Article(id=1207692037357412524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207692033305714759, articleNumber=null, orderNo=25, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.09.01323, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726588800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-18, revisedDate=1737475200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765865819539, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1752336000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1754064000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-08-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765865819539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079798995, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207692033305714759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='108', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752336000000', pubDateStr='2025-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765865818573, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330918339, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197235173900530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207692033305714759, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197235173900531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207692033305714759, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=105, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207692037718122693, articleId=1207692037357412524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Alkali refining and soul casting: Hou Debang's scientific practice and spiritual monument, columnId=1150494646058185020, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Science and Humanity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hou Debang dedicated his entire life to the field of chemical engineering, becoming a pioneer and the founder of China's chemical industry. He made outstanding contributions to the development of the chemical industry both in China and worldwide, particularly in the soda industry. This paper, focusing on Hou Debang as the subject of study, outlines his work in revealing the "Solvay Ammonia Soda Process Method, " his leadership in building Asia's first soda ash plant and China's first integrated plant producing ammonia, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and ammonium sulfate, as well as his development of the "Combined Alkali Process" method and the new "Carbonate Synthesis Ammonia Process for Ammonium Bicarbonate Fertilizer." The historical process is analyzed, highlighting the unique spirit and temperament embodied by the Chinese scientific community through Hou Debang.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yifan ZHANG, Lang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207692038477291756, articleId=1207692037357412524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=炼碱铸魂:侯德榜的科学实践与精神丰碑, columnId=1150494646196597053, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技人文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

侯德榜一生深耕化工领域,是中国化学工业的开拓者和奠基人,为中国乃至世界化学工业特别是制碱工业的发展作出了杰出贡献。以侯德榜为研究对象,概述了他揭秘“索尔维法”,领导建成亚洲第一座纯碱厂和中国第一座兼产合成氨、硝酸、硫酸和硫酸铵联合企业,研发“联合制碱法”以及“碳化法合成氨流程制碳酸氢铵化肥”新工艺的历史过程,分析了侯德榜身上彰显的中国科学家群体独特的精神气质。

, authors=

张艺凡,博士研究生,研究方向为中国共产党人精神谱系,电子信箱:

, authorsList=张艺凡, 王浪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王浪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王浪(通信作者),博士研究生,研究方向为新中国铁路史,电子信箱:
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张艺凡,博士研究生,研究方向为中国共产党人精神谱系,电子信箱:

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张艺凡,博士研究生,研究方向为中国共产党人精神谱系,电子信箱:

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炼碱铸魂:侯德榜的科学实践与精神丰碑
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张艺凡 , 王浪 *
科技导报 | 科技人文 2025,43(13): 105-108
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科技导报 |科技人文 2025 , 43 (13) : 105 -108
炼碱铸魂:侯德榜的科学实践与精神丰碑
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张艺凡,博士研究生,研究方向为中国共产党人精神谱系,电子信箱:

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张艺凡 , 王浪*
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学马克思主义学院, 成都 611756
通讯作者:
王浪(通信作者),博士研究生,研究方向为新中国铁路史,电子信箱:
Alkali refining and soul casting: Hou Debang's scientific practice and spiritual monument
Yifan ZHANG , Lang WANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Marxism, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
出版时间: 2025-07-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.09.01323
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侯德榜一生深耕化工领域,是中国化学工业的开拓者和奠基人,为中国乃至世界化学工业特别是制碱工业的发展作出了杰出贡献。以侯德榜为研究对象,概述了他揭秘“索尔维法”,领导建成亚洲第一座纯碱厂和中国第一座兼产合成氨、硝酸、硫酸和硫酸铵联合企业,研发“联合制碱法”以及“碳化法合成氨流程制碳酸氢铵化肥”新工艺的历史过程,分析了侯德榜身上彰显的中国科学家群体独特的精神气质。

侯德榜  /  化学工业  /  侯氏制碱法  /  科学家精神

Hou Debang dedicated his entire life to the field of chemical engineering, becoming a pioneer and the founder of China's chemical industry. He made outstanding contributions to the development of the chemical industry both in China and worldwide, particularly in the soda industry. This paper, focusing on Hou Debang as the subject of study, outlines his work in revealing the "Solvay Ammonia Soda Process Method, " his leadership in building Asia's first soda ash plant and China's first integrated plant producing ammonia, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and ammonium sulfate, as well as his development of the "Combined Alkali Process" method and the new "Carbonate Synthesis Ammonia Process for Ammonium Bicarbonate Fertilizer." The historical process is analyzed, highlighting the unique spirit and temperament embodied by the Chinese scientific community through Hou Debang.

Hou Debang  /  chemical industry  /  Combined Alkali Process  /  scientist spirit
张艺凡, 王浪. 炼碱铸魂:侯德榜的科学实践与精神丰碑. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (13) : 105 -108 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.09.01323
Yifan ZHANG, Lang WANG. Alkali refining and soul casting: Hou Debang's scientific practice and spiritual monument[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (13) : 105 -108 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.09.01323
“吃不起馒头,用不起玻璃”是20世纪初我国民间流传的一句话,因为制作馒头和玻璃所需的纯碱彼时被英国卜内门公司垄断。不过,侯德榜的出现打破了这样的局面。他提出:“无科学不能振兴工业,无工业无以促进科学”[1]的“科学、工业辅车相依论”,并为之奋斗终身。
1921年以前,侯德榜从事制革研究,其博士论文《铁盐鞣革》深入分析了铁盐鞣制品易出现的各类缺陷及对策,创见甚多,并被《美国制革化学师协会会刊》全文连载,至今仍被广泛引用。此后他便全身心转向了制碱领域。
制革大师缘何转向制碱?20世纪初,作为国民生活必需品和民族工业重要原料的纯碱生产技术被严密封锁,国内市场长期被外企垄断,以致价格居高不下,严重制约着国计民生。1917年,爱国实业家范旭东在天津塘沽筹建永利碱厂,立志实现制碱自主,但苦于技术工作无人主持,诚邀侯德榜担任技师长(总工程师)。1921年10月,早对外企技术垄断深感愤慨、心系国家工业发展的侯德榜毅然回国,弃革投碱。归国后,他废寝忘食,带领团队攻坚克难,成功破解“索尔维法”的工艺流程。1926年,中国自主生产的“红三角”牌优质纯碱问世,民族制碱工业由此迈出关键一步。
抗战爆发后,永利碱厂西迁,1938年在四川五通桥筹建永利川西化工厂。因气候原因,已经掌握的制碱法难以在川奏效,侯德榜便开始探索新的制碱技术。经过数载苦研,成功将氨碱法与合成氨法融合,实现纯碱与氯化铵联产,创立了“侯氏制碱法”。这一工艺鼎革开辟了世界制碱技术新纪元,打破了西方对华技术的垄断。
新中国成立后,侯德榜先后担任化工部副部长等要职。1955年当选中国科学院院士。1958年,他抱病完成宏篇巨制《制碱工学》,使“侯氏制碱法”以系统理论形式走向国际。此后,他立足国家农业现代化发展实际,发明了“碳化法合成氨流程制碳酸氢铵化肥”新工艺,并在20世纪60年代实现工业化生产,推动了新中国小化肥工业的发展。
“索尔维法”是比利时化工专家索尔维于19世纪中期研制的一种相对成熟的氨碱法制碱工艺。该法在1863年实现工业生产后,备受西方碱业青睐。到20世纪70年代,该工艺仍被广泛采用。其核心分为3步:一是制饱和盐水;二是饱和盐水的氨化;三是过滤并煅烧粗碳酸氢钠,分解为高纯度的碳酸钠[2]。主要反应是将氨气、二氧化碳以及氯化钠转变成碱,即
$\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{CO}_2+\mathrm{NH}_3 \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{NH}_4 \mathrm{HCO}_3$
$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{NH}_4 \mathrm{HCO}_3+\mathrm{NaCl} \rightleftharpoons \\& \mathrm{NaHCO}_3+\mathrm{NH}_4 \mathrm{Cl}\end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned}& 2 \mathrm{NaHCO}_3 \stackrel{\text { 煅烧 }}{=} \mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{CO}_3 \\& +\mathrm{CO}_2 \uparrow+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\end{aligned}$
此外,反应(2)产生的NH4Cl与石灰石煅烧后制备的石灰乳加热(反应(4)),重新生成NH3,与反应(3)以及制备石灰乳产生的CO2可回收用于反应(1)。
$\begin{aligned}& 2 \mathrm{NH}_4 \mathrm{Cl}+\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_2\stackrel {\text { 加滕 }}{=} \\& \mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{Cl})_2+2 \mathrm{NH}_3 \uparrow+2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\end{aligned}$
那么,上述反应的主要反应式为
$\begin{aligned}& 2 \mathrm{NaCl}+\mathrm{CaCO}_3= \\& \mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{CO}_3+\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{Cl})_2\end{aligned}$
从化学方程式看,“索尔维法”实现了氨气的完全循环利用,CO2可就地制备用于碳酸化反应具有可持续性强、产能大和质量高等优势。该法诞生的10年内使得纯碱价格从13英镑/t降至4~ 5英镑/t[3]。在外企封锁下,工艺破解难度极大。但在侯德榜带领下,技术团队经过1000多个日夜的摸索,逐一攻克技术难题,成功产出亚洲首批优质碱[4]
20世纪30年代初,随着新型催化剂问世,西方合成氨工业迅速发展,硫酸铵成为主要氮肥并大量倾销中国。侯德榜认为:“只要我们努力从事,兴办氨、酸工业,在技术上,我感到问题不算太大”[5]。在他的主持下,1934年,中国第一座合成氨联合化工企业——南京永利宁厂建成,并于2年后实现硫酸铵、硝酸、硫酸以及硝铵等产品自主生产。此举意义重大:一是打破化肥国际垄断。1937年,该厂年产硫酸铵1.87万t,其肥效可媲美英国卜内门“狮马牌”肥田粉,强力回击了英国、德国对中国化肥市场的侵蚀[6]。二是推动硝酸、硫酸等强酸的工业化生产,完善中国化学工业体系。三是使合成氨法在中国由理论变为现实,为“侯氏制碱法”问世奠定工艺基础。
永利迁川后,试以川地盛产但成本较高的井盐代替原用海盐。然而,“索尔维法”中氨盐水中的食盐转化为碳酸氢钠的仅有73%~ 75%,食盐的利用率最高也仅有75%,加上生产过程性损耗,食盐总利用率只有原盐的约70%[2]。为提高盐利用率,侯德榜将目光转向技术革新。他将氨碱法与合成氨法结合,利用废液中的氯制造氯化铵肥料,同时循环利用剩余的钠(图 1[2]。后经上海、美国、四川三地实验组协同攻关,1941年得出准确结论,“侯氏制碱法”试验成功。
氨碱法的化学方程式(1)(2)反应合并,即碳酸化后为
$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{CO}_2+\mathrm{NH}_3+\mathrm{NaCl} \rightleftharpoons \\& \mathrm{NaHCO}_3+\mathrm{NH}_4 \mathrm{Cl}\end{aligned}$
氨碱法通过分离碳酸氢钠并煅烧得到纯碱,剩余母液为氯化钠和氯化铵的混合溶液,需加入石灰乳回收氨气。“侯氏制碱法”正是在此处作了精进。借助合成氨法副产的氨气和二氧化碳,将氯化钠和氯化铵的混合溶液作为母液,在其中加入固体食盐并通入氨气和二氧化碳至饱和。冷冻后,由于氯化铵溶解度降低,可析出氯化铵晶体。此时废液成分主要为氯化钠,再次通入氨气和二氧化碳就能循环往复,便可省去石灰乳回收步骤。因此,“侯氏制碱法”的总反应方程式为
$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{NaCl}+\mathrm{NH}_3+\mathrm{CO}_2+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}= \\& \mathrm{NaHCO}_3 \downarrow+\mathrm{NH}_4 \mathrm{Cl} \downarrow\end{aligned}$
相较于氨碱法,“侯氏制碱法”的优势主要有2点。一是通过食盐的循环使用,显著提高了钠元素向纯碱的转化率,使氯元素不再以氯化钙的形式浪费于回收氨气过程中,而是生成可用作化肥的氯化铵,食盐的实际利用率可达95%以上[2]。二是制碱与制氮肥实现工艺联动。制碱厂成为氮肥加工厂,合氨厂则为制碱提供原料。加之无需使用石灰石,矿山开采以及相关设备皆可省去,成本遂低。
20世纪50年代中期,西方对华全面封锁化肥技术,化肥工业自主化迫在眉睫。彼时,国际主流工艺依赖铅、不锈钢等中国短缺资源,难以套用。于是,侯德榜将碳酸氢铵与合成氨联合生产,创立了“碳化法合成氨流程制碳酸氢铵化肥”新工艺:以氨水代替水洗脱碳,用自产氨制成氨水吸收变换气中多余的二氧化碳,实现脱碳与氨加工一体化(化学式(8))。如此,合成氨厂的副产物二氧化碳就从纯碱中转化到碳酸氢氨中。该工艺投资少、见效快、易于推广,产品可就近使用,降低了分解损失与运输成本。1958年后,中国小型合成氨厂发展迅速,其化肥产量占中国化肥总产量的50% 以上[7]
$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{NH}_3 \cdot \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{CO}_2(\text { 过量 })= \\& \mathrm{NH}_4 \mathrm{HCO}_3\end{aligned}$
侯德榜躬耕化工事业的人生历程彰显出中国科学家独特的精神气质。正如宋健在侯德榜百年诞辰纪念会上指出,侯德榜等老一辈科学家为祖国强盛和社会主义事业无私献身的崇高精神和光辉品德,永远是广大科技工作者的旗帜和楷模[8]
1)胸怀祖国、服务人民的爱国精神。对国家和人民的无限热爱是中国科学家勇闯科技高峰最强大的精神动力。赴美留学期间,尽管身陷丧母与病痛之苦,侯德榜仍心系国家兴衰,“只知责任所在,拼命为之而已”[6]。在美事毕,他即刻归国就任永利碱厂技师长,主持本土制碱技术研发。1947年,面对印度塔塔公司10万美金的高薪邀约,他说:“我决不能离开自己的祖国和20多年来苦乐与共的事业而留在印度”[5]。1949年,他冲破国民党的层层阻挠从印度归国,继续匍匐于国家化工事业一线。
2)勇攀高峰、敢为人先的创新精神。从破解“索尔维法”到开创“碳化法合成氨工艺”,彰显的是中国科学家敢为天下先的创新精神。侯德榜主持永利碱厂技术研发工作期间,面临索尔维集团的技术封锁,连工业基础雄厚的日本亦尝试失败,他却勇闯难关,苦战8年,揭开了“索尔维法”的工艺之谜。1931年,德国“察安法”问世,意味着世界制碱技术的新飞跃,他遂赴欧考察,洽购专利。然而,德方提出辱国条款,他怒斥:“难道黄头发、绿眼珠的人能搞出来,我们黑头发、黑眼珠的人就办不到吗?” [9]经此,他苦心孤诣,于1941年创立“联合制碱法”,技术水准远超国际。这种锐意创新的气魄也为日后研发“碳化法合成氨流程制碳酸氢铵工艺”奠定了精神基石。
3)追求真理、严谨治学的求实精神。侯德榜常言“追到底”。其深刻意涵生动体现于他实事求是、一丝不苟的科研作风中。“联合制碱法”创作过程中,为确保试验准确性,他设置了10多个试验条件,1年内进行了500多次反复循环,样品分析超2000个,单项试验重复达30次,直至数据稳定为止。试验期间,工作人员每天工作超过12 h,并须每周汇报进展。对每项试验数据,他不辞辛劳地反复分析,认真总结和研究各种工艺条件。历时3年多,终于在掌握“察安法”工艺流程基础上完成了“联合制碱法”的创新突破。
4)淡泊名利、潜心研究的奉献精神。“干惊天动地事,做隐姓埋名人”的气概是中国科学家的光荣传统。侯德榜一生不计个人得失,心系国家科技现代化。1953年,“侯氏制碱法”获新中国第一号专利证书,他却提议更名为“联合制碱法”。并表示:“我的一切发明都属于祖国”。工作中,他常以身作则,不惧艰险。为排查大连碱厂干燥锅故障,年逾花甲的他亲自钻进60~70℃干燥锅内察情。病重期间仍坚持审阅书稿、接访技术人员,时刻挂念“小联碱”研发。弥留之际,那本未审改完的书稿还置于病榻旁。临终前,他致信周恩来总理,将家中珍藏书籍献与国家。诠释了中国科学家“鞠躬尽瘁、死而后已”的奉献精神。
5)集智攻关、团结协作的协同精神。“群英荟萃共研思,协同探微启新知”的团队精神是中国科学家攻克重大科研难题的卓越品质。侯德榜的科研生涯展现出强烈的团队意识和卓越的协同艺术。永利碱厂初创时期,他与美籍专家G T Lee合作攻关“索尔维法”,一长于分析,一善于创新,配合默契,取长补短。“联合制碱法”研发过程中,他统筹全局,组织香港小组研究“察安法”工艺条件,他前往哥伦比亚大学实验室对“察安法”进行深入探索,后又调李祉川等赴美国加强试验和永利川厂设计工作。在美国期间,他通过通信持续指导香港团队试验。在这种高效协同的团队配合下,“联合制碱法”成功问世。
(6)甘为人梯、奖掖后学的育人精神。“我劝天公重抖擞,不拘一格降人才”的博大胸怀是中国科学家科教报国的崇高风范。据中国物理化学家卢嘉锡回忆:抗战胜利前夕,他致信素未谋面的侯德榜求教,不仅很快获邀会面,更得侯老热情鼓励和悉心指导[10]。在永利碱厂,他广育英才,组织青年出国留学、参与研发、开展技术服务等育人工作。据统计,1938— 1948年,派出留学或进修者就达20余人。“侯氏碱法”专题更培养出20多名专家[7]。为中国化工战线输送了大批后继英才。
  • 国家社会科学基金思政专项重点项目(23VSZ015)
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2025年第43卷第13期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.09.01323
  • 接收时间:2024-09-18
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-18
  • 修回日期:2025-01-22
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国家社会科学基金思政专项重点项目(23VSZ015)
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    西南交通大学马克思主义学院, 成都 611756

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王浪(通信作者),博士研究生,研究方向为新中国铁路史,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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