Article(id=1207692033997774919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207692033305714759, articleNumber=null, orderNo=22, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=1750003200000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765865818738, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1752336000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1754064000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-08-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765865818738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079787964, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207692033305714759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='108', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752336000000', pubDateStr='2025-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765865818573, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330918339, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197235173900530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207692033305714759, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197235173900531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207692033305714759, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=78, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207692034312347722, articleId=1207692033997774919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Development of human−machine interaction strategies for intelligent walking aids, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the intensification of global population aging, smart walkers, as rehabilitative assistive devices that enhance the quality of life and independence for individuals with gait disorders, have garnered widespread attention regarding the development of their human−machine interaction (HMI) strategies. This paper surveys the research progress on HMI technologies for smart walkers: Firstly, the application background and market demand for smart walkers are introduced. Subsequently, HMI technologies based on motion signals, visual signals, and other interaction modalities (such as physiological electrical signals and virtual reality) are explored. Despite significant advances in related research on smart walker HMI, challenges persist in areas such as motion intention recognition, navigation and obstacle avoidance, and interaction safety. Future research should focus on optimizing motion intention recognition algorithms, developing navigation strategies for complex environments, strengthening research on interaction safety, and promoting the development of multi−modal HMI technologies. These endeavors aim to achieve more accurate intention recognition and a higher level of synergy within the human−machine−environment systems, ultimately assisting individuals with gait disorders in achieving their independent living aspirations.

, authors=null, authorsList=Hansheng WANG, Yanyu ZHANG, Jiangzhen GUO, Chunjing TAO, Yubo FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunjing TAO, Yubo FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207692036535328903, articleId=1207692033997774919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=智能助行的人机交互策略发展, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

综述了智能助行器人机交互技术的研究进展:介绍了智能助行器的应用背景和市场需求,探讨了基于运动信号、视觉信号和其他交互模态(如生理电信号、虚拟现实)的人机交互技术。尽管智能助行器人机交互的相关研究取得了诸多进展,但在运动意图识别、导航避障及交互安全性等方面仍面临挑战。未来研究应聚焦于优化运动意图识别算法、开发复杂环境下的导航策略、加强交互安全性研究以及推动多模态融合交互技术的发展,以期实现更精准的意图识别,达到更高效的人-机-环系统协同水平,助力步态障碍患者实现独立自主的生活目标。

, authors=

王瀚升,博士研究生,研究方向为智能助行辅具,电子信箱:

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陶春静(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为智慧康复,电子信箱:
樊瑜波(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为生物力学,电子信箱:
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王瀚升,博士研究生,研究方向为智能助行辅具,电子信箱:

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王瀚升,博士研究生,研究方向为智能助行辅具,电子信箱:

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智能助行的人机交互策略发展
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王瀚升 1, 2 , 张艳瑜 1, 2, 3 , 郭江真 1, 2 , 陶春静 1, 2, * , 樊瑜波 1, 2, 3, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(13): 78-89
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (13) : 78 -89
智能助行的人机交互策略发展
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王瀚升1, 2 , 张艳瑜1, 2, 3, 郭江真1, 2, 陶春静1, 2, * , 樊瑜波1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1. 北京航空航天大学医学科学与工程学院, 北京 100191
  • 2. 北京市生物医学工程高精尖创新中心, 北京 102433
  • 3. 北京航空航天大学生物与医学工程学院, 北京 100191
通讯作者:
陶春静(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为智慧康复,电子信箱:
樊瑜波(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为生物力学,电子信箱:
Development of human−machine interaction strategies for intelligent walking aids
Hansheng WANG1, 2 , Yanyu ZHANG1, 2, 3, Jiangzhen GUO1, 2, Chunjing TAO1, 2, * , Yubo FAN1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 2. Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 102433, China
  • 3. School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-07-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00138
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综述了智能助行器人机交互技术的研究进展:介绍了智能助行器的应用背景和市场需求,探讨了基于运动信号、视觉信号和其他交互模态(如生理电信号、虚拟现实)的人机交互技术。尽管智能助行器人机交互的相关研究取得了诸多进展,但在运动意图识别、导航避障及交互安全性等方面仍面临挑战。未来研究应聚焦于优化运动意图识别算法、开发复杂环境下的导航策略、加强交互安全性研究以及推动多模态融合交互技术的发展,以期实现更精准的意图识别,达到更高效的人-机-环系统协同水平,助力步态障碍患者实现独立自主的生活目标。

智能助行器  /  人机交互  /  意图识别  /  导航避障  /  多模态交互

With the intensification of global population aging, smart walkers, as rehabilitative assistive devices that enhance the quality of life and independence for individuals with gait disorders, have garnered widespread attention regarding the development of their human−machine interaction (HMI) strategies. This paper surveys the research progress on HMI technologies for smart walkers: Firstly, the application background and market demand for smart walkers are introduced. Subsequently, HMI technologies based on motion signals, visual signals, and other interaction modalities (such as physiological electrical signals and virtual reality) are explored. Despite significant advances in related research on smart walker HMI, challenges persist in areas such as motion intention recognition, navigation and obstacle avoidance, and interaction safety. Future research should focus on optimizing motion intention recognition algorithms, developing navigation strategies for complex environments, strengthening research on interaction safety, and promoting the development of multi−modal HMI technologies. These endeavors aim to achieve more accurate intention recognition and a higher level of synergy within the human−machine−environment systems, ultimately assisting individuals with gait disorders in achieving their independent living aspirations.

smart walker  /  human−machine interaction (HMI)  /  intention recognition  /  navigation and obstacle avoidance  /  multi−modal interaction
王瀚升, 张艳瑜, 郭江真, 陶春静, 樊瑜波. 智能助行的人机交互策略发展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (13) : 78 -89 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00138
Hansheng WANG, Yanyu ZHANG, Jiangzhen GUO, Chunjing TAO, Yubo FAN. Development of human−machine interaction strategies for intelligent walking aids[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (13) : 78 -89 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00138
随着全球人口老龄化的加剧,老年人口比例不断上升。根据联合国《世界人口展望2024》报告,至2050年,全球60岁以上人口占比将从目前的12% 增至22%[1]。据国家统计数据报告,截至2024年,中国65岁以上人口数量已超2.2亿人,占全部人口的15.6%[2],标志着中国已经进入中度老龄化时代。老年人因骨肌系统退变及平衡协调能力减弱,常面临行走困难与跌倒风险增加的问题,往往需要在辅助和保护下才能独立行走。此外,全球每年有数百万残障人士和其他运动障碍患者也面临行走困难的问题,仅中国目前就有残疾人8500万[3]。为帮助行动不便患者实现日常生活中的自主移动,多种助行设备应运而生,包括轮椅、假肢、外骨骼和助行器等。其中,助行器因能提供稳定支撑、扩大接地面积、适配场景广泛、操作简便等优点,成为老年人日常活动与康复训练的理想选择。因此,本文主要探讨助行器相关的研究进展。
传统的助行设备只能提供机械支撑,功能较为单一,无法根据用户的实际情况进行调整,尤其是在复杂环境中的导航和适应能力方面存在不足。为了克服这些问题,将传统助行器的稳定性与移动机器人的传感、规划和导航功能相结合,诞生了智能助行器,它们可通过配备的多种传感器监控用户及环境的运动信息,以确保用户安全和自由地移动[4]。智能助行器的关键在于人机交互界面和运动控制,可以根据其环境感知提供纠正措施,并符合用户的运动意图与行为动作。
早期的智能助行设备引入了简单的传感器和控制系统,可以实时监测用户的步态和姿态,自动调整支撑力度并提供步态指导。随着自动化控制技术进步,智能助行器控制已经从最初的基本指令输入与执行,过渡到更为复杂和直观的交互模式,如视觉、声音、触觉反馈、运动跟踪、脑机接口[5]。近几年,人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)的引入使得智能助行技术得到了进一步的提升。这些技术可以对用户的行为进行深入分析,预测其需求并做出实时调整,从而提供更加个性化的助行支持,提高用户的行走体验和安全性。发展至今,单一的交互方式已难以满足用户在安全性、舒适性方面越来越高的需求,因此智能助行器正在向应用多模态融合的交互和自适应交互等技术的方向发展。
中国已制定了多项政策以推动智能康复辅具的发展,其中也包括智能助行设备。《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》[6]强调要加强康复服务体系建设,推动智能康复设备的研发,以满足老年人和残疾人的需求;《“十四五”残疾人保障和发展规划》[7]鼓励增加康复资源投入,特别是支持智能康复辅具的研发与应用;《“十四五”国民健康规划》[8]提出提升康复医疗、康复训练、康复器具适配等服务质量;国家卫健委《关于加快推进康复医疗工作发展的意见》[9]提到促进医疗保障服务与康复医疗服务的整合,支持智能康复设备的医保覆盖,提高患者的经济负担能力。《卫生健康行业人工智能应用场景参考指引》[10]提到要将AI技术应用于包括智能康复机器人等84个场景。这些政策文件共同推动了智能助行设备研究、发展和应用,以提升康复服务的智能化水平和普及度。
随着人口结构的变化和技术的不断进步,智能助行器的研发已成为提升行动不便人群生活质量和独立性的关键研究领域。然而,当前智能助行器在人机交互、运动意图识别、环境适应性以及安全性等方面仍面临诸多挑战。为了进一步推动智能助行器技术的发展,满足日益增长的市场需求,深入研究其人机交互策略显得尤为重要。本文将围绕智能助行器的人机交互技术展开系统性探讨,分析现有技术的优势与不足,并对未来发展方向进行展望,以期为该领域的研究提供有益的参考和启示。
在智能助行系统中,基于运动信号的人机交互是实现精准辅助与高效支持的核心技术手段之一。通过对运动信号的感知与分析,智能助行器能够实时捕捉使用者的运动意图,并据此提供相应的干预与辅助,从而显著提升用户的行走安全性和舒适性。
基于运动信号的感知是最早应用于智能助行器上的感知方式,也是使用最广泛、最可靠的感知方式。通常采用布置在助行器上的多轴力传感器、惯性测量单元(inertial measurement unit,IMU)、加速度计等传感器采集使用者的肢体动作及助行器的运动角度、速度、位置、受力等信号,从而判断使用者及助行器的运动趋势和状态。
PAMM(Personal Aid for Mobility and Monitoring)是2000年由麻省理工学院团队研制的一款用于个人移动和监控的辅助设备,是最早的智能助行器之一,构型及主要参数见图 1[11]。PAMM系统通过在助行器手柄上集成六轴力/扭矩传感器,实时监测用户施加的力和扭矩,从而解读用户的移动意图。
PAMM开创了使用运动信号解读用户运动意图的方式,此后大量的研究团队进行了深入探索。经典的有Wasson等[12]采用了力传感器与视觉设备结合的方式;Hirata等[13]提出了一种利用自适应运动控制算法适应用户的扭矩进行主动控制的方法;Yu等[14]研发的设备则是首次针对帕金森患者设计的一款助行器,在把手部分采取了分布式的测力传感器;Morone等[15]设计了2个布置有力应变片阵列的把手,并且在助行器框架中分别布置了IMU传感器等设备,以检测力量、倾角和运动,继而由分布式微控制器网络驱动系统。
除在把手布置传感器外,有一些研究者使用可穿戴设备来检测用户的运动数据,结合固定在助行器上的传感器,从而综合感知使用者的运动情况。如华中科技大学Huang等[16]于2015年研发的智能助行器,结合了无线可穿戴传感器与智能助行器系统,可以检测用户的异常姿态,如摔倒等,并给予保护(图 2)。
为了提高人机交互的平滑性,使用户使用助行器时更加自然,研究人员各自给出了自己的方案。如2018年Wang等[17]开发了一种结合可穿戴设备和固定式测量传感器的助行系统(图 3)。该系统在用户的下肢佩戴惯性测量单元,手柄的末端则是一个线性滑轨和弹簧系统,并放置了压力传感器,通过检测压力变化来感知用户的行走意图。该设计试图通过机械结构减少人机交互界面的刚性冲击,增强人机交互的自然性和舒适性。Huang等[18]则对把手所受力进行分析,使用Lasso回归模型对用户的运动意图进行识别,同时使用主成分分析识别不同种意图对应的权重大小,使用自适应神经模糊推理系统来推导出特定于给定用户的隶属函数,该设计取得了一定的成效,减少了助行器使用带来的路径偏移。Li等[19]使用了一个一体式的手柄,在手柄与基座相连的位置放置了一个六轴力传感器,使用长短期记忆(long short–term memory,LSTM)模型得出一个运动意图模型,在直行及左右转向3种意图识别上准确率达到90% 以上,但仍无法识别如启动、停止、后退等其他意图。
综上所述,基于运动信号的感知通常采用多维力/扭矩传感器捕捉使用者对手柄施加的力量,包括垂直力、水平力和扭转力矩。这些数据随后经过滤波和放大处理,再经过特征提取,从中识别出用户的移动意图。基于这些意图,设计控制算法利用助行器的运动模型来制定运动指令,通常可以采用比例−积分−微分控制系统(proportional integral derivative,PID控制)、模糊逻辑控制器或基于模型的控制策略,以驱动电机并控制制动系统。基于运动信号的感知是一种监测用户与设备之间物理交互的简单且直观的方式,能够实时响应用户的力量变化,感知用户的行走意图,它可以及时检测潜在的不稳定情况并提供支持,并且该方式成本效益高、非侵入性使用、对隐私保护较好,对用户行走的自然程度干扰小。
然而,只使用运动信号作为智能助行器对人的感知手段存在局限性,因为它主要反映使用者与助行器接触点的直接交互。稳定的物理接触对准确捕捉用户的运动意图至关重要,但在助行器实际使用过程中很难保证稳定接触。例如,环境因素如意外的碰撞或不平坦的地面可能导致错误的信号解读,从而引发助行器的误响应。即使增加了可穿戴设备从另一个角度提供人体的运动数据,亦或借助复杂的机械结构设计、机器学习算法等技术也难以避免这一问题。由于不同用户施加的力量特征存在显著差异,助行器可能需要针对每个用户进行个性化校准,这不仅增加了使用复杂度,也限制了设备的通用性和便利性。
在助行器使用中,对使用者行为进行实时反馈也是确保用户安全舒适行动的重要手段之一,通过声音提示、视觉指示、力学接触等反馈机制可引导或干预使用者下一步的行为模式。
阻抗/导纳控制方法是通过改变设备对用户施加的力的大小和方向来引导用户行动。阻抗控制方法可通过调整助行器的助力和阻力来实现安全控制。例如,当助行器检测到上坡时,它可以自动增加助力以帮助用户;在下坡时,则可以提供制动支持以确保安全。这种控制方法的优势在于它能够模拟人类的助力感觉,为用户提供直观且自然的交互体验。导纳控制则侧重于调整设备的动态响应特性,以适应用户的运动模式。Lopez等[20]利用激光雷达构建环境地图,以势场法生成对应的导纳调节的避障控制策略,实验证明该方法可以诱导用户走到正确的避障路线上。此外如文献[2122]等研究中也采用了类似的方法。也有研究者通过优化导纳控制以做到柔顺性控制,提高用户行走安全性,如张钰文等[23]提出了一种基于自适应滑模阻抗控制的新型防跌倒柔顺控制策略,该策略能提高助行器的轨迹跟踪效果,实现对用户的安全防护。姚旭文等[24]在导纳控制的基础上,设计了自适应导纳控制模型,并利用LSTM网络对自适应导纳控制器进行优化。一定程度上解决了助行器参数变化滞后于系统输入的问题,提高了助行器的跟踪精度。
触觉交互也是常用的干预方式之一,通过直接肢体接触提醒用户注意他们的行为,同时尽力避免过多的力学介入,以免影响用户的自主性。这种方式可以有效保护存在一定认知障碍的用户。如Jimenez等[25]使用触觉反馈和可视化界面向用户指示所需的路径,使用触觉反馈和虚拟扭矩以帮助用户保持路径。Lacôte的团队[26]则使用振动或压力“敲击”来为用户提示不同的运动方向,在前后左右4个方向上达到了平均90% 的准确率。
近年来,智能助行器的设计越来越注重个性化和自适应控制策略。这些策略可以根据用户的步态模式、行走速度和环境条件动态调整输出,以提供最佳的支持和反馈。由此,共享控制的理念应运而生,如Sutera等[27]提出的方法不关注具体路径,而致力于帮助用户实现既定目标:辅助模式下,助行器以适当的速度移动,同时兼顾与用户的距离,确保安全行走和避开障碍物。近年来,用户意图预测技术等进步使得助行器能够个性化学习用户的行为模式,并预测他们下一步需求,从而设计更高级的干预和引导策略,实现更智能化的共享控制。
基于视觉信号的人体运动感知系统在智能助行器中有多方面的应用,利用单目摄像头、深度摄像头和激光雷达等传感器不仅可以捕捉使用者的运动参数,更可以取得周围环境的图像和深度数据,并通过计算机视觉技术和机器学习算法进行图像处理和分析,使助行器能够识别和理解用户与周围的环境。这些系统能够检测人体的动作提供运动识别,也可识别障碍物、楼梯、坡道等路面环境,为助行器的导航和避障提供数据支持。基于视觉的人机交互策略通常不是孤立的,而是与运动信号等其他模式的交互系统构成多模态组合,从而提供更全面的感知能力。
在助行器上使用传统的机器视觉传感器已发展多年,Wasson等[12]设计的智能助行机器人MARC Robotic Walker可根据声呐、红外传感器等信息结合用户的命令来推测用户的行走意图,是最早采用视觉信号预测行走意图的助行器之一。Moreira团队[28]于2019年研制了ASBgo助行器,其底部布置了深度相机和激光测距传感器,可获取脚位置和方向的信息,用于步态分析与监测,还额外使用了红外传感器检测用户摔倒风险。类似的还有哥伦比亚Sierra团队[29]设计的AGoRA智能助行器(图 4),搭载了红外传感器、相机和激光雷达,用于检测追踪使用者。Ragaja等[30]研制了一种后路主动助行器,如图 5所示,通过后置与用户骨盆高度齐平的红外传感器阵列检测人体躯干与前进方向的夹角,从而识别使用者的迈步动作与转向动作。
使用光学传感器技术可以提供除力接触以外的人体姿态检测方式,弥补了力接触潜在的稳定性不足的问题,并且丰富的传感方式也可以更全面地描述使用者的行走特征,为医师进行康复指导提供更多帮助,因此被越来越多地应用于助行系统中。然而,步行习惯和步态障碍程度因人而异,现有方法不能充分适配个体差异,导致个性化不足,难以为不同患者提供更科学的辅助。
目前,基于深度学习的人体姿态识别技术在助行器上的应用正处于快速发展阶段,越来越多的团队意识到这一应用的可行性和有效性,在个性化辅助方面可达到传统方法难以实现的效果。一方面,基于图像处理的姿态识别和预测经过多年的发展已经足够成熟,有相当多的相关成果;另一方面,深度学习方法已经可以稳定地从RGB−D图像或视频中解析出人类动作识别[31]以及人类动作预测[32]。前者解决了当前动作识别或检测的问题,而后者则只看到动作的一小部分,甚至看到动作的开始(动作预期),便推算出未来的动作全貌。
目前支持基于视觉的人体姿态识别的便携硬件是以Microsoft Kinect、Intel RealSense和Orbbec Astra等为代表的深度摄像头,它们能够提供丰富的3D信息,适合实时人体姿态捕捉。算法方面,典型的有专注于提高单人姿态估计准确性的AlphaPose算法,它提高了对小物体和遮挡情况下的关键点检测性能,姿态估计的准确性和鲁棒性获得提升;Google提出的PoseNet算法可以在没有GPU加速的情况下运行,使其适用于移动设备,还进一步推出了专为移动设备优化的能够实现实时姿态估计的轻量级深度学习模型BlazePose;Facebook研究院提出的Realtime Multi−Person Pose Estimation是一种实时姿态估计网络,使用了一个金字塔式的网络结构来预测姿态关键点;YOLO−Pose结合了YOLO目标检测算法和姿态估计,可以用于实时多人姿态估计。常见的还有R−CNN系列,包括R−CNN、Fast R−CNN和Faster R−CNN,FastPose、GAST−Net、HMR、3D Pose Baselines等也被用于提高姿态识别的准确性。
姿态估计和姿态预测在智能助行器上也已有大量实践。2022年Palermo团队[33]组织被试者使用WALKit智能助行器采集姿势和步态数据,得到了一个长达92 min的多相机、多模态数据集,为开发和评估基于视觉的姿态估计算法、人体检测与跟踪算法、运动预测以及步态/姿势的生物力学分析提供了丰富的数据支持。为比较不同算法处理RGB−D视频序列的效果,Gonçalves等[34]研究了3种不同的基于深度学习的算法,分别使用了改造过的VGG16模型(图 6(a))、结合通道级注意力的CNN模型(图 6(b))、适用于单帧分类的UNET模型(图 6(c))。为验证算法,该团队用智能助行器的嵌入式摄像头录制下半身视频,并将它们分为4类(停止、步行、右转/左转),由此准备了一个自定义数据集,产生了28800个平衡的RGB−D帧。研究中数据集使用8−2拆分,结果显示具有通道级注意力机制的卷积神经网络取得了最佳结果,离线早期检测/识别和试验模拟的准确率分别达到99.61% 和93% 以上。
很多其他团队也在相关研究方面做出贡献,孙志杰等[35]使用了传统机器学习的支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)方法识别并预测助行器的直行、左转和右转3种状态,成功率达到95%。Chen等[36] 2023年基于YOLO算法提出了一种基于颜色过滤器的动态背景步态轮廓提取方法(contour feature selection and extraction,CFSE),使用实例分割算法来区分目标和背景,使用背景减法算法来获得人像剪影,最后使用颜色过滤来消除背景颜色得到剪影,兼顾了实时性和准确性。Wang等[37]于2024年研制了WHUME系统,它采用了一个单目摄像头,结合了4个附加在前臂和大腿上的IMU惯性测量单元构成多模态感知体系,采用了4个单轴力传感器和一对压力鞋垫分别捕获手和脚的支持力,如图 7所示。该系统提供的姿态估计算法全身关节的位置平均误差为59.4 mm,方向平均误差为9.3°,通过降低优化的计算复杂性,以11 fps的速度实现3−D全身姿势的实时估计。该方案结合了力学信号和视觉信号的优势,采用了非常轻量化的单目摄像头,是一种较为先进的多模态感知方案。此外文献[3839]中也提到了类似的结合视觉信号的多模态感知方法。
深度学习驱动的姿态识别技术正推动智能助行器向精准、个性化辅助迈进。成熟的硬件和多样化的高效算法已能稳定实现姿态估计与动作预测,并在实践中展示了高精度和良好的实时性,一些创新的方法和多模态融合的方式更提升了实用性和适应性。未来随着相关技术的不断进步,如算法持续轻量化以适应移动平台,深度融合多模态传感器提升鲁棒性,并基于精准感知实现用户意图理解与更智能、主动的个性化干预,将为患者提供更加人性化的行走支持。
助行器的环境识别技术是辅助视觉受损或行动不便人士进行导航和避障的关键。为了保证安全避免碰撞,通常采取视觉的方式对环境信息进行收集。
早期的智能助行器采用了传统的环境检测方式。PAMM[11]在上部安装有一个向上的CCD相机,用于识别布置在辅助设施天花板上的简单标志,可在辅助生活设施内进行定位导航,并辅以超声传感器,从而帮助规划路径和避免障碍物。Jiménez等[40]研制的设备采用了激光测距仪并结合了导纳控制器,可以引导视力受损的人沿着激光测距仪探明的所需路径行走。ASBgo[28]采用声呐、相机和激光测距传感器的组合,并配置了警报系统,周围环境和其余行人都受到实时监测。
近年来,智能助行器的环境识别借鉴了自动驾驶的有关技术,通常是通过摄像头捕捉周围环境的图像,以及使用激光雷达创建周围环境的精确三维地图。典型的SLAM算法如gmapping、cartographer和orb−slam通过与机器人操作系统(ROS系列)的紧密结合,实现了高级的地图构建和定位功能。gmapping利用粒子滤波处理激光和超声传感器数据,优化了在纹理缺乏环境中的地图表示和定位精度;cartographer通过子地图技术和实时优化策略,支持2D和3D地图的构建;而orb−slam则凭借ORB特征点,实现了快速且准确的特征提取,支持多尺度地图和实时SLAM性能,适用于动态和复杂环境。路径规划是避障及导航的另一关键技术,旨在从起点到终点寻找有效路径。主要算法包括A*、D*、RRT、FMT、格子网基算法、势场法和LPA*等。每种算法都有其特定的应用场景和优缺点。
Borgese等[41]应用基于雷达的自适应蒙特卡洛定位(adaptive Monte Carlo locationing,AMCL)算法,分别用Dijkstra算法和动态窗口方法进行全局路径规划和避障,在新环境时采用gmapping构建新地图,该设计可以初步实现人机共同行动的导航。Lima等[42]提出了一种改进版本的概率泡沫法,以应用于动态环境中智能机器人助行器的路径规划,设备及实验场景如 图 8所示。实验结果表示该算法可在静态障碍物中规划路径指引用户前往目的地,同时规避与路径交叉的其他移动障碍物。
尽管目前助行器的环境识别技术借鉴了较为成熟的自动驾驶技术,但由于其独特性,仍存在很多问题,在动态和复杂的环境中,如拥挤的街道或多变的天气条件下,保持准确的环境识别仍然较为困难。而另一个技术挑战是如何将多种传感器和计算单元集成到助行器这样一个小型设备中,同时保持其性能和成本效益。不同失能情况的用户有不同的导航和避障需求,因此个性化导航辅助也是潜在的研究方向。
基于生理信号的感知技术在人机交互、医疗健康监测以及运动状态分析等领域发挥着重要的作用。这类技术主要通过各种侵入式和非侵入式的生理电信号采集装置来实现,例如利用MEMS微针阵列或干电极等设备来捕捉人体产生的生理电信号。这些信号包括但不限于脑电波(electroencephalogram,EEG)、肌电图(electromyogram,EMG)及眼电图(electro-oculogram,EOG),它们能够反映出个体在不同运动状态下的神经电位变化,从而为分析个体的运动状态提供了一种有效的手段。心率、血氧等基本参数也常被集成在助行器功能中。
在这些生理电信号中,EEG信号因其能够反映大脑皮层的电活动而被广泛应用于脑机接口系统。通过分析大脑在进行特定思维活动时产生的特定节律或模式,BCI系统能够实现对外部设备的直接控制。例如,Gandhi等[43]提出了一种基于EEG信号的自适应共享控制算法,能够根据用户的意图来控制移动机器人。Leeb等[44]和Huang等[45]利用EEG信号设计了虚拟环境中的智能轮椅控制系统,通过检测与特定脑电节律相关的事件相关同步/去同步(ERS/ERD)模式,实现了对轮椅的实时控制。
EMG信号则因其与肌肉活动直接相关,被广泛用于运动和康复领域。通过分析肌肉在活动过程中产生的电信号,可以对肌肉活动状态进行实时监测,进而推断出个体的运动意图。例如,Supuk等[46]研究了一种基于EMG信号的智能轮椅共享控制策略,通过结合稳态视觉诱发电位(ssVEP),提高了轮椅控制系统的准确性和响应速度。
常规生理信号也已被应用于助行系统中,一般用来检测用户的健康状况,以便需要时提供警报或记录每日健康状态。Sanyod等[47]的助行系统与多个传感器连接,如图 9所示,包括用于监测心率和血氧饱和度的MAX30102、用于体温测量的GY−906红外传感器,以及用于精确运动跟踪和跌倒检测的MPU6050加速度计和陀螺仪等。这种设计可以提供对用户更好的移动应用程序,并在需要时向护理人员发送警报。测试结果表明,该系统在检测包括模拟跌倒场景和生理参数测量等方面具有很高的精度。
近年来,随着可穿戴设备和柔性电子技术的发展,基于生理信号的感知技术也取得了显著进步。研究者开发了多种新型的非侵入式传感器,如柔性干电极和生物兼容的表皮电子,这些设备能够在不引起佩戴者不适的情况下,长时间稳定地采集生理电信号。近年来,深度学习技术的应用进一步推动了生理电信号处理的准确性和效率,如利用卷积神经网络和循环神经网络对EEG和EMG信号进行分类和预测,显示出比传统机器学习方法更好的性能。
基于生理信号的感知技术正快速发展,其在运动状态监测、人机交互以及医疗健康等领域的应用前景广阔。随着新材料、新算法的不断涌现,未来这一技术有望实现更加准确、实时、无创的生理电信号采集和解析,为人类生活带来更多便利。
近年来,虚拟现实技术(virtual reality,VR)已被越来越多地与助行系统结合起来使用,以求为用户提供安全保障与康复训练。在虚拟环境中使用助行系统训练,有望实现既能避免传统训练室枯燥乏味及场地限制的问题,也能避免用户遭遇真实危险,同时还能提供丰富的训练场景、训练模式与直接的指导,大大提升康复训练的效果。
现阶段,依托虚拟现实的智能助行器人机交互相关研究仍处在实验室探索阶段。如Loureiro等[48]分析了被试者在自由行走(free walking,FW)、智能助行者辅助步态(assisted walking,AW)和智能助行者辅助步态结合VR辅助(VRAW)3项实验任务中的步态参数。实验数据表明,与FW相比,AW和VRAW的髋部、膝关节和踝部矢状运动总体分别减少了16%、25% 和38%,同时AW和VRAW之间没有显著差异,也没有发现与VR相关的不良症状。这表明,VR技术可用于步行辅助步态康复,而不会影响用户行动。Machado等[49]提出了一种将混合现实(mixed reality,MR)与智能助行器集成的多模态人−机器人−环境交互新技术,其中MR系统结合了物理现实和虚拟传感器。该技术的一个关键是虚拟避障系统,该系统利用虚拟雷达传感器并调整准入控制器以促进更安全的导航。Loureiro等[50]致力于借助虚拟现实训练用户正确使用助行器,实验表明使用虚拟现实训练的用户比未经训练的用户完成同样的移动任务要快4%~29%。该团队的另一项研究[51]证明,与不使用MR系统相比,使用MR系统仅会对用户的步态造成微小的影响,如步幅短5 cm等。Franchine等[52]的研究证明,使用虚拟现实技术可以有效提高用户尤其是有认知障碍的用户的训练积极性,改善人机交互的结果,实验设备及场景如图 10所示。
发展至今,单一的交互方式已难以满足用户在安全性、舒适性方面越来越高的需求,因此智能助行器正在向应用多模态融合的交互和自适应交互等技术的方向发展。多模态交互结合了多种感官通道,以实现更自然、更丰富的交互体验。这种交互方式的优势在于能够覆盖更广泛的用户群体,充分适配不同失能程度的个体,还可以通过提供冗余信息来提高系统的可靠性并为用户提供更充足的安全感。自适应交互则能够根据用户的特定能力和需求动态调整处理多种交互方式捕获的信息。这种智能交互模式利用多种传感器并结合人工智能算法,实时监测用户的动作表现,并根据这些数据不断调整机器人的姿态和力度。虚拟现实技术的加入更是为助行器增添了不同的使用场景和使用方式,但同时也在人机交互模式方面提出了更多的挑战,有待进一步深入研究。
在全球人口老龄化加剧以及残障人士和运动障碍患者数量不断增加的背景下,智能助行器作为提升行动能力和生活质量的关键辅助设备,其研究与开发受到了学术界和工业界的广泛关注。随着技术的不断进步,智能助行器已从最初的基础机械支撑设备转变为高度智能化、自适应化的先进辅助系统。现代智能助行器通过集成先进的传感器、控制系统和人工智能算法,能够实时监测用户的步态和姿态,自动调整支撑力度,并提供步态指导。在人机交互策略方面,智能助行器逐步引入了更为复杂和直观的交互模式,如视觉、声音、触觉反馈、运动跟踪和脑机接口等。特别是多模态融合交互和自适应交互技术的应用,使得助行器能够更自然、更丰富地与用户进行交互,显著提高了系统的可靠性,并为用户提供了更充足的安全感。
然而,尽管智能助行器在实验室环境中取得了诸多进展,其大规模市场应用仍面临诸多挑战,整体仍处于发展阶段。人机交互性能的瓶颈依然存在,尤其是在针对具体患者群体、特定使用场景和个性化辅助方案方面,仍有较大的改进空间。在运动意图识别与预测方面,尽管研究团队提出了多种算法,但大多集中在多传感器融合方案,未能充分融合患者的主动控制意图,做到高水平的共享控制。在导航与避障方面,由于路况复杂性和患者特殊性,助行器的路径规划方案与车辆自动驾驶存在显著差异,但目前尚缺乏专门针对低速、狭小空间和复杂地面环境的助行器导航算法。在交互安全性方面,智能助行器在识别摔倒风险并提供应对方案时仍存在不足,尤其是在用户能力受限的情况下,如何平衡用户意图与设备安全策略仍需深入研究。
智能助行器的复杂性意味着其在日常应用中可能面临更多问题。未来的研究应聚焦于以下4个方面:(1) 进一步优化运动意图识别与预测算法,提升系统的实时性和准确性;(2) 开发适应复杂环境的导航与避障策略,满足不同用户群体的需求;(3) 加强交互安全性的研究,确保设备在复杂场景下的可靠性和用户安全性;(4) 推动多模态融合交互技术的发展,提升用户体验和系统适应性。
随着传感器技术、机器人技术、计算机技术、生物力学等多学科的协同发展,尤其是人工智能技术的进一步突破,智能助行器的人−机−环交互安全性和科学性有望得到显著提升。未来有望实现意图识别更加准确、人−机−环协同程度更高、安全策略和应对措施更精准的智能助行器,为老年人、残疾人等群体提供更优质、更舒适的康复辅助体验,助力其实现独立自主生活的目标。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(12072081)
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2025年第43卷第13期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00138
  • 接收时间:2025-02-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-07-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-06
  • 修回日期:2025-06-16
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(12072081)
作者信息
    1. 北京航空航天大学医学科学与工程学院, 北京 100191
    2. 北京市生物医学工程高精尖创新中心, 北京 102433
    3. 北京航空航天大学生物与医学工程学院, 北京 100191

通讯作者:

陶春静(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为智慧康复,电子信箱:
樊瑜波(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为生物力学,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.02.00138
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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