Article(id=1207358800932217675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207293801786347529, articleNumber=null, orderNo=26, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01777, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734364800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-17, revisedDate=1746633600000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765786369783, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1749744000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1750867200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765786369783, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079718133, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1207293801786347529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749744000000', pubDateStr='2025-06-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765770872748, creator='system', updateTime=1774330933326, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197298025545972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207293801786347529, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197298025545973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1207293801786347529, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=114, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207358801192264525, articleId=1207358800932217675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Historical enlightenment and practical significance of Qian Xuesen's Systems Engineering Thought, columnId=1150494646058185020, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Science and Humanity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Qian Xuesen's Systems Engineering Thought has had a significant impact in the field of science and technology. This paper explored the contemporary value and practical significance of Qian Xuesen's Systems Engineering Thought, pointed out that it integrates three cultures: China's excellent traditional culture, modern scientific culture, and Marxist culture. Qian Xuesen's Systems Engineering Thought is not only embodies the inheritance and development of traditional scientific thought but also fully absorbs and applies the latest achievements and methods of modern science, representing cultural confidence, scientific confidence, and innovative confidence.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yurong SONG, Chengdong Lü, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207358801662026577, articleId=1207358800932217675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=钱学森系统工程思想的历史启迪和现实意义, columnId=1150494646196597053, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技人文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

钱学森系统工程思想在科技领域产生了重要影响。探讨了钱学森系统工程思想的当代价值与现实意义,指出了钱学森系统工程思想融合了中华优秀传统文化、现代科学文化和马克思主义文化3种文化,提出了钱学森系统工程思想既体现了对传统科学思想的继承和发展,也体现了对现代科学最新成果和方法的充分吸收与运用,是文化自信、科学自信和创新自信的体现。

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钱学森系统工程思想的历史启迪和现实意义
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宋玉荣 1 , 吕成冬 2
科技导报 | 科技人文 2025,43(11): 114-116
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钱学森系统工程思想的历史启迪和现实意义
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宋玉荣1, 吕成冬2
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学技术协会宣传文化部, 北京 100863
  • 2. 上海交通大学钱学森图书馆, 上海 200030
Historical enlightenment and practical significance of Qian Xuesen's Systems Engineering Thought
Yurong SONG1, Chengdong Lü2
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Publicity and Culture, China Association for Science and Technology, Beijing 100863, China
  • 2. Qian Xuesen Library & Museum, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
出版时间: 2025-06-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01777
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钱学森系统工程思想在科技领域产生了重要影响。探讨了钱学森系统工程思想的当代价值与现实意义,指出了钱学森系统工程思想融合了中华优秀传统文化、现代科学文化和马克思主义文化3种文化,提出了钱学森系统工程思想既体现了对传统科学思想的继承和发展,也体现了对现代科学最新成果和方法的充分吸收与运用,是文化自信、科学自信和创新自信的体现。

钱学森  /  《工程控制论》  /  系统工程思想  /  文化自信  /  科学自信  /  传统文化  /  科学文化

Qian Xuesen's Systems Engineering Thought has had a significant impact in the field of science and technology. This paper explored the contemporary value and practical significance of Qian Xuesen's Systems Engineering Thought, pointed out that it integrates three cultures: China's excellent traditional culture, modern scientific culture, and Marxist culture. Qian Xuesen's Systems Engineering Thought is not only embodies the inheritance and development of traditional scientific thought but also fully absorbs and applies the latest achievements and methods of modern science, representing cultural confidence, scientific confidence, and innovative confidence.

Qian Xuesen  /  Engineering Cybernetics  /  Systems Engineering Thought  /  cultural confidence  /  scientific confidence  /  traditional culture  /  scientific culture
宋玉荣, 吕成冬. 钱学森系统工程思想的历史启迪和现实意义. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (11) : 114 -116 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01777
Yurong SONG, Chengdong Lü. Historical enlightenment and practical significance of Qian Xuesen's Systems Engineering Thought[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (11) : 114 -116 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01777
钱学森经典著作《工程控制论》(英文版)自1954年出版以来已被翻译成俄文版、德文版、中文版和捷克版,在科技领域产生广泛而深刻的影响。如今该书出版已逾70年,成为世界范围内“自动控制领域中引用率最高的著作”。从钱学森思想发展史的角度来看,这本经典著作为钱学森在1978年联合许国志、王寿云共同发表《组织管理的技术——系统工程》一文奠定了重要思想基础。回顾钱学森从研究工程控制论到提出系统工程思想的历程,特别是从中华优秀传统文化、现代科学文化和马克思主义文化3种文化属性视角考察钱学森系统工程思想,对于深入了解钱学森思想的形成与理解钱学森精神的生成具有重要历史启迪,同时对于当下树立文化自信、科学自信和创新自信具有现实意义。
钱学森早年赴美求学主要从事空气动力学和喷气推进技术研究,直到1950年被迫滞留美国之后开始转向研究工程控制论。对于转向研究工程控制论,钱学森解释称,“我认为中国总有一天要翻身。翻身后要实行工业化,必须用最新的科学技术来加快工业化速度”[1]。由此可见,钱学森选择研究工程控制论蕴含着强烈的科学报国精神,同时也体现出他在面对困境时的智慧与选择。
钱学森经过数年努力后于1954年完成工程控制论的研究与书稿的撰写,并将书稿交由出版商麦格劳−希尔公司(简称MHP)出版。《工程控制论》的出版引起世界科技界广泛关注,英国培格曼出版社(Pergamon Press Ltd)以及《Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society》《Journal of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers》等纷纷刊登书讯。1955年,钱学森回国不久,就在中国科学院讲授工程控制论相关课程。
与此同时,《工程控制论》也成为钱学森领导火箭导弹技术研制时的重要理论依据,在新中国尖端科技研制过程中得到运用,由此积累的经验又为钱学森提出系统工程思想奠定了实践基础。当1978年钱学森联合许国志、王寿云提出系统工程思想时,最为核心的内容就是对中国航天科研组织管理经验的总结与提炼,并使之与中国特色社会主义制度有机结合[2]。早在1963年钱学森就指出:“在我们这样一个科学技术和工业基础比较薄弱的国家,要在比较短的时期内,实现科学技术现代化,赶上世界先进水平,就必须充分地运用和发挥我国社会主义制度的优越性,有计划地有组织地开展科学技术工作。”[3]
不止如此,钱学森还以系统工程思想为出发点提出一系列前瞻性理论或思想,包括总体设计部思想、开放复杂巨系统、从定性到定量综合集成法等[4]。值得一提的是,从研究工程控制论到提出系统工程思想,深刻体现了钱学森作为战略科学家的特质。特别是在领导中国航天事业创业的起步阶段,钱学森凭借强大的跨学科理解能力、跨领域组织能力、跨机构管理能力,集中有限的人力、物力和财力,通过大力协同和集体攻关完成导弹研制任务。以系统工程思想为线索看钱学森的科研过程和思想历程,可以清晰地看到他作为爱国科学家在科技报国使命之下从科学家跨越到思想家的路径。
恩格斯指出:世界不是既成事物的集合体,而是过程的集合体。钱学森系统工程思想的形成过程同步于钱学森取得学术成就和做出科技贡献的过程,即在此过程中融合了中华优秀传统文化、现代科学文化和马克思主义文化。
1)从中华优秀传统文化看,钱学森系统工程思想包含着中国传统科学文化中的整体论思维。
钱学森系统工程思想的方法论,是以还原论与整体论相结合为立意的,而此种思维又深受中国传统文化的影响。正如钱学森指出,“中国古代的学问,限于当时的条件,不可能深入微观世界,所以都是宏观的,整体论的。这有其长处,即避免了‘舍本求末’。但毕竟不能深入!西方科学,能深入微观,可是越分越细,都到了分子生物学了,反而失去全貌!所以‘东方’整体论和西方的还原论都有局限性;只有把整体论和还原论辩证地统一起来的系统论才是出路”[5]。由此出发,钱学森将近代自然科学的还原论思想和中国传统科学的整体论思想有机融合又进一步构建起“现代科学技术体系”。
现代科学的发展越来越表明:还原论在解决微观领域和复杂巨系统时有局限性,同时也使科学家们逐渐认识到整体论思维对科学研究的重要性。事实上,还原论和整体论都是科学研究的方法手段,互为补充,整体论为指引,还原论为支撑。用还原论范式或自然科学的标准来定义一切科学是值得商榷的。科学的本质是理性和求真,而中华优秀传统文化中并不缺乏理性求真的精神,且在晚明时期前已经取得一些世界领先的科技成就。近代的落后,不能仅从文化和制度方面寻找原因,甚至当成决定性因素,更不是所谓中国人的思维特质制约科学发展,而要从当时经济社会发展的整体现实层面去思考,这也符合马克思辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义以及经济基础决定上层建筑、社会存在决定社会意识的基本原理。这一点对于树立科学文化自信极其重要。
2)从现代科学文化看,钱学森系统工程思想的重要实践基础是以数理逻辑和实验科学为基础的大规模科研组织管理经验。
现代科学的重要特征之一是数理逻辑和实验科学的兴起,使得人类对自然界的认识、利用和改造更加精准化、定量化、主动化。牛顿经典力学就深深地改变了当时人们的自然观,沉重打击了宗教势力利用神学对宇宙的解释权。与此同时,现代科学的发展也伴随着不断的质疑、批判与否定,不崇尚权威,这是中华传统文化相对欠缺的。钱学森接受了较为完整和系统的现代科学教育,对数理逻辑和实验科学的运用以及大科学时代的科研组织管理的重要性都有着深刻理解。如《组织管理的技术——系统工程》开篇所提,“从总结组织管理的经验,讲讲建立起比较严密的组织管理科学技术体系,以及培养组织管理的科学人才”。正是因此,钱学森、许国志和王寿云提出系统工程思想时不仅对新中国成立以来有关系统工程的成功个案作分析,同时还着眼于美国、日本和德国等国的科研组织管理模式,以在总结国内外经验过程中整理与提炼出具有普遍理论意义的内容。
3)从马克思主义文化看,钱学森作为科学技术泰斗的同时也是坚定的马克思主义者。
马克思主义对于钱学森不仅是一种科学的世界观,更是科学的方法论。马克思主义不仅体现在钱学森系统工程思想的内涵中,实则也是系统工程思想的最高指导。钱学森在接触、学习马克思主义的过程中,深刻领悟到马克思主义与现代科学技术之间的内在关联,并揭示出二者的辩证统一关系。他呼吁科学技术研究工作者要以马克思主义哲学作为解决问题工具的同时,自己也以辩证唯物主义为指导,运用系统工程理论,攻克大量关键技术,为中国许多重大航天项目的成功实施奠定理论基础。他坚持“从整个科学技术体系的角度来看问题”,并在构建“现代科学技术体系”时确立起马克思主义哲学的指导地位。
科技兴则民族兴,科技强则国家强。在推进高水平科技自立自强的道路上,需要切实增强“四个自信”,同时也需要增强科学文化自信。文化自信必从历史中来,没有五千多年绵延不息的文明积淀,中华民族就没有当今的文化自信。同时,科学在某种程度上代表着进步,没有科学文化自信,也很难谈得上彻底的文化自信,因此树立科学文化自信是增强文化自信的应有之义。
2024年10月28日,中共中央政治局第十七次集体学习时,习近平总书记强调,要在创造性转化和创新性发展中赓续中华文脉。要深入挖掘和阐发中华优秀传统文化的精神内涵,用马克思主义激活中华传统文化中的优秀因子并赋予其新的时代内涵,发展新时代中国特色社会主义文化。钱学森系统工程思想的形成,不仅体现了对传统科学思想的继承和发展,也体现了对马克思主义的高度自觉,同时又充分吸收和运用现代科学的最新成果和方法,由此体现出文化自信、科学自信和创新自信。这恰恰也是当下的科技工作者们需要从钱学森身上学习的宝贵精神财富和思想滋养。
党的二十大报告提出,要把握好全局和局部、当前和长远、宏观和微观、主要矛盾和次要矛盾、特殊和一般的关系,不断提高运用战略思维、历史思维、辩证思维、系统思维、创新思维、法治思维、底线思维的能力,为前瞻性思考、全局性谋划、整体性推进党和国家各项事业提供科学思想方法。
以史为鉴,重温钱学森系统工程思想既是立足现实和资政启智的需要,更是面向未来和呼应时代的需要。发挥钱学森系统工程思想的时代价值,让系统工程思想在以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的历史进程中不断“发光发热”,这也是钱学森生前不遗余力推广系统工程的初衷所在。

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钱学森, 许国志, 王寿云. 组织管理的技术: 系统工程[N]. 文汇报, 1978-9-27(1, 4).
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2025年第43卷第11期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01777
  • 接收时间:2024-12-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-17
  • 修回日期:2025-05-08
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    1. 中国科学技术协会宣传文化部, 北京 100863
    2. 上海交通大学钱学森图书馆, 上海 200030
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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