Article(id=1207707599479349627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207707597713547639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=22, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=1744560000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765869529837, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1755532800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-08-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765869529837, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079820120, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207707597713547639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='104', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753632000000', pubDateStr='2025-07-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765869529417, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330911654, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197207160144113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207707597713547639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197207160144114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207707597713547639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=94, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207707599835865474, articleId=1207707599479349627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Implications of foreign exclusive economic zone management practices for China's offshore wind power maritime governance, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of the global offshore wind power industry, the development and management of offshore wind power in China's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) have become increasingly important. This paper focuses on the maritime management issues of offshore wind power in China's EEZ, conducting an in?depth study of the mature management experiences of Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom in EEZ governance. These include Germany's centralized model, the U.S.'s hybrid model, and the UK's decentralized model, among other EEZ management approaches. The study systematically summarizes the maritime management frameworks of these three countries, extracting their commonalities and distinctive features. Based on international experiences and China's specific conditions, this paper proposes targeted recommendations for China's EEZ offshore wind power management. These suggestions encompass establishing a systematic institutional framework, formulating specialized plans and policies, clarifying permitting and approval mechanisms, developing an integrated land?sea coordination strategy, and standardizing environmental compatibility assessments. The aim is to advance the improvement of China's offshore wind power management system and support the high?quality development of the offshore wind industry within the EEZ.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ying YANG, Jian XIE, Sumei XIE, Xiangyu CHEN, Fan XIE, Xiaohao ZHANG, Yinxia WANG, Huamei HUANG, Xingnian SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sumei XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207707600360153484, articleId=1207707599479349627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=国外专属经济区管理经验对中国专属经济区海上风电海域管理的启示, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着全球海上风电产业的蓬勃发展,中国专属经济区海上风电的开发与管理日益重要。聚焦中国专属经济区海上风电海域管理问题,深入研究德国、美国和英国在专属经济区管理方面的成熟经验,包括德国的集中式模式、美国的混合式模式、英国的分散式模式等专属经济区管理经验,并对3个国家的海域管理模式进行系统总结,提炼其共性与特色。基于国外经验,结合中国实际情况,从构建系统的制度保障、出台专项规划和政策、厘清许可的审核机制、建立陆海统筹的发展路径以及规范环境相容性评估等维度,为中国专属经济区海上风电管理提出针对性建议,以期推动完善中国海上风电管理体系,助力海上风电产业在专属经济区高质量发展。

, authors=

杨颖,助理工程师,研究方向为海洋战略、规划、政策和制度等,电子信箱:

, authorsList=杨颖, 谢健, 谢素美, 陈翔宇, 谢凡, 张晓浩, 王银霞, 黄华梅, 孙兴年, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢素美, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谢素美(通信作者),正高级工程师,研究方向为海洋政策与经济、海洋自然资源综合管理、海洋碳汇、港澳海洋发展等,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=2lak9p3mGAjDUGBn3FOIZw==, magXml=2lak9p3mGAjDUGBn3FOIZw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bMZw0DxwktTgVSvNDbglCA==, pdfFileSize=683669, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Y627e6bqymR6bm8LaqjICg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242144058685071897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=794267304@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144058768957981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144058685071897, language=EN, stringName=Ying YANG, firstName=Ying, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144058857038368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144058685071897, language=CN, stringName=杨颖, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300
2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300, bio={"content":"

杨颖,助理工程师,研究方向为海洋战略、规划、政策和制度等,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

杨颖,助理工程师,研究方向为海洋战略、规划、政策和制度等,电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242144058391470603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058399859212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058391470603, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058408247821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058391470603, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144058957701667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060492816934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144058957701667, language=EN, stringName=Jian XIE, firstName=Jian, middleName=null, lastName=XIE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3. South China Sea Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060559925802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144058957701667, language=CN, stringName=谢健, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3. 自然资源部南海局,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058479550991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058483745296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058479550991, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. South China Sea Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058496328209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058479550991, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 自然资源部南海局,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144060627034671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=63798875@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060702532147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144060627034671, language=EN, stringName=Sumei XIE, firstName=Sumei, middleName=null, lastName=XIE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060790612533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144060627034671, language=CN, stringName=谢素美, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300
2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242144058391470603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058399859212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058391470603, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058408247821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058391470603, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144060861915703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060924830265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144060861915703, language=EN, stringName=Xiangyu CHEN, firstName=Xiangyu, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060996133434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144060861915703, language=CN, stringName=陈翔宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144061054853693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061130351167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061054853693, language=EN, stringName=Fan XIE, firstName=Fan, middleName=null, lastName=XIE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061214237248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061054853693, language=CN, stringName=谢凡, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144061289734722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061365232196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061289734722, language=EN, stringName=Xiaohao ZHANG, firstName=Xiaohao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061432341061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061289734722, language=CN, stringName=张晓浩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144061512032839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061608501833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061512032839, language=EN, stringName=Yinxia WANG, firstName=Yinxia, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061663027786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061512032839, language=CN, stringName=王银霞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144061725942348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=7, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061793051214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061725942348, language=EN, stringName=Huamei HUANG, firstName=Huamei, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061876937295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061725942348, language=CN, stringName=黄华梅, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144061939851857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=8, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144062015349331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061939851857, language=EN, stringName=Xingnian SUN, firstName=Xingnian, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=4. Shenzhen Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144062095041108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061939851857, language=CN, stringName=孙兴年, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=4. 自然资源部深圳海洋中心,深圳 518000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058617963029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058622157334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058617963029, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. Shenzhen Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058630545943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058617963029, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. 自然资源部深圳海洋中心,深圳 518000)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242144062212481621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=exclusive economic zone), Keyword(id=1242144062271201878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=offshore wind power), Keyword(id=1242144062329922135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=maritime management), Keyword(id=1242144062397031000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=专属经济区), Keyword(id=1242144062459945562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=海上风电), Keyword(id=1242144062522860123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=海域管理)], refs=[Reference(id=1242144063101674081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=115, pageEnd=128, url=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00511, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=程建荣, 谢素美, 曹艳, journalName=科技导报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=程建荣, 谢素美, 曹艳, . 中国海上风电发展现状及对策建议研究[J]. 科技导报, 2025, 43 (3): 115- 128., articleTitle=中国海上风电发展现状及对策建议研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144063172977250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.2105/AJPH.2019.305532, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=110, issue=3, pageStart=280, pageEnd=281, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=Wendel M L, Jones G J, journalName=American Journal of Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Wendel M L , Jones G J . Equity for whom? The example of qualified opportunity zones[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 2020, 110 (3): 280- 281., articleTitle=Equity for whom? The example of qualified opportunity zones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144063244280420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.3390/ma17246243, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=17, issue=24, pageStart=6243, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=Wu C H, Chen B, Wang H, journalName=Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Wu C H , Chen B , Wang H , et al. How will concrete piles for offshore wind power be damaged under seawater erosion? insights from a chemical-damage coupling meshless method[J]. Materials, 2024, 17 (24): 6243., articleTitle=How will concrete piles for offshore wind power be damaged under seawater erosion? insights from a chemical-damage coupling meshless method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144063332360806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168585, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=909, issue=null, pageStart=168585, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=Martinez A, Iglesias G, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Martinez A , Iglesias G . Techno-economic assessment of potential zones for offshore wind energy: A methodology[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2024, 909: 168585., articleTitle=Techno-economic assessment of potential zones for offshore wind energy: A methodology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144063416246888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123808, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=373, issue=null, pageStart=123808, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=Morant J, Payo-Payo A, María-Valera A, journalName=Journal of Environmental Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Morant J , Payo-Payo A , María-Valera A , et al. Potential feeding sites for seabirds and marine mammals reveal large overlap with offshore wind energy development worldwide[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2025, 373: 123808., articleTitle=Potential feeding sites for seabirds and marine mammals reveal large overlap with offshore wind energy development worldwide, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144063500132968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bundesverband WindEnergie. Factsheet: Status des Offshore-Windenergieausbaus-Halbjahr 2023[EB/OL]. (2024-01-16)[2025-01-03]. https://www.wind-energie.de/themen/zahlenund-fakten/deutschland., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144064968139371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=9, pageStart=24, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=化天然, 姚炎明, 叶观琼, journalName=海洋开发与管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=化天然, 姚炎明, 叶观琼. 中德海洋空间规划法律体系建设及启示[J]. 海洋开发与管理, 2021, 38 (9): 24- 31., articleTitle=中德海洋空间规划法律体系建设及启示, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065035248236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=U. S. Department of the Interior. BOEM, regulatory framework and guidelines[EB/OL]. (2024-04-24)[2025-01-03]. https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/regulatory-framework-and-guidelines., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065102357101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1163/22116001-92500019, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=445, pageEnd=474, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=Somers E, Maes F, journalName=Ocean Yearbook Online, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Somers E , Maes F . The law applicable on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone: The belgian perspective[J]. Ocean Yearbook Online, 2011, 25 (1): 445- 474., articleTitle=The law applicable on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone: The belgian perspective, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065173660270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bureau of Ocean Energy Management: A Citizen's guide: To the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management's renewable energy authorization process[EB/OL]. [2025-01-03]. https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/about-boem/A%20Citizens%20Guide%20-%20 Renewable%20Energy_Updated%2 012.04.23., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065236574831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=The Crown Estate. UK offshore wind report 2023[EB/OL]. [2025-01-03]. https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/our-business/marine/offshorewind., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065299489392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杜涛: 2030年实现40GW——英国海上风电发展与投资机遇[EB/OL]. (2021-11-16)[2024-07-10]. https://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20211116/1188265.shtml., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065366598258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1093/annonc/mdt352, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=24, issue=11, pageStart=2897, pageEnd=2902, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=Ades F, Senterre C, de Azambuja E, journalName=Annals of Oncology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Ades F , Senterre C , de Azambuja E , et al. Discrepancies in cancer incidence and mortality and its relationship to health expenditure in the 27 European Union member states[J]. Annals of Oncology, 2013, 24 (11): 2897- 2902., articleTitle=Discrepancies in cancer incidence and mortality and its relationship to health expenditure in the 27 European Union member states, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065433707124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.6054, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=176, issue=1, pageStart=9, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=Marshall M, Bindman A B, journalName=JAMA Internal Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Marshall M , Bindman A B . The role of government in health care reform in the United States and England[J]. JAMA Internal Medicine, 2016, 176 (1): 9., articleTitle=The role of government in health care reform in the United States and England, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065492427381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.163, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=674, issue=null, pageStart=307, pageEnd=315, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=Alola A A, Yalçiner K, Alola U V, journalName=The Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Alola A A , Yalçiner K , Alola U V , et al. The role of renewable energy, immigration and real income in environmental sustainability target. Evidence from Europe largest states[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 674: 307- 315., articleTitle=The role of renewable energy, immigration and real income in environmental sustainability target. Evidence from Europe largest states, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065555341942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4793, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=180, issue=11, pageStart=1510, pageEnd=1517, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=Emanuel E J, Zhang C, Glickman A, journalName=JAMA Internal Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Emanuel E J , Zhang C , Glickman A , et al. Drug reimbursement regulation in 6 peer countries[J]. JAMA Internal Medicine, 2020, 180 (11): 1510- 1517., articleTitle=Drug reimbursement regulation in 6 peer countries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065614062199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1111/ajt.15719, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=20, issue=5, pageStart=1309, pageEnd=1322, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=Ibrahim M, Vece G, Mehew J, journalName=American Journal of Transplantation, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Ibrahim M , Vece G , Mehew J , et al. An international comparison of deceased donor kidney utilization: What can the United States and the United Kingdom learn from each other?[J]. American Journal of Transplantation, 2020, 20 (5): 1309- 1322., articleTitle=An international comparison of deceased donor kidney utilization: What can the United States and the United Kingdom learn from each other?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065681171064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113247, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=296, issue=null, pageStart=113247, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=Lu J T, Wang C Y, Zhang C, journalName=Journal of Environmental Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Lu J T , Wang C Y , Zhang C , et al. Avoided external energy costs due to penetration of renewables: Evidence form Baltic States[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2021, 296: 113247., articleTitle=Avoided external energy costs due to penetration of renewables: Evidence form Baltic States, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065781834361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.7326/M20-1234, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=174, issue=1, pageStart=80, pageEnd=85, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=Padula W V, Sculpher M J, journalName=Annals of Internal Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Padula W V , Sculpher M J . Ideas about resourcing health care in the United States: Can economic evaluation achieve meaningful use?[J]. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2021, 174 (1): 80- 85., articleTitle=Ideas about resourcing health care in the United States: Can economic evaluation achieve meaningful use?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065865720442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0876, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=32, issue=4, pageStart=713, pageEnd=723, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=Quentin W, Scheller-Kreinsen D, Blümel M, journalName=Health Affairs, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Quentin W , Scheller-Kreinsen D , Blümel M , et al. Hospital payment based on diagnosis-related groups differs in Europe and holds lessons for the United States[J]. Health Affairs, 2013, 32 (4): 713- 723., articleTitle=Hospital payment based on diagnosis-related groups differs in Europe and holds lessons for the United States, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144065941217915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1177/0141076816652027, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=109, issue=6, pageStart=216, pageEnd=218, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=Majeed A, Hansell A, Saxena S, journalName=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Majeed A , Hansell A , Saxena S , et al. How would a decision to leave the European Union affect medical research and health in the United Kingdom?[J]. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2016, 109 (6): 216- 218., articleTitle=How would a decision to leave the European Union affect medical research and health in the United Kingdom?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144066016715388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=European Commission. REPow-erEU: Joint European action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy[EB/OL]. (2022-03-08)[2023-03-08]. https://cyprus.representation.ec.europa.eu/news/repowereu-joint-european-action-moreaffordable-secure-and-sustainableenergy-2022-03-08_en., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144066088018558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105897, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=159, issue=null, pageStart=105897, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=Finserås E, Anchustegui I H, Cheynet E, journalName=Marine Policy, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Finserås E , Anchustegui I H , Cheynet E , et al. Gone with the wind? Wind farm-induced wakes and regulatory gaps[J]. Marine Policy, 2024, 159: 105897., articleTitle=Gone with the wind? Wind farm-induced wakes and regulatory gaps, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144066150933119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=Mauro M R, journalName=The exploitation of offshore transboundary marine resources or those in disputed areas: Joint development agreement, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Mauro M R . The exploitation of offshore transboundary marine resources or those in disputed areas: Joint development agreement[M]. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144066209653376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122218, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=354, issue=null, pageStart=122218, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=Abdelaziz S, Sparrow S N, Hua W Q, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Abdelaziz S , Sparrow S N , Hua W Q , et al. Assessing long-term future climate change impacts on extreme low wind events for offshore wind turbines in the UK exclusive economic zone[J]. Applied Energy, 2024, 354: 122218., articleTitle=Assessing long-term future climate change impacts on extreme low wind events for offshore wind turbines in the UK exclusive economic zone, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242144066272567937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, doi=10.1016/j.rser.2023.113358, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=182, issue=null, pageStart=113358, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=Putuhena H, White D, Gourvenec S, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Putuhena H , White D , Gourvenec S , et al. Finding space for offshore wind to support net zero: A methodology to assess spatial constraints and future scenarios, illustrated by a UK case study[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 182: 113358., articleTitle=Finding space for offshore wind to support net zero: A methodology to assess spatial constraints and future scenarios, illustrated by a UK case study, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242144062866793055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, awardId=MESTA−2021−C003, language=CN, fundingSource=自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室自主设立课题(MESTA−2021−C003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242144062946484832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, awardId=22&ZD126, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金重大项目(22&ZD126), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242144058391470603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058399859212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058391470603, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058408247821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058391470603, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242144058479550991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058483745296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058479550991, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. South China Sea Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058496328209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058479550991, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 自然资源部南海局,广州 510300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242144058617963029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058622157334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058617963029, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. Shenzhen Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058630545943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058617963029, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. 自然资源部深圳海洋中心,深圳 518000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242144062669660764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代表国家 德国 英国 美国
开发模式 集中式 分散式 混合式
政府角色 集中开展风电场选址的环境影响评估和可行性评估后招标 根据海洋空间规划划定风能区范围后招标 划定风能区并完成环境影响评估后招标
开发商角色 负责风电场建设和运营 自主选址并提交环境影响评估报告 提交场址评估计划及施工运营方案
费用分担 前期调查由政府承担 全部费用由开发商承担 后期现场勘探由开发商承担
优点 政府主导规划,掌控选址和设计要求 充分利用市场资本和技术 兼顾政府规划与市场灵活性
缺点 技术和资金依赖性强 可能忽视公共利益 审批流程较复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1242144062728381022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

德国、美国和英国专属经济区海域管理模式及特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代表国家 德国 英国 美国
开发模式 集中式 分散式 混合式
政府角色 集中开展风电场选址的环境影响评估和可行性评估后招标 根据海洋空间规划划定风能区范围后招标 划定风能区并完成环境影响评估后招标
开发商角色 负责风电场建设和运营 自主选址并提交环境影响评估报告 提交场址评估计划及施工运营方案
费用分担 前期调查由政府承担 全部费用由开发商承担 后期现场勘探由开发商承担
优点 政府主导规划,掌控选址和设计要求 充分利用市场资本和技术 兼顾政府规划与市场灵活性
缺点 技术和资金依赖性强 可能忽视公共利益 审批流程较复杂
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1125356956822126595, delFlag=0, nameCn=科技导报, nameEn=Science & Technology Review, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-7857, eissn=, cn=11-1421/N, coden=null, periodic=3, language=CN, oaType=0, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Sci Technol Rev, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1784015846012, createdBy=null, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=K, firstLetterEn=K, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=自然科学, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, picEn=yjSfclmpNm7ihn9NbTZ69g==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1283818766098219763, language=CN, name=科技导报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=中国科学技术协会, sponsoredBy=中国科学技术协会, publishedBy=科技导报社, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/home, createdTime=1784015846037, updatedTime=1784015846037, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kjdbauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionReviewUrl=https://kjdbauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1283818766144357108, language=EN, name=Science & Technology Review, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/EN/home, createdTime=1784015846048, updatedTime=1784015846048, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/EN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kjdbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://kjdbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146031591421210625, websiteList=[Website(id=1146104741081231361, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031591421210625, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751182263881, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1751778001962, updateBy=18614031015, name=科技导报, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=科技导报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148021146403992296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751639170504, updateTime=1751639170504, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146378826469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751639170498, updateTime=1751639170498, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146366243556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=9GHSf7eGlIPH0Tv/OOdstA==, createTime=1751639170495, updateTime=1751639170495, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146395603687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751639170502, updateTime=1751639170502, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146387215078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751639170500, updateTime=1751639170500, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1146105254833139715, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031591421210625, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1751182386363, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753500121937, updateBy=18614031015, name=科技导报, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Science & Technology Review, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155838567709528217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753502988984, updateTime=1753502988984, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567692750998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753502988980, updateTime=1753502988980, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567688556693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic?fileId=9GHSf7eGlIPH0Tv/OOdstA==, createTime=1753502988979, updateTime=1753502988979, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567705333912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1753502988983, updateTime=1753502988983, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567701139607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1753502988982, updateTime=1753502988982, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=科技导报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Science & Technology Review, journalPhotoCn=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, journalPhotoEn=yjSfclmpNm7ihn9NbTZ69g==, journalFirstLetter=K, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=1, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=0.91, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00139, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00139, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00139, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00139, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1753632000000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
国外专属经济区管理经验对中国专属经济区海上风电海域管理的启示
收藏切换
PDF下载
杨颖 1, 2 , 谢健 3 , 谢素美 1, 2, * , 陈翔宇 1 , 谢凡 1 , 张晓浩 1 , 王银霞 1 , 黄华梅 1 , 孙兴年 4
科技导报 | 政策建议 2025,43(14): 94-100
收起
收藏切换
科技导报 |政策建议 2025 , 43 (14) : 94 -100
国外专属经济区管理经验对中国专属经济区海上风电海域管理的启示
全屏
[Author(id=1242144058685071897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=794267304@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144058768957981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144058685071897, language=EN, stringName=Ying YANG, firstName=Ying, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144058857038368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144058685071897, language=CN, stringName=杨颖, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300
2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300, bio={"content":"

杨颖,助理工程师,研究方向为海洋战略、规划、政策和制度等,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

杨颖,助理工程师,研究方向为海洋战略、规划、政策和制度等,电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242144058391470603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058399859212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058391470603, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058408247821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058391470603, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144058957701667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060492816934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144058957701667, language=EN, stringName=Jian XIE, firstName=Jian, middleName=null, lastName=XIE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3. South China Sea Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060559925802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144058957701667, language=CN, stringName=谢健, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3. 自然资源部南海局,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058479550991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058483745296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058479550991, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. South China Sea Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058496328209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058479550991, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 自然资源部南海局,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144060627034671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=63798875@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060702532147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144060627034671, language=EN, stringName=Sumei XIE, firstName=Sumei, middleName=null, lastName=XIE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060790612533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144060627034671, language=CN, stringName=谢素美, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300
2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242144058391470603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058399859212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058391470603, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058408247821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058391470603, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144060861915703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060924830265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144060861915703, language=EN, stringName=Xiangyu CHEN, firstName=Xiangyu, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144060996133434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144060861915703, language=CN, stringName=陈翔宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144061054853693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061130351167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061054853693, language=EN, stringName=Fan XIE, firstName=Fan, middleName=null, lastName=XIE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061214237248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061054853693, language=CN, stringName=谢凡, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144061289734722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061365232196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061289734722, language=EN, stringName=Xiaohao ZHANG, firstName=Xiaohao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061432341061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061289734722, language=CN, stringName=张晓浩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144061512032839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061608501833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061512032839, language=EN, stringName=Yinxia WANG, firstName=Yinxia, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061663027786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061512032839, language=CN, stringName=王银霞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144061725942348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=7, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061793051214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061725942348, language=EN, stringName=Huamei HUANG, firstName=Huamei, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144061876937295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061725942348, language=CN, stringName=黄华梅, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058303390215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058311778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058324361737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058303390215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300)])]), Author(id=1242144061939851857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, orderNo=8, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242144062015349331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061939851857, language=EN, stringName=Xingnian SUN, firstName=Xingnian, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=4. Shenzhen Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242144062095041108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, authorId=1242144061939851857, language=CN, stringName=孙兴年, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=4. 自然资源部深圳海洋中心,深圳 518000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242144058617963029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058622157334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058617963029, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. Shenzhen Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242144058630545943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207707599479349627, companyId=1242144058617963029, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. 自然资源部深圳海洋中心,深圳 518000)])])]
杨颖1, 2 , 谢健3, 谢素美1, 2, * , 陈翔宇1, 谢凡1, 张晓浩1, 王银霞1, 黄华梅1, 孙兴年4
作者信息
  • 1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300
  • 2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300
  • 3. 自然资源部南海局,广州 510300
  • 4. 自然资源部深圳海洋中心,深圳 518000
通讯作者:
谢素美(通信作者),正高级工程师,研究方向为海洋政策与经济、海洋自然资源综合管理、海洋碳汇、港澳海洋发展等,电子信箱:
Implications of foreign exclusive economic zone management practices for China's offshore wind power maritime governance
Ying YANG1, 2 , Jian XIE3, Sumei XIE1, 2, * , Xiangyu CHEN1, Fan XIE1, Xiaohao ZHANG1, Yinxia WANG1, Huamei HUANG1, Xingnian SUN4
Affiliations
  • 1. South China Sea Development Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
  • 3. South China Sea Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
  • 4. Shenzhen Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00139
文章导航
收藏切换

随着全球海上风电产业的蓬勃发展,中国专属经济区海上风电的开发与管理日益重要。聚焦中国专属经济区海上风电海域管理问题,深入研究德国、美国和英国在专属经济区管理方面的成熟经验,包括德国的集中式模式、美国的混合式模式、英国的分散式模式等专属经济区管理经验,并对3个国家的海域管理模式进行系统总结,提炼其共性与特色。基于国外经验,结合中国实际情况,从构建系统的制度保障、出台专项规划和政策、厘清许可的审核机制、建立陆海统筹的发展路径以及规范环境相容性评估等维度,为中国专属经济区海上风电管理提出针对性建议,以期推动完善中国海上风电管理体系,助力海上风电产业在专属经济区高质量发展。

专属经济区  /  海上风电  /  海域管理

With the rapid development of the global offshore wind power industry, the development and management of offshore wind power in China's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) have become increasingly important. This paper focuses on the maritime management issues of offshore wind power in China's EEZ, conducting an in?depth study of the mature management experiences of Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom in EEZ governance. These include Germany's centralized model, the U.S.'s hybrid model, and the UK's decentralized model, among other EEZ management approaches. The study systematically summarizes the maritime management frameworks of these three countries, extracting their commonalities and distinctive features. Based on international experiences and China's specific conditions, this paper proposes targeted recommendations for China's EEZ offshore wind power management. These suggestions encompass establishing a systematic institutional framework, formulating specialized plans and policies, clarifying permitting and approval mechanisms, developing an integrated land?sea coordination strategy, and standardizing environmental compatibility assessments. The aim is to advance the improvement of China's offshore wind power management system and support the high?quality development of the offshore wind industry within the EEZ.

exclusive economic zone  /  offshore wind power  /  maritime management
杨颖, 谢健, 谢素美, 陈翔宇, 谢凡, 张晓浩, 王银霞, 黄华梅, 孙兴年. 国外专属经济区管理经验对中国专属经济区海上风电海域管理的启示. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (14) : 94 -100 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00139
Ying YANG, Jian XIE, Sumei XIE, Xiangyu CHEN, Fan XIE, Xiaohao ZHANG, Yinxia WANG, Huamei HUANG, Xingnian SUN. Implications of foreign exclusive economic zone management practices for China's offshore wind power maritime governance[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (14) : 94 -100 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00139
中国海域辽阔,潜在的风能资源为海上风电的可持续发展提供了巨大的发展空间。推动中国海上风电向深远海发展,不仅具有重要的经济效益和环境效益,还有助于技术创新和国家安全[1]。中国在专属经济区发展海上风电的用海管理现状总体呈现积极态势,但在海域管理方面尚存在诸多亟待解决的问题。借鉴国外专属经济区海上风电海域管理模式,结合中国海上风电向专属经济区拓展的现实需要,提出满足中国当前海上风电向深远海拓展的对策和建议,不但可以促进海上风电产业的高质量发展,而且可以为中国能源结构转型和海洋经济可持续发展提供有力支撑。
根据《联合国海洋法公约》,沿海国家在其专属经济区内拥有对海洋资源的主权权利,包括捕鱼、海底矿产资源的勘探和开发等[2]。中国专属经济区拥有丰富的风能资源,尤其是东部沿海及南海海域因具有稳定强劲的风力条件,成为海上风电开发的理想区域,但深远海复杂环境对风电设备安全稳定性提出更高要求。当前,中国专属经济区内的海上风电项目尚处于起步阶段,但该区域内风能资源的开发与释放已成为长期趋势。然而,仅依赖《中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法》中关于海洋资源开发利用的框架性条款,难以对专属经济区自然资源的利用提供详尽且可操作的法律规范。
截至2024年底,中国在专属经济区及大陆架范围内的海上风电项目部署仍以试点示范和规划推进为主,已建成的深远海试点项目数量比较有限,已投运的深远海示范项目以漂浮式海上风电为主。作为国家主权管辖范围内的战略性空间资源,专属经济区与大陆架海域的海洋资源开发利用权属具有典型的国家事权特征。随着中国海上风电产业不断向深远海拓展,亟需构建系统化的深远海空间治理制度体系,明确专属经济区的用海审批主体、优化审批流程,并制定相应的促进政策,推动海上风电产业的可持续发展。
中国专属经济区海上风电开发面临多维度挑战,主要集中在技术、经济、环境和政策4方面。在技术层面,海上风电场的建设和维护高度依赖先进技术支持,尤其是海上风电机组的基础设施必须具备抵御海水腐蚀和强风侵袭的能力[3]。在经济层面,深远海海上风电项目呈现出资本密集度高和融资风险溢价高的“双高”特征,这要求必须开展详细的技术经济评估,以精准识别最具开发潜力的区域,并优化投资策略[4]。在环境方面,海上风电开发对海洋生态系统的影响复杂多样,需重点评估其对海洋生物多样性的潜在影响,以确保开发活动能够有效保护海洋生态环境[5]。在政策层面,海上风电项目的审批涉及多个部门,流程繁琐且耗时较长,制度供给的不足在一定程度上制约了项目的推进速度。
根据德国风能机构(Bundesverband WindEngrgie,BWE)发布的《2023上半年德国海上风能报告》[6],德国现存海上风电项目大多集中在离岸60 km以外、水深20 m以下的海域中,专属经济区海上风电装机容量占海上风电总装机容量的93%。德国海上风电表现出良好的深远海发展布局,得益于其顶层设计和经济引导。
1)制定专门法规以确保项目开发过程中的产权归属。
德国在2004年修订《联邦空间秩序规划法》时就将专属经济区纳入了国土空间规划的范畴[7]。同时,在国家层面确立了大力发展可再生能源的计划,通过了能源转型法案(Energy Transition Law Package),把海上风电部署为可再生能源的重要发展极。专属经济区的海洋空间规划和可再生能源的战略部署为德国深远海海上风电发展提供了坚实的政策基础。德国出台的《海上风能法》第2条明确了管辖范围包括专属经济区和符合条件的领海。专属经济区海上风电开发由联邦海事和水文局及联邦网络管理局负责项目场址规划及推进,领海项目由当地联邦州政府负责。清晰稳定的海域使用权、监管部门职责、项目审批程序等为海上风电项目的规范化运作提供了坚实的法律依据。
2)通过电价补贴保障项目开发的经济性。
为确保深远海海上风电项目的经济可行性,德国通过差异化调整初始电价的时长加大对深远海项目的经济支持力度。在2014年,德国《可再生能源法》(Erneuerbare−Energien−Gesetz)就明确对离岸距离在12 n mile(1 n mile=1852 m)以上、水深在20 m以上的海上风电项目实施补贴。离岸距离每多增加1 n mile、水深每增加2 m即可以延长初始电价的补贴时间。通过这种延长初始电价时间的方式为深远海海上风电项目减轻了项目初期的经营负担,为后期平稳进入市场争取了一定调整的空间。
为确保对专属经济区海洋的有效综合管理,美国联邦政府为海洋活动建立一个新的中央权力机构,并针对外大陆架特定资源类型制定了专门的法律,加强海洋区域治理。
1)制定监管框架。
美国用于管理专属经济区和大陆架最重要的法律是《外大陆架法》(Outer Contnental Sheff Lands Act,OCSLA)。OCSLA本是促进石油和天然气开发的政策工具,2005年经修订后将其管辖范围扩大到了外大陆架内石油和天然气以外的能源,从而解决了联邦缺乏海上风能发展管理依据的问题[8]。2024年4月,美国海洋能源管理局(Bureau of Ocean Energy Management,BOEM)和安全与环境执法局(Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement,BSEE)最终确定了美国外大陆架可再生能源开人文科技导报2025,43(14)www.kjdb.org 95发的最新法规以及一项新的5年海上风电租赁时间表。能源政策法案(Energy Policy Act,EPAct)授权美国内政部海洋能源管理局发布海床租约等信息,并许可开发商在外大陆架上开发可再生能源[9]
2)推动利益相关者参与。
OCSLA要求在外大陆架勘探开发海上资源时要经过“一致性确定”,即如果某项活动将影响某个州沿海地区的任何自然资源使用,联邦政府在批准该活动时,必须寻求该州海岸管理局的一致性决定。为此,BOEM建立了政府间可再生能源工作组,积极寻求让相关的政府实体尽早参与规划和项目审查的各个阶段,并与相关联邦机构签署谅解备忘录,减少和缓解与环境资源及其他海洋利用活动的潜在冲突,以帮助简化外大陆架可再生能源项目的租赁和许可程序,缩短许可时间[10]
英国由皇家财产局(The Crown Estate)来管理国家海底、土地财产,海上风电是其海洋业务的重要部分,职责包括确定和租赁合适的海底开发地点、授予项目许可、推进试点机会以及合作建立共享数据和支持创新,以实现海上风电行业的协调增长[11]
1)设立差价合同。
高额成本是英国海上风电起步初期面临的主要阻碍。2015年,英国政府提出了差价合约机制(Contract for Difference,CfD)作为推动海上风电新一轮规模化的补贴方式。CfD机制采取多退少补的方式,根据拍卖执行价对上网实际电价进行补贴,从而减少收购电价的波动,在很大程度上降低了投资者收益的不确定性,稳定了投资信心。深海漂浮式风电新型技术在2021年的差价合约投标中首次获得投资资格以争取补贴支持[12],目前已开展第五轮漂浮式海上风电租赁。
2)优化审批程序。
海上风电对海洋环境和海洋生物的影响是风电规划选址过程中最引人关注的问题。为加强利益相关者和社会各界对海上风电技术和影响的理解,英国投资建立海上风电数据和证据基础项目(Offshore Wind Evidence and Change Programme),以填补社会关于海上风电领域关键知识的空白。通过让相关方更容易获得相关数据,可以加快非主管部门协助审批的过程,还可以为社会提供更多数据来鼓励创新设计措施,增强生物多样性,使海上风电项目不以牺牲海洋环境为代价的可持续方式发展。同时,英国宣布实施“海上风电环境改善一揽子计划”(Offshore Wind Environmental Improvement Package,OWEIP),将通过审批同意时间从4年缩短为1年。
德国、美国和英国的专属经济区管理经验表明,其海域管理框架可分为集中式、分散式和混合式3类(表 1)。集中模式适用于资源集中且需统一规划的国家,分散模式适合部门职责明确且地方自治程度高的国家,混合模式则兼顾效率与协调性。前述3个国家均通过法律框架(如德国的欧盟政策[13]、美国的《专属经济区法》[14]、英国的脱欧后高标准政策)、经济活动(德国的海上风电[15]、美国的油气开采[16]、英国的渔业管理[17])、环境保护(德国的海洋保护区[18]、美国的污染应对[19]、英国的创新措施[20])及国际合作(德国的欧盟协同[13]、美国的邻国协作[16]、英国的多边参与[21]),实现海洋资源可持续利用与生态保护,其模式特点为政策法规系统化、经济活动多元化、环保措施严格化及国际合作常态化,借以实现了对其专属经济区的有效管理。
国外海上风电已较早进入专属经济区开发阶段,主要依靠明确的用海政策、科学的空间规划和有力的经济支持。在顶层设计方面,明确法律授权范围及涉海主体与主管部门的协调是前提;在实践层面,行政许可、环境相容性评估和经济性是核心问题。借鉴德国、美国和英国的经验,结合中国深远海风电拓展需求,提出以下建议。
随着专属经济区海上活动的日益频繁,尤其是海上风电等可再生能源开发的持续拓展,亟需通过立法手段解决该区域的用海管理问题。首先,应制定专项法律法规,明确用海管理的法律框架,包括海域使用权限、审批程序、监管机制及责任主体等,为海上风电及其他可再生能源开发活动提供法律依据。可考虑修订《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》(2009修正),增设专属经济区风电开发专章,明确中央与地方事权划分。其次,将专属经济区纳入国家海洋空间规划体系,科学划定海上风电及其他用海活动的功能区划,明确开发边界与优先顺序,避免资源冲突与过度开发。同时,设立国家级专属经济区用海管理机构,统筹协调海域使用审批、监管及执法工作,推行“一窗受理、并联审批”模式,确保管理效率与透明度,减少地方利益与市场需求的矛盾。此外,简化用海审批流程,明确审批时限与标准,建立高效、透明的许可机制,降低项目开发的时间成本与不确定性。
在环境保护方面,立法中应明确环境保护要求,建立生态补偿机制,确保海上风电等开发活动对海洋生态环境的影响降至最低,实现开发与保护的平衡。同时,清晰界定专属经济区内的用海权益,建立有效的纠纷解决机制,保障各方合法权益。鉴于专属经济区的涉外属性,立法中应纳入国际合作条款,明确与其他国家在航行自由、环境保护及资源开发等方面的协调机制,避免国际争端。此外,通过立法推动绿证交易、可再生能源消费承诺制等市场化机制,激励海上风电等可再生能源的开发与消纳,提升资源利用效率。
鉴于海上风电在国家能源结构中的战略重要性,制定适用于专属经济区的用海政策已成为能源与海洋资源管理领域的关键任务。在当前鼓励立体复合用海模式及推行海域使用权市场化出让的背景下,需运用科学方法规划专属经济区内海上风电场的总体布局,明确发展区域与时间表,以确保海域使用的稳定性。在“立体用海”理念指导下,以海洋产业为基础,聚焦不同产业在海域空间内的冲突影响,探索可行的协调方案。具体而言,可制定以明确海洋开发利用主导功能为核心的总体规划及海上风电专项规划,推动海洋资源高效利用。
同时,可借鉴《2022年埃斯比约海上风电宣言》(Esbjerg Offshore Wind Declaration 2022)的欧盟[22]合作经验,探索建立跨界区域海上风电的联合开发模式[23],确保整个海洋区域内海上风电规划的连贯协调性。根据海域情况以及已有的主要航线、次要航线和渔区的分布为海上风电开发划分优先开发区,限制开发区、预留区等区域[24]。建议由自然资源部牵头,统筹北海、东海、南海3个海区,开展系统性研究工作。通过选取典型区域开展试点示范项目,总结实践经验,逐步完善相关法律法规和技术标准,最终推动深远海海上风电的规模化开发。
从全球范围来看,海上风电项目的开发周期较长,其中许可审批阶段占据了大部分时间。这一问题在中国同样存在,尤其在向深远海拓展的过程中,如何厘清许可审核机制成为亟待解决的关键问题。面对日益紧迫的气候变化挑战,加快中国海上风电向深远海迈进的步伐迫在眉睫,建议从如下4方面厘清专属经济区海上风电开发的审核机制。
一是设立统一审批机构。建议整合现有分散审批权,设立专职审批机构,赋予其专属经济区风电项目的全流程管理权限。该机构应统筹规划、审批、监管等环节,并动态更新技术标准,以提升管理效率。
二是优化审批流程。通过电子政务平台实现跨部门信息共享,推行“一窗受理”模式。建立预审机制,提前识别项目风险,避免重复审批。对不同海域环境的敏感度实行分类管理和差异化审批:对低风险项目简化程序,对高敏感区域严格执行环评要求,实现生态保护与产业发展的平衡。
三是强化全过程监管。构建“审批−建设−运营”全链条监管体系,引入第三方监督机制,确保项目合规实施。
专属经济区的特殊性质也带来了诸多复杂问题,如海洋权益维护、跨区域协调、生态承载力约束等,这些都对中国海上风电产业的未来发展提出了严峻考验。在此背景下,需要通过多元统筹破解上述难题。
首先,建立国家与地方协同的管理体系。专属经济区的用海活动具有跨区域特性。因此,需要建立国家与地方协同的管理体系,明确各级政府在专属经济区用海活动中的职责与权限,加强区域间的沟通协调与合作,避免因区域差异导致的管理冲突和资源浪费,实现对专属经济区用海活动的有效管理和可持续开发。通过建立健全国家与地方的联动机制,能够有效规避政出多门、各自为政的现象,确保政策执行的一致性和连续性。
其次,加强跨部门协作。海上风电项目的审批涉及自然资源(海洋)、生态环境、交通运输、渔业等多个部门。为此,建议成立由自然资源部牵头的跨部门工作组,负责统筹协调各方力量。工作组应定期召开联席会议,就项目选址、用海审批、环境影响评价等问题进行集中讨论,形成统一意见后再行推进。同时,还需加强部门间的信息共享与数据互通,实时跟踪项目进展,及时发现并解决问题,提高工作效率。
再次,充分考虑公众诉求。海上风电项目的建设不可避免会对部分群体的利益造成一定影响,如渔民的捕捞作业、沿海居民的生活习惯等。因此,建议在项目规划初期通过合适方式征求社会各界意见,并将其纳入决策考量范围。此外,还应加大对公众的科普宣传力度,利用新媒体平台普及海上风电知识,消除不必要的误解与抵触情绪,争取更多人的理解与支持。
英国致力于评估未来气候变化对专属经济区海上风力涡轮机极端低风事件的长期影响[25, 26],全周期监管海上风电对环境的影响。中国在专属经济区发展海上风电的过程中,为实现环境相容性评估的科学化与规范化,需建立健全多层次的评估框架。首要任务是完善现有评估体系,在现行施工前提交环境影响评价报告的基础上,引入区域环评与战略环评机制。区域环评旨在系统性地分析特定海域的环境状况,如水质、底质、生物多样性以及人类活动等要素,深化对极端天气事件、海流、潮汐等水文因素变化的研究,从而划定适宜与限制开发区域,为后续具体项目提供决策支持,避免因分散审批引发的累积效应与生态冲突。战略环评则需从国家层面审视风电发展规划的全局性影响,结合经济发展、环境保护及社会福祉等多重目标,通过动态调整机制灵活应对新挑战与新机遇。
针对专属经济区这一特殊地理环境,环境相容性评估应特别关注国际关系合作的关键领域。首先,鉴于海洋气象与水文条件对风电设施安全性的决定性作用,应深化对极端天气事件(如台风、风暴潮)的研究,并制定应急预案以保障设施稳定运行;同时,需密切监测海流、潮汐等水文因素变化,优化基础结构设计,提升抗风险能力。其次,在渔业资源保护方面,风电场选址须充分考虑渔业资源分布情况,尽量规避渔场密集区域,并通过建立补偿机制减轻对传统渔业活动的影响。此外,海洋文化遗产保护同样不容忽视,风电场建设须事先开展历史遗迹调查,制定详细保护方案,并对已受损部分实施修复工作。最后,为维护国际法秩序并促进区域合作,中国需在专属经济区内严格遵循国际合作原则,尊重邻国权益,通过多边对话化解潜在争端,共同推动全球能源转型与生态保护事业。
本文通过系统梳理德国、美国和英国在专属经济区管理方面的成熟经验,结合中国海上风电发展的现实需求,提出了优化中国专属经济区海上风电海域管理的政策建议。研究表明,国外在法律制度、规划引导、审批机制、环境评估及多元统筹等方面的先进做法,对中国具有重要借鉴意义。中国应进一步完善专属经济区海上风电管理的顶层设计,强化政策协同,优化审批流程,并加强生态环境监管,以实现海上风电产业的可持续发展。
未来,中国专属经济区海上风电管理研究可在以下2方面进一步深化:一是实证研究方面,结合中国不同海域特点,开展区域性试点,验证管理模式的适用性,为全国推广提供实践依据。二是制度创新方面,探索建立符合中国国情的专属经济区海上风电综合管理体系,借鉴国际经验,优化立法与政策协调机制。
  • 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室自主设立课题(MESTA−2021−C003)
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(22&ZD126)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
程建荣, 谢素美, 曹艳, . 中国海上风电发展现状及对策建议研究[J]. 科技导报, 2025, 43 (3): 115- 128. http://www.kjdb.org/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00511
2
Wendel M L , Jones G J . Equity for whom? The example of qualified opportunity zones[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 2020, 110 (3): 280- 281.
3
Wu C H , Chen B , Wang H , et al. How will concrete piles for offshore wind power be damaged under seawater erosion? insights from a chemical-damage coupling meshless method[J]. Materials, 2024, 17 (24): 6243.
4
Martinez A , Iglesias G . Techno-economic assessment of potential zones for offshore wind energy: A methodology[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2024, 909: 168585.
5
Morant J , Payo-Payo A , María-Valera A , et al. Potential feeding sites for seabirds and marine mammals reveal large overlap with offshore wind energy development worldwide[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2025, 373: 123808.
6
Bundesverband WindEnergie. Factsheet: Status des Offshore-Windenergieausbaus-Halbjahr 2023[EB/OL]. (2024-01-16)[2025-01-03]. https://www.wind-energie.de/themen/zahlenund-fakten/deutschland.
7
化天然, 姚炎明, 叶观琼. 中德海洋空间规划法律体系建设及启示[J]. 海洋开发与管理, 2021, 38 (9): 24- 31.
8
U. S. Department of the Interior. BOEM, regulatory framework and guidelines[EB/OL]. (2024-04-24)[2025-01-03]. https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/regulatory-framework-and-guidelines.
9
Somers E , Maes F . The law applicable on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone: The belgian perspective[J]. Ocean Yearbook Online, 2011, 25 (1): 445- 474.
10
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management: A Citizen's guide: To the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management's renewable energy authorization process[EB/OL]. [2025-01-03]. https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/about-boem/A%20Citizens%20Guide%20-%20 Renewable%20Energy_Updated%2 012.04.23.
11
The Crown Estate. UK offshore wind report 2023[EB/OL]. [2025-01-03]. https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/our-business/marine/offshorewind.
12
杜涛: 2030年实现40GW——英国海上风电发展与投资机遇[EB/OL]. (2021-11-16)[2024-07-10]. https://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20211116/1188265.shtml.
13
Ades F , Senterre C , de Azambuja E , et al. Discrepancies in cancer incidence and mortality and its relationship to health expenditure in the 27 European Union member states[J]. Annals of Oncology, 2013, 24 (11): 2897- 2902.
14
Marshall M , Bindman A B . The role of government in health care reform in the United States and England[J]. JAMA Internal Medicine, 2016, 176 (1): 9.
15
Alola A A , Yalçiner K , Alola U V , et al. The role of renewable energy, immigration and real income in environmental sustainability target. Evidence from Europe largest states[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 674: 307- 315.
16
Emanuel E J , Zhang C , Glickman A , et al. Drug reimbursement regulation in 6 peer countries[J]. JAMA Internal Medicine, 2020, 180 (11): 1510- 1517.
17
Ibrahim M , Vece G , Mehew J , et al. An international comparison of deceased donor kidney utilization: What can the United States and the United Kingdom learn from each other?[J]. American Journal of Transplantation, 2020, 20 (5): 1309- 1322.
18
Lu J T , Wang C Y , Zhang C , et al. Avoided external energy costs due to penetration of renewables: Evidence form Baltic States[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2021, 296: 113247.
19
Padula W V , Sculpher M J . Ideas about resourcing health care in the United States: Can economic evaluation achieve meaningful use?[J]. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2021, 174 (1): 80- 85.
20
Quentin W , Scheller-Kreinsen D , Blümel M , et al. Hospital payment based on diagnosis-related groups differs in Europe and holds lessons for the United States[J]. Health Affairs, 2013, 32 (4): 713- 723.
21
Majeed A , Hansell A , Saxena S , et al. How would a decision to leave the European Union affect medical research and health in the United Kingdom?[J]. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2016, 109 (6): 216- 218.
22
European Commission. REPow-erEU: Joint European action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy[EB/OL]. (2022-03-08)[2023-03-08]. https://cyprus.representation.ec.europa.eu/news/repowereu-joint-european-action-moreaffordable-secure-and-sustainableenergy-2022-03-08_en.
23
Finserås E , Anchustegui I H , Cheynet E , et al. Gone with the wind? Wind farm-induced wakes and regulatory gaps[J]. Marine Policy, 2024, 159: 105897.
24
Mauro M R . The exploitation of offshore transboundary marine resources or those in disputed areas: Joint development agreement[M]. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 2014.
25
Abdelaziz S , Sparrow S N , Hua W Q , et al. Assessing long-term future climate change impacts on extreme low wind events for offshore wind turbines in the UK exclusive economic zone[J]. Applied Energy, 2024, 354: 122218.
26
Putuhena H , White D , Gourvenec S , et al. Finding space for offshore wind to support net zero: A methodology to assess spatial constraints and future scenarios, illustrated by a UK case study[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 182: 113358.
2025年第43卷第14期
PDF下载
1214
638
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00139
  • 接收时间:2025-02-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-02-06
  • 修回日期:2025-04-14
基金
自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室自主设立课题(MESTA−2021−C003)
国家社会科学基金重大项目(22&ZD126)
作者信息
    1. 自然资源部南海发展研究院,广州 510300
    2. 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用 重点实验室,广州 510300
    3. 自然资源部南海局,广州 510300
    4. 自然资源部深圳海洋中心,深圳 518000

通讯作者:

谢素美(通信作者),正高级工程师,研究方向为海洋政策与经济、海洋自然资源综合管理、海洋碳汇、港澳海洋发展等,电子信箱:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00139
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏