Article(id=1202251052398637141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1202251045700333591, articleNumber=null, orderNo=22, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01575, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732636800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-27, revisedDate=1742140800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764568587635, onlineDateStr=2025-12-01, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1750780800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764568587635, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079694182, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1202251045700333591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748361600000', pubDateStr='2025-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764568586039, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330940338, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197327440196270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1202251045700333591, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197327440196271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1202251045700333591, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=94, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202251054596452450, articleId=1202251052398637141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Impact of water sediment regulation event to sea surface chlorophyll a concentration in the Yellow River Estuary: Based on GOCI remote sensing data, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper inverts the chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration in the surface water of the Yellow River estuary and its adjacent seas based on the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) satellite remote sensing data, and verifies the GOCI data according to the measured Chl-a concentration in the surface water of the Yellow River estuary in 2019. The results show that the inverted Chl-a concentration is accurate. At the same time, through comparative analysis of the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of Chl-a concentration in the surface water of the Yellow River Estuary and its adjacent seas in the years with and without water and sediment regulation, this paper found that: First, in the years with water and sediment regulation, the Chl-a concentration continued to decrease from before the water and sediment regulation to the end of the water regulation period; from the beginning of the sediment regulation period, a large amount of sediment carrying a large amount of nutrients flowed into the study area in a short period of time, resulting in a significant increase in the Chl-a concentration in the sea area; second, the average concentration of Chl-a in the years with water and sediment regulation was generally lower than the average concentration in the years without water and sediment regulation, which indirectly indicates that water and sediment regulation caused a large amount of sediment to enter the sea, resulting in increased turbidity of the water body and reduced photosynthesis efficiency, which to a certain extent inhibited the outbreak of plankton, thereby preventing the occurrence of ecological problems such as red tides. In summary, the implementation of water and sediment regulation projects in my country has alleviated the siltation of reservoirs and riverbeds upstream of the Yellow River Estuary without causing damage to the ecological environment of the Yellow River Estuary Wetland and its adjacent sea areas. At the same time, the monitoring model constructed in this paper is of great significance.

, authors=null, authorsList=Long ZHANG, Shen MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shen MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1202251059549925573, articleId=1202251052398637141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=调水调沙工程对黄河口海域叶绿素的影响—基于GOCI遥感影像, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于静止轨道海洋彩色成像仪(GOCI)卫星遥感数据对黄河口及其毗邻海域表层水体叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度进行反演,并根据2019年的实测黄河口表层水体Chl-a浓度对GOCI数据进行了验证,结果表明,反演得到的Chl-a浓度准确。同时,通过对比分析调水调沙年份和未调水调沙年份的黄河口及其毗邻海域表层水体Chl-a浓度的时空变化特征后发现:(1)在调水调沙年份,从调水调沙前到调水期结束Chl-a浓度呈持续降低的状态;从调沙期开始,由于短时间内携带大量营养物质的泥沙大量汇入研究海域,导致该海域内Chl-a浓度大幅增加;(2)Chl-a在调水调沙年份的平均浓度整体低于未调水调沙年份的平均浓度,从侧面表明调水调沙使得大量泥沙入海导致水体浊度增加,降低了光合作用效率,这在一定程度上抑制了浮游生物的爆发,进而防止了赤潮等生态问题的发生。研究结果表明,实施调水调沙工程在缓解黄河口上游水库及河床泥沙淤积的同时,并未对黄河口湿地及其毗邻海域的生态环境产生破坏;构建的监测模型对未来评估及动态监测调水调沙工程对黄河口湿地及其毗邻海域生态环境影响具有重要意义。

, authors=

张龙,高级工程师,研究方向为海洋勘察,电子信箱:

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马深(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为海洋勘察,电子信箱:
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2. 交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所, 天津 300456
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张龙,高级工程师,研究方向为海洋勘察,电子信箱:

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(a)、(b)李正浩等[20]观测区域GOCI卫星反演表层水体Chl−a浓度与实测数据对比;(c)2019年7月实测表层水体Chl−a浓度与GOCI卫星反演数据对比

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调水调沙工程对黄河口海域叶绿素的影响—基于GOCI遥感影像
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张龙 1, 2, 3 , 马深 2, 3, 4, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(10): 94-103
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (10) : 94 -103
调水调沙工程对黄河口海域叶绿素的影响—基于GOCI遥感影像
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张龙1, 2, 3 , 马深2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1. 中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院, 青岛 266100
  • 2. 交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所, 天津 300456
  • 3. 天津水运工程研究院有限公司, 天津 300456
  • 4. 天津市水运工程测绘技术重点实验室, 天津 300456
通讯作者:
马深(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为海洋勘察,电子信箱:
Impact of water sediment regulation event to sea surface chlorophyll a concentration in the Yellow River Estuary: Based on GOCI remote sensing data
Long ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Shen MA2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Marine Earth Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2. Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300456, China
  • 3. Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300456, China
  • 4. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping for Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin 300456, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01575
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基于静止轨道海洋彩色成像仪(GOCI)卫星遥感数据对黄河口及其毗邻海域表层水体叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度进行反演,并根据2019年的实测黄河口表层水体Chl-a浓度对GOCI数据进行了验证,结果表明,反演得到的Chl-a浓度准确。同时,通过对比分析调水调沙年份和未调水调沙年份的黄河口及其毗邻海域表层水体Chl-a浓度的时空变化特征后发现:(1)在调水调沙年份,从调水调沙前到调水期结束Chl-a浓度呈持续降低的状态;从调沙期开始,由于短时间内携带大量营养物质的泥沙大量汇入研究海域,导致该海域内Chl-a浓度大幅增加;(2)Chl-a在调水调沙年份的平均浓度整体低于未调水调沙年份的平均浓度,从侧面表明调水调沙使得大量泥沙入海导致水体浊度增加,降低了光合作用效率,这在一定程度上抑制了浮游生物的爆发,进而防止了赤潮等生态问题的发生。研究结果表明,实施调水调沙工程在缓解黄河口上游水库及河床泥沙淤积的同时,并未对黄河口湿地及其毗邻海域的生态环境产生破坏;构建的监测模型对未来评估及动态监测调水调沙工程对黄河口湿地及其毗邻海域生态环境影响具有重要意义。

静止轨道海洋彩色成像仪  /  黄河口海域  /  调水调沙  /  叶绿素a浓度

This paper inverts the chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration in the surface water of the Yellow River estuary and its adjacent seas based on the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) satellite remote sensing data, and verifies the GOCI data according to the measured Chl-a concentration in the surface water of the Yellow River estuary in 2019. The results show that the inverted Chl-a concentration is accurate. At the same time, through comparative analysis of the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of Chl-a concentration in the surface water of the Yellow River Estuary and its adjacent seas in the years with and without water and sediment regulation, this paper found that: First, in the years with water and sediment regulation, the Chl-a concentration continued to decrease from before the water and sediment regulation to the end of the water regulation period; from the beginning of the sediment regulation period, a large amount of sediment carrying a large amount of nutrients flowed into the study area in a short period of time, resulting in a significant increase in the Chl-a concentration in the sea area; second, the average concentration of Chl-a in the years with water and sediment regulation was generally lower than the average concentration in the years without water and sediment regulation, which indirectly indicates that water and sediment regulation caused a large amount of sediment to enter the sea, resulting in increased turbidity of the water body and reduced photosynthesis efficiency, which to a certain extent inhibited the outbreak of plankton, thereby preventing the occurrence of ecological problems such as red tides. In summary, the implementation of water and sediment regulation projects in my country has alleviated the siltation of reservoirs and riverbeds upstream of the Yellow River Estuary without causing damage to the ecological environment of the Yellow River Estuary Wetland and its adjacent sea areas. At the same time, the monitoring model constructed in this paper is of great significance.

Geostationary Ocean Color Imager(GOCI)  /  Yellow River Estuary  /  water sediment regulation scheme  /  chlorophyll-a concentration
张龙, 马深. 调水调沙工程对黄河口海域叶绿素的影响—基于GOCI遥感影像. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (10) : 94 -103 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01575
Long ZHANG, Shen MA. Impact of water sediment regulation event to sea surface chlorophyll a concentration in the Yellow River Estuary: Based on GOCI remote sensing data[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (10) : 94 -103 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01575
近岸浅海作为大陆与海洋的过渡区域,尽管只占全球海洋面积的8%,但对全球海洋初级生产力的贡献却达到14%~25%[1],因而,近岸浅海是全球海洋生态系统的重要组成部分。对于河口毗邻海域,区域内的初级生产力很大程度上受到河流输运的淡水及营养物质的影响。因此,河流水沙的改变容易引发河口生态系统的一系列响应[2]。引发河流水沙变化的因素主要有自然因素(如气候变化)和人类活动(如修建大坝、上游河道水沙治理等)[37],人类在上游河道兴建各类蓄水工程会显著影响其河口海域浮游植物生物量及初级生产力。
黄河作为中国第2大河流,以水少沙多著称[8],每年向渤海输运大量的泥沙。据统计,20世纪70年代之前,黄河多年平均的入海径流量和输送的泥沙量分别为341.2亿m³和7.22亿t[9]。而自20世纪70年代以来,受到气候变化和流域内人类活动的影响,黄河的水沙量逐年减少,进而导致黄河下游河道快速提升,小浪底水库淤积明显。因此,黄河水利委员会于2002年7月开始实施调水调沙工程,即通过中游的万家寨、三门峡和小浪底水库的联合调控,利用人造洪峰冲刷下游河道以减轻下游河道的淤积,据统计,调水调沙期间黄河向渤海输送的淡水和泥沙分别占全年的20% 和50% 以上[10]。尽管黄河径流量与输沙量逐年下降,但其仍是河口毗邻海域乃至整个渤海海域重要的物质来源,黄河入海的水沙量是影响河口附近海域生态系统的重要因素[5]
近年来,随着对海洋生态环境保护的日益关注,关于人类活动是如何影响近岸海生态系统已经逐渐成为目前海洋研究关注的重点之一。利用卫星遥感数据反演海表叶绿素a(Chlorophyll−a,Chl−a)浓度作为海表浮游植物生物量的主要反演指标,根据海表Chl−a浓度时空变化可以对所研究海域的初级生产力做出有效的评估[11]
目前主流的水色遥感传感器均搭载于极地轨道卫星之上,其时间分辨率通常为1 d甚至更长[12],因此前人的研究多停留于分析海域内表层水体叶绿素浓度年际变化和季节变化,而利用水色遥感数据揭示河口毗邻海域海洋表层Chl−a浓度对短时间尺度过程(如洪水、风暴等)的响应明显不足。韩国于2010年6月发射的全球首个海洋水色静止卫星COMS(com-munication ocean & meteorological satellite)所搭载的静止轨道海洋彩色成像仪GOCI(geostationary ocean color imager)将时间分辨率提高至1 h。更高的时间分辨率可获取黄河调水调沙各阶段的海色卫星遥感数据,从而为分析调水调沙工程对黄河口海域表层水体Chl−a浓度变化的影响提供了新的思路和方法。
本研究所选取的区域为黄河口海域(37.5°~38.2°N,119.0°~120.0°E),如图 1所示,从地理位置上看,黄河口海域是连接渤海湾和莱州湾的过渡性海域,其海域面积约为9000 km2。黄河口为典型的弱潮型河口,平均潮差为0.73~1.77 m[13],且主要受东亚季风气候影响,夏季盛行较弱的东南风,平均风速为4~6 m/s[14];因此,在夏季,黄河口海域的水动力较弱。同时,因海水顶托作用、河口切边锋、径流入海后流速快速下降所导致的水体携沙能力下降及盐淡水相互作用等因素的影响,约88.6% 泥沙在黄河口附近快速淤落(黄河口附近8 km范围内)[15]。另外,黄河径流量及输沙量的年际变化和季节变化明显,甚至在调水调沙的不同阶段,其水沙变化也十分显著,因此,造就了黄河口海域生态系统的独特性。
GOCI海色卫星遥感数据可从韩国卫星数据中心(Korean Ocean Satellite Center,KOSC)的主页(http://kosc.kiost.ac.kr/)获取。该网站提供每日8景(北京时间08:00—15:00)的GOCI L1B数据文件及每日3景(北京时间09:00—11:00)的各类GOCI L2B产品数据,包括遥感反射率(RRS)、Chl−a浓度等[12]。通过下载2012、2013、2016年,2017年6—7月及2019年7月12—15日的GOCI L1B数据,并从中挑选出云雾少质量高的GOCI遥感影像共96景。
本研究所用实测数据源于2019年夏季开展的黄河口综合调查,航次自7月8日开始,并于7月23日结束,历时15 d,共开展了2次大面站观测与1次连续站观测。根据天气情况,选取7月13—14日第1次大面站走航时现场采集的表层水样进行Chl−a浓度测定。此次大面站走航共设置站位27个。
利津水文站为黄河流入渤海前的最后一个水文站,位于河口上游约100 km处(图 1)。通过黄河网水情日报下载得到2012年和2016年这2年6月1日至7月20日的水沙数据,并根据利津水文站所记录的水文数据来划分2012年黄河调水调沙各阶段的时间分布,从而为分析调水调沙所引起的黄河径流及输沙量变化对黄河口海域表层水体叶绿素浓度变化的影响提供水沙方面的数据支持。
使用韩国卫星数据中心提供的1.3版本的全球资料处理系统(generalized disc programming system,GDPS)软件对GOCI L1B数据进行处理。首先利用GDPS软件,对原始的GOCI遥感影像进行裁剪,选取目标区域以减小后期的运算量。大气校正部分,由于GDPS软件提供的eMUMM算法重新考虑了水体中的悬浮物对大气校正效果的影响,并采用近红外离水反射模型,使其在浑浊水体的大气校正方面精度更高[1618]。根据黄河口海域水体高浊度的特性,选择eMUMM算法对GOCI L1B数据进行大气校正处理。叶绿素的反演则利用GDPS软件提供的OC3G算法反演得到黄河口海域表层水体的Chl−a浓度[19],算法表达式如下
式中,C为模型反演得到的Chl-a的浓度;Rrs(443)、Rrs(490)和Rrs(555)分别为443、490和555 nm波段的遥感反射率,C0C1C2C3C4均为拟合系数。
利用上述算法反演得到黄河口海域表层水体Chl−a浓度,并将反演结果同2019年7月13—14日的实测数据进行相关性分析(图 2)。尽管部分站位的相对误差较大,但大部分站位的相对误差仍在可接受的范围内。反演结果同实测值存在较好的相关性(R2=0.787)(图 2(c)),实际对比结果与李正浩等[20]的反演对比结果类似(图 2(a)2(b));由此说明反演结果能较好地反映黄河口海域表层水体Chl−a浓度的实际情况。
本研究利用分光光度法测定现场采集水样中的Chl−a含量[21],所使用的光度计型号为岛津UV−2550紫外可见光光度计。对水样的处理采取现场抽滤的形式,对抽滤所得的GF/F滤膜进行了相应的遮光处理并保存于−20℃的环境中;航次结束后,将冷藏的滤膜取出放入钵体中,并加入3 mL的丙酮溶液至滤纸刚好被浸没的程度。接着把滤纸研碎并加入少量摩尔浓度为90% 丙酮溶液,再将滤膜完全研碎。用摩尔浓度为90% 丙酮溶液将滤膜与钵体中的丙酮溶液洗入离心管中(注:离心管内的提取液总体积不超过6 mL),盖上管塞,放入4℃且避光的环境中浸泡萃取约24 h;待萃取结束后,将离心管放入转速3500 r/min的离心机中离心15 min。将过滤得到的上清液置于1 cm的比色皿中,并以10 mL丙酮作为对照组,在岛津UV−2550紫外可见光光度计中测定提取液在630、647、664、750 nm这4个波长处的吸光度;最后将测量得到的4个吸光度带入Jeffrey−Humphrey方程计算出水样的Chl−a浓度,表达式如下
$\begin{aligned}& C\left(\mathrm{mg} \cdot \mathrm{~m}^{-3}\right)=\left[11.85 \times\left(A_{664}-A_{750}\right)\right. \\& -1.54 \times\left(A_{647}-A_{750}\right) \\& \left.-0.08 \times\left(A_{630}-A_{750}\right)\right] \times V_{\mathrm{e}} /\left(L \times V_{\mathrm{f}}\right)\end{aligned}$
式中,C(mg·m-3)为计算得到的Chl-a的浓度;L为比色皿长度;Ve为萃取液的体积;Vf为过滤水样的体积;A630A647A664A750分别为提取液在波长630、647、664、750 nm处的吸光度值。
2012年及2013年黄河调水调沙于6月24日启动,并于7月14日结束,历时共22 d。根据利津水文站所记录的水沙变化特征,将调水调沙实施前后分为5个阶段:Phase 1表示6月初,即6月1—10日;Phase 2表示6月中旬,即6月11—23日调水调沙工程实施前;Phase 3表示调水期,即6月24日—7月8日;Phase 4表示调沙期,即7月9—13日;Phase 5表示调水调沙结束后,即7月14—20日。未实施调水调沙的年份也采取相同的方式进行阶段划分。
在实施调水调沙的年份,从6月初到6月中旬调水调沙启动前,利津站所记录的黄河水沙量变化幅度不大,2个阶段的平均径流量和平均含沙量分别维持在1000 m3/s和6 kg/m3以下。当黄河利津段进入调水期,其平均径流量迅速升高至3000 m3/s左右,但这一阶段的水体含沙量并未出现较大幅度的增长,平均水平维持在9 kg/m3左右;随着调沙期的到来,利津站所记录的径流量回落至2100 m3/s左右,含沙量则出现大幅增长,平均含沙量达到22 kg/m3以上;到调水调沙结束时,利津站所记录的径流量与水体含沙量已分别回落至1000 m3/s和7 kg/m3左右(图 3(a)),重新恢复到调水调沙实施前的水平。
2016年及2017年受强厄尔尼诺事件影响,黄河流域降雨量锐减,小浪底水库蓄水不足,而未实施调水调沙工程。因此,2016年及2017年6—7月利津段所记录的水沙变化同2002年黄河水利委员会启动调水调沙工程前的自然变化过程类似。2016年及2017年6—7月,黄河入海水沙量基本保持平稳,并未出现较大幅度的变化(图 3(b)),且量值上远低于调水调沙实施的年份,为分析调水调沙工程的实施对黄河口毗邻海域叶Chl-a浓度变化的影响提供良好参照。
卜栩楠[18]通过对2012—2016年各月的GOCI影像进行筛选后发现,GOCI平均每月有大约5景的日合成数据覆盖黄河口海域。而在6—7月,黄河口海域被云遮盖的天数较其他月份多,因此,这2月的日合成数据量要低于其他月份。
尽管如此,6—7月份黄河口海域的日合成数据量仍能达到每日2~3景,时间分辨率仍高于中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)等海色卫星遥感数据。通过对数据的筛选,挑选出实施调水调沙的年份(2012、2013年)及未实施调水调沙的年份(2016、2017年)6—7月间云量较少,数据质量较高的GOCI卫星遥感影像,进而对比分析实施调水调沙的年份与未实施调水调沙的年份黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a的时空分布特征。
分析调水调沙各阶段黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a平均浓度变化发现,在黄河实施调水调沙的年份,自6月初开始,黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a平均浓度呈现逐渐降低的态势;到调水期,黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a平均浓度甚至呈现出大幅下降的现象。这一阶段黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a平均浓度由调水调沙开始前的6.265 mg/m3陡降至3.138 mg/m3。当利津段进入调沙期后,随着黄河向河口毗邻海域输送的泥沙量增大,研究区内Chl-a平均浓度迅速增高至7.05 mg/m3;随着调水调沙的结束,黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a平均浓度回落至4.164 mg/m3图 4(a))。
而在未实施调水调沙的年份,尽管黄河入海水沙量远低于实施调水调沙的年份,但6—7月黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a平均浓度并未出现较大幅度的变化,平均浓度维持在5.5 mg/m3以上(图 4(b))。值得注意的是,从整体水平看,黄河口毗邻海域的Chl-a平均浓度并未因黄河入海水沙量的大幅减少而降低,且除调沙期外,其他各个时间段内,未实施调水调沙的年份黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a平均浓度均高于实施调水调沙的年份。
图 5显示了在实施调水调沙的年份6—7月不同阶段黄河口海域表层水体Chl-a的空间分布。从整体看,在调水调沙各阶段,黄河口海域Chl-a的空间分布均呈现出近岸高,并向离岸方向逐渐递减的特征。但对各阶段黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a的空间分布特征进行更加细致的对比后发现,在调水调沙的不同阶段,黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a的空间分布存在显著不同。
首先,通过对比在实施调水调沙年份的6月初及6月中旬的Chl-a空间分布特征发现,在调水调沙前,黄河口海域的Chl-a浓度随着时间的推移总体上逐渐降低,尽管在这2个阶段,高值区(10~14 mg/m3)的分布并未发生显著变化,但中值区(6~10 mg/m3)分布特征的变化则十分显著。在6月初,中值区范围最远可达到研究区东部边界;而到了6月中旬,中值区的范围已收缩至119.6°E线以西,而低值区的范围则显著扩大,几乎完全覆盖了119.6°E线以东海域,如图 5(a)图 5(b)所示。
随着利津段进入调水期,黄河向海输运的水量大幅增高,但中、高值区范围却进一步向西收缩至119.4°E线以西的海域,如图 5(c)所示。
当利津段进入调沙期,黄河向海输运的泥沙量显著增大。同调沙期之前的几个阶段相比,这一阶段黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a的空间分布特征变化显著。从空间分布看,尽管沿黄河口现行河道中轴方向存在大范围的数据缺失,但根据其总整体的分布趋势发现,高值区与中值区范围均显著扩大,其中,中值区几乎覆盖了研究区北部海域,而低值区则收缩至研究区东南侧海域,如图 5(d)所示。
随着调水调沙的结束,中、高值区的范围均有所减小,其中,研究区北部Chl-a的浓度明显降低,而清水沟废弃河道西南方向莱州湾湾口海域的高值区范围显著扩大,中、高值区均有向黄河口东南部海域扩散的趋势,如图 5(e)所示。
图 6显示了在未实施调水调沙的年份6—7月各阶段黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a的空间分布特征。从整体看,河口毗邻海域Chl-a的空间分布依然表现为近岸高,并向着离岸方向逐渐降低的特征。在各阶段内,Chl-a低、中、高值区的分布范围并未像实施调水调沙的年份那样出现较为显著的变化,同Chl-a的时间分布特征基本吻合。这也进一步印证了黄河调水调沙所引起的水沙变化会对黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a的时空分布产生显著的影响。
研究结果表明,调水调沙所引起的黄河入海径流量及输沙量的变化对黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a时空分布模式具有显著影响。结合前人的研究成果,并通过对比实施调水调沙的年份(2012、2013年)与未实施调水调沙的年份(2016、2017年)黄河水沙变化特征及黄河口毗邻海域Chl-a的时空分布特征,进一步分析调水调沙对黄河口海域生态的影响。
调水调沙工程的启动,使黄河在短时间内向河口毗邻海域输送了大量的淡水和泥沙。在调水调沙第一阶段,小浪底水库将库内蓄积的大量清水释放,用于冲刷下游河道淤积的泥沙[22]。因而这一阶段的黄河入海径流量远高于调水调沙前,而径流量的陡增使水体层化遭到破坏[23]。水体的混合与搅动使得由原来的氧化环境转变为还原环境[22],在厌氧环境下,原有的硝酸根离子(NO3-)发生脱硝反应而转化为亚硝酸根离子(NO2-)与氮气(N2[24],进而导致水体中的溶解态无机氮减少(图 7(a))。高动能的水体冲刷下游河道,使下游河道淤积的粒径较粗(粒径0.01~0.02 mm)的泥沙再悬浮[25-26],再悬浮的泥沙可以吸附水体中的溶解态无机磷(DIP),导致利津段水体中的DIP含量降低[22];而水体中的溶解态硅酸盐(DSi)与水体中的悬浮泥沙浓度成正比,这也导致了水体中DSi含量的升高(图 7(a)图 7(b)[22]。然而,这一阶段水体所携带的泥沙粒径较大,随着黄河径流入海,水体的动能被快速释放,其携沙能力大幅下降,加之海水的顶托作用及河口切变锋的阻挡,大量的泥沙在河口附近快速淤落,且盐度锋的阻隔使泥沙颗粒重新释放的DIP很难被输运到海表来供给浮游植物的繁殖。因此,在这一阶段,河口毗邻海域的营养盐并未因黄河入海径流量的迅速升高而得到补充,并最终导致了黄河口毗邻海域表层水体Chl-a浓度进一步降低。
在调沙期,利津段水体中的悬浮泥沙主要源于小浪底水库中所淤积的粒径较小的泥沙(平均中值粒径小于0.005 mm)(图 8[22]),泥沙颗粒对溶解态磷酸盐的吸附能力同悬浮泥沙颗粒的粒径及水体的悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)成正比[2728]。因此,在这一阶段利津段所测得的DIP含量进一步减少(图 7(a))。悬浮泥沙颗粒所吸附的磷酸盐含量则较调水期更高,即更多的磷酸盐以颗粒态的形式汇入河口毗邻海域,随着泥沙入海,水体悬沙浓度大幅降低,泥沙颗粒所吸附的磷酸盐得到释放,泥沙颗粒较细,淤落速度远低于调水期粒径较粗的泥沙,其扩散范围也更广,进而导致河口毗邻海域表层水体中的磷酸盐及硅酸盐得到补充;与此同时,调水调沙阶段大量淡水入海则使得冲淡水面积进一步扩大;在上述条件的影响下,最终导致黄河口毗邻海域形成富营养化的淡水环境并促使蓝藻、绿藻等淡水藻类大量繁殖[2],导致黄河口毗邻海域表层水体Chl−a浓度在调沙期大幅提高。
尽管孙珊等[29]提出在调水调沙期间因大量泥沙入海引起黄河口毗邻海域表层水体浊度升高,进而导致水体透明度降低,并最终抑制浮游植物的生长。但其研究范围仅局限于距黄河口较近的海域,因此其结果并不能完全反映整个黄河口海域的实际情况。王柯萌[30]利用Delft3D模型模拟了调水调沙各阶段对黄河口海域悬沙输运模式,发现即使在调沙期,悬沙扩散范围也局限在口门右侧10 m等深线范围内。因此,在悬沙扩散范围以外的海域,表层水体的浊度并不足以完全抑制浮游植物的繁殖生长。
在未实施调水调沙的年份,黄河入海径流量与输沙量均远低于实施调水调沙的年份。而稳定的水沙通量更有利于水体形成稳定的层化环境,并导致水体处于富氧状态,从而抑制了NO3-向NO2-和N2的转化。同时,因人类活动而向黄河下游排放的大量营养物质已成为黄河口海域富营养化的主要原因之一,因此,即使在未实施调水调沙的枯水年,黄河仍可向黄河口毗邻海域输送充足的营养物质。同时,黄河入海泥沙量的大幅降低也使得黄河口毗邻海域水体层化程度及透明度进一步提高。稳定的入海水沙通量及黄河口毗邻海域稳定的层化使黄河口毗邻海域表层水体Chl−a浓度能维持在较为稳定的水平。
利用GOCI数据构建半分析模型,分析了调水调沙前后,黄河口及其毗邻海域表层水体Chl−a浓度的阶段性变化。结果表明,调水期黄河径流量的大幅上升并未扭转调水调沙前河口海域Chl−a平均浓度逐渐降低的趋势;且在调水期,由于径流量的陡增,导致水体的稳定层化遭到破坏,从而改变了水体的氧化还原环境以至于引发硝酸根离子的脱硝反应,进而导致黄河口毗邻海域内的溶解态无机氮含量大幅减少,最终造成河口毗邻海域Chl−a平均浓度呈现大幅降低的现象。进入调沙期,黄河向河口海域输送大量富含营养盐且粒径更小的泥沙,且大量淡水入海,使得海域内表层水体盐度大幅降低,从而为蓝藻、绿藻等淡水藻类的繁殖生长提供了良好的环境;进而导致河口毗邻海域表层水体Chl−a的平均浓度大幅升高。该监测模型可用于观测黄河口及其毗邻海域在实施调水调沙前后及其不同阶段Chl−a浓度的空间分布。调水调沙工程作为黄河口上游重要的人类活动,对黄河口湿地及其毗邻海域的生态环境具有较大影响;而基于GOCI卫星遥感数据的分析不难发现,调水调沙工程有效缓解了黄河上游因人工修筑水库大坝所导致的黄河向海输送物质大幅减少的问题,在有效减少黄河上游河床泥沙淤积的同时,向黄河口湿地及其毗邻海域输送了大量的营养物质,对于黄河口湿地的生态环境保护及生物多样性有着十分重要的意义。但由于卫星遥感数据易受到多种因素(包括云层、水体浊度等)的影响,导致数据序列不连续;同时,本文选取的年份依然较少,宏观层面的分析仍存在不足,因此,在未来的研究中,将引入更多的分析方法(包括数值模拟、定点长期观测等),并进一步扩大分析的时间范围,以期能更加全面的了解黄河调水调沙对黄河口及其毗邻海域生态环境的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41525021)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3907200)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(TKS20220104)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(TKS20220303)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01575
  • 接收时间:2024-11-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-01
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-27
  • 修回日期:2025-03-17
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41525021)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3907200)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(TKS20220104)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(TKS20220303)
作者信息
    1. 中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院, 青岛 266100
    2. 交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所, 天津 300456
    3. 天津水运工程研究院有限公司, 天津 300456
    4. 天津市水运工程测绘技术重点实验室, 天津 300456

通讯作者:

马深(通信作者),高级工程师,研究方向为海洋勘察,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.11.01575
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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