资助项目(2023NSFSC1414)
作者信息
    1. 四川省交通勘察设计研究院有限公司交通运输部BIM技术应用行业研发中心, 成都 610017
    2. 成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护全国重点实验室, 成都 610059
    3. 西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院, 成都 610031

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赵飞(通信作者),正高级工程师,研究方向为公路地质及BIM技术,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
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种数
Number of
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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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