Article(id=1207692041425883518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207692033305714759, articleNumber=null, orderNo=15, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00355, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=1, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712592000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-09, revisedDate=1716652800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765865820509, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1752336000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1733932800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-12-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1733932800000, onlineFirstDateStr=2024-12-12, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765865820509, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079278817, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207692033305714759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='108', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752336000000', pubDateStr='2025-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765865818573, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330918339, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197235173900530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207692033305714759, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197235173900531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207692033305714759, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=16, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207692041786593680, articleId=1207692041425883518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Global drought variation and its adaptation, columnId=1207621136045675213, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Science and Technology News Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The impact of global warming and how to deal with it are topics of widespread concern across various sectors of society. This paper focuses on the impacts of global climate change on dryland. Over the past fifty years, the temperature has risen at the rate of 0.32℃ /decade, and climate warming has enhanced the evaporation capacity and consequently expanded the world's arid regions by approximately 2.61×106 km2. The frequency and severity of droughts has also increased, with an average of 251 meteorological droughts occurring in 34 major river basins. The drought heatwave compound events and flash droughts are becoming more common. The duration of heat waves has extended from 8 to 12 days on average. With climate warming, the water availability has decreased with increased water uncertainty. Concurrently, greenhouse gas emissions increased and carbon sequestration reduced. Desertification has aggravated, and poverty?stricken area has expanded. In light of these challenges, it is recommended to vigorously advocate carbon emission reduction strategies to curb the pace of climate warming, strengthen international cooperation, formulate a global action plan to mitigate the continuous expansion of arid areas, build a cooperation mechanism to address climate change in terms of policy, management, education, science and technology, finance and other aspects, and solve the "double dilemma" of desertification and poverty in multiple ways.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yaning CHEN, Zhi LI, Gonghuan FANG, Yupeng LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207692042231189927, articleId=1207692041425883518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=如何应对全球干旱变化, columnId=1150494642043760854, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技评论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

过去的半个多世纪,全球干旱区气温以0.32℃/10 a的速率上升,气候变暖加大了蒸发能力,导致全球干旱区范围扩大,面积增加了约2.61×106 km2;干旱事件增加,强度增大,全球34个大河流域发生气象干旱事件平均达251次;热浪、干热风等复合干旱事件增多,骤旱事件呈显著上升趋势,热浪平均持续时间由8 d增加到12 d。伴随气候变暖,水资源可供给量降低,水资源不确定性和干旱风险增加,温室气体排放加大,碳排放增大,荒漠化加剧,贫困化地区增多。建议大力倡导低碳减排,抑制气候变暖速率,加强国际合作,制定缓解干旱区持续扩张的全球行动计划,从政策、管理、教育、科技、金融等多个方面构建应对气候变化的合作机制,多维破解荒漠化与贫困“双重困境”。

, authors=

陈亚宁,研究员,研究方向为干旱区水资源与生态保护,电子信箱:

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陈亚宁 , 李稚 , 方功焕 , 李玉朋
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陈亚宁 , 李稚, 方功焕, 李玉朋
作者信息
  • 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830011
Global drought variation and its adaptation
Yaning CHEN , Zhi LI, Gonghuan FANG, Yupeng LI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
出版时间: 2025-07-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00355
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过去的半个多世纪,全球干旱区气温以0.32℃/10 a的速率上升,气候变暖加大了蒸发能力,导致全球干旱区范围扩大,面积增加了约2.61×106 km2;干旱事件增加,强度增大,全球34个大河流域发生气象干旱事件平均达251次;热浪、干热风等复合干旱事件增多,骤旱事件呈显著上升趋势,热浪平均持续时间由8 d增加到12 d。伴随气候变暖,水资源可供给量降低,水资源不确定性和干旱风险增加,温室气体排放加大,碳排放增大,荒漠化加剧,贫困化地区增多。建议大力倡导低碳减排,抑制气候变暖速率,加强国际合作,制定缓解干旱区持续扩张的全球行动计划,从政策、管理、教育、科技、金融等多个方面构建应对气候变化的合作机制,多维破解荒漠化与贫困“双重困境”。

干旱变化  /  干旱区面积扩大  /  干旱事件加剧  /  低碳减排  /  国际合作

The impact of global warming and how to deal with it are topics of widespread concern across various sectors of society. This paper focuses on the impacts of global climate change on dryland. Over the past fifty years, the temperature has risen at the rate of 0.32℃ /decade, and climate warming has enhanced the evaporation capacity and consequently expanded the world's arid regions by approximately 2.61×106 km2. The frequency and severity of droughts has also increased, with an average of 251 meteorological droughts occurring in 34 major river basins. The drought heatwave compound events and flash droughts are becoming more common. The duration of heat waves has extended from 8 to 12 days on average. With climate warming, the water availability has decreased with increased water uncertainty. Concurrently, greenhouse gas emissions increased and carbon sequestration reduced. Desertification has aggravated, and poverty?stricken area has expanded. In light of these challenges, it is recommended to vigorously advocate carbon emission reduction strategies to curb the pace of climate warming, strengthen international cooperation, formulate a global action plan to mitigate the continuous expansion of arid areas, build a cooperation mechanism to address climate change in terms of policy, management, education, science and technology, finance and other aspects, and solve the "double dilemma" of desertification and poverty in multiple ways.

drought variation  /  expansion of arid area  /  increased drought events  /  low carbon emission reduction  /  international cooperation
陈亚宁, 李稚, 方功焕, 李玉朋. 如何应对全球干旱变化. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (13) : 16 -21 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00355
Yaning CHEN, Zhi LI, Gonghuan FANG, Yupeng LI. Global drought variation and its adaptation[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (13) : 16 -21 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00355
干旱区占世界陆地面积的40%,承载了世界38% 的人口(约20亿人)。尽管干旱区资源禀赋相对较差,但其为人类社会赋予惠益的功能不可忽视,如供给服务、调节服务、社会文化服务和特殊生境服务等。全球变化对干旱区带来很多影响,如水资源短缺、自然灾害频发、荒漠化加剧、生物多样性丧失、基础设施受损等,严重挑战了干旱区的生产力,需要未雨绸缪,超前部署,开展研究,拿出相应对策。
水是维系干旱区经济社会可持续发展和生态系统动态稳定的关键要素,目前气候变暖已影响到干旱区水资源供给、生物多样性保护、环境保育、人居环境等。随着以增温为主要特征的气候变化影响的深入,未来全球大部分地区因蒸发量增加和土壤水减少,干旱风险将显著增加,会对亚洲、非洲、澳大利亚、美国等干旱区经济社会发展造成严重影响。在干旱少雨的中亚干旱区内陆河流域,河川径流对冰川的依赖性强,由于气候变暖,冰川快速消融,影响了水资源量及年内分配,且部分河流已经出现冰川消融拐点,对下游流域的城市居民生活、生态和工农业用水影响巨大,水资源作为人类生存和发展的基础,已成为干旱区经济社会可持续发展的“瓶颈”[1]
国内外研究对干旱区的定义莫衷一是,但普遍认可水分是限制干旱区发展的主要制约因素,其中,最为广泛的两个定义来自《联合国防治荒漠化公约》。该公约采用干旱指数(aridity index,AI)对干旱区进行划分,当AI小于0.65时定义为干旱区,该定义被广泛应用于国内外干旱区的研究。
按照该定义,干旱区在全球各大洲均有分布。其中,北半球干旱区集中分布在北纬0~45°的陆地范围内,南半球的干旱区则主要位于南纬10°~43°的陆地范围内。在空间分布上,主要有北美、南美、北非、南非、西南亚、中亚、中蒙和澳大利亚8大干旱区,其中,70% 集中在亚非地区。干旱区通常包括极端干旱区、干旱区、半干旱区和半湿润区。其中,极端干旱区约占整个干旱区总面积的16%,集中在撒哈拉沙漠(Sahara desert)的中部和北部、阿拉伯半岛东部的鲁卜哈利沙漠(Rubal−Khali desert)、中国西北部的塔克拉玛干沙漠及南美洲西海岸的阿塔卡马沙漠(Atacama desert);干旱区占比约为26%,主要分布在撒哈拉沙漠南部、非洲南部、阿拉伯半岛西部、中亚、蒙古国和中国北部以及澳大利亚的大部分地区;半干旱区和半湿润区分别约占比37% 和21%,它们主要位于美国西部、南美西海岸、中亚、东亚以及澳大利亚中部除沙漠外的大部分地区;湿润区为干旱指数≥ 0.65的地区,广泛存在于全球除上述地区外的陆地地区。从纬度带上看,可进一步划分为热带干旱区和非热带干旱区,分别占总面积的23.5% 和76.5%[1]
在过去的半个多世纪,全球干旱区气温以0.32℃/10 a的速率上升,温度升高加大蒸发能力,可能导致全球干旱区范围扩大、干旱事件增加、强度增大,热浪、干热风等复合干旱事件增多,加剧干旱趋势。
全球变暖加速了水循环,尽管降水增加幅度超过潜在蒸散范围的3倍,但在全球仍有47%(16/34)的流域有超过1/2的面积呈现变干趋势。干旱事件的频率普遍超过百次,其中1/2以上为短期干旱(持续时间≤ 3个月)。对全球34个大河流域的气象干旱事件研究结果显示,气候变暖显著增加了干旱事件,全球34个大河流域发生气象干旱事件平均达251次。尤其在干旱/半干旱区,干旱事件频发和增多趋势显著。20世纪全球发生的重大干旱事件(降水的突然减少并持续若干年),绝大多数发生在干旱/半干旱地区。进一步分析还发现,热带流域中有71.4% 干旱趋势加重;寒带流域中有45.5%在变湿,干旱情况趋于缓和[2]
热浪、干热风等复合干旱事件增多。对全球发生的所有热浪事件分析发现,在过去的40年,热浪发生时间由8 d增加到现在平均持续12 d。随着地球持续升温,热浪将持续更长时间,到2060年左右,它可能达到16 d[3]。热浪不仅持续时间越来越长,而且越来越频繁。由于热浪持续时间更长,传播距离也更远,会有更大的区域受到影响。随着地球变暖,干热风也变得更频繁和持久。干热风可直接加剧植物的蒸散作用,扰乱植物体内水分平衡。同时,干热风的发生频率增加使未来冬小麦等作物的单位面积产量降低,同时也可能导致这些作物的播种时间推迟和生长期缩短。
气候变暖加大了干旱频次,加剧了干旱强度,并且,使得干旱暴发特征发生变化。骤旱作为一类快速暴发的干旱,近些年在全球不同区域频繁发生[45]。骤旱不仅能迅速降低陆地生态系统的碳汇功能,而且还严重影响全球水资源安全。研究发现,在近20年,全球尺度快速暴发的骤旱比例呈显著上升趋势。在区域尺度,人为气候变化使得非洲南部骤旱风险增加了3倍[6],中国骤旱频率的上升趋势有77% 归因于人类温室气体排放引起的气候变化[5],人为气候变化使得干旱暴发阶段的蒸散发正异常和降水短缺异常显著加剧,从而加剧全球次季节干旱的暴发速度和干旱强度,并促使传统缓旱逐步向骤旱转变。基于耦合模式的未来预估结果进一步表明,全球温度的持续升高将促使缓旱向骤旱的转变扩展至全球绝大多数陆地区域,且温室气体排放越多转变越显著。综上,气候变化背景下,全球将经历更频繁、强度更大且风险更高的骤旱,快速暴发的骤旱或将成为全球增暖背景下的干旱新常态。
根据观测数据,历史时期世界干旱区面积约为61亿hm2,占世界陆地总面积的41%。在过去60年,全球干旱区增温显著,干旱地区面积不断扩大,增加了约2.61×106 km2,主要分布于非洲、南欧、澳大利亚东部和东亚,其中,东亚地区新增的半干旱区面积占全球新增半干旱区面积的50%[1, 7]。研究结果表明,在各不同类型干旱区面积变化过程中,极端干旱区的面积扩大了约1倍(约0.6万km2),半干旱区增加了1.6×106 km2(从13.11% 增加到13.56%),干旱区、半湿润区面积分别增加了0.1×106 km2和0.5×106 km2[8]。并且,伴随温度升高、蒸发加大,干旱区面积在21世纪将继续保持扩大趋势,尤其在中纬度干旱/半干旱区,干旱程度也将进一步加剧。根据RCP8.5(representative concentration pathways)的预估情景,到21世纪末,干旱区的面积将增加5.8×106 km2,其面积将达陆地面积的53.8%。根据RCP8.5和RCP4.5模式数据,到21世纪末,半湿润区、半干旱区、干旱区和极端干旱区将分别占全球陆地面积的8.3%、20.3%、14.9%、12.6% 和8.9%、19.0%、14.4%、8.4%[9]。总的来说,干旱区的萎缩面积比干旱区的扩张面积小得多,世界干旱区面积以扩大为主流趋势。
气候变暖导致全球缺水程度加大,水风险加剧[10],尤其在非洲等干旱地区。在当前气候条件下,非干旱区的城市有55% 处于高用水胁迫状态,而干旱区的城市有74% 处于高用水胁迫状态[11]。基于RCP4.5和RCP8.5模式的分析结果表明,在全球范围内,未来城市的用水胁迫程度将进一步增大;全球用水胁迫压力较大的大城市数量将增加24%(从463个增加到572个),预计到2040年将有29% 的特大城市面临缺水问题。农村的缺水问题将会更加突出,极端气候水文事件进一步加剧水风险,水资源匮乏和生态系统的脆弱性给干旱区经济社会发展和生态安全将带来更加严峻的挑战。
在过去的1个世纪,人类活动对冰川消融的贡献率从1851—2010年的25%±35% 增加到1991—2010年的69%±24%[12];温度升高导致冰川、积雪及冻土的萎缩,山区水源面积整体减小,冰冻圈水源涵养能力降低,使得其对径流的调节功能下降,河川径流或因降水等极端事件的影响而变率增大,河流水文过程将会变得更加复杂,从而加剧水文波动,加大水资源不确定性。同时,山区冰川湖数量增多,冰川湖突发洪水的频率加大。伴随冰川积雪萎缩和山区水源面积的减小,还可能导致更多温室气体释放,加剧全球变暖。再则,在全球变暖背景下,山区出现降雪率降低、雪水当量减少的变化趋势。降水形式由降雪向降雨转变,降雪率降低直接影响干旱区的山区产汇流过程,加剧旱季的水资源短缺和风险。
干旱区地表水体变化清晰地记录着气候与环境变化的信息。全球气候变化在加剧干旱区水文波动和地表水资源不确定性的同时,还使得永久性地表水体面积萎缩。最新研究结果显示,全球干旱区永久性地表水体面积总体表现为减少趋势,这一变化对区域生态稳定提出了严峻的挑战。1984—2016年,美国西南和西北部干旱地区的永久性地表水体面积萎缩速率最高可达117 km2/a[13];中亚干旱区的永久性地表水体面积呈大幅减少趋势[14],在1990—2019年间,中亚永久性地表水体面积缩减了约28 980 km2,其中,乌兹别克斯坦的缩减速率最大,约为412km2/a。气候变化改变了区域地表水面积,极大地降低了水文生态系统的稳定性,加剧了干旱区水资源危机。值得指出的是,新疆是中国西北干旱区内唯一一个永久性地表水体面积呈增加趋势的省区,这主要得益于山区降水增多和温度升高导致的冰川融水径流增加以及人工生态输水。
1)碳排放增加。
干旱区温度对温室气体排放有更高的敏感度,变暖速率远大于湿润区,是对全球气候变化响应最敏感的地区之一。研究结果显示,湿润区CO2排放量约是干旱区的3.5倍,但升温幅度仅为干旱区的60%~80%[15];在RCP8.5和RCP4.5排放情景下,到21世纪末干旱区升温可达6.5℃和3.5℃[15];干旱区的碳储存量(743 Gt)约占全球储存量的1/3以上[16]。全球变暖加速干旱区扩张,导致土壤中有机碳的储存减少,并将CO2排放到大气中。土壤退化和土壤水分减少严重制约了初级生产总量,影响能够吸收CO2和储存碳的植物光合作用率。全球变暖导致干旱区土壤储存的碳更少,向大气排放的CO2更多,加之干旱区扩张将释放更多的土壤碳,加速全球变暖,这些过程形成了一个正反馈循环。
2)冻土活动层厚度增大,碳排放增加。
全球变暖导致冻土面积减少,冻土活动层厚度增大,导致冻土层水量释放,近期径流会出现增加态势,但会影响远期径流过程,甚至出现径流减少态势。值得指出的是,冻土面积缩小、活动层厚度增加的同时,冻土中更多碳释放,从而加剧全球变暖。
1)荒漠化加剧。
在过去半个多世纪,荒漠化的范围和强度均有所增加。联合国资料显示,全世界约有相当于地球陆地面积1/3以上的土地和1/5的人口受到荒漠化威胁[10]。全球变暖引发的地表温度、蒸散量、降水等要素变化加剧了干旱区荒漠化,而人类过度开采地下水、不可持续的土地利用、耕地的扩张、贫困等加剧了荒漠化过程[17]。在过去半个多世纪,荒漠化范围不断扩大,以6万km2/a的速度在增加,尤以干旱区表现严重[17]。全球荒漠化影响较大的区域主要集中在南亚、东亚、北非、中东及中亚。荒漠化通过改变植被覆盖、沙尘气溶胶和温室气体通量等要素对气候变化产生反馈。同时,荒漠化还将导致反照率增加、地表能量和温度降低,从而对气候变化产生负面反馈。荒漠化引起的大量植被死亡、地表干涸,可能加剧干旱区热浪事件和沙尘暴等生态灾难的频度和强度。尽管全球干旱区受荒漠化影响的面积不足10%,但该区域却容纳了干旱区人口的20%[18]
2)贫困化人口增多。
全球90% 的发展中国家位于干旱区,贫困人口主要聚集在干旱区发展中国家。这些国家面临人口增长、经济发展、城市化的迫切形势。全球变暖对居住在干旱区的贫困人口产生的影响更大,在不断加剧干旱区水资源短缺、生态系统退化、土壤流失和沙漠化程度的同时,导致贫困地区增加、贫困人口增多。在过去半个多世纪,极端干旱区、干旱区、半干旱区、半湿润区的人口增长率分别为65%、73%、38% 和38%,而湿润区仅为35%。干旱区人口的社会经济地位显著低于其他地区,世界上大多数贫困人口聚集于干旱区。到2025年,干旱区将养活2000—2025年全球新增人口的51%,其中,98% 的新增人口在干旱区的发展中国家[14]
干旱区面积的扩大和干旱化过程的加剧,可能导致全球贫困化地区和人口的增加。荒漠化与贫困相伴相生,荒漠区既是生态脆弱区,又是深度贫困集中分布区。荒漠化贫困以资源性缺水、土地贫瘠、生态环境脆弱为特点,是导致干旱区贫困的重要自然因素。
全球气候变暖对人类的生存与发展都产生了重大影响,全球变暖引发的环境变化催生低碳技术、低碳经济的发展。低碳经济是一种低能耗、低污染、低排放的新经济模式,已经被全球认可。国际上,欧盟最先发展低碳经济,此后,美国、日本等国家大力发展低碳技术。中国经济体量位居世界第2,但同时也是一个发展中国家,发展低碳经济对降低全球气候变暖的速率具有重要的意义。同时,中国还是一个水资源相对贫乏的国家,约1/4国土的陆地面积位于西北干旱区,积极推广低碳经济发展理念,构建低碳经济发展模式,促进低碳产业发展,符合我国建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会和可持续发展的要求。
研究结果显示,全球在未来升温1.5℃、2℃和4℃情景下,将有4.30%、5.45% 和11.20% 的陆地面积向更加干旱的类型过渡,主要表现为北美干旱区东扩,西欧和中亚干旱区北扩。面积变化最大的是湿润区向半干旱区转化,在所有变暖水平中,这一类型的转化占到整个更加干旱区域的40% 以上。如果升温控制在1.5℃而不是4℃,全球多达19亿人可以避免生活在干旱区[19]
干旱区的发展中国家对气候环境变化以及人为干扰的响应更为敏感。研究结果显示,21世纪末全球新增干旱区面积的78% 将位于发展中国家,并占据这些国家国土总面积的61%[16],这一比例远大于干旱区的发达国家。干旱区的变暖趋势是湿润区的近2倍,同样的气温上升可能会对居住在干旱区的贫困人口产生更大的影响,进一步加剧干旱区贫困、生态系统退化、土壤流失等。由于气候干旱循环的正反馈作用,会使生存环境变得更加脆弱。土地退化和荒漠化将成为全球生态系统和人类生存的挑战,迫切需要严格管理和合理利用水资源、恢复土壤和植被,提升生态系统可持续性,加强国际合作,加快制定缓解干旱区持续扩张问题的全球行动计划。
全球干旱变化对人类生存环境的影响在日益加剧。气候变暖加大了水风险,加剧了干旱强度和荒漠化威胁。世界上大部分贫困地区和贫困人口都分布在水资源匮乏的干旱区,这些区域经济发展处于较低水平,生产力相对滞后。因而,面对持续扩大的干旱区范围、不断增强的干旱强度和日益增多的干旱事件,需从政策、管理、教育、科技、金融等多方面构建应对气候变化的合作机制,创新管理模式,多维破解荒漠化与贫困“双重困境”,大力发展和推广干旱区水资源高效利用、土地改良、生态修复和绿色产业发展等先进科学技术,降低生态系统的脆弱性,大力提升生态功能和土地生产力水平。
先进技术是保障绿洲经济永续发展的动力之源。坚持绿色、低成本、先进性与适用性相结合的基本原则,以节水技术为根基,以生物技术为重点,兼顾节劳技术和节地技术相结合、高新技术与传统技术相结合、机械技术与信息技术相结合的技术创新方向,加大土壤培肥养地绿色技术推广,建立起绿色高效农业技术支撑体系。节水技术的应用,一方面可以减少亩均耗水量,有效提高灌溉水利用系数,增加肥料利用率,也可以节省人工投入,提高农业综合生产能力。目前农田综合节水技术和措施仍有提升空间,节水技术的推广普及率还有待进一步提高。一些高效的工程节水技术已得到有效发展,但在耕作技术、田间节水栽培技术、抗旱高产作物品质的研发和应用、高效精准灌溉技术,以及农田水分信息化管理等多学科多维度的综合节水技术研究等方面还有待提高。
  • 中国科学院B类先导课题(XDB0720402)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00355
  • 接收时间:2024-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-09
  • 修回日期:2024-05-26
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    中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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