Article(id=1207358805315265448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207293801786347529, articleNumber=null, orderNo=21, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01611, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=1, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=1732377600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765786370828, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1749744000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1734019200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-12-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1734019200000, onlineFirstDateStr=2024-12-13, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765786370828, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079306750, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207293801786347529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749744000000', pubDateStr='2025-06-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765770872748, creator='system', updateTime=1774330933326, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197298025545972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207293801786347529, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197298025545973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207293801786347529, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=60, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207358805759861678, articleId=1207358805315265448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Ecological engineering of soil formation in mine tailings: Theory and technology, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The exploration and utilization of mineral resources are essential for sustaining the economic development of modern society and human activities. However, over the past century, the extraction and processing of various mineral resources have resulted in the generation of large amounts of mine tailings, posing significant threats to the local ecosystem and the sustainable development of human society. Ecological rehabilitation in mine tailing areas has become crucial for achieving sustainable mining practices. Building on an analysis of the shortcomings of traditional approaches to ecological restoration of tailings, we propose a promising strategy rooted in pedogenesis principles for the sustainable rehabilitation of mine tailings. This strategy, termed "ecological engineering of soil formation in mine tailings", treats tailings as the parent material for soil formation and employs systematic ecological engineering methodologies to accelerate pedogenesis. The aim of ecological engineering is to gradually transform the tailings into a stable soil-like substrates with a porous physical structure and chemical buffering properties, capable of supporting specific ecological functions, thus facilitating ecosystem development in the tailing areas. Throughout this process, it's essential to systematically consider the characteristics of the tailings, local microbial and plant species, and climatic conditions, in order to design technical routes tailored to local conditions and construct a comprehensive technical package. Finally, according to current research progress, we identify key research directions focusing on both fundamental understanding and technical applications of ecological engineering of soil formation in tailings.

, authors=null, authorsList=Songlin WU, Wei FU, Baodong CHEN, Yuqi WU, Wei HAN, Yongguan ZHU, Longbin HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baodong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207358808091893788, articleId=1207358805315265448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=尾矿成土生态工程:理论与技术, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

矿产资源的开发和利用是维系现代社会经济发展和人类活动的重要基础。然而,近百年来各类矿产资源的开采和加工产生了大量尾矿矿渣,严重威胁着生态环境和人类社会的可持续发展。如何实现尾矿区的生态重建成为实现可持续矿业的关键。在分析传统尾矿生态修复技术不足的基础上,提出基于土壤发生学原理的尾矿生态修复新策略,即尾矿成土生态工程。具体而言,本策略将尾矿视为成土母质矿物,通过系统性生态工程手段加速成土过程,并逐步将其改造成具有多孔物理结构和化学缓冲特性,能够承载生态功能的稳定类土基质,从而实现对尾矿区的生态重建。尾矿成土生态工程需综合考虑尾矿的特性、本地微生物和植物物种资源及气候条件,因地制宜设计技术路线,构建成套技术体系。最后,基于现有研究进展,提出了尾矿成土的关键基础科学问题和技术应用前景。

, authors=

伍松林,研究员,研究方向为矿区生态修复,电子信箱:

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陈保冬(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为土壤生态学,电子信箱:
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尾矿类型 pH值 矿物组成
铅锌尾矿 偏酸性,pH 2~6
铜尾矿 偏中性,pH 6.0~8.5 石英10%~50%,黄铁矿4%~50%,云母5%~20%,长石3%~50%,绿泥石0~40%[6]
金尾矿 偏中性,pH 7.0~8.5
铝尾矿 强碱性,pH > 10 赤铁矿10%~35%,方钠石5%~15%,石英1%~10%,高岭石0~8%,勃姆石0~2%,三水铝石0~2%,钙霞石0~2%,锐钛矿0~2%,方解石0~2%[6]
铁尾矿 偏碱性,pH > 9 石英30%~60%,黑云母5%~15%,磁铁矿0~5%,伊利石0~2%,辉石0~2%,闪石0~2%[7]
煤矸石尾矿 偏中性,pH 6.0~8.0 高岭石0~70%,石英10%~50%,方解石0~20%,白云母0~5%,绿泥石0~5%,长石0~5%[8]
), ArticleFig(id=1242141924694500170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207358805315265448, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类型尾矿的理化性质和矿物组成差异

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尾矿类型 pH值 矿物组成
铅锌尾矿 偏酸性,pH 2~6
铜尾矿 偏中性,pH 6.0~8.5 石英10%~50%,黄铁矿4%~50%,云母5%~20%,长石3%~50%,绿泥石0~40%[6]
金尾矿 偏中性,pH 7.0~8.5
铝尾矿 强碱性,pH > 10 赤铁矿10%~35%,方钠石5%~15%,石英1%~10%,高岭石0~8%,勃姆石0~2%,三水铝石0~2%,钙霞石0~2%,锐钛矿0~2%,方解石0~2%[6]
铁尾矿 偏碱性,pH > 9 石英30%~60%,黑云母5%~15%,磁铁矿0~5%,伊利石0~2%,辉石0~2%,闪石0~2%[7]
煤矸石尾矿 偏中性,pH 6.0~8.0 高岭石0~70%,石英10%~50%,方解石0~20%,白云母0~5%,绿泥石0~5%,长石0~5%[8]
), ArticleFig(id=1242141924753220429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207358805315265448, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 尾矿成土生态工程 自然成土
母质矿物 不稳定原生矿物和次生矿物混合体 富含原生矿物的岩石
颗粒大小 富含细小矿物颗粒(<100 µm) 大块岩石(直径 > 2 mm)
理化性质 极端盐碱(pH > 10)或极端酸性(pH<5)环境 中性或偏中性(pH=6~8)
矿物风化速率 原生矿物在生物和非生物因素驱动下迅速得到风化(数月至数年) 原生矿物风化速度缓慢(数十至千百年)
有机质源 外源有机质添加或者特定耐性植物 自然植物
水分 良好的人工水分管理 自然降雨
生物因子 不同阶段人为引入或自然适应的特定功能微生物和植物的作用 长期自然植物和微生物群落演替
土壤发育时间 经短期(数月至数年)的生态工程措施,尾矿形成特定厚度(0.5 m)的类土基质[16] 形成1 mm厚的自然土壤平均需要近20年,但因气候条件不同存在较大差异
), ArticleFig(id=1242141924811940686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1207358805315265448, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

尾矿成土生态工程和自然成土过程的区别

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类别 尾矿成土生态工程 自然成土
母质矿物 不稳定原生矿物和次生矿物混合体 富含原生矿物的岩石
颗粒大小 富含细小矿物颗粒(<100 µm) 大块岩石(直径 > 2 mm)
理化性质 极端盐碱(pH > 10)或极端酸性(pH<5)环境 中性或偏中性(pH=6~8)
矿物风化速率 原生矿物在生物和非生物因素驱动下迅速得到风化(数月至数年) 原生矿物风化速度缓慢(数十至千百年)
有机质源 外源有机质添加或者特定耐性植物 自然植物
水分 良好的人工水分管理 自然降雨
生物因子 不同阶段人为引入或自然适应的特定功能微生物和植物的作用 长期自然植物和微生物群落演替
土壤发育时间 经短期(数月至数年)的生态工程措施,尾矿形成特定厚度(0.5 m)的类土基质[16] 形成1 mm厚的自然土壤平均需要近20年,但因气候条件不同存在较大差异
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尾矿成土生态工程:理论与技术
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伍松林 1, 2 , 付伟 1, 2 , 陈保冬 1, 2, * , 吴雨琪 1, 2 , 韩伟 3 , 朱永官 1, 2 , 黄隆斌 4
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(11): 60-73
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (11) : 60 -73
尾矿成土生态工程:理论与技术
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伍松林1, 2 , 付伟1, 2, 陈保冬1, 2, * , 吴雨琪1, 2, 韩伟3, 朱永官1, 2, 黄隆斌4
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室, 北京 100085
  • 2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 3. 生态环境部固体废物与化学品管理技术中心, 北京 100029
  • 4. 澳大利亚昆士兰大学可持续矿业研究中心, 布里斯班 4072
通讯作者:
陈保冬(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为土壤生态学,电子信箱:
Ecological engineering of soil formation in mine tailings: Theory and technology
Songlin WU1, 2 , Wei FU1, 2, Baodong CHEN1, 2, * , Yuqi WU1, 2, Wei HAN3, Yongguan ZHU1, 2, Longbin HUANG4
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3. Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China
  • 4. Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
出版时间: 2025-06-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01611
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矿产资源的开发和利用是维系现代社会经济发展和人类活动的重要基础。然而,近百年来各类矿产资源的开采和加工产生了大量尾矿矿渣,严重威胁着生态环境和人类社会的可持续发展。如何实现尾矿区的生态重建成为实现可持续矿业的关键。在分析传统尾矿生态修复技术不足的基础上,提出基于土壤发生学原理的尾矿生态修复新策略,即尾矿成土生态工程。具体而言,本策略将尾矿视为成土母质矿物,通过系统性生态工程手段加速成土过程,并逐步将其改造成具有多孔物理结构和化学缓冲特性,能够承载生态功能的稳定类土基质,从而实现对尾矿区的生态重建。尾矿成土生态工程需综合考虑尾矿的特性、本地微生物和植物物种资源及气候条件,因地制宜设计技术路线,构建成套技术体系。最后,基于现有研究进展,提出了尾矿成土的关键基础科学问题和技术应用前景。

尾矿  /  土壤发生  /  生态工程  /  类土基质  /  生态重建

The exploration and utilization of mineral resources are essential for sustaining the economic development of modern society and human activities. However, over the past century, the extraction and processing of various mineral resources have resulted in the generation of large amounts of mine tailings, posing significant threats to the local ecosystem and the sustainable development of human society. Ecological rehabilitation in mine tailing areas has become crucial for achieving sustainable mining practices. Building on an analysis of the shortcomings of traditional approaches to ecological restoration of tailings, we propose a promising strategy rooted in pedogenesis principles for the sustainable rehabilitation of mine tailings. This strategy, termed "ecological engineering of soil formation in mine tailings", treats tailings as the parent material for soil formation and employs systematic ecological engineering methodologies to accelerate pedogenesis. The aim of ecological engineering is to gradually transform the tailings into a stable soil-like substrates with a porous physical structure and chemical buffering properties, capable of supporting specific ecological functions, thus facilitating ecosystem development in the tailing areas. Throughout this process, it's essential to systematically consider the characteristics of the tailings, local microbial and plant species, and climatic conditions, in order to design technical routes tailored to local conditions and construct a comprehensive technical package. Finally, according to current research progress, we identify key research directions focusing on both fundamental understanding and technical applications of ecological engineering of soil formation in tailings.

mine tailings  /  pedogenesis  /  ecological engineering  /  soil-like substrate  /  ecosystem restoration
伍松林, 付伟, 陈保冬, 吴雨琪, 韩伟, 朱永官, 黄隆斌. 尾矿成土生态工程:理论与技术. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (11) : 60 -73 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01611
Songlin WU, Wei FU, Baodong CHEN, Yuqi WU, Wei HAN, Yongguan ZHU, Longbin HUANG. Ecological engineering of soil formation in mine tailings: Theory and technology[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (11) : 60 -73 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01611
现代社会的经济发展和人类活动离不开矿产资源的开发和利用,然而各类矿产资源的开采和加工产生了大量的尾矿矿渣。当前,中国纳入环境监管的尾矿主要包括黑色金属矿尾矿、有色金属矿尾矿、稀贵金属矿尾矿、非金属矿尾矿等,总占地面积可达110万hm2[1]
21世纪以来,中国尾矿堆积量日益增加,在侵占大量土地资源的同时,对生态环境构成了严重威胁(如重金属污染和盐渍化等),已成为人类面临的重要环境问题之一。据2018年《全国矿产资源节约与综合利用报告》,截至2017年底,中国尾矿堆存量达到195亿t,其中82% 由铁矿、铜矿、金矿和磷矿等采选过程中产生的尾矿及废石组成[2]。中国尾矿产量约10亿t/a,占一般工业固体废物年产量的1/4。截至2023年,纳入生态环境主管部门监管的尾矿库数量逾7800座,总量居世界第1,其中铁矿尾矿库数量最高,为3354座,占比42.93%,其次为铅锌矿和浮选金矿,占比分别为14.18% 和8.15%,种类繁多、成分复杂(图 1)。中国的尾矿库主要分布于河北、辽宁、内蒙古、湖南、河南等地(图 2[34],总占地面积超过20万hm2[1, 3]。其中,华北地区和长江流域人口密集区及粮食主产区各占近1/3(图 2)。考虑到长江黄河流域是中国经济社会发展的关键地区,尾矿区的生态环境问题已成为制约中国关键经济带发展的重要障碍。
根据国家自然资源部颁布的《国家绿色矿山建设规范》(包括《非金属矿行业绿色矿山建设规范》(DZ/T 0312—2018)、《化工行业绿色矿山建设规范》(DZ/T 0313—2018)等9项平行行业标准),矿产资源利用应该是在满足资源需求的同时,最大限度地减少对环境和社会的负面影响。尾矿生态修复是矿山生态修复的难点和重点。尾矿富含细粒,物理结构紧实,缺乏孔隙结构,理化性质较为极端(极端酸碱、高盐及重金属毒害等)(表 1),缺乏有机质和养分,不适合植物及微生物生存,容易给生态环境带来危害或构成安全风险。例如,有色金属矿尾矿中的重金属(砷、铅)浓度较高,会因硫化物产生酸性废水,对周边环境有较高风险。一些非金属类尾矿也往往含有部分有毒有害重金属[5]。小部分稀贵金属矿尾矿中还含有较多的萤石,易引起氟污染[5]。为实现绿色矿山建设目标,恢复矿山地区生态系统至关重要,是绿色矿山建设的关键。基于此,发展科学、合理、有效的尾矿生态修复技术,对于绿色矿山建设具有极为重要的现实意义。
目前,尾矿生态修复主要采用表面覆土法进行植被恢复和景观改造。覆土法往往从矿区附近挖掘大量自然土壤覆盖尾矿坝,随后进行植树造林和绿化[9]。虽然覆土法在短期内可以迅速绿化尾矿矿区,但尾矿矿区覆土通常结构疏松、养分缺乏,且含有较高的酸性或碱性物质,严重影响植被生长和生态系统恢复。传统覆土法需要大量的客土资源,耗费大量自然土壤资源,极易造成二次生态破坏,其运输管理与灌溉费用也相对较高,稳定性和持续性受到技术和资金的限制。此外,由于尾矿矿物结构松散和潜在的环境污染风险(例如重金属),极易造成二次污染。例如,尾矿中的盐分或重金属等会随着毛细管作用上移,引起上层覆盖土壤的污染和盐渍化,影响微生物和植被的定殖和生长,造成土壤和生态退化。经过较长时间,这一措施还可能会出现覆土的水土流失,并引起较大区域的面源污染。
与此同时,覆土法存在潜在的地质风险。在自然土壤中,下层岩石层往往为岩石风化层,支撑上层土壤稳定的同时具备一定的孔隙结构,有利于水体通过孔隙向地下转移(图 3)。然而,覆土法往往只在尾矿上方覆盖约半米深的土壤,而对下层密实的细粒尾矿无任何加固处理。这些尾矿除了具有极端的理化性质(如高盐、高碱、重金属等)外,还缺乏良好的孔隙结构,水传导性能差。在暴雨季节,大量雨水通过覆土后无法再通过尾矿向下渗透,最终可能导致水位上溢和漫灌。同时,长时间泡水的尾矿缺乏硬质结构,承载能力差,极易发生坍塌,形成泥石流,进而引发严重的次生灾害。
另一种修复策略是直接在尾矿上进行生态恢复[10]。这种方法通常将尾矿视为污染或退化的自然土壤,采取针对土壤的修复方法和技术来进行尾矿复垦。此法往往依据传统植物营养学理念注重植物营养物质供给、养分吸收和植被恢复。然而,尾矿实际上具有极端的理化性质和致密的物理结构,即使提供充足的养分,也难以支撑植物的定殖和生长[11]。恶劣的环境条件,如贫瘠的土壤、高污染水平和不稳定的气候,也提高了重建稳定植被覆盖的难度,降低了生态恢复速度。
事实上,尾矿在物理结构、水力特性、化学性质、矿物组成等诸方面与自然土壤有本质性区别。尾矿经过研磨,质地细密,富含不稳定的原生矿物,而自然土壤经过漫长的风化过程,富含稳定的次生矿物,且多具有较好的物理结构[12]。因此,传统的土壤修复技术无法适用于尾矿,无法系统性地解决尾矿问题。
当前尾矿生态修复面临着巨大挑战。(1)土壤结构与肥力恢复困难。尾矿区覆土通常结构疏松、养分缺乏,且含有较高的酸性或碱性物质,严重影响植被生长和生态系统恢复。如何有效改良土壤结构和恢复土壤肥力是修复中的重大挑战。(2)植被重建难度大。尾矿区往往面临极端的环境条件,如贫瘠的土壤、高污染水平和不稳定的气候,适合生长的植物种类有限,重建稳定的植被覆盖难度大,恢复速度慢。(3)生态系统重建的复杂性高。尾矿区生态系统遭受严重破坏,要恢复一个功能齐全、稳定且自我维持的生态系统,涉及多种生物的引入、种群间的相互作用以及长期的生态监测和调控。(4)成本问题。传统覆土法往往需要大量的客土资源进行灌溉,耗费大量自然土壤资源和运输管理,以及灌溉费用,其稳定性和持续性受到技术和资金的限制。(5)重金属和有毒物质消纳难度大。尾矿中往往含有多种重金属和有毒物质,这些污染物难以降解且具有长期环境危害性。修复过程中需要有效稳定或去除这些有害物质,技术难度大。此外,尾矿修复涉及复杂的政策法规、土地利用规划以及社区参与,如何在满足环保要求的同时,兼顾经济效益和社会接受度,是修复过程中必须考虑的挑战。传统的表层覆土法虽然可以快速实现尾矿区的植被重建,但该方法不仅对自然土壤资源造成破坏,还可能引发次生地质灾害。此外,覆土法往往花费大量资金,而且消耗大量自然土壤资源,需要合理发展技术和管理手段,降低成本和对客土资源的依赖。直接在尾矿上进行生态恢复的理念缺乏对尾矿与土壤本质差异的认识,难以通过植物营养学原理促进植物在尾矿上定植,从而陷入舍本逐末的境地,最终无法达到预期效果。
尾矿成土生态工程旨在从土壤发生学角度认知尾矿的物化特性以及成土改造所需条件,通过生态工程手段促进尾矿土壤发育。同时,结合生物和化学方法阻控重金属迁移,最终实现尾矿区稳定生态系统的构建目标[11, 1314]。具体而言,通过深刻理解尾矿的物理结构、矿物组成和化学特性,制定生态工程方案,以促进尾矿矿物风化、土壤结构形成和理化性质的改善,并通过有效的物理化学和生物手段阻控重金属污染,最终将尾矿改造成为具有一定物理结构和生态功能的稳定无害化类土基质,实现可持续的尾矿生态重建。此外,生态恢复将使大面积的尾矿堆积区成为新的碳汇点,具有巨大的固碳潜力,对于实现碳中和目标具有重要意义。
尾矿成土生态工程的理论基础是土壤发生学[15]。土壤发生过程(图 4)是指成土母质在一系列物理、化学、生物作用下发生矿物风化和次生矿物形成、有机质的生成和累积、土壤结构的形成和发展,以及各类生物的定殖居留,最终成为具有一定结构并支撑生态系统功能的土壤。影响土壤发生过程的主要因素包括母质类型、生物活动、气候条件、地形坡度和时间尺度。这5个因素共同决定土壤发生的速率和最终形成的土壤类型。母质是土壤形成的基础物质,通常由原始岩石或沉积物组成,其矿物成分和特性直接影响土壤的物理化学特性和类型功能。气候是影响土壤发生的主要因素之一,主要包括温度和降水。温度主要影响生物和非生物介导的矿物风化和有机物分解的速率。降水则通过物理风化、化学风化、生物作用以及影响土壤水分平衡和盐分累积与淋洗,显著影响土壤的形成和演变。生物(如植物、动物和微生物)通过多种方式影响土壤形成。微生物主要驱动分解有机质,释放养分,同时促进矿物风化。植物主要通过根系分泌物和落叶物质增加土壤有机质,同时也刺激矿物风化。动物如蚯蚓等通过搅拌土壤和促进有机物分解,进而影响土壤结构和功能。地形主要影响水分的流动和积累,从而影响土壤的形成。例如陡峭的斜坡上土壤容易被侵蚀,而平缓地区则有利于土壤积累。时间是土壤形成的关键因素之一。随着时间的推移,母质在气候、生物和地形等因素作用下逐渐转变为不同发育程度的土壤。经过较长时间发育,土壤具有明显的层次结构,如表层土、底层土、成土母质等。
从土壤发生学角度出发,尾矿富含多种原生矿物,为成土作用奠定了母质物质基础。在尾矿成土生态工程中,通过一系列的生态工程调控措施,如添加外源有机质、引入耐性植物和微生物,以及采用多种农艺管理措施(甚至构建人工小气候)等,促进尾矿矿物风化、有机质积累和土壤结构形成和稳定,从而加速尾矿的成土过程。尾矿成土生态工程修复周期和成本一般根据尾矿类型、气候条件和生态工程的强度而定。以铁尾矿为例,在有机质充足,水分、温度条件良好的前提下,实施尾矿成土生态工程5~6个月便可形成高级类土基质[16],成本通常在50~100元/m2。具体的尾矿成土生态工程策略和流程如图 5所示。
1)对尾矿进行综合调查,系统分析尾矿物理结构、矿物组成、化学性质、生物属性等,建立尾矿基本资料信息库,明确尾矿成土的关键障碍因子和基本条件,并根据当地气候条件设计和预测尾矿成土技术路线。
2)挖掘矿区本土能够耐受和适应矿区尾矿极端理化环境(如极端酸碱、高盐碱、高重金属胁迫、物理结构紧实等)的耐性植物和微生物种质资源,作为尾矿成土生态工程的驱动者。同时探究关键功能生物(如先锋细根植物和功能微生物等)在尾矿中的定植和生理生态特性以及其驱动的尾矿矿物风化/转变、有机−矿物复合体形成、团聚体结构改善、有机碳固持以及关键营养元素循环等一系列生物地球化学过程及调控因素。此外,针对存在重金属污染风险的尾矿,应根据重金属类型和特性,采取有效的物理−化学−生物处理手段,如功能土壤改良剂、重金属钝化剂或耐性微生物,以控制重金属的迁移转化,从而降低潜在的污染风险,实现矿区可持续性生态重建。
3)综合考虑土壤的物理化学特性及生物学属性,从水稳定性团聚体、矿物组成、有机质固持、矿质养分、酸减缓冲性能、土壤酶活、微生物及植物多样性等多个角度构建尾矿成土的指标评定体系。
4)从风险识别(如次生地质灾害和重金属污染),风险危害评估(健康风险及生态风险)及风险防范措施等多方面对尾矿成土过程进行系统性生态风险评估。
总之,尾矿成土生态工程旨在构建尾矿安全成土综合治理技术体系,其核心在于通过有效的生态工程措施促进尾矿矿物风化、结构形成和理化性质改善,最终将尾矿堆积区改造成为具有一定物理结构和生态功能的稳定无害的类土基质,实现可持续的尾矿生态重建。随着尾矿的修复和植被的定植,尾矿生态重建区固定的光合碳将不断累积,原生矿物的风化和次生矿物的形成将有助于土壤有机碳的持续固持。因此,需要在尾矿成土生态修复的同时,系统研究土壤有机质的形成、转化和固持机理,研发增强尾矿固碳的技术和方法。尾矿成土生态工程虽然效法自然土壤发生过程,但其与自然成土过程有着多方面的区别(表 2)。
尾矿成土生态工程涉及复杂的生物地球化学过程(图 6)。首先,鉴于尾矿的极端理化性质,需要通过微生物或化学作用进行初步改善;其次,随着先锋植物的定植,根际活动促进尾矿矿物的风化及次生矿物的形成,矿物与有机质的相互作用对于土壤有机质的生成与固持,以及土壤缓冲体系的构建具有重要作用;最后,随着多种植物和微生物群落的逐步定殖,土壤团聚体的稳定性不断提高,土壤养分循环和生态功能也得到持续发展。此外,关键的生物与非生物过程在重金属钝化中的作用,也是尾矿成土生态工程中的重要地球化学过程。
矿石在浮选过程中往往会通过添加药剂促进矿物分选。然而,这些药剂的使用往往导致尾矿具有极端的理化性质,如极端酸碱和高盐度等[17]。因此,尾矿成土生态工程的首要步骤是改善这些极端理化性质。研究表明,通过耐性微生物的作用,可降解外源有机质产酸,从而中和强碱性,同时促进碱性矿物的风化[18]。对于一些高盐分的尾矿,如铝土矿尾矿,通过淋洗或者微生物淋溶作用可显著降低盐分离子浓度。而对于一些酸性尾矿如铅锌尾矿,则需要通过添加缓冲物质如石灰调控中和尾矿酸碱度[19]。尾矿中极端理化性质的改善是尾矿成土生态工程的首要步骤,也是土壤快速发育的前提。
尾矿中原生矿物的风化和次生矿物的形成是尾矿成土生态工程的关键过程。尾矿中富含各种母质矿物。例如,铁尾矿中含有黑云母、磁铁矿、伊利石、辉石、角闪石等矿物[7];铝土矿尾矿中含有方钠石、三氧化二铁、高岭石、软水铝石、水铝矿和钙霞石(含有钠和钙的碳酸盐−铝硅酸盐)等矿物[20];煤矸石尾矿含有高岭石、绿泥石、长石类和白云母等矿物[8];铜尾矿、铅锌尾矿和锰尾矿等含有黄铁矿、云母类、长石类和绿泥石等矿物[21]。尾矿中各类原生矿物和次生矿物是尾矿成土的母质矿物。尾矿成土生态工程中,原生矿物通过水解、氧化还原、离子溶解和离子交换(如云母类矿物的钾被钠、镁、钙交换)等过程不断发生着风化。一方面,微生物降解外源有机质产生有机酸,促进矿物风化;另一方面,植物根系也能够通过多种途径促进矿物风化。生物驱动的尾矿矿物风化过程多种多样,如植物和微生物分泌的小分子有机酸可通过促进离子溶解或者络合,从而促进离子剥离。某些微生物能够直接氧化或还原原生矿物中的Fe2+,从而造成矿物晶体结构的改变和转化。例如,硫氧化菌能够将云母类矿物中的结构性Fe2+氧化,生成Fe3+,从而促进次生Fe3+矿物的形成。在矿物风化过程中,也会产生新的次生矿物。云母类矿物能够通过晶体结构重组生成次生矿物蛭石或蒙脱石,还能够通过溶解及共沉淀作用形成新的矿物[22]。例如,溶解态铁、铝、硅以及盐离子能通过共沉淀形成短程有序矿物[23]。这些次生矿物往往有较高的比表面积,有利于与有机质结合形成有机−矿物复合体,同时作为重要的胶黏物质,促进土壤团聚体的形成和稳定发展[14, 24]
土壤有机质是一系列复杂多样有机分子的集合体,是土壤结构及功能的重要组成部分。一方面,土壤有机质通过与矿物相互作用,形成有机−矿物复合体,促进团聚体的形成和改善土壤结构;另一方面,土壤有机质是微生物重要的养分来源,是土壤生态功能的重要保障。此外,土壤有机质还在调控土壤化学稳定性、营养物质循环以及污染物迁移和转化方面发挥重要作用[25]。因此,研究土壤有机质的形成、分子组成及变化对于理解尾矿成土过程及机制具有重要意义。在尾矿成土生态工程初期,可通过外源有机质的添加增加尾矿中有机质的含量,而随着类土基质的形成和先锋植物的定植,来自植物的有机质逐渐增加,从而逐步形成可自维持的有机质循环过程[14]。例如,先锋植物通过光合作用固定大气二氧化碳,并产生有机化合物,随后主要以根系分泌物、根生物量、黏液和凋落物等形式进入尾矿类土基质。植物源有机质进入尾矿后还可被微生物所利用,为其生长和微生物源有机质的生成提供底物[26]。凋落物和根系沉积物中存在着各种相对不稳定的有机物,其中包括高分子化合物(例如蛋白质、多糖和脂质)和低分子化合物(例如有机酸、氨基酸、糖)。这些有机质可被尾矿中的耐性微生物群落所利用,通过同化作用供微生物生长繁殖。同时,微生物群落的发展产生了微生物源有机质(例如微生物代谢产物、死体质量、胞外聚合物物质)[27]。这些微生物源有机质更易与尾矿矿物形成有机−矿物复合体,从而促进有机质的固持和土壤团聚结构的形成和稳定[28]。随着类土基质逐步形成,菌根真菌、根瘤菌以及豆科植物得以驻扎。其中,菌根共生体通过强大的菌丝网络及球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白,促进团聚体的形成,增强有机碳和氮的固存[2930]。随着生态工程的推进,多种多样的植物群落逐渐形成,可显著增加类土基质中有机质的分子多样性,并促进新有机质的生成和固持[31]。丰富多样的有机质可承载更多的生态功能,对土壤结构的改善和可持续发展至关重要,同时也使得尾矿成为新的“碳汇”点。
土壤团聚体是土壤结构的重要组成部分,是实现生物驻扎和生态功能的重要载体,因此土壤团聚体的形成和发展是尾矿成土生态工程的关键。尾矿往往是经过研磨和浮选后的矿渣,结构致密,缺乏团聚体结构,保水性和水分传输能力较低。随着尾矿生态工程的进行,矿物不断风化,次生矿物不断形成,进而与有机质形成有机−矿物复合体。有机−矿物复合体作为重要的胶黏剂还可增强团聚体的稳定性,促进尾矿土壤结构的形成[14]。进一步,越来越多的土壤微生物,尤其是真菌,通过菌丝对尾矿矿物的缠结作用形成团聚体结构。随着尾矿成土过程的不断进行,矿物胶和有机质−矿物复合体不断增加。这些矿物胶在团聚体的周转过程中被不断引入,随之有机质固持量逐渐提高,团聚体的稳定性不断增强,进而有助于实现更高效的生态重建[14]。在形成一定土壤结构的基础上,尾矿类土基质逐渐具备承载更多土壤生物的潜力,从而促进生物多样性的重建。例如,铁尾矿类土基质的形成为一些豆科植物如金合欢(Acacia auriculiformis)提供了适宜的生长条件,并在尾矿中与根瘤菌建立共生关系,表现出一定的生物固氮功能[32],这标志着尾矿中氮循环功能的初步实现。
对于有重金属污染风险的尾矿,需要根据重金属类型和特性,建立有效的物理−化学−生物手段控制重金属迁移转化,降低污染生态风险。根据Mwandira等[33]的研究,生物胶结(MICP)技术可有效减少固相中有毒污染物的浸出。例如对于铅锌矿尾矿,次生矿物胶黏的地表硬质层能够阻滞重金属自尾矿向地表迁移,降低其生态风险[3435]。尾矿基质上面有植物驻扎后,施用一些环境功能材料如生物炭、纳米零价铁等能够进一步固持重金属,降低植物重金属毒害及重金属的可迁移性。例如,在铀(U)尾矿中加入生物炭能够显著降低植物对铀的吸收,降低铀的可移动性[36]。此外,矿区生物结皮中的光合微生物可以通过吸附、固定和氧化还原等方式钝化土壤重金属,显著降低重金属可移动性并减轻其生物毒害,同时改良土壤结构,增加土壤养分含量、酶活性和功能微生物的丰度,促进污染阻控和植被恢复[37]。一些功能微生物联合功能材料在缓解重金属迁移促进植物在矿区污染土壤生长方面具有重要作用。例如,丛枝菌根真菌能够将重金属固持在根外菌丝及根内真菌结构中从而降低重金属植物毒害和生态毒性[38]。菌根真菌和纳米零价铁联合作用能够在植物耐重金属生长及矿区土壤重金属钝化中发挥积极作用[39]。此外,丛枝菌根真菌可以通过增加土壤中磷的可利用性,来增强土壤中多聚磷酸盐对重金属的沉积作用[40]。丛枝菌根真菌也可以通过调控土壤pH值来调节重金属的生物有效性,降低其生物毒害作用[41]
铁尾矿是全球尾矿生产的重要组分,其产量超过14亿t/a[42]。传统的覆土技术主要依赖不可再生的自然土壤资源,对自然土壤生态系统功能造成了破坏。尽管相对于铅、锌尾矿,铁尾矿的重金属污染风险通常很小,但由于压实的物理结构和极端的化学性质(即强碱、高盐,缺乏有机物和可用的营养物质),它们仍不适合大部分微生物和植物的定殖生长[1112, 43]
除了极端的碱性环境以外,铁尾矿中缺乏以无定形矿物和次生黏土矿物为主的“矿物胶”支撑的稳定团聚体结构[44]。同时,铁尾矿富含黑云母、角闪石等原生矿物,为土壤的形成提供了矿物学基础(即“成土母质”)。这些原生矿物能够经过生物和非生物风化形成次生矿物,促进土壤团聚体结构的形成和有机质的固持[43]。通过野外调查可以发现,一些耐性先锋植物和微生物能够驻扎在铁尾矿上[43],而这些关键功能微生物及先锋植物作为重要的“驱动者”驱动铁尾矿成土过程的进行。耐性先锋植物和微生物指的是能够耐受矿区尾矿极端理化环境(如极端酸碱、高盐碱,高重金属胁迫,物理结构紧实等)生存下来并对尾矿环境进行改造的植物和微生物。基于此,建立了两阶段生态工程成土策略(图 7)。
第一阶段:在铁尾矿中加入外源有机质和本土微生物群落。通过耐盐碱微生物对外源有机质的降解产生有机酸,可以将尾矿pH值从初始的>9.5(强碱性)下降到8.5(弱碱性)左右[18],同时增加有机质含量,使总有机碳(TOC)浓度从<0.5 g/kg增加至2~4 g/kg,并初步促进矿物风化,改造尾矿物理结构和化学性质,形成初级类土基质[12, 14]。在此阶段,一些耐性硫氧化菌能够驻扎,刺激矿物风化,促进次生矿物形成。例如嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌A. ferrooxidans能够在碱性铁尾矿中促进单质硫(S0)氧化和碱性中和,同时驱动了含铁原生矿物(如黑云母)的风化和次生矿物(如水铁矿和黄钾铁矾)的形成,进一步促进了尾矿中土壤结构的形成和稳定发展[4546]
第二阶段:在初级类土基质中引入先锋植物,并通过植物根系的生理活动,促进原生矿物风化和次生矿物形成,增强有机质和矿物相互作用,形成水稳定性团聚体,改善尾矿物理结构,综合提升尾矿的化学性质和生态功能,形成中级类土基质[14]。在此阶段,细根先锋植物(如Sorghum spp.或Atriplex spp.)能够迅速适应初级类土基质环境并分泌大量小分子有机酸,后者通过离子交换或质子攻击来破坏云母类和闪石类矿物的结构,使Fe2+从尾矿中溶出,迅速氧化成Fe3+并与溶解态硅酸根共沉淀形成无定型Fe−Si矿物[7]。先锋植物的驻扎同时能够驱动铁尾矿中有机质分子的固持,尤其是促使富氧不饱和分子被次生矿物(如在根际形成的无定型Fe−Si矿物)吸附固持[47]。先锋植物作用后的尾矿中土壤团聚体结构稳定性和生态功能得到进一步提升,大土壤团聚体(直径250~ 2000 µm)占比由原本的不到5% 增加至20% 以上,小团聚体(直径53~250 µm)占比由20% 以下增加到30% 以上[14]。在中级类土基质中引入更多的本土植物和微生物(如菌根真菌、豆科植物和根瘤菌等),这些功能植物和微生物进一步驱动了尾矿矿物风化和有机质固持,土壤团聚体形成,以及理化性质和矿质养分的改善,最终形成高级类土基质。例如,丛枝菌根真菌能够与植物在中级类土基质中形成共生关系,在促进宿主植物矿质养分吸收和生长的同时[48],有效改善尾矿的理化性质。与此同时,菌根真菌通过形成强大的菌丝网络,促进尾矿类土基质中土壤团聚体的发展(接种丛枝菌根真菌后尾矿基质中大团聚体比分增加到25%,小团聚体比分增加到35%),增进含氮有机质的生成和固存,从而综合提升类土基质的结构和功能稳定性[29, 48]。如此,更多的本土植物能够在尾矿类土基质上驻扎生存,从而利于植物群落多样性形成和生态系统重建。
铝土矿尾矿是铝提取的副产品,其主要化学成分(约占总量的70%)为氧化铝和二氧化硅,主要矿物组成为水铝石和高岭石,此外还有二氧化硅、伊利石等。中国铝土矿开采量大,但利用率仅10% 左右,造成了大量的尾矿堆放。据统计,铝土矿尾矿的全球储存量超过50亿t,增长速率约1~2亿t/a[49]。资源利用的高成本和高风险已然对铝矿冶炼的可持续发展构成了显著挑战[50],而铝土矿尾矿的堆放带来的严重环境污染、土地占用、安全风险等问题[51]也不容忽视。尾矿成土生态工程可借助人为干预加速尾矿成土过程,促进自然风化作用对铝土矿尾矿的转化,使其成为利于植被和微生物生存繁殖的类土基质,这将有助于消除堆积的铝土矿尾矿带来的生态风险[52]。以中国中部典型的铝土矿尾矿处理区为例,发现经过外源有机质添加和铁矿物及功能微生物如Penicillium oxalicum等作用下,铝土矿尾矿的pH值由10以上降至8左右、电导率由800 μS/cm降至200 μS/cm左右,可交换态钠由75% 降至25% 左右。与此同时,铝土矿尾矿的有机碳和氮含量提升,例如有机碳含量从3 g/kg升至5 g/kg左右,氮含量由180 mg/kg升到200 mg/kg[53]。铝土矿尾矿极端理化性质的改善和有机质的提升为铝土矿生态重建奠定了坚实的基础。
土壤发生往往包含多种过程并受到诸多因素的影响。因而,尾矿成土生态工程需要综合考虑尾矿的矿物组成(母质)、气候条件和生物资源,统筹设计成套技术体系,通过不同生物和非生物因素互补综合促进土壤发生和生态重建。
首先需要综合考虑尾矿的物理化学性质、矿物组成以及潜在的毒害物质(尤其是重金属)特征,然后分阶段设定目标和方案。对于每种尾矿类型,需要根据具体情况构建针对不同等级类土基质的指标体系,包括物理结构、化学性质和生物属性等,并通过统筹各类指标,综合评估尾矿生态成土的过程阶段,为更进一步的生态重建奠定基础。
生态工程初期,在原理上需要充分利用极端耐性微生物的生理活动,改善尾矿的极端理化性质,中期考虑不同植物−微生物联合并结合不同工程管理措施,充分利用耐性植物和微生物驱动的生物地球化学过程改善尾矿类土基质的物理结构、化学性质和生物活性,提高尾矿类土基质的肥力和生态功能。后期,综合利用生态学原理在类土基质中构建多样性的植物和微生物群落,恢复其生态功能。
尾矿成土生态工程技术的研发需要经过3个尺度的研究,即通过实验室微培养模拟研究、温室盆栽实验验证(概念验证),以及大田试验验证逐步达到技术落地的目标。目前研究以温室为主,缺乏长期的田间试验验证。因此,未来需要构建长期田间试验基地,在实践中验证尾矿成土生态工程技术的可行性。田间试验基地的建立,无论对于深入了解尾矿成土的生物地球化学过程,还是对于该技术的落地和推广都具有重要意义。在田间试验验证基础上,进一步构建尾矿成土生态工程技术导则、规范和标准,制定特定尾矿成土生态工程的工程设计、运行和管理流程、环境质量监测、环境风险评估及相关管理要求,以利于技术的推广。
此外,尾矿成土生态过程中要建立完善的智能监测系统,建立评价指标体系和评估方法,对各个阶段的实施效果进行定期智能化监测和成效评估。开展尾矿成土生态工程全生命周期环境风险评估,并对后续的生态风险进行监测,以评估修复措施的有效性和降低潜在的生态风险,及时发现问题并采取措施进行调整和改进。
尾矿成土生态工程涉及各种生物和非生物因素驱动的矿物风化、有机−矿物互作、有机质动态和土壤结构形成等一系列复杂过程。需要结合实地调查、实验室和田间验证以及模型构建进行全面综合的研究。
矿物风化是土壤发生的关键过程。不同于自然土壤发育,尾矿中矿物粒径较小,风化较快,因而需要研究生物非生物因素下矿物风化速率、过程和机理,重点关注次生矿物胶的形成过程和机理,通过晶体化学过程和分子建模深入探究矿物风化和新矿物形成。
与此同时,尾矿中有机质的形成和固持是尾矿成土生态工程的重要部分,因为有机质一方面维持着土壤结构,另一方面作为能量来源支撑着土壤生态功能的重建。此外,尾矿堆积区面积广大,经过生态工程修复后具有巨大的固碳潜力。不同类型的尾矿矿物组成不同,而且随着尾矿成土生态工程的进行,原生矿物逐渐被风化,次生矿物逐渐形成。这些变化中的矿物不断驱动着微生物及有机质的演变,进而影响有机质的组成和固持。因此需要系统研究尾矿矿物动态变化及其与有机质分子之间的相互作用,包括有机质分子在不同矿物表面的反应过程及机理,以及有机质在矿物表面的固持机制。有机−矿物互作过程往往发生在微观层面,因此需要构建高精度光谱和质谱相结合的研究手段,从空间和时间分辨上深入全面认识有机质在矿物表面的分布规律和化学结构组成及变化,深层次理解有机质和矿物在尾矿环境中的相互作用,为揭示尾矿成土过程中有机质固持机理奠定基础。
尾矿次生矿物胶和有机−矿物复合体是尾矿中土壤团聚体结构稳定的关键支撑,团聚体结构同时对保护有机质也具有重要意义。尾矿中稳定且富含有机质的团聚体的形成和动态变化是尾矿土壤结构形成和发育的重点。因此,需要系统研究尾矿中团聚体的形成和周转及其与矿物风化、有机质固持的关系,以期为构建和维持稳定的多功能土壤结构奠定基础。
尾矿成土生态工程也是不同微生物、植物甚至土壤动物建立栖息地的过程。在这一过程中,不同阶段有不同的微生物群落、植物群落和动物定殖,形成独特的生态系统,促进尾矿的可持续生态重建。因此,深入研究特定气候条件下尾矿成土生态过程中,尾矿类土基质特性演变以及生物体群落之间的相互调控过程和机理,对于理解尾矿土的生态多样性和功能重建具有重要意义。此外,通过多角度、多时空尺度、多过程的研究,结合长期数据监测和机器学习手段,构建大数据模型,推测不同生态工程措施下的尾矿成土过程的动态走向,精确控制尾矿成土生态修复过程,可为实现尾矿生态修复提供强有力的支撑。
经生态工程改造后的尾矿类土基质在水质改善、提升当地生物多样性水平、调节气候、优化生态景观等方面具有多重的生态系统服务功能。例如,尾矿类土基质富含多种活性矿物,能够通过阻滞污染物改善水质。通过改造后的尾矿类土基质具有一定的结构和肥力,能够促进植物生长,提升土地的生态利用价值,同时为动植物提供新的栖息地,从而恢复和保护生物多样性,形成新的生态景观。因此,综合考虑尾矿成土生态工程的生态系统服务功能并提升其生态成效和价值,也是未来研究的重点方向。
绿色矿山是指以环境保护为核心的矿山开采和运营理念,通过采用清洁生产技术、循环利用资源、实施生态修复等措施,旨在最大程度地减少对环境的影响,促进矿山可持续发展。绿色矿山的核心是遵循可持续发展原则,通过环境友好、资源节约、社会责任和生态修复等措施,实现矿山开采和运营的可持续发展目标。中国推动绿色矿山建设由来已久。早在2010年,《关于贯彻落实全国矿产资源规划发展绿色矿业建设绿色矿山工作的指导意见》便提出了国家级的绿色矿山建设条件。2017年,6部委联合印发《关于加快建设绿色矿山的实施意见》,进一步要求生产矿山加快改造升级,逐步达到绿色矿山要求。截至2022年,自然资源部发布的《中国矿产资源报告》显示,全国已有1100多座矿山被列为国家级绿色矿山。
绿色矿山建设主要包括低碳技术工艺装备升级改造、矿坑污染防治,以及矿山地质环境恢复治理、土地复垦、恢复植被等生态修复工作。尾矿成土生态工程的实施有助于采后矿山的环境恢复和土地治理,符合绿色矿山建设的核心理念。首先,在资源循环利用方面,尾矿成土生态工程将废弃的尾矿转化为具有土壤功能的土壤,用于生态复垦,实现了资源的再生和循环利用,减少了对原生土壤资源的开采和消耗。其次,在环境保护与修复方面,尾矿成土生态工程可以有效修复和改善矿山区域的土壤和生态环境,减少矿山对周边环境的污染和破坏,促进生态系统的恢复和稳定。此外,尾矿成土生态工程可以将生态多样性保护与绿色景观设计结合起来,统筹考虑土壤发育过程中的生态演替规律,选择多样化的为微生物和植物种类进行生态修复,创建不同的生态小生境,提升区域的生态多样性,将自然景观与人造景观有机融合,提升绿色矿山建设的成效。随着公众环境保护意识的提高和政府对环境保护工作的重视,将尾矿成土生态工程纳入绿色矿山建设既符合政策法规的要求,也有利于企业的合规经营和可持续发展。因此,将尾矿成土生态工程纳入绿色矿山建设,可实现环境保护、资源利用和可持续发展的多重目标。
矿山公园是绿色矿山建设的一个重要方面,通过将废弃的矿山区域转化为可供公众休闲、娱乐和教育的开放空间的做法,实现矿山资源的可持续利用和生态环境的恢复,进一步降低环境保护工作的成本,优化土地利用形式,为当地社会经济的可持续发展提供新的机遇。尾矿成土生态工程是矿山公园建设的前提,能够实现原位生态重建,减少尾矿修复对外来土壤的需求,进一步降低尾矿修复的成本。尾矿成土过程伴随着土壤的发育和不同生态系统的完善,能从根本上改善矿山地区的生态环境,恢复当地的土壤、植被和水资源,使原本荒废、受污染的矿山地区变得绿草成茵。矿山公园可以依从尾矿的生态恢复规律,将尾矿修复区设计为多个生态区块,如湿地、草地、林地等,为城市居民的日常出行、观光、教育提供适宜场所,增加公园的生态价值和社会效益。此外,矿山公园还可以通过设立环保科普教育中心,展示尾矿处理、污染控制及生态修复的全过程,增强公众的环保意识,并展示矿业发展的可持续路径。在此基础上,尾矿成土生态工程可以充分考虑社区的参与,通过引入社区管理、生态旅游和公益活动等方式,增强项目的社会影响力和持续性。
综上,尾矿成土生态工程与绿色矿山建设的结合,不仅能够提升尾矿在矿区生态修复中的应用,提升矿区生态功能,还能够为矿山公园的建设提供丰富的资源和设计思路。这一结合在矿山公园建设中的应用前景广阔,可以实现生态保护、经济发展和社会参与的多重目标,成为矿山转型发展的重要方向。鉴于此,未来的研究需将尾矿成土生态工程有机纳入绿色矿山和矿山公园建设体系中,为实现矿业、环境、社会及经济的可持续发展和和谐共生奠定基础。
尾矿成土生态工程作为矿业生态修复的关键新兴技术,展现出在尾矿资源化利用和生态修复中的重要价值,是推动绿色矿山建设的重要抓手。本文介绍了尾矿成土生态工程的理论和技术体系,并通过对澳大利亚磁铁矿和中国铝土矿尾矿的案例分析,初步验证了该技术体系的科学性和适用性。在绿色矿山建设与矿山公园开发的背景下,尾矿成土生态工程不仅有助于解决矿区生态退化问题,还为构建可持续的矿业生态系统提供了理论支撑与实践依据。随着技术理念和修复实践的发展,相信尾矿成土生态工程技术将在提升矿区环境质量、推动资源循环利用方面发挥更为关键的作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42477302)
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2025年第43卷第11期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01611
  • 接收时间:2024-05-30
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-30
  • 修回日期:2024-11-24
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42477302)
作者信息
    1. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室, 北京 100085
    2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
    3. 生态环境部固体废物与化学品管理技术中心, 北京 100029
    4. 澳大利亚昆士兰大学可持续矿业研究中心, 布里斯班 4072

通讯作者:

陈保冬(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为土壤生态学,电子信箱:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01611
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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