Article(id=1207621137815671561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207621133784948800, articleNumber=null, orderNo=16, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=1748880000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765848915770, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751472000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765848915770, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079732867, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207621133784948800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1751040000000', pubDateStr='2025-06-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765848914810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330924420, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197260683657459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207621133784948800, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197260683657460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207621133784948800, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=38, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207621138218324764, articleId=1207621137815671561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Current progress and future development trends of deep-sea exploration technology, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Deep-sea exploration is a key technology for developing marine resources, studying the evolution of the Earth, and protecting the Earth's ecosystem. This paper reviews the main progress of deep-sea exploration technology in the past seven years (2019–2025), including the fields of submersibles, sensors, communication, energy, etc., and looks ahead to the development trends in the next 5~10 years. Firstly, the importance and challenges of deep-sea exploration are introduced. Then, the current status of technologies in various aspects such as deep-sea submersibles, sensors and observations, sampling and analysis, communication and navigation, energy, as well as big data and artificial intelligence are described in detail. The analysis shows that intelligentization, long endurance, and in-situ experimental technologies will become the core directions, but the adaptability to high-pressure environments, energy supply, and data transmission remain the main bottlenecks. Subsequently, the future development trends such as intelligentization and autonomy, long endurance and energy innovation, and the cost revolution are discussed. It is expected that this paper will play a certain guiding role in promoting the sustainable development of deep-sea exploration technology.

, authors=null, authorsList=Weicheng CUI, Xinhao SHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207621138788750149, articleId=1207621137815671561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=深海探测技术进展及未来发展趋势, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

深海探测是开发海洋资源、研究地球演化和保护地球生态系统的关键技术。综述了2019—2025年深海探测技术的主要进展,包括潜水器、传感器、通信、能源等领域,展望未来5~10年的发展趋势。介绍了深海探测的重要性和面临的挑战,以及深海潜水器、传感器与观测、采样与分析、通信与导航、能源,以及大数据与人工智能等多方面技术的现状。分析表明,智能化、长续航和原位实验技术将成为核心方向,但高压环境适应性、能源供应和数据传输仍是主要瓶颈。探讨了智能化与自主化、长续航与能源创新、成本革命等未来发展趋势。期望对推动深海探测技术的可持续发展起到一定的指导作用。

, authors=

崔维成,教授,研究方向为深海探测技术,电子信箱:

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深海探测技术进展及未来发展趋势
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崔维成 , 邵鑫浩
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(12): 38-54
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (12) : 38 -54
深海探测技术进展及未来发展趋势
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崔维成 , 邵鑫浩
作者信息
  • 西湖大学工学院电子信息工程系, 杭州 310030
Current progress and future development trends of deep-sea exploration technology
Weicheng CUI , Xinhao SHAO
Affiliations
  • Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00040
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深海探测是开发海洋资源、研究地球演化和保护地球生态系统的关键技术。综述了2019—2025年深海探测技术的主要进展,包括潜水器、传感器、通信、能源等领域,展望未来5~10年的发展趋势。介绍了深海探测的重要性和面临的挑战,以及深海潜水器、传感器与观测、采样与分析、通信与导航、能源,以及大数据与人工智能等多方面技术的现状。分析表明,智能化、长续航和原位实验技术将成为核心方向,但高压环境适应性、能源供应和数据传输仍是主要瓶颈。探讨了智能化与自主化、长续航与能源创新、成本革命等未来发展趋势。期望对推动深海探测技术的可持续发展起到一定的指导作用。

深海探测  /  ROV/AUV  /  原位观测  /  水下通信  /  能源技术

Deep-sea exploration is a key technology for developing marine resources, studying the evolution of the Earth, and protecting the Earth's ecosystem. This paper reviews the main progress of deep-sea exploration technology in the past seven years (2019–2025), including the fields of submersibles, sensors, communication, energy, etc., and looks ahead to the development trends in the next 5~10 years. Firstly, the importance and challenges of deep-sea exploration are introduced. Then, the current status of technologies in various aspects such as deep-sea submersibles, sensors and observations, sampling and analysis, communication and navigation, energy, as well as big data and artificial intelligence are described in detail. The analysis shows that intelligentization, long endurance, and in-situ experimental technologies will become the core directions, but the adaptability to high-pressure environments, energy supply, and data transmission remain the main bottlenecks. Subsequently, the future development trends such as intelligentization and autonomy, long endurance and energy innovation, and the cost revolution are discussed. It is expected that this paper will play a certain guiding role in promoting the sustainable development of deep-sea exploration technology.

deep-sea exploration  /  ROV/AUV  /  in-situ observation  /  underwater communication  /  energy technology
崔维成, 邵鑫浩. 深海探测技术进展及未来发展趋势. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (12) : 38 -54 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00040
Weicheng CUI, Xinhao SHAO. Current progress and future development trends of deep-sea exploration technology[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (12) : 38 -54 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00040
深海(深度≥ 1000 m),这片占据地球表面积约65% 的广袤区域,蕴藏着丰富的多金属结核、热液硫化物和稀有生物资源、独特的生态环境及诸多待解的地球科学谜题。从资源角度看,这些资源对于缓解陆地资源短缺、保障国家资源安全具有重要意义[1]。从环境角度看,深海在全球气候调节中扮演着关键角色,其对二氧化碳的吸收和储存能力影响着全球气候变化的进程。从生物多样性角度看,深海独特的高压、低温、无光等极端环境孕育了众多特殊的生物物种,这些生物在医药、生物材料等领域具有巨大的潜在应用价值。从地球科学角度看,深海是研究地球板块运动、海底地质构造演变等过程的天然实验室,有助于深入理解地球的演化历史。
然而,高压(>100 MPa)、低温(2~4℃)和黑暗环境使深海探测面临巨大挑战。自1960年“的里雅斯特号”首次载人下潜至马里亚纳海沟最深点(挑战者深渊)以来[2],深海技术经历了从机械式采样到智能自主探测的变革。早期,人类主要通过简单的绳索和重物进行浅海探测,随着科技的进步,逐渐发展出潜水钟、潜水服、潜水器等装备。20世纪50年代以来,随着电子技术、材料科学和工程技术的飞速发展,深海探测迎来了快速发展期,各类载人/无人潜水器、传感器和通信设备不断涌现[3-4]
同时,当前深海探测仍面临诸多严峻挑战[5]。深海的高压环境对设备的耐压性能提出了极高要求。极端环境还包括低温、黑暗、腐蚀,以及复杂的海流等,这些因素增加了设备运行的难度和不确定性。通信方面,由于海水对电磁波的强烈吸收,传统的陆地通信方式在深海无法使用,而水下声学通信面临着长距离传输信号衰减严重、延迟大等问题。能源供应也是一大难题,深海设备远离陆地,能源补给困难,且在高压环境下,能源设备的性能和安全性面临挑战。
“奋斗者号”作为中国自主研发的载人深潜器,在深海探测领域取得了举世瞩目的成就[6]。它采用了一系列先进技术,其耐压壳使用高强度、高韧性的钛合金材料,能够承受万米深海的巨大压力,保障了乘员的安全。“奋斗者号”搭载了多种先进的观测和采样设备,实现了对深海生物、地质等多方面的精细探测[7]。此外,国外的Alvin升级版也在不断改进,其搭载的新型传感器和更灵活的机械臂,提高了在深海复杂环境下的作业能力。
无人潜水器包括遥控潜水器(ROV)、自治式潜水器(AUV),以及复合型式潜水器(ARV)、水下滑翔机等。ROV通过脐带缆与母船连接,可实时传输电力、数据和接收指令,在深海油气勘探、海底管道检测等领域广泛应用。近年来,ROV的推进系统、通信系统和作业工具不断优化,其作业深度和精度进一步提高。AUV则具有自主航行能力,无须脐带缆,可在复杂的深海环境中执行长时间、大范围的探测任务。新型AUV采用更高效的能源管理系统和先进的导航算法,能在深海自主规划路径,完成预定的探测任务。哈尔滨工程大学研制的“悟空号”AUV在2021年11月6日创造潜深10896 m纪录,是AUV领域的一个亮点。但目前国内真正可靠且好用的AUV还太少。
美国率先研制的ROV和AUV的复合型潜水器“海神号”[8],因其性能好、成本低而受到青睐,国内的“思源号”“逐梦号”[9]和“海斗一号”[10]均采用了这种形式。但这3型研发装备因海试和技术改进没有获得充分支持,均还没有真正投入应用。
仿鱼型潜水器模拟鱼类的游动方式,具有良好的机动性和隐蔽性,在海洋探索、环境监测等领域展现了巨大潜力。国内多个高校和研究所,如浙江大学、西北工业大学、北京大学、北京航空航天大学、中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所、西湖大学等均有专门的研究团队在该方向开展研究。近年来的研究在系统设计、智能控制、材料创新等方面均取得了显著进展。在生物机械系统优化方面,Chen等[11]提出了多目标多学科设计优化框架,显著提升了仿生机器鱼的运动效率与能量利用率,为后续研究奠定了方法论基础。控制策略是仿生机器人的核心挑战之一,基于中枢模式发生器(CPG)的仿生控制网络在新一代机器人中得到广泛应用。Li等[12]通过多目标进化算法优化了CPG网络的时序与协同性,实现了机器鱼在复杂水动力学环境下的高机动性运动。在智能控制前沿,Cui等[13]将端到端深度强化学习引入推进器效率优化,解决了传统模型依赖人工参数调校的局限性,将响应速度提高了30%。
新型仿生材料与驱动机制的创新推动了机器人的适应性升级。浙江大学李铁风团队[14]开发出适用于深海的介电弹性体材料,这种材料在深海高压环境下仍然具备良好的柔韧性、抗压性和驱动性能,在不同温度和压力下都能保持稳定,为机器人的动力输出提供了保障。Liu等[15]开发的软材料扑翼蝠鲼机器人,利用硅胶柔性材料模拟生物肌肉的弹性变形,降低了推进阻力并延长了续航时间,而在后续研究中,他们进一步提出统一扑翼设计与控制优化方案,提升了下一代蝠鲼机器人的跨介质运动能力[16]
仿鱼型潜水器要达到实用程度所面临的技术挑战还有很多。Sun等[17]指出,目前对湍流环境下的动力学建模仍存在精度不足的问题,而Li等[18]则从系统集成角度强调了能源效率与通信可靠性的技术瓶颈。在深远海探索中,软体机器人展现出独特优势,Li等[19]开发的仿生软体结构在高压环境下表现出优异的形变恢复能力,为深海探测开辟了新路径。未来,随着进化算法、仿生材料与跨学科技术的融合,如Luo等[20]提出的远程驱动与力反馈平台,仿生机器人将向多功能协作、环境自适应方向发展,但其标准化评估体系与伦理边界仍需进一步探索[21]
两栖航行器作为一种能够在水上和陆地(或其他特定环境,如空中等)2种不同介质中运行的特种装备,近年来受到广泛关注。刘相知等[22]指出,水空两栖航行器为了满足多样化的任务需求,如海洋监测、救援及军事侦察等多种任务需求,以及跨介质的工作范围,需要融合多种技术。这类航行器的设计需综合考虑在不同介质中的航行性能、动力转换,以及结构强度等多方面因素。在两栖机器人设计方面,Wang等[23]聚焦于两栖航行器的关键部件——多模态可变形车轮的设计,开发了可变形轮式推进器。这些车轮能够根据不同的地形和航行环境,灵活改变形态,以提升两栖航行器在水陆环境中的通过性与适应性。该研究为两栖航行器在复杂地形下实现高效运行提供了新的思路与技术支持。
在温度、盐度、化学物质和生物探测等方面,高精度传感器不断涌现。例如,新型的光纤温度传感器具有极高的测量精度和稳定性,能够准确测量深海微小的温度变化。化学物质传感器可对深海中的重金属、有机污染物等进行快速、准确的检测。生物探测传感器能够识别和监测深海中的各类生物,包括微生物、浮游生物等。
高精度传感器在海洋探测、环境监测及生物观测等领域的持续突破,推动了原位数据获取能力的提升。早期研究中,German等[24]开发的自主底栖探测器(ABE)集成化学与热力学传感器,首次实现了深海热液喷口的精准原位探测,其硫化物浓度检测精度达±0.1 μm,为该领域奠定硬件集成范式。此后,化学传感器技术逐步向多参数集成化发展:Ding等[25]研制的耐高温(400℃)传感器系统,结合pH值、H2S与温度同步检测模块,在热液喷口动态监测中实现了分钟级响应时间;Cai等[26]进一步设计了多通道阵列式传感器,通过冗余校准与抗干扰算法,将元素检测极限降至μg/L级,验证其在复杂流体环境中的鲁棒性。
光学与声学传感技术的创新显著提升了非侵入式观测的精度。Gröger等[27]提出的光声水下观测平台,利用高灵敏光纤声波传感器(分辨率≤ 0.1 dB)结合AI驱动的鱼类行为识别算法,可在浑浊海水中实现厘米级空间分辨率的长期生物监测。与此同时,随着微型化与智能算法的发展,Liu等[28]指出新型原位生物传感器(如CRISPR电化学芯片)已突破传统荧光标记法的灵敏度限制,对浮游生物代谢产物的检测效率提升70%,且功率需求低于5 W。未来挑战在于多模态传感器的深度融合及极端环境下的长时序稳定性(如深海高压与生物污损),而自适应校准算法与仿生材料封装技术将是关键研究方向。
光学与声学成像技术作为海洋探测与资源调查的核心手段,近年来在硬件设计与算法优化方面取得了显著突破。在声学成像领域,Pizarro等[29]提出了基于多波束声纳的大面积海底拼接技术,通过动态导航补偿与图像配准算法,实现了亚米级空间分辨率的深海地形重构,为热液喷口定位等应用提供了基础方法。这一技术后续在多金属硫化物勘探中形成了重要支撑,Gehrmann等[30]利用拖曳式电磁传感器结合声学导航数据修正,将硫化矿床探测的定位误差降低至±5 m以内,揭示了多模态数据融合在复杂地质环境中的必要性。
光学成像技术则通过高精度光纤传感与新型材料应用实现了性能跃升。Liang等[31]总结了光纤传感器在温度、盐度与压力原位测量中的进展,其中布拉格光栅(FBG)阵列可实现厘米级空间分辨率的分布式测量,显著优于传统电极传感器。针对动态形变监测,Sun等[32]开发的低成本光学波导形状传感器,通过波长时分复用技术(WTDM)实现了仿生设备的实时三维姿态反馈,误差率低于2%。在极端环境适应性上,Peng等[33]的数值模拟表明,光学与电磁传感器的协同部署可有效克服各向异性介质中的信号衰减问题,为深海硫化物勘探提供了跨模态优化框架。
复杂环境的噪声干扰与传感器耐久性仍是关键技术瓶颈。Tsabaris等[34]设计的深海γ射线谱仪尽管主要针对放射性物质检测,但其密封与抗压设计(耐受60 MPa)为光学声学传感器的封装提供了参考。未来,基于人工智能的多源数据融合(如声学−电磁−光学联合反演)与微型化集成系统将成为发展的重点方向。
深海原位实验室(in−situ lab)技术通过长期、连续的现场观测,显著提高了对深渊生物地球化学循环的定量解析能力。以Smith等[35]在东北太平洋深渊平原的研究为例,其使用的深海底部着陆器及锚定观测系统搭载了高精度溶解氧传感器(分辨率±0.05 mg/L)、沉积物采样器与微生物反应监测模块,实现了对沉积物−水界面氧消耗速率和碳通量的直接测量(监测周期达数月)。这些技术突破了传统采样船瞬时取样的局限性,首次量化了深海底部异养呼吸作用的昼夜波动规律(峰值差异达30%),揭示了微生物活动对深海碳收支的关键调控作用。未来,深海原位实验室的扩展方向包括多参数传感器网络化(如整合CO2通量、颗粒物通量联测)与智能触发式采样(基于环境参数阈值自动启动),以更高时空分辨率揭示极端环境下的生态动力学机制。
深海生物探测技术通过多模态传感与智能算法的融合,拓宽了人类对深渊生态系统的认知边界。在硬件创新层面,载具与成像系统的迭代成为关键驱动力:Giddens等[36]开发的国家地理深海摄像系统通过低功耗广角镜头(30 m可视范围)与模块化设计,实现了千米级水深的低成本生物普查,为区域生物多样性评估提供了标准化工具。针对生物行为干扰问题,Williams等[37]借助4K视频追踪分析了鱼类对探测设备的反应阈值,发现快速移动式探测器易引发躲避行为(响应距离达2.5 m),需通过低扰动设计(如红外照明或静音推进)提升观测数据的准确性。
在新型探测方法方面,Aguzzi等[38]提出的生态系统修复监测网络整合了AUV群与DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)采样器,通过机器学习实时识别生物活动热点,将珊瑚幼虫附着率监测精度提升40%。与此互补,Fujiwara等[39]结合eDNA宏条形码技术与诱饵相机观测,首次在2000 m以深海域检测到巨型深海硬骨鱼(如后肛鱼科物种),验证了跨媒介数据融合在稀有物种追踪中的潜力。
对极端环境生物的探索也取得突破性发现。Jamieson等[40]在爪哇海沟9000 m深处通过着陆器搭载的高清摄像记录了管虫、桡足类等化能合成群落,揭示了深渊生物对高压、低温的生理适应性;Jamieson等[41]通过载人深潜器的直接观测,首次拍得头足类(如丝膜章鱼)在7000 m以下的运动行为,填补了软体动物深渊分布图谱的空白。当前挑战集中在技术适应性(如设备耐压极限)与能源续航,未来或需结合仿生机器人(如Octopus−AUV)与光−声通信网络实现更高效的深渊探索。
深海地质探测技术历经从传统采样到智能多模态观测的演变,为矿产资源开发与生态保护提供了关键支撑。早期研究主要依赖载人潜器与拖网采样,如Hannington等[42]提出的深海硫化物勘探方法,其通过地质地球化学标志(如热液羽状流)定位矿床,但分辨率受限于稀疏数据。近年来,AUV与高分辨率声学技术的引入显著提升了探测能力:Alevizos等[43]在克拉里昂−克利珀顿区(CCZ)利用多波束声呐与光学成像系统,揭示了锰结核分布与海底地貌的直接相关性(结节密度与沉积物厚度的负相关指数达0.88),为矿产评价提供了量化模型。
针对热液系统的精细探测,同步地球物理−地球化学联合观测成为主流。Kim等[44]在中印度洋脊8~ 12°S区域,通过湍流传感器与磁力仪数据融合,发现了新的活跃热液喷口群,其硫化物堆积速率达500 t/a;Yang等[45]则通过富铁锰结壳的同位素分析,证实西南印度洋脊29–30段存在大规模离轴热液活动,扩展了热液成矿理论的预测边界。
矿产资源开发的生态风险评估技术亦取得进展。Peukert等[46]基于AUV声光数据构建了深海采矿对底栖生物的扰动模型,发现沉积物再悬浮可导致50 m半径内浮游生物丰度下降60%,而Lefaible等[47]在CCZ的工业采矿试验进一步证实,多金属结核采集会引发小型底栖动物群落结构突变(多样性指数下降25%),凸显实时环境监测的必要性。在此背景下,Aguzzi等[38]开发了生态系统修复动态监测网络,利用AUV群组与原位DNA测序技术实现开采后生态恢复的实时追踪。
未来技术挑战集中在深海探测的精度−效率−可持续性平衡。Petersen等[48]指出,尽管电磁勘探(如可控源电磁法)提升了硫化物矿床识别率,但高功耗限制其大范围应用;Du等[49]则从历史视角呼吁制定深海采矿国际标准,融合探测数据与生态模型以优化开采策略。当前,深海地质探测正迈向多学科智能协作时代,需通过传感器网络化与AI算法突破极端环境下的探测极限。
深海环境监测技术正从单一观测向多平台协同、智能感知的全域网络化方向发展,以应对生态系统动态解析与全球气候变化评估的迫切需求。基于观测体系构建,Levin等[3]指出现有监测网络覆盖不足深海面积的5%,亟需标准化传感器网络填补深渊带数据空白;Smith等[50]进一步通过“深海观测战略”(DOOS)提出协同观测框架,整合AUV、锚系阵列与剖面浮标,实现碳通量、生物活动等参数的同步采集。从技术创新角度,自主化装备的突破尤为显著:Du等[51]研发的长期坐底式着陆器,通过原位拉曼光谱与微生物原位培养舱,可对冷泉区化能合成群落进行长达18个月的连续代谢监测;Muir等[52]设计的深渊自主剖面仪(DAP)则结合CTD传感器与水体采样功能,支持万米级水深的溶解氧与微生物垂直分布研究,采样周期误差小于2%;Wang等[53]的深海自持式浮标采用波浪能−温差能混合供电,在吕宋岛东北海域实现了长达6个月的无间断温盐剖面观测,续航能力较传统Argo浮标提升80%。
数字化与数据融合是提升监测效率的关键。Stevens等[54]强调,物联网(如AUV群组通信)与人工智能(如异常事件自主识别算法)的应用,可将数据处理效率提高50% 以上。Matabos等[55]在热液喷口区构建的IMOVE观测系统,通过光缆实时传输多参数数据(温度、浊度、化学物质浓度),结合机器学习预测喷发事件,验证了跨学科数据融合的可靠性。面对技术挑战,Aguzzi等[56]提出借鉴空间探测技术(如深空通信中继网络),构建深海−卫星一体化数据传输体系,以突破声学通信带宽限制;而Mao等[57]从安全技术视角呼吁发展抗高压腐蚀材料与边缘计算模块,保障监测设备的长期稳定性。
当前,深海环境监测正从“技术验证”向“业务化运行”转型,但探测成本、能源供给与数据共享机制仍是主要掣肘(如DOOS协作框架下的标准化滞后)。未来需强化深海−空天技术跨界融合,并通过国际协议(如BBNJ协定)推动观测数据的全球共享,以实现对深海生态系统的全面保护与可持续利用[58]
深海沉积物采样技术的革新为海洋地质、生态及碳循环研究提供了关键数据支撑。传统采样方法以重力取样器和箱式取样器为主,但受限于取样深度保留率低[59]。针对此问题,Liu等[60]设计了液压驱动式深海沉积物采样系统,通过有限元仿真优化采样管抗压能力(耐压60 MPa),试验验证其可在6000 m水深完整获取50 cm层积样品,扰动率低于15%。
保压采样技术是近年突破重点。He等[61]研发的全海深保压采样器采用双阀密封与压力补偿模块,原位保压率达90% 以上(相对于常压采样器微生物活性保留率提升50%),首次实现了深渊沉积物气−液−固三相原位状态的实验室复现。与此同时,多模态采样设备逐渐兴起:Wu等[62]总结了深海水体−沉积物联合采样技术,指出声学触发式抓斗与CTD−Rosette系统的集成可同步获取底层海水化学参数与表层沉积物,但其能源消耗和机械复杂度仍制约大规模应用。
当前技术挑战集中在极端环境适应性与样品保真度的平衡。He等[59]指出,现有采样器在高压−低温联合作业下密封失效概率高达30%,需通过材料改性(如碳化硅陶瓷涂层)提升耐久性;而水体采样中的生物扰动[62]和沉积物孔隙水逃逸[60]仍是影响数据可靠性的核心问题。未来方向或聚焦于智能采样网络(如AUV搭载自适应采样臂)与微创传感技术(如光纤原位检测),以实现对深海沉积过程的动态解析。
保压、保温采样器能够在采集生物样本时保持深海的压力和温度条件,最大程度地减少对样本的影响,确保生物样本的活性和完整性。这对于研究深海生物的生理特性和生态功能至关重要。深海生物样本采集技术正经历从传统粗犷式捕获到精细仿生保压采样的革新,旨在保护脆弱生物结构与生理活性。Wang等[63]开发的等压采样装置通过梯度减压阀与惰性气体置换,成功维持了宏生物(如深海虾类)的体内酶活性(活性保留率>85%);而Liu等[64]提出了一种全海深液压抽吸式大型生物保压采样方法,该方法通过抽吸海底大型生物,并利用压力补偿器稳定采样器内部压力,实现主动采样。根据其分析和设计结果,研制出了HSMPS工程样机,在110 MPa的高压环境下进行了HSMPS抽吸测试和模拟采样测试。测试结果验证了HSMPS设计的可行性,这将为全海深载人潜水器的超深渊海底采样作业提供有力支持。
机器人技术的融合进一步提升了采样的精确性与适应性。Mazzeo等[65]综述了20种深海机械手抓取策略,指出仿生吸附式夹具(如章鱼触手拓扑结构)对脆性标本(玻璃海绵、深海藻类)的抓取成功率可达90%,远超传统刚性夹具的50%。此类机械臂多集成于ROV/AUV平台,结合视觉识别算法实现目标生物的自主定位。
尽管技术进步显著,挑战仍集中于极端环境下的操作可靠性。例如,保压采样器的密封材料在高压低温环境中易疲劳失效[64],而机器人抓取力反馈系统在混浊水体中的定位误差可达±15 cm[65]。未来方向或将聚焦于生物激励型材料(如自修复聚合物密封圈)与多模态传感(声−光−触觉融合)技术,以推动深海的无人化、无损化采样网络建设。
随着对深海微生物研究的深入,开发出了一系列适合深海微生物生长的培养技术和分析方法。通过模拟深海环境条件,成功培养出多种深海微生物,并对其基因序列、代谢产物等进行分析,揭示了深海微生物在生态系统中的重要作用。深海微生物培养与分析技术的突破极大推进了对极端环境生命活动的认知。早期研究依赖高压连续培养系统(如Wirsen等[66]于1999年开发的恒化器),通过维持60 MPa压力与低温环境(2℃),成功富集了热液喷口的极端嗜压菌群,并验证其碳利用速率比常压培养高3倍。此后,纯培养技术的优化使得Eloe等[67]首次分离出嗜压α变形菌(Psychromonas属),其膜脂双层结构在高压下保持流动性,揭示了微生物的独特压力适应机制。
近年来,高通量与微流控技术显著提升了分析效率。Cario等[68]设计的超高通量微流控平台,在30 MPa压力下通过微腔阵列完成单细胞代谢表型筛选(每小时处理103细胞),筛选出具备高压下高效降解多环芳烃的深海菌株,其降解速率较传统方法提高90%。同时,组学技术结合稳定同位素探针[69]和单细胞分选(如荧光激活流式细胞术),破解了非可培养微生物的代谢网络。例如,Zhang等[70]利用宏基因组测序揭示深渊沉积物中新型奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)虽缺乏氨氧化基因,却可通过氢代谢驱动碳同化,打破了对古菌功能分化的传统认知。
技术挑战则聚焦于原位保真与高灵敏度检测。Wannicke等[71]开发的压力舱原位同位素标记法联用FISH−MAR技术(荧光原位杂交−微放射自显影),在高压下首次测得深海细菌的氨基酸吸收速率,(0.1~ 0.3)fmol/·cell-1·h-1。Herndl等[72]强调需整合高压培养系统与多组学数据(如代谢流与蛋白质互作网络),以解析微生物群落的原位生态功能。未来,深度学习驱动的代谢预测模型与模块化原位实验室(如微流控芯片搭载组学传感器)将成为技术迭代的核心方向。
水下声学通信作为海洋探测与资源开发的核心技术,在复杂水文环境下持续推动技术创新与能效优化。技术现状与协议演进方面,Song等[73]总结了主流调制技术(如OFDM(正交频分复用)与扩频通信)的适用场景,指出多路径效应与多普勒扩展仍是中远距离通信的主要限制因素,需通过自适应信道均衡算法将误码率控制在1×10−4内。Tang等[74]进一步验证了混合调制(FDMA与CDMA(码分多路访问)结合)在浅海环境中的有效性,其开发的原型系统在500 m距离下实现了20 kbps的传输速率,较传统FSK(频移键控)提升60%。
能效优化是水下通信网络长期运行的瓶颈问题。Islam等[75]的系统分析表明,现有节点的能量消耗中,信号处理模块占65%(如滤波与编码),提出动态功率分配与休眠调度算法可将能耗降低40%,且结合声学能量收集技术(如压电换能器)可实现节点的半自持运行。
在应用领域扩展中,Zhang等[76]强调水声技术在海洋观测中的革新作用,如结合AI(人工智能)的异常事件识别算法可将海洋锋面与热液喷口的实时监测数据延迟缩短至秒级。未来,跨介质通信(水声−激光协同)与智能反射表面(IRS)的应用[73]或能突破现有频段限制,推动深海物联网的规模化部署。
由于GPS(全球定位系统)信号无法穿透海水到达深海,惯性导航(INS)成为深海导航的重要手段。结合AI辅助定位技术,通过对传感器数据的实时分析和处理,能够更准确地确定潜水器和设备的位置,提高导航精度。惯性导航与AI辅助定位的融合正成为水下机器人高精度自主导航的核心技术方向。传统的INS系统虽具备不依赖外部信号的自主性,但其累积误差(如位置漂移达0.1% 航程/h)在长时序作业中显著限制实用性。针对此问题,AI驱动的误差修正模型与多传感器融合策略成为研究重点。Kim等[77]在陡峭地形巡航AUV中,结合地形匹配算法与卡尔曼滤波降低惯性导航误差,试验显示其横向定位误差较纯INS系统减少60%,但依赖先验地形数据的局限性促使AI实时校正需求。
深度学习与强化学习的应用显著提升了环境适应性。Zhang等[78]提出混合模型导航框架,通过长短期记忆网络(LSTM)预测惯导漂移趋势,并与多波束声呐数据实时对齐,在未知洋流干扰下将航位推算(DR)精度提升至±1.5 m/h(相比传统EKF提升40%)。Christensen等[79]进一步指出,深度强化学习(DRL)可使AUV在动态环境中自主学习路径规划策略,如结合视觉SLAM与惯性数据,实现无地图条件下的实时避障与定位(定位延迟小于0.5 s)。
水下物联网(IoUT)通过将各类水下设备和传感器连接起来,实现数据的共享和协同工作。它能够整合深海的各种信息,为深海探测和资源开发提供更全面、高效的支持。目前,水下物联网技术尚处于发展阶段,但已展现出巨大的应用潜力。面向水下物联网的大规模部署需求,多节点协同定位成为关键挑战。Mohsan等[80]强调,基于联邦学习的分布式惯导校准网络可通过节点间模型参数共享,在不依赖水面基站条件下实现群体定位误差降低30%,同时保护本地数据隐私。未来研究方向将聚焦于边缘计算赋能的轻量化AI模型(如知识蒸馏技术)与量子惯性传感器的结合,以突破深海水下导航的物理极限。
深海电池作为支撑长周期深海探测的核心能源系统,其技术发展聚焦于极端环境适应性、能源密度提升及可持续充电方案3大方向。在耐压与材料创新方面,Zhao等[81]通过压力自适应层状锂电芯设计(集成钛合金壳体内衬与固态电解液),将锂离子电池的循环寿命(0.5C倍率充放电)在60 MPa压力下延长至2000次(容量保持率>85%),并验证了深海高压对锂枝晶生长的抑制作用,为解决传统锂电池深海应用的安全性瓶颈提供了新思路。
能源补给技术的突破则依赖海洋可再生能源的整合。Jin等[82]提出基于海洋温差能−波浪能联合供电的机器鱼群无线充电网络,其设计的系泊平台接口可实现50 m距离内动态耦合效率达75%(功率传输1.2 kW),但面临复杂流场下的定位偏差(±0.3 m)与电解腐蚀防护难题。同时,Zhang等[83]在深海观测装备综述中强调,电池系统的能源自治性需与低功耗传感器协同优化,如采用脉冲式供电(待机功耗≤ 0.1 W)将连续观测任务续航能力提升至12个月以上。
未来技术挑战集中于极端环境下的综合能效管理,包括材料可靠性、充电效率和系统集成。发展趋势指向压力自适应电池−能量捕获一体化设计与跨介质能源网络,例如深海电池组与水面浮标光伏系统的声−光协同充电,为全海深探测装备提供全天候能源支持。
海洋可再生能源作为深海探测装备的持续供能方案,呈现多元化技术路线与协同应用的趋势。温差能因其稳定性成为长效供能首选:Mohamed等[84]通过石蜡基相变材料(PCM)耦合有机朗肯循环,将海洋表层与1000 m深水的温差(ΔT≈20℃)转换为电能,实验表明其可为中型AUV提供日均1.2 kW·h的电力(系统效率达7.2%),但需进一步解决工质泄漏与冷凝器深海耐压问题。而美国能源部在《蓝色经济能源》报告中预测,商业化温差发电(OTEC)的兆瓦级电站可为海底观测网供电,但其距离岸基设施的传输损耗(约15%)限制了经济性[85]
波浪能与潮汐能的结合应用拓展了分布式供能场景。Jin等[82]设计的悬浮式波浪能转换器与温差能模块的混合供电网络,通过模糊逻辑控制实现机器鱼群充电优先级动态分配,理论验证其可提升群体作业时长至90 d(较单一供能延长50%),但需攻克高频机械磨损与海生物附着防护等难题。
纳米摩擦发电技术(TENG)在微能源领域展现出独特优势。Song等[86]开发的多层介电薄膜TENG阵列,利用波浪冲击的动能摩擦起电,在低频(0.5~2 Hz)条件下输出功率密度达3.2 W/m3,足以驱动深海原位传感器的无线信号中继(功耗≤ 0.5 W),但其耐久性(>106次循环)仍需验证。
面向未来,海洋能源的多源协同调度与智能储能管理将是关键方向。LiVecchi等[85]建议采用数字孪生模型优化能源分配路径,而集成固态锂电池(如PCM预加热系统)与超级电容的混合储能装置[82],可平抑波浪能的间歇性波动。仍需突破材料腐蚀抑制、跨介质能量传输效率提升等技术瓶颈,以实现深海装备的能源自治。
深海图像识别技术借助机器学习(ML)的快速发展,已成为海洋生物多样性研究及生态监测的核心工具。在经典计算机视觉方法阶段,Piechaud等[87]开发了基于特征提取(如纹理与轮廓分析)的半自动化底栖生物识别系统,针对海绵、珊瑚等固着生物的分类准确率达78%,显著提升了深海生物调查效率,但受限于光照不均与图像模糊,对小型或移动生物的识别仍存在较高误差。近年来,深度学习技术的引入突破了这一瓶颈:Lopez−Vazquez等[88]提出一种端到端的图像增强−分类联合框架,结合U−Net架构的图像去噪模块与ResNet−50分类器,在浑浊水体中将物种识别准确率提升至93%,并开源了包含10万张深海生物标注图像的数据集,为小样本场景下的迁移学习提供了基准。
低成本硬件的结合进一步推动了技术的实用化。Bell等 [89]设计了一种搭载轻量化CNN模型(MobileNetV3)的便携式深部摄像系统,通过边缘计算实现水下实时物种分类(延迟 < 0.5 s),其功耗仅为传统设备的30%,适用于长期海底观测网络部署。而在生态保护应用中,van der Most等[90]强调,印度洋热液喷口区域的生物群落动态监测需依赖ML驱动的图像识别技术,以快速识别受威胁物种并评估环境扰动影响,为深海保护区的智能化管理提供数据支撑。
当前挑战集中于极端环境适应性与算法可解释性。未来方向需融合域适应技术以应对不同海域的光谱差异,并开发交互式可视化工具辅助海洋学家验证模型决策逻辑。
深海数据可视化与实时分析正通过多源数据融合、边缘计算和人工智能技术加速向高效与智能化方向发展。早期的技术突破如Lutz等[91]的热液喷口成像系统,实现了深海近实时影像采集,奠定了数据获取的基础,但受限于分辨率和带宽,难以支撑复杂分析。随后,Li等[92]的VR−Ocean系统通过虚拟现实技术,首次实现了南极海域温盐流等参数的四维交互式可视化,提升了科研人员对海洋动态的直观理解,但数据更新仍依赖离线处理。
近年来,深度学习驱动的数据融合大幅提升了分析精度与效率。Khan等[93]提出多模态海洋数据融合框架,利用卷积−Transformer混合模型将卫星遥感、声呐与传感器数据整合,实现热液活动异常检测准确率94%,同时优化了海洋装备形状以减少能耗;Wang等[94]则通过自编码器网络解决了多源海水温度数据的时空对齐问题,构建了亚千米级分辨率的动态三维温度场,验证了深海热通量模型的可靠性。
在实时性优化方面,边缘计算的引入解决了深海通信延迟与带宽瓶颈。Leyva−Mayorga等[95]设计卫星边缘计算架构,将声呐点云数据的实时渲染速率提升至30帧/s,支持科考船快速决策;Alharbey等[96]的联邦学习框架进一步通过分布式边缘节点协同训练模型,实现了水下装备活动监控与数据隐私保护的平衡,多AUV联合推理延迟低于2 s。
当前挑战集中于异构数据标准化与极端环境算力限制。未来需突破边缘端轻量化AI模型(如神经架构搜索技术)与量子−经典混合计算,以构建全海深实时数字孪生平台。
数字孪生技术通过物理实体与虚拟模型的实时交互与迭代优化,正在革新深海探测的装备可靠性、任务规划和多平台协同效能。在深海装备健康管理方面,Mourtzis等[97]提出的基于数字孪生的预测性维护框架,通过采集AUV电机与推进器的实时工况数据,构建退化概率模型,将设备故障预警准确率提升至89%,并优化了维护周期(减少30% 停机时间)。针对深海受限空间的作业需求,Putranto等[98]开发了数字孪生驱动的机器人系统,通过虚拟模型的路径预演与碰撞检测,实现热液喷口区智能传感标签的高效部署(定位误差±0.2 m)。
三维环境感知与动态建模是数字孪生技术的另一核心应用。Laranjeira等[99]集成多波束声呐与增强现实(AR)技术,建立了海底实时三维地形孪生体,并通过混合现实头盔为操作者提供可视化交互界面,显著提升复杂地形下的机械臂操作效率。此外,数字孪生的跨平台协作能力进一步推动了分布式探测网络的构建:Vergara等[100]设计的联邦数字孪生框架,允许多AUV在保护隐私数据的前提下共享部分模型参数,协同完成海洋锋面追踪任务,将目标识别速度提高2倍。
从技术发展趋势看,Hu等[101]指出,数字孪生正从单装备级向生态系统级扩展,未来需突破异构数据标准化(如声光数据融合)、边缘计算实时性(延迟 < 1 s)及低功耗通信等挑战。同时,量子加密技术或将成为保障联邦数字孪生数据安全的关键。
深海探测技术自20世纪70年代以来在多领域取得突破性进展,推动了基础科学与资源勘探的革命。在生态系统发现领域,Corliss等[102]通过载人深潜器首次发现加拉帕戈斯裂谷热液喷口及其独特的化能合成生物群落,颠覆了“深海生命荒漠”的传统认知,开启了深海极端环境生态研究的先河。此后,深渊带生物多样性研究持续深入:Jamieson等[103]系统论证了5000~8000 m水深范围的鱼类分布特征,揭示深渊生物对高压的独特适应机制,进一步突破海沟探测技术极限,利用着陆器在伊豆−小笠原海沟8336 m深度记录到迄今为止最深的硬骨鱼(狮子鱼科),刷新了深海生命存在的深度边界[104]
在资源勘探方面,Kato等[105]对太平洋深海沉积物的分析表明,其稀土元素含量远高于陆地矿床(最高达1500 μg/g),推动多国开展深海稀土资源开发技术研发,如日本“深海地球号”科考船的高精度底泥采集系统。科学钻探技术则为地球动力学研究提供支持:自1968年“格洛玛·挑战者号”开启深海钻探计划(DSDP)以来,科学钻探已获取超4万m的岩芯样本。Becker等[106]总结了50年钻探成果,包括验证板块构造理论及重建古海洋气候变化;而Robinson等[107]指出,新一代钻探船“地球号”的“Chikyu”计划正尝试钻入地幔,但钻头耐高温(>300℃)与岩屑回送仍是技术瓶颈。
技术革新持续驱动探测能力提升。Jamieson等[108]综述了全海深着陆器、水下滑翔机、无人/载人潜水器等装备的发展,支撑了全球26条海沟的系统探测;美国国家科学研究委员会则呼吁加强跨学科协作以应对钻探样品分析精度不足的挑战[109]。中国首艘大洋钻探船“梦想号”于2024年11月17日在广州正式入列。该船采用“模块化”设计理念,以“小吨位”实现“多功能”,国际首次创新集成大洋科学钻探、深海油气勘探和天然气水合物勘查试采等多种功能。“梦想号”入列后,也将为全球科学家开展大洋科学钻探研究提供重大平台支撑,助力人类更好地认识地球。未来,深海探测将向多平台协同(AUV−钻探船−卫星联动)与原位实时分析(如海底实验室)方向发展,以揭示深渊地球系统运作的全貌。
AI驱动的AUV将具备更强自主决策能力,能根据实时获取的环境信息和任务目标,自主规划探测路径、调整探测策略。集群机器人协同探测将成为未来重要发展方向,多个机器人通过协作,能够完成更复杂、大规模的探测任务,提高探测效率和准确性。
核能微型化有望为深海探测提供持久、稳定的能源供应,小型核电池研发将使深海设备能够在长时间内持续工作。深海无线充电网络的构建将实现设备在运动过程中的无线充电,进一步提高设备续航能力。
深海原位实验与制造技术通过适配极端环境(高压、低温)的智能材料与新型增材制造工艺(即3D打印技术),正在推动深海装备的实时修复与就地定制化生产。当设备在深海出现故障时,传统制造方法依赖水面船厂预制设备,难以适应深海动态任务需求,而多材料3D打印技术的突破为原位制造提供了可能。Wang等[110]提出的多材料气动软体机器人自由成型技术,利用光固化硅橡胶与导电聚合物的协同打印,直接在深海水下完成柔性机械手的快速制造,其弯曲应变达300% 且耐压性能保持至50 MPa。该方法使机器人可在海底现场按需调整抓取结构,应对不同生物采样需求。
在提升机械性能方面,Wang等[111]进一步开发了复合增强嵌入式3D打印系统,通过纤维增强材料(如碳纳米管/水凝胶复合材料)与软体基体的结构耦合,将执行器的输出力提升至传统气动驱动器的2.3倍,同时实现0.1 mm级运动精度。该技术成功验证了深海热泉区原位修复机械臂密封件的可行性,为长期海底观测站的自维护提供了新路径。
当前挑战集中于极端环境适配性:高压环境下材料的界面结合强度衰减(如硅橡胶−金属嵌合体在60 MPa压力下剥离风险增加30%),以及制造过程的水下实时监控技术缺失(需开发声−光联合原位检测算法)。未来,深海原位制造将融入人工智能驱动的设计优化(如拓扑结构自适应生成)与跨尺度打印(微米级传感器与米级结构体集成),推动深海装备从“预置式”向“自适应式”范式转变。深海微生物工厂的建设将利用深海微生物的特殊代谢能力,生产具有重要价值的生物产品,推动深海生物技术的应用。
深海通信是深海资源探查和开发的核心技术之一。该技术广泛应用于海洋科学研究、资源勘探和军事行动中。目前水声通信是主要的深海通信手段,它利用声波的传播特性来实现数据的传输。代表性工程项目为国家海底科学观测网,主要由东海海底观测子网、南海海底观测子网、监测数据中心及配套项目3大部分组成。Tian等[112]在中国“智慧南海”项目中通过设计异质滑翔机水声通信系统,在南海水下1800 m深处实现了距离5 km的实时数据传输,成功率达80%,显著提高了海洋监测效率。该系统采用MFSK调制和双换能器设计,有效地处理了多径信号干扰,在700~800 m深度范围内确保70% 的通信性能。Li等[113]在东海海底观测网项目中,阐述小曲山站通过长度为1 km的电缆实现了每15 s对水温、盐度和压力的实时监测,并于2010年成功捕获了智利8.8级地震波引起的海平面异常。声波通信通常在几百赫兹到几十千赫兹的频率范围内工作,且采用FSK和OFDM等调制技术,并通过自适应均衡和纠错编码来降低多径效应和多普勒效应的影响[114]。作为新兴通信方式,量子通信凭借高安全性和抗干扰能力[115],和蓝绿激光通信利用450~550 nm频段的低吸收特性实现12.4 Gbps的高速传输,有望突破声学通信低速率、高时延瓶颈[116]。5~10年内,多模态通信网络将融合声学、激光和量子技术等,结合人工智能和边缘计算实现自适应优化,构建高速、安全的深海物联网,为深海探测提供革命性通信支持。
深海探测与应用的高成本传统上受限于复杂装备的制造、能源消耗及维护需求,而新型仿生技术与生物融合策略正在推动成本效率的范式变革。在效率评估体系重塑方面,Cui等[117]突破传统仿生游泳效率评价标准,提出以“任务效率”(单位能源消耗的任务完成度)为核心指标,并通过多型潜水器示范计算证明了指标的合理性。该指标为水下装备设计提供了新方向——不再追求单一性能极限,而是基于任务目标动态平衡灵活性、负载能力与续航。
更具颠覆性的技术路径来自生物−机电融合模式。Shao等[118]提出“活体潜水器”概念,通过植入式微型控制系统与神经接口,将海洋鱼类转化为可控探测平台。当前挑战集中于生物兼容性(如植入装置对鱼类生存率的影响)和规模化控制(群体协同逻辑),但两者的结合预示了深海低成本作业的未来:从“机器模仿生物”转向“生物增强机器”,甚至最终构建海陆空一体化生物机器人网络。这一革命性路径可能在未来10年内将大深度探测的日均成本从数十万元降至千元人民币级,彻底打破深海开发的资本壁垒。
深海采矿技术的进步为高效、环保地开采多金属结核等矿产资源开辟了新的机会。加拿大鹦鹉螺矿业公司是该领域的先驱。其位于巴布亚新几内亚的Solwara 1项目是深海采矿的首次商业尝试[119]。与此同时,澳大利亚海王星矿业公司正在勘探新西兰最先进的硫磺矿床,使用低成本、低风险的模型开发富含金、银、铜等的矿床[120]。这里深海探测与商业开发的深度结合,揭示了环境与经济效益相辅相成的理念,深刻强调了环境保护的必要性。
美国政府也正在积极投入到深海采矿中。2025年4月24日,美国政府颁布了《释放美国海上关键矿物和资源》命令,该行政命令目的是通过加速、授权和支持盟友进行海洋资源勘探,并进一步加强国内的加工能力,加强美国在该领域的持续领先地位,并减少对国外矿产供应链的依赖。此外,深海的生物医学资源开发也正开辟了新的领域,通过研究和开发基于深海生物、资源的独特药物和材料,海洋经济的边界正在进一步扩大。
1)基础材料与极端环境适应性。深海勘探设备通常需要在高压、低温和高腐蚀性环境中运行,该类环境对基础材料的性能要求非常高。尽管陶瓷和钛合金等高压材料已基本符合要求,但在最为恶劣的深渊条件下,材料强度、耐久性仍需提高。同时,生物附着物会显著增加设备的质量并降低效率,而且当前的化学涂层对该类问题无效,某些化学涂层甚至会进一步传播污染物。所以开发兼具高强度、耐腐蚀性和生物抵抗性的环保材料是一项重大挑战。
2)能源供应限制。深海长航时探测对能源的需求巨大,目前的能源技术难以满足长时间、大功率的能源供应要求。深海设备的充电难题也亟待解决,无线充电技术虽然有一定进展,但在充电效率、传输距离等方面仍需改进。
3)数据获取与传输。深海大数据存储和实时回传面临挑战,大量探测数据需要高效存储设备和快速数据传输通道。低带宽条件下,如何实现高效通信,保证数据的准确、及时传输,是亟待解决的问题。
4)成本、可持续性与海洋环保。深海探测仪器的研究、制造、实施和监测成本均较为高昂,并从深海环境适应设计到高端深海传感器的生产,均需大量投资。虽然基于活鱼的水下航行器实施、监测和维护成本较低,但是控制活鱼行为的技术尚不成熟,难以准确导航和执行任务。同时,微型传感器的进一步发展为高灵敏度和可靠性监测提供了可能性,但该技术同样处于起步阶段。此外,深海勘探活动通常会因为螺旋桨推进导致噪声污染、产生垃圾碎片来影响环境,并对深海生态系统造成长期影响。海洋环境保护作为重要议题得到国际社会的重视,其中《联合国海洋法公约》等法律要求勘探活动需要评估其对环境的影响,并使用可生物降解材料和节能设计等绿色技术[121]。然而,针对深海环保材料和技术的研发成本同样很高,可能难以满足深海探测商业的需求。
5)国际形势、地缘政治与政策法规。深海探测技术的发展受到国际形势、地缘政治、政策和法规的影响。深海资源开发利用潜力加剧了各国在公海和专属经济区的竞争,同时某些地区的勘探活动(如南海)受到领土争端或地缘政治敏感性的限制。由于深海探测技术的军民两用特点,使得一些国家通过技术出口管制或制裁限制关键设备和技术的获取,限制该技术的发展。《联合国海洋法公约》及国际海底管理局的法规为深海活动设定了严格的标准,要求资源开发需要遵守环境保护和可持续发展的原则,并提交环境影响评估。同时,不同国家对深海探测设备的使用规范、数据共享方式差异较大,跨国合作可能因此受阻。而且部分国家对深海探测设备的各类技术参数实施出口限制,进一步遏制了跨国合作。平衡国际合作和技术自主与应对深海勘探开发的地缘政治风险是当前深海探测技术发展的一个重要问题。
6)国产设备发展。国产深海探测设备如西湖大学深海技术研究中心开发的“西谷一号”和“西谷二号”是第三代仿生鱼型无人潜水器,已经完成了千岛湖和南海测试,展现了中国在深海探测领域的创新潜力。其仿生设计通过模仿鱼类运动提高能源效率和机动性,适用于长时间深海观测。然而,设备在复杂任务场景下的长期运行可靠性和集成度需进一步验证,生产规模化不足导致成本高昂,同时智能自主性需进一步提高。
近年来,深海探测技术在潜水器、传感器、通信和能源等领域取得了显著进展,为深入探索海洋奥秘提供了强有力的技术支撑。特别是“奋斗者号”载人潜水器、仿鱼型潜水器、原位实验室以及人工智能和数字孪生技术的应用,显著提升了深海探测的精度和效率。然而,高压环境适应性、能源供应、数据传输和成本控制等关键瓶颈仍制约着技术的进一步发展。
未来5~10年,深海探测技术将在智能化、自主化、可持续性及生物仿生等领域迎来显著突破,为人类探索未知的深海世界提供前所未有的可能性。智能化与自主化将成为核心趋势,深海机器人将集成人工智能和机器学习技术,能够自主完成复杂任务,如深海矿产勘探、生物多样性监测和极端环境下的科学实验,大幅提升探测效率和安全性。新型能源技术的应用将为设备提供持久支持,如深海热能和潮汐能等可再生能源的开发,既绿色环保,还能延长任务续航时间。通信系统的突破也将至关重要,未来可能通过水下光通信或量子通信技术实现深海与地面的实时数据传输,为科学研究和资源开发提供及时数据。
传感器技术进步将进一步推动深海探测的精准性。高精度、高灵敏度的传感器将适应深海高压、低温和强腐蚀环境,为地质、化学和生物研究提供可靠数据。制造技术的革新,如3D打印技术的广泛应用,将显著降低设备成本,推动高性能探测工具的普及和产业化。国际合作也将发挥重要作用,通过共享资源和技术、建立全球深海观测网络,各国将共同应对深海探测的挑战,促进技术标准化和可持续发展。
特别值得一提的是,生物机器人和生物增强型机器人将成为深海探测的创新亮点。生物机器人,如鱼类机器人、乌龟机器人等,将采用脑机接口驱动、肌电驱动等方式,控制生物进行运动,其具备卓越的灵活性和隐蔽性,能在复杂海底环境中执行环境监测任务,如生态监测或隐秘勘探。这种技术路径不仅拓展了深海探测的应用场景,还可能启发新工程设计理念。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2805201)
  • 西湖大学校立科研基金项目(WU2024A001)
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2025年第43卷第12期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00040
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
  • 修回日期:2025-06-03
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2805201)
西湖大学校立科研基金项目(WU2024A001)
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    西湖大学工学院电子信息工程系, 杭州 310030
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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