Article(id=1202251051547193426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1202251045700333591, articleNumber=null, orderNo=20, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01815, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=1744128000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764568587432, onlineDateStr=2025-12-01, pubDate=1748361600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1750780800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764568587432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079693231, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1202251045700333591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748361600000', pubDateStr='2025-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764568586039, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330940338, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197327440196270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1202251045700333591, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197327440196271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1202251045700333591, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=61, endPage=75, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1202251055468867721, articleId=1202251051547193426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress in plant nitrogen signaling pathways and its application in crop breeding, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nitrogen is crucial to plant growth and development, as well as to increasing yield and quality, but excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer can also lead to waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, gaining an in-depth understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of plant nitrogen utilization is of great significance for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency. This article systematically summarizes the latest research progress in plant nitrogen sensing, uptake, transport, assimilation and signal regulation in recent years. It also introduces the application status of research results on nitrogen regulatory pathways in crop breeding. These studies will lay the foundation for breeding new high-yield, high-efficiency, and eco-friendly crop varieties, promoting the sustainable development of crop production. Additionally, the article discusses the urgent issues to be addressed in future research on nitrogen signaling pathways and their applications.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yanming BAI, Juncheng WANG, Ming CHEN, Huajun WANG, Youzhi MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming CHEN, Huajun WANG, Youzhi MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1202251056525832381, articleId=1202251051547193426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=植物氮素信号途径研究进展及在作物育种中的应用, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氮素对植物生长发育及提高产量和品质至关重要,但过度施用氮肥会造成资源浪费和环境污染,因此,深入理解植物氮素利用的遗传分子机制对改良作物氮素利用效率具有重要意义。系统总结了近几年植物氮素感知与转运途径、氮素同化途径及植物响应氮素信号的转录调控途径等方面的研究进展,以及作物氮高效相关基因的遗传定位和氮素调控途径研究结果在作物育种中的应用现状,这些研究将为培育高产、高效、绿色作物新品种奠定基础,促进作物生产可持续发展。同时探讨了未来在如何建立氮高效评价体系、完善氮素利用分子调控网络、协同调控植物氮高效、产量和品质等重要性状、挖掘作物种质资源中优异氮素利用关键基因资源,以及建立作物氮素高效分子育种技术体系研究方面亟待解决的问题。

, authors=

白彦明,博士研究生,研究方向为小麦氮高效相关调控途径,电子信箱:

, authorsList=白彦明, 汪军成, 陈明, 王化俊, 马有志, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈明, 王化俊, 马有志, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王化俊(通信作者),教授,研究方向为作物遗传育种,电子信箱:
陈明(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为小麦抗逆分子育种,电子信箱:
马有志(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为小麦抗逆分子育种,电子信箱:
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白彦明,博士研究生,研究方向为小麦氮高效相关调控途径,电子信箱:

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红色箭头表示Ca2+浓度上调,虚线箭头表示可能的调控途径,蓝色字体表示细胞结构

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红色字体表示同化途径中所需要的酶,蓝色字体表示细胞结构

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植物氮素信号途径研究进展及在作物育种中的应用
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白彦明 1, 2, 3 , 汪军成 1, 2 , 陈明 3, * , 王化俊 1, 2, * , 马有志 1, 2, 3, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(10): 61-75
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (10) : 61 -75
植物氮素信号途径研究进展及在作物育种中的应用
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2. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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2. 甘肃农业大学农学院, 兰州 730070
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白彦明1, 2, 3 , 汪军成1, 2, 陈明3, * , 王化俊1, 2, * , 马有志1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1. 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室/甘肃省作物遗传改良与种质创新重点实验室, 兰州 730070
  • 2. 甘肃农业大学农学院, 兰州 730070
  • 3. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/作物基因资源与育种国家重点实验室, 北京 100081
通讯作者:
王化俊(通信作者),教授,研究方向为作物遗传育种,电子信箱:
陈明(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为小麦抗逆分子育种,电子信箱:
马有志(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为小麦抗逆分子育种,电子信箱:
Research progress in plant nitrogen signaling pathways and its application in crop breeding
Yanming BAI1, 2, 3 , Juncheng WANG1, 2, Ming CHEN3, * , Huajun WANG1, 2, * , Youzhi MA1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2025-05-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01815
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氮素对植物生长发育及提高产量和品质至关重要,但过度施用氮肥会造成资源浪费和环境污染,因此,深入理解植物氮素利用的遗传分子机制对改良作物氮素利用效率具有重要意义。系统总结了近几年植物氮素感知与转运途径、氮素同化途径及植物响应氮素信号的转录调控途径等方面的研究进展,以及作物氮高效相关基因的遗传定位和氮素调控途径研究结果在作物育种中的应用现状,这些研究将为培育高产、高效、绿色作物新品种奠定基础,促进作物生产可持续发展。同时探讨了未来在如何建立氮高效评价体系、完善氮素利用分子调控网络、协同调控植物氮高效、产量和品质等重要性状、挖掘作物种质资源中优异氮素利用关键基因资源,以及建立作物氮素高效分子育种技术体系研究方面亟待解决的问题。

氮素高效利用  /  硝酸盐  /  铵盐  /  信号途径  /  育种应用

Nitrogen is crucial to plant growth and development, as well as to increasing yield and quality, but excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer can also lead to waste of resources and environmental pollution. Therefore, gaining an in-depth understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of plant nitrogen utilization is of great significance for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency. This article systematically summarizes the latest research progress in plant nitrogen sensing, uptake, transport, assimilation and signal regulation in recent years. It also introduces the application status of research results on nitrogen regulatory pathways in crop breeding. These studies will lay the foundation for breeding new high-yield, high-efficiency, and eco-friendly crop varieties, promoting the sustainable development of crop production. Additionally, the article discusses the urgent issues to be addressed in future research on nitrogen signaling pathways and their applications.

efficient utilization of nitrogen  /  nitrate  /  ammonium  /  signaling pathway  /  application in breeding
白彦明, 汪军成, 陈明, 王化俊, 马有志. 植物氮素信号途径研究进展及在作物育种中的应用. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (10) : 61 -75 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01815
Yanming BAI, Juncheng WANG, Ming CHEN, Huajun WANG, Youzhi MA. Research progress in plant nitrogen signaling pathways and its application in crop breeding[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (10) : 61 -75 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01815
氮素是植物生长发育过程中必不可少的大量营养元素之一,作为核酸、氨基酸、蛋白质和叶绿素等生物大分子的核心成分,直接影响作物的生长、产量和品质[1]。自20世纪60年代以来,“绿色革命”(green revolution,GR)引入水稻的半矮化基因sd1semi-dwarf1[2]和小麦的RhtReduced height[3],显著增强作物抗倒伏与耐密种植能力,提升光合效率,进而实现全球主要粮食作物产量的跃升。然而,这些矮秆品种对土壤中氮素供应的敏感性降低,导致氮肥吸收和利用效率(nitrogen use efficiency,NUE)显著下降,产量提升依赖于氮肥的过量投入[4-5]。据统计,目前全球每年氮肥施用量约为1.18亿t,但是肥料利用率只有59%[6]。这种高氮肥投入生产模式不仅增加作物种植成本,而且造成氮素流失、资源浪费及环境污染等问题,对农业可持续发展和生态系统的平衡构成威胁[7]。因此,挖掘氮高效基因,系统解析植物氮素利用分子机制及调控途径,对于培育高产、氮高效作物新品种及减少氮肥投入具有重要意义。
植物氮素利用作为复杂的数量性状,涉及对土壤中氮素的感知、吸收、运输和信号传导等一系列调控过程。土壤中的氮元素主要以无机氮(如硝态氮、铵态氮)和有机氮(如氨基酸、尿素等)2种形式存在。其中,硝态氮(NO3-)是有氧土壤中最常见的氮源,而铵态氮(NH4+)则在缺氧或淹水环境中占优势[8]。植物主要通过根系吸收无机氮作为养分来源,为应对土壤氮素含量的变化,植物进化出高亲和性(high-affinity nitrate transport system,HATS)和低亲和性(low-affinity nitrate transport system,LATS)转运系统,并涉及多个关键感知因子,例如硝酸盐转运蛋白(NRTs)和NIN-like Protein(NLP)等,这些氮素利用相关蛋白构成整个氮素调控途径,促进植物适应环境氮素浓度的变化[7, 9-10]。揭示植物氮素利用分子调控网络将为培育高产、稳产作物新品种及提高不同作物氮素利用效率奠定基础。近年来,在氮素感应、转运、同化及信号调控等方面取得了许多重要研究进展,相关结果为作物育种提供了新的方向和策略[6-7]。本文综述植物氮素利用相关调控途径的最新进展,特别是在水稻、小麦和玉米等主要粮食作物中氮素高效利用调控途径研究进展方面;探讨氮肥利用效率和作物产量协同提升的分子机制与育种策略,以期为氮高效作物的培育提供理论依据。
硝态氮是植物生长发育的主要氮源,其吸收与转运机制在决定作物产量及氮素利用效率方面扮演着至关重要的角色。在农业生产中,硝态氮供给水平直接影响着作物的产量。然而,由于硝态氮易溶于水,容易发生流失,这不仅降低了其利用效率,还对环境造成污染。因此,深入解析植物对硝态氮的感知、吸收、转运、代谢及信号转导机制,不仅具有重要的科学理论价值,而且对于指导农业生产实践、实现可持续发展具有深远意义。近几十年来,随着研究不断深入,植物对硝态氮的感知与转运机制已取得显著进展。研究发现,硝态氮的转运主要由4个转运蛋白家族介导:NRT1/NPF家族(硝酸盐转运体1/小肽转运体家族)、NRT2/NNP家族(硝酸盐-亚硝酸盐转运体家族)、CLC家族(氯离子通道蛋白家族)和SLAC家族(慢阴离子通道蛋白家族)[6]。其中NRT1/NPF和NRT2/NNP在硝酸盐运输中发挥着主导作用。因此,对NRT1和NRT2家族成员转运机制的深入研究,不仅有助于人们更全面地理解植物对硝态氮的吸收与利用过程,而且能够为推动“减肥增产”的绿色农业发展模式提供有力的理论支撑和实践指导。
NRT1/NPF家族成员主要负责植物体内的低亲和性硝酸盐转运,其中NRT1.1(Nitrate Transporter 1.1)作为该家族首个被鉴定的成员,其重要性不言而喻。NRT1.1不仅具备双亲和转运特性,还能够感应环境中不同浓度的硝酸盐,扮演着硝酸盐感受器的关键角色[11-13]。其功能的转换依赖于苏氨酸残基Thr101的磷酸化与去磷酸化过程,这一过程是NRT1.1从高亲和力向低亲和力转运蛋白转变的开关[13-15]。在高氮条件下,硝酸盐与2个NRT1.1单体结合后,会减弱CIPK23对NRT1.1的磷酸化作用,促使NRT1.1保持二聚体状态,从而展现出低亲和性的硝酸盐转运活性(图 1)。这种独特的双亲和性转换机制,赋予了植物更广泛的硝酸盐利用范围,使植物能够精准地适应外界硝酸盐浓度的波动,有效避免因硝酸盐过多或过少而对植物造成的不利影响[16]NRT1.1在调节根系结构对硝酸盐的响应方面也发挥着举足轻重的作用[17]。在拟南芥中,SnRK2s能够通过磷酸化NRT1.1来负向调节硝酸盐的摄取,进而影响根系的生长[18]图 1)。而在水稻中,与野生型相比,OsNRT1.1A突变体的氮素利用率显著降低,且开花时间延迟。相反,过表达OsNRT1.1A的水稻植株则表现出更高的氮素利用率,同时促进了高产与早熟[19]OsNRT1.1B受硝酸盐显著诱导表达,具有硝酸盐吸收和转运的功能,能够感知并转运硝酸盐,从而影响水稻对硝酸盐的利用。功能缺失的nrt1.1b突变体在硝酸盐吸收和硝酸盐从根到茎的转运方面都存在缺陷[20]
此外,NRT1家族的其他成员同样展现出各自独特的功能与特性。在拟南芥中,NRT1.5定位于质膜上,在靠近木质部的根维管细胞中表达,对硝酸盐从根部向茎叶的运输起着关键作用,敲除NRT1.5会导致硝酸盐的运输量减少[21];NRT1.9也是一个质膜转运蛋白,但其主要表达于根韧皮部的伴生细胞中,有助于促进韧皮部硝酸盐的运输[22]。玉米中,ZmNRT1.1B(ZmNPF6.6)同样是一个双亲和性转运蛋白,介导硝酸盐从根部向地上部的转运,正向调控玉米生长和氮素利用效率。在硝酸盐供应条件下,ZmNRT1.1B能够促进ZmNLP3.1(ZmNLP8)从细胞质向细胞核的穿梭,共同调控参与硝酸盐响应、细胞分裂素生物合成和碳代谢相关基因的表达。当ZmNRT1.1B功能缺失时,玉米植株的生长会受到明显抑制,而在现代玉米杂交种中过表达ZmNRT1.1B时,可提高低氮田间的籽粒产量[23]。这一发现不仅揭示了ZmNRT1.1B在促进玉米生长和提高氮素利用效率方面的重要作用,也为未来氮高效玉米品种改良和增产提供了宝贵的基因资源和理论依据。而ZmNRT1.1A(ZmNPF6.4)则是一种低亲和性硝酸盐转运蛋白,组氨酸残基(His362)的有无是造成其亲和力差异的主要原因[24]。另外,ZmNRT1.5ZmNPF7.9)在玉米胚乳中特异性表达,通过调控营养物质的运输和代谢来影响种子发育和籽粒重量[25]。不同作物中NRT1.1及其同源基因的研究也为提高作物氮素利用率和产量提供了重要途径。然而,尽管NRT1.1的研究已取得显著进展,但NRT1家族中其他成员的功能和调控机制仍知之甚少。未来需进一步深入探究NRT1家族成员的功能和相互作用,以期更全面地理解植物硝酸盐转运和利用的分子机制,为作物遗传改良和农业可持续发展提供新的思路和方法。
高亲和力硝酸盐转运体基因NRT2在植物应对低氮环境时扮演着至关重要的角色,它属于NRT2/NNP家族,该家族部分成员需要与伴侣蛋白NAR2结合形成复合体,才能具备硝酸盐转运的功能[26-27]。拟南芥中有7个NRT2成员,除NRT2.7外,其余均能够与NAR2.1相互作用形成复合体,共同发挥转运硝酸盐的功能[28]图 1)。但不同成员在转运硝酸盐能力上有所差异,其中NRT2.1蛋白主要定位于根皮层和表皮细胞的质膜上,是参与硝酸盐运输的关键蛋白[29-30]。作为高亲和力转运系统(HATS)中的主要成员,NRT2.1在硝酸盐的转运中发挥着举足轻重的作用,敲除NRT2.1会导致根部硝酸盐吸收下降75%[31-33]。而增加OsNRT2.1的表达水平,已被证实可以提高水稻的产量和氮肥利用率[34]。对玉米根系的研究中发现,仅当ZmNAR2.1ZmNRT2.1共同表达时,硝酸盐流入与基因转录水平之间呈显著相关性[35]。此外,NRT2家族的其他成员在氮素途径中也发挥着各自的功能特性。敲除拟南芥NRT2.2基因可使硝酸盐吸收下降19%[33]。OsNRT2.3b定位于质膜上,主要在韧皮部表达,且其存在一个胞质pH调节基序,可通过pH感应机制开启或关闭硝酸盐转运活性。OsNRT2.3b的高表达能够增加粮食产量,并提高氮的吸收,使氮肥利用率提高40%[36]NRT2.4是一种表达于侧根表皮和茎韧皮部或其附近的质膜转运蛋白,在nrt2.4突变体中,低氮条件下的硝酸盐吸收量及韧皮部中硝酸盐含量均有所降低[37]NRT2.5则是在根毛区的根表皮和皮层表达的质膜硝酸盐转运蛋白,缺氮会诱导其表达,而下调其表达会导致高亲和力硝酸盐吸收的减少。值得注意的是,在突变体nrt2.4背景下,NRT2.5的突变会进一步降低韧皮部中的硝酸盐水平,降幅超过单独的nrt2.4突变体,NRT2.5通过与NRT2.1NRT2.2NRT2.4协同作用以确保硝酸盐的高效吸收[38]。Li等[39]研究发现,TaNRT2.5需要与伴侣蛋白TaNAR2.1结合才能表现出硝酸盐转运活性。TaNAC2-5A可以结合到TaNRT2.5-3B的启动子区,并促进TaNRT2.5的表达。过表达TaNRT2.5-3B可促进发芽,提高籽粒硝酸盐浓度和种子活力,并可增加穗数和籽粒产量,而干扰TaNRT2.5则会产生相反的效果。尽管对NRT2家族成员的功能研究已取得显著进展,但目前研究主要集中在NRT2.1同源基因功能及作用机制研究方面,对于NRT2家族其他成员的功能探究,仍需进一步加强,尤其是NRT2家族成员在主要粮食作物中的功能及应用研究方面[40-41]。同时,未来需要关注NRT1和NRT2家族成员之间的关系,以及植物在高低氮环境中的转换机制问题。这将有助于完善氮素调控网络,为培育氮高效品种提供重要的理论支撑。
由于氮素利用效率是一个涉及生理和发育过程的复杂性状,其相关基因挖掘及遗传机制解析一直是极具挑战的任务。Araus等[42]使用机器学习算法对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中的NUE基因网络进行预测,成功鉴定到一个响应硝酸盐吸收和NUE的负调控因子BT2,研究发现,过表达BT2植株的NUE降低。与野生型相比,bt1/bt2双突变体中硝酸盐转运蛋白基因NRT2.1NRT2.4的表达量增加,同时,在低硝酸盐条件下的硝酸盐吸收量增加了65%。在水稻中,硝态氮能够诱导硝酸盐转运蛋白NRT1.1B(OsNPF6.5)的表达[20, 43-45],增强其与磷酸盐信号抑制因子SPX4相互作用,并且通过招募与NRT1.1B相互作用的E3泛素连接酶NBIP1,形成NRT1.1B-SPX4-NBIP1复合体,促进SPX4的泛素化降解,从而解除SPX4对硝酸盐信号途径核心转录因子NLP3的抑制,释放NLP3进入细胞核,进而激活下游硝酸盐应答基因表达以调控氮利用[46]图 1)。此外,NRT1.1B通过调控水稻根系微生物组来改变根际微环境,进而影响水稻籼粳亚种间的氮肥利用效率[47]。另一项研究发现,OsNPF6.1可以增强对硝态氮的吸收,提高水稻的氮肥利用率,低氮能够诱导OsNAC42转录因子表达,OsNAC42通过直接结合到OsNPF6.1启动子中的CAGG基序来激活OsNPF6.1的表达,从而增强硝酸盐的吸收利用。OsNPF6.1HapB是一个来源于普通野生稻的稀有优异等位基因,对水稻高氮利用率和产量育种具有较大潜力[48]。在小麦中,NAM-B1在调节小麦籽粒蛋白和其他微量营养素含量方面发挥着重要作用[49]。但其潜在的分子和生理机制在很大程度上仍不清楚。为深入了解这一机制,Lou等[50]通过对486份冬小麦种质资源进行全基因组关联分析,确定了一个籽粒蛋白质含量(GPC)相关的关键候选基因TaNAM-6A。随后,Meng等[51]进一步通过转录组和转基因实验对TaNAM-6A的功能进一步分析,发现TaNAM-6A可直接与TaNRT1.1TaNPF5.5靶基因启动子结合并激活其表达。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除TaNAM-6A后,其突变体表现出明显的衰老延迟和较低的GPC,而TaNAM-6A过表达株系则表现为早衰和GPC的大幅提高。此外,还鉴定出一个与高GPC相关的TaNAM-6A优异等位基因。该研究不仅揭示了TaNAM-6A提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量的分子机制,而且还提供了一个有前景的优异等位基因,为改善小麦品质和培育氮高效品种提供基因资源。
为了解植物应对氮素缺乏的高亲和性硝酸盐转运机制,Meng等[52]在低硝酸盐供应条件下,对ZmCHB 101-RNAi株系进行了深入研究,发现其根系生长加快,生物量增加。为了揭示这一现象背后的分子机制,进行了RNA测序分析,结果显示ZmCHB101能够调控硝酸盐转运相关基因ZmNRT2.1ZmNRT2.2的表达。进一步研究发现,玉米中的NIN样蛋白(NLP),即ZmNLP3.1,能够识别ZmNRT2.1ZmNRT2.2启动子区域中的硝酸盐响应顺式元件(NRE)共识序列,并在硝酸盐存在时激活这些基因的转录。上述在氮素调控的分子机制方面取得的新进展,深化了对这一复杂过程的理解。然而,氮素信号传导与代谢途径中的众多关键环节仍亟待研究,且如何将科研成果有效转化为农业生产实践,以优化作物氮肥利用效率,仍是当前面临的一项重大挑战。
铵态氮(NH4+)可以被植物直接利用,用于合成核苷酸和氨基酸等生物大分子。相较于硝态氮,铵态氮的吸收和同化需要的能量更少,因此植物处于氮饥饿状态时优先吸收铵离子。然而,过量吸收铵态氮会对植物产生铵盐毒害问题,因此,精确感知与调控铵态氮的吸收成为植物营养调节的关键环节。植物主要通过根系细胞膜上的一系列特定铵盐转运蛋白(包括AMT1和AMT2)识别铵态氮的浓度变化并结合铵盐,严格调控铵离子的流入,防止过量铵离子积累而产生毒害[53]
AMTs属于AMT/methylamine permease(MEP)/ Rhesus-type(Rh)蛋白家族,拟南芥中有6个AMT基因,其中AtAMT1;1是一种根系高亲和力铵(NH4+)转运蛋白,在氮素缺乏条件下,其高效转运铵离子的能力尤为显著,同时其mRNA表达水平与根系铵吸收速率密切相关。当AtAMT1; 1活性受抑制时,植物会通过其他AMT家族基因(如AtAMT1; 3AtAMT2; 1)的过表达来部分补偿其功能[54]。AMT1家族的其他成员也发挥着重要作用。AMT1;2的蛋白主要定位于质膜,并在内皮层和皮层细胞中保持活性,这种定位有助于根部在特定区域高效吸收铵离子。与野生型相比,amt1; 2突变株的铵吸收能力降低了18%~26%。此外,AMT1;2与AMT1;1、AMT1;3等其他铵离子转运蛋白协同工作,整体提高根部的铵离子吸收能力[55]。AMT1;3主要定位于根表皮和皮层细胞,尤其是根毛区域。在氮缺乏条件下,AMT1; 1AMT1; 3对拟南芥根系整体铵吸收能力具有叠加贡献,当缺失AMT1; 1AMT1; 3基因中的任意一个时都会导致高亲和力铵吸收减少约30%,amt1; 1amt1; 3双突变体的铵吸收能力将下降60%~70%[56]。AMT1;4蛋白定位于花粉质膜,主要在花粉颗粒和花粉管中表达,能够通过质膜将铵离子转运到花粉,表明其功能主要与花粉的氮代谢相关[57]。尽管在amt1; 4突变体中未观察到明显的表型变化,但研究推测其可能与其他氨基酸转运蛋白协同作用,从而保障花粉氮的摄取与利用。另外,AMT2; 1在促进氨从根部向地上部分的有效转运中发挥着关键作用,AMT2; 1缺失突变体中,氨在木质部中的浓度显著降低[58]
水稻中AMT包含5个亚家族,分别为OsAMT1~OsAMT5[59]。过表达OsAMT1;1基因的转基因水稻株系相较于WT具有更高的氮素利用效率,并能够促进氮同化途径中相关基因的表达。相较于WT,过表达OsAMT1;1的水稻株系不仅氮同化产物含量更高,而且叶绿素、淀粉、糖及籽粒产量也有所增加,表明OsAMT1;1在提高氮素利用效率、促进植物生长以及增加籽粒产量方面具有巨大潜力[60]。然而,值得注意的是,虽然过表达OsAMT1.1基因会增加铵的吸收和含量,但在高铵营养条件下会损害植物的生长和发育[61]。进一步的研究揭示,OsGRF4能够激活OsAMT1.1转录,而SLR1的积累则会抑制OsGRF4与OsAMT1.1启动子的结合,从而调节其表达 [59]。在根系中,OsAMT1.1直接参与NH4+的吸收和转运,并且与OsAMT1.2OsAMT1.3展现出不同的表达模式[62-63]OsAMT1;1在茎叶和根部组成型表达并受铵诱导表达,其表达水平受昼夜节律的调控。OsAMT1; 2OsAMT1; 3均在根部特异性表达,但前者受铵诱导表达,后者则受氮抑制表达[64]。此外,OsIDD10作为一个转录激活因子,能够结合到OsAMT1; 2启动子区,激活OsAMT1; 2的转录[65]。同时,OsAMT1;2在质膜上与OsACTPK1存在直接的相互作用,而OsACTPK1则能够通过磷酸化OsAMT1;2的Thr453位点来使其失活(图 1)。在特定的细胞中,OsACTPK1能够精细调控OsAMT1;2对铵的吸收和转运,从而防止铵毒性[53]OsAMT2;1在根和茎叶中均呈组成型表达,且其表达不受无机氮供应的影响,能够在根和茎叶中协助铵离子的吸收和运输,而OsAMT3; 1的表达则相对较弱[66]。另外,铵盐能够诱导OsNRT1.1A上调表达,在OsNRT1.1A过表达植株中与氮素利用相关的基因上调表达,该发现为提高氮素利用效率和增加产量提供重要的基因资源[67]
玉米对氮肥的利用率为25%~50%,这意味着有一半甚至更多的氮肥流失到环境中,造成环境污染和土壤微生物活性破坏等不利影响,对农业可持续发展构成了严峻挑战[68]。在玉米中,ZmAMT1;1a和ZmAMT 1;3定位于根表皮细胞中,是玉米根部高亲和力铵转运系统的主要组成部分。铵作为一种信号分子,当重新供应铵时,铵的流入速率和ZmAMT基因的转录水平都迅速升高,这表明它们在铵的吸收和转运过程中发挥着关键作用[69]。此外,ZmAMT3;1也是高亲和性铵转运蛋白,其底物为NH4+,该蛋白C端的磷酸化会抑制其转运活性,并特异性地在含有丛枝的皮层细胞中表达[70]。上述研究探讨了植物中铵态氮的吸收、转运和调控机制,通过解析AMT家族基因的功能,揭示了它们在提高氮素利用效率、促进植物生长以及增加籽粒产量方面的重要作用。尽管AMT家族成员基因功能分析已取得诸多成果,但植物中铵态氮的吸收和调控机制仍存在许多未知领域。不同作物中AMT家族成员协同作用机制尚不完全清楚,铵转运蛋白的精细调控网络也有待进一步解析。
植物氮同化是植物将土壤中的无机氮(硝态氮NO3-和铵态氮NH4+)转化为有机氮化合物的过程,这是植物氮代谢的关键环节。此过程受到光照、温度、土壤氮素浓度等环境因素及植物内源激素调控。在氮充足的条件下,植物会优先合成蛋白质,而在缺氮条件下,植物会增强氮同化酶的活性,提高氮的吸收和利用效率。研究表明,氮同化的效率直接影响植物的生长发育及其对氮肥的依赖程度[71]。理解植物氮同化的机制,可以为农业生产和生态保护提供重要的理论基础和实用指导。氮同化主要分为硝态氮(NO3-)和铵态氮(NH4+)同化,其中铵态氮的同化是核心环节。植物通过硝酸还原酶(NR)和亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)完成硝态氮向铵态氮的转化,此过程主要在细胞质和叶绿体中进行,而多余的NO3-则暂时储存在液泡中[71-72]。铵态氮通过谷氨酰胺合成酶/谷氨酸合酶(GS/GOGAT)循环转化为谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸,并进一步合成多种氨基酸[73]。此外,谷氨酸脱氨酶(Glutamate dehydrogenase,GDH)还能够将氨和α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate)反应生成谷氨酸(Glutamate)。谷氨酰胺(Gln)或NH4+的酰胺基团经过天冬酰胺合成酶(AS)作用转移到天冬氨酸(Asp),形成天冬酰胺(Asn)和谷氨酸(Glu)[71]图 2)。
氮同化调控机制研究近年来取得了重要进展。例如,水稻中发现的NADH/NADPH-硝酸还原酶OsNR2通过与硝酸盐转运蛋白OsNRT1.1B的前馈互作,显著提高了氮肥利用率和作物产量[74]。在小麦中,TaGS2-2A基因通过增强光合作用和氮代谢,显著提升了小麦氮肥利用效率和产量[75]。Jing等[76]报道了小麦转录因子TaLBD41与硝酸盐诱导的转录因子TaNAC2相互作用,且TaLBD41-NAC2相互作用通过竞争性结合TaNRT2.1、TaNR1.2和TaNADH-GOGAT,实现对硝酸盐吸收、还原和同化的稳态调节。在不同供氮条件下,降低TaLBD41表达可促进氮素吸收和同化,提高穗数、籽粒产量和氮素收获指数。同时还鉴定到一个与穗数增加和籽粒产量相关的TaLBD41-2B优异单倍型。
此外,玉米中的天冬酰胺合成酶THP9被证实在低氮条件下表现出高效氮代谢能力,为低氮胁迫下的作物改良提供了重要遗传资源[77]。GS1和GS2在植物中具有明确的功能分工,分别侧重于胞质和叶绿体中的氮代谢。这种功能特性不仅支持了植物对不同氮源的吸收和利用,还为植物在多变的环境条件下维持氮的代谢平衡提供了灵活性。玉米GS1有多个亚型,不同的GS亚型在代谢功能上存在显著差异[78]。GS1-3存在于叶肉细胞中,而GS1-4特异性定位于维管束鞘细胞中。在gln1-3gln1-4单突变体以及gln1-3 gln1-4双突变体中,GS的mRNA表达受损,导致GS1蛋白及其活性减少。gln1-4突变体表现为籽粒体积减小,而gln1-3突变体表现为籽粒数量减少,这2种表型在gln1-3 gln1-4双突变体中均有表现[79]
综上所述,植物氮同化是一个复杂而精细的过程,涉及多个组织和器官、多种信号分子和信号传导途径的相互作用。通过这一过程,植物能够感知土壤中的氮元素浓度变化并作出相应的响应和适应。
氮素信号的转录调控在植物生长发育中起着至关重要的作用。Shi等[80]运用基因组和转录组分析技术,对比高NUE品种KN9204与低NUE品种Jing 411在高氮与低氮环境下的氮素积累情况。结果显示,相较于Jing 411,KN9204在拔节后的生殖阶段展现出了更强的氮吸收能力,并能有效将氮积累在茎秆和种子中,从而赋予了KN9204相对于Jing 411更强的低氮耐受性。进一步的转录组数据分析揭示,氮素缺乏显著抑制了Jing 411幼穗中与细胞分裂相关基因的表达活性,而在KN9204中,这种抑制效应则相对较弱。随后,Zhang等[81]从表观遗传修饰的角度同样对高NUE品种KN9204和低NUE品种Jing 411间NUE进行分析,发现表观遗传修饰呈现出明显的品种特异性,且氮代谢基因表达与组蛋白修饰的差异密切相关,而非DNA序列的差异。这一发现有力地揭示了表观遗传调控在介导小麦品种特异性适应低氮环境中的重要性。新的研究发现,转录因子NIN-like protein 7(NLP7)蛋白由于氨基端有一个硝酸盐响应的区域,在羧基端有一个转录激活的区域,从而在细胞内扮演了硝酸盐的受体和核心转录激活因子双重功能。当缺失硝酸盐时,NLP7蛋白氨基端会抑制NLP7蛋白羧基端的转录激活作用。当硝酸盐存在时,NO3-可以专一的与NLP7蛋白直接互作,引起NLP7蛋白构象变化,进而解除NLP7蛋白自身的转录抑制作用,从而激活下游基因的转录[82]
另外,硝酸盐被NRT1.1运输到细胞内,会诱导细胞内钙离子浓度升高,从而迅速激活钙传感器蛋白激酶(CPKs)。激活的CPKs蛋白激酶通过磷酸化NLP7的第205位丝氨酸,促使其进入细胞核,进而上调涉及硝酸盐转运的NRT2.1、氮同化(NIA1NIR1)以及氮信号通路(LBD37LBD38)相关基因的表达(图 1),促进侧根生长和NO3-转运,从而激活植物信号转导网络和生长反应以调控植物氮素利用过程[83-85]。该研究在揭示植物硝酸盐感受机制、阐明硝酸盐信号转导途径、开发荧光硝酸盐感受器,以及提高作物氮利用效率等方面具有重要意义。
多个转录因子在协调氮吸收、同化和信号转导方面发挥着重要作用。研究发现,氮饥饿能快速诱导OsNLP1OsNLP4的表达,OsNLP1能够直接结合在OsNRT1.1AOsNRT1.1BOsNRT2.4OsNIA1OsNIA3OsAMT1.1OsGRF4启动子上以激活其表达,从而促进植株生长、提高粮食产量和氮素利用率。OsNLP4通过直接结合在亚硝酸还原酶基因OsNiR启动子区的硝酸盐顺式作用元件NRE上,激活其表达,以增强氮吸收和同化,进而提高氮肥利用率,增加水稻分蘖和产量[86-88]。研究发现,GRF4转录因子是氮吸收、同化和转运以及光合作用等的正调控因子,DELLA通过与GRF4互作来抑制这些过程。而赤霉素能够促进DELLA蛋白降解,进而增强GRF4转录激活活性,GRF4能直接结合在MYB61启动子区,增强MYB61表达,提高植物根系氮素吸收能力。此外,GRF4还能够提高小麦的氮肥利用率和产量[59, 89]。赤霉素途径中另一个APETALA2(AP2)类转录因子NGR5,是水稻生长发育响应氮素的正调控因子,该基因通过与赤霉素受体GID1、DELLA蛋白以及PRC2(polycomb repressive complex 2,PRC2)的蛋白复合体互作来协调赤霉素和表观修饰,进而调控氮素利用过程[90]
此外,OsDREB1C转录因子可以直接结合在OsRBCS3的启动子区以及OsFTL1OsNR2OsNRT2.4OsNRT1.1B外显子上,直接激活这些基因表达,综合调控水稻高产、早熟以及氮素高效利用基因,进而促进高产[91]OsTCP19转录因子抑制分蘖促进因子DLT表达,负调控水稻分蘖。氮诱导的LBD蛋白OsLBD37和OsLBD39可以高效地与OsTCP19启动子结合,抑制其活性,提高氮肥利用率[92]。转录抑制因子Ghd7能结合到ARE1基因的启动子和第一内含子,抑制其表达,从而正调控水稻氮素利用和产量[93-94]。小麦TaNAC2-5A可以直接结合到编码硝酸盐转运蛋白和谷氨酰胺合成酶基因的启动子区域,增强根系氮利用率和产量[95]。HY5作为一种bZIP转录因子,能够介导光对根部生长和硝酸盐吸收的促进作用,并通过激活NRT2.1来促进根部硝酸盐的吸收[96]。在所有测试的氮处理和光照条件下,HY5均能够正向调节NIR1,并负向调节AMT1; 2[97]bZIP1基因突变可以改变几个基因簇对光和/或氮的调控,而且这种调控可以具有不同的调控模式[98]。这些研究深化了对植物氮素调控机制和信号转导途径的理解,为揭示植物如何精细感知并响应氮素环境提供了见解。未来应进一步研究氮素信号转录调控的复杂网络,包括转录因子之间的相互作用、信号转导途径的交叉调控以及环境因素对氮素信号的影响等,以期培育出氮高效利用的作物新品种。
种质资源氮素利用效率的鉴定、评价与遗传解析对于培育氮高效作物新品种至关重要。Wang等[99]发现,低氮条件下,氮高效品种ZM366表现出优于氮低效品种JD8的生理特性。具体而言,ZM366的氮素代谢关键酶(如谷氨酰胺合成酶GS、硝酸还原酶NR、谷氨酸脱氢酶GDH)活性,以及抗氧化酶(包括超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT)活性和可溶性蛋白含量均高于JD8。ZM366在低氮胁迫下能够通过显著增强“卡尔文循环”和“光呼吸”过程,维持较高的碳代谢水平,这是它与其他2个品种的重要区别。这些研究不仅为理解NUE的分子机制提供了新的视角,而且为改良具有高NUE性状的小麦品种提供了宝贵的遗传资源。然而,目前此类研究尚显不足,未来应加强对作物中氮高效种质资源的鉴定与遗传解析。
氮素利用效率相关性状是由多基因控制的数量性状,贯穿于植株的整个生育期,并在不同性状上均有体现,如株高、分蘖、生物量和产量等。研究表明,在低氮和高氮处理条件下,分蘖数的变化相较于千粒重和穗粒数更为显著,成为反映NUE的一个重要指标[92]。Liu等 [92]发现OsTCP19通过促进分蘖基因DWARF AND LOW-TILLERING(DLT)的表达来发挥作用,OsTCP19启动子中29 bp的插入/缺失导致水稻品种在分蘖氮响应中转录水平的差异,从而表现出不同的分蘖氮响应特性。其中,OsTCP19-H优异等位基因在野生稻中普遍存在,而在现代栽培品种中几乎消失。同时,不同单倍型的分布与土壤氮素含量变化也密切相关。Hu等[20]以籼粳稻为研究对象,深入探究了其在氮素利用效率上的差异,研究表明,硝酸盐转运蛋白NRT1.1B(OsNPF6.5)的变异可能是导致两者在氮素利用效率上产生差异的关键原因。通过近等基因系和转基因田间试验证实,携带NRT1.1B籼稻等位基因的粳稻品种与未携带该等位基因的品种相比,其粮食产量和氮素利用效率均显著提高。同样,为了深入探究籼稻和粳稻之间氮素利用效率的差异,Zhang等[100]利用Hua–Jing–Xian(HJX74)和IRAP9杂交构建的71个单片段代换系(SSSL)群体,对与硝酸盐吸收相关的数量性状位点(QTL)进行了定位。通过QTL分析和精确定位,发现了一个关键的水稻氮素利用效率调节因子DULL NITROGEN RESPONSE1DNR1)。与粳稻品种相比,籼稻中的DNR1启动子缺失了一个520 bp的片段,这一差异导致了DNR1蛋白丰度降低、生长素含量增加以及硝酸盐吸收能力的增强。进一步研究发现,功能缺失的dnr1突变体会导致生长素的过度积累,并通过上调编码硝酸盐转运体和硝酸还原酶(NR)的基因,从而增强硝酸盐的代谢过程。Li等[59]通过图位克隆技术,成功定位到一个水稻生长调节因子4(OsGRF4),发现OsGRF4能够与DELLA相互作用,共同对水稻生长和碳氮平衡进行精细调控。OsGRF4促进并整合氮同化、碳固定和生长过程,而DELLA则抑制这些过程。增加OsGRF4的丰度可提高含有sd1高产籼稻品种9311的氮利用效率和谷物产量。Yu等[86]通过对水稻群体的全基因组关联分析(GWAS),鉴定到一个与NUE紧密相关的NLP4,发现OsNLP4能够激活OsNiR编码的亚硝酸盐还原酶,该酶在水稻氮素同化中起关键作用。进一步在OsNiR启动子中构建了4倍的NREs(硝酸盐响应顺式元件)(p4xNRE: OsNiR),发现其能够显著增强氮同化。OsNLP4-OsNiR信号级联通过提高氮素同化和氮素利用效率来提高分蘖数和产量。Wu等[101]确定OsGATA8转录因子是水稻氮吸收和分蘖形成的关键协调因子,OsGATA8通过抑制铵转运蛋白基因OsAMT3.2的转录来负向调控氮素吸收。同时,它通过抑制分蘖负调控因子OsTCP19的转录来促进分蘖形成。OsGATA8-H作为一种氮高效优异单倍型,具有较强氮素吸收能力和更高的有效分蘖比例,且OsGATA8-H的地理分布与土壤氮含量相关,该研究为氮高效水稻品种的培育提供了有力支持。Yang等[102]发现OsNPF3.1主要在水稻地上部分表达,并定位于质膜上。OsNPF3.1编码区氨基酸的突变导致野生稻和栽培稻在NUE上的差异。Tang等[48]对田间表现出极端氮相关表型的水稻群体进行GWAS,鉴定出硝酸盐转运蛋白OsNPF6.1的一个优异单倍型OsNPF6.1HapB。该单倍型通过增强低氮供应下的硝酸盐吸收能力以提高产量,从而赋予植物高氮利用效率。OsNPF6.1HapB在蛋白质和启动子元件上存在的自然变异受到OsNAC42的不同反式激活。Gao等[74]研究表明OsNR2(编码NADH/NADPH依赖型硝酸盐还原酶(NR)的基因)等位基因的变异是导致籼稻(Oryza sativa indica)和粳稻(Oryza sativa japonica)亚种在硝酸盐同化能力和氮素利用效率方面存在差异的主要因素之一。此外,籼稻OsNR2还通过与OsNRT1.1B(编码硝酸盐转运蛋白的基因)的前馈相互作用促进硝酸盐的吸收。Sun等[103]从QZL2和NJ6杂交后代的226个重组自交系(RIL)中,筛选出了一个在株高和分蘖数上对氮素有显著响应的品系,即RIL-D22。进一步利用RIL-D22和QZL2作为亲本,构建了BC2F2群体,并在第9号染色体(Chr9)上定位了一个控制氮介导生长响应的关键数量性状位点qNGR9。其中,携带显性dep1-1等位基因的植株表现出对氮素不敏感的营养生长特性,同时提高了氮的吸收和同化能力,从而在中等氮肥水平下提高了收获指数和籽粒产量。这一发现揭示了异源三聚体G蛋白在调控氮素信号中的重要作用。Bai等[104]用日本晴(Nipponbare)和OM052杂交得到的重组自交系(RIL)群体确定了4个NUE相关的显著QTL,每个QTL表型变异解释率在2.96%~11.11%。
Shi等[105-106]通过对389份小麦材料的苗期和成熟期田间NUE相关性状进行GWAS分析,分别确定了一个关键候选基因Tabox和4个新的候选转录因子(qFsnR5A.2的TraesCS5A02G237500、qSLR5B.1的TraesCS5B02G384500TraesCS5B02G384600以及qTKWR3B.1的TraesCS3B02G068800),研究发现Tabox突变体对低氮胁迫的敏感性高于野生型植株,并针对Tabox优异等位基因开发了2个分子标记。此外,qPCR结果表明,4个候选转录因子在不同时间点表现出不同的表达模式。Zhang等[107]对244份小麦材料的氮利用效率相关性状进行GWAS分析,发现了一个新的大效应QTN(qPHR3A.2),且附近有4个基因(TraesCS3A01G101900TraesCS3A01G102200TraesCS3A01G104100TraesCS3A01G105400)在低氮耐受型小麦品种中被发现存在差异表达。Xu等[108]为挖掘高产和氮高效基因,利用93-11和PA64S杂交衍生的重组自交系,在Chr1上鉴定到一个控制水稻幼苗生物量的数量性状位点(qSBM1)。通过日本晴(NPB)、SBM1敲除和过表达株系分析SBM1对氮素处理的敏感性,发现SBM1作为一个多效基因,负责产量性状、植株大小和氮素利用效率。Wang等[109]利用306份玉米重测序材料进行GWAS分析,发现在低氮条件下,玉米幼苗中的NIN-LIKE PROTEIN3.2(ZmNLP3.2)通过抑制Aux/IAA14表达,从而提高根系生物量,并揭示了ZmNLP3.2–ZmARF19–ZmAux/IAA14模块在调节玉米根系生物量中的作用。Song等[110]在小麦4B染色体短臂上鉴定到一个大片段缺失单倍型变异,该缺失包含Rht-B1EamA-BZnF-B这3个紧密连锁的基因。与绿色革命基因型Rht-B1b相比,r-e-z缺失单倍型小麦在保持半矮秆株型的同时,还显著提升了氮素利用效率,且植株结构更紧凑,穗部和籽粒更大,籽粒产量更高,适合密植。这意味着在相同的氮肥投入下,r-e-z模块小麦能够更有效地利用氮素,从而促进植株的生长和发育。在未来育种过程中,仍需充分挖掘NUE相关基因,并对其分子机制进行解析,这仍是一项极具挑战性的工作。
NUE相关基因的挖掘及分子机制解析为氮高效品种培育和“减肥增产”的可持续发展育种提供了重要的基因资源及理论基础。目前,一些关键基因及优异单倍型已在育种改良上进行了初步应用。Liu等[92]对NILOsTCP19-H品系及其受体亲本Kos进行多年的田间试验表明,在低氮和中氮条件下,NILOsTCP19-H品系相较于Kos可提高籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。通过将OsTCP19-H优异等位基因导入2个优质粳稻品种中,发现在低或中等氮素水平下能显著提高KY131OsTCP19-H和XS134OsTCP19-H的分蘖数,显示出该基因在水稻育种中的巨大潜力。Li等[59]通过提升OsGRF4的丰度,可以显著提高携带sd1基因的高产籼稻品种9311的氮素利用效率及籽粒产量。育种实践结果表明,其在保留DELLA积累所带来的有益半矮化特性的同时,还增强了绿色革命品种(GRV)的营养同化能力。这意味着,可以在不增加倒伏导致的减产风险的情况下,有效提高GRV的氮素利用效率。Wu等[101]以籼稻9311为背景,构建了2个近等基因系(NIL),一个携带来自野生稻(O. rufipogon)的OsGATA8-H,另一个则同时携带OsGATA8-H和高氮利用效率优异单倍型OsTCP19-H。与野生型9311相比,9311OsGATA8-H和9311OsGATA8-H/OsTCP19-H品系均表现出PTNR增加、有效分蘖数增加和有效分蘖比例提高。与9311相比,9311OsGATA8-H的单株产量和氮素利用效率也有所增加。值得注意的是,9311OsGATA8-H/OsTCP19-H的氮素利用效率和籽粒产量比9311OsGATA8-H更高。这些结果表明,OsGATA8-H和OsTCP19-H是氮高效和高产的优异单倍型组合。Tang等[48]发现携带OsNAC42OsNPF6.1优异等位基因的品种,如Suwon264、Kexuan13和IR36,表现出比不携带优异等位基因的品种更高的氮素利用效率。因此,这些氮高效基因作为提高作物产量与氮素利用效率的关键靶点,在后续育种改良过程中应进一步利用,并聚合这些优良氮素利用效率基因以培育氮高效作物新品种。
作物的氮素信号途径研究是植物科学研究中的重要领域,近年来取得了显著进展。然而,面对日益严峻的粮食安全及环境污染的挑战,这一领域仍有诸多问题亟待解决,包括由于氮素利用效率性状复杂性,且易受环境因素的影响,其评价体系尚未完善。其中,最关键的是如何精准、高效、动态检测土壤环境中氮素的变化。此外,植物氮高效相关基因挖掘及功能解析大多集中在模式植物中,从作物中特别是作物种质资源中挖掘氮高效关键基因及优异单倍型非常重要;作物氮利用效率与其他性状例如产量、品质性状的关系还缺乏研究。未来,作物氮素利用研究主要包括以下5个方面(图 3)。
中国在不同作物上都拥有丰富的种质资源,然而关于氮高效种质资源的鉴定工作却相对滞后,成为制约氮高效作物育种和农业可持续发展的关键瓶颈。为了加速氮高效作物的培育进程,必须建立一套科学、完善、多层次的氮高效评价体系。田间和室内评价是氮高效作物选育的重要环节,其准确性直接关系到后续种质资源的筛选和利用。因此,在田间或室内评价体系中,应关注以下几个方面。(1)氮肥梯度设置:在不同生育期内,设置多个氮肥梯度,以模拟实际农田中的氮素供应状况。通过对比不同氮肥处理下的作物生长状况,可以更准确地评估作物的氮素利用效率。(2)多性状综合评价:除了产量、生物量和分蘖等地上部性状外,还应关注作物根系发育相关性状和根据构型及生理生化指标等多个性状。然而,根系部位和复杂的特征性,使得在测量统计上具有一定困难。未来,应当探究多种方法来对根系进行表征,如采用根系扫描仪或电子计算机断层扫描(CT)成像技术对根系结构进行剖析。这些性状共同构成了作物氮素利用效率的综合评价体系。(3)环境因子监测:田间或室内环境中的光照、温度、水分(湿度)和土壤氮素含量等因子对作物的氮素利用效率具有显著影响。因此,应实时监测这些环境因子,以排除其对评价结果的影响。(4)现代化技术应用:利用遥感技术监测作物的生长状况和氮素营养状况,为氮高效评价提供精准的数据支持[111]。同时,结合物联网、大数据等技术手段,实现精准化和智能化管理,提高评价的准确性和效率。(5)基因型与环境互作分析:利用分子标记、基因芯片等现代分子生物学技术,深入分析作物基因型与环境因子之间的互作关系,为氮高效作物的选育提供理论依据。
尽管通过全基因组关联分析(GWAS)、图位克隆和转录组等研究已鉴定出多种与氮高效相关的基因,但作物氮素利用效率仍是一个复杂的数量性状,涉及多基因、多途径的协同作用。未来应充分利用多组学技术(如表观基因组学、单细胞组学和代谢组等)挖掘氮高效基因,并结合分子生物学和生物信息学等手段,系统解析植物氮素感知、转运及信号转导等过程中一系列基因表达和蛋白活性变化,构建完整的氮素利用通路,以揭示氮高效性状的复杂分子基础。此外,利用机器学习算法对大规模组学数据进行挖掘和分析,可以发现与氮高效相关的潜在基因和调控模式。通过构建预测模型,可以实现对氮高效性状的精准预测和定位。通过整合多组学数据(如转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组等),构建多维度的数据网络,以全面解析氮高效性状的分子基础。
协调氮高效与产量和品质间的关系是一个复杂而关键的任务。在未来育种过程中,首先需深入研究氮素代谢机制,加强对作物根系吸收氮素能力的研究,以及在植物体内的转运和调控机制。探究氮素在作物生长和发育过程中的利用规律,以及如何通过调控氮素的利用途径来提高作物的产量和品质。利用生物信息学、大数据分析等信息技术手段,建立氮素利用效率与产量和品质之间的内在联系。然后,利用CRISPR/Cas9等基因编辑技术,对与氮素利用效率、产量和品质相关的基因进行定点突变或修饰,从而培育出具有优良性状的作物新品种[112]。通过分子标记辅助选择聚合不同作物中已挖掘出的氮素利用效率、产量和品质优异等位基因,加速优良品种的选育进程。
在未来农业可持续发展中,充分鉴定作物种质资源中氮素利用通路的基因资源将是一项至关重要的任务。提高作物氮素利用效率、减少氮肥投入、保障粮食安全和生态环境可持续已成为农业领域亟待解决的关键问题。中国地理环境复杂多样,孕育了丰富的作物种质资源,这为研究并培育能够在不同气候条件下仍然保持较高氮肥利用率的作物新品种提供了宝贵的遗传材料。因此,需要加强种质资源的保护与利用,建立完善的作物种质资源库;并通过全基因组关联分析、图位克隆和比较基因组学等方法,挖掘这些种质资源中氮肥高效利用的关键基因以及优异等位基因,采用分子标记辅助选择策略将其聚合于当前主栽品种中,有望培育出更高氮肥利用率、产量和品质协同改良的作物新品种,对实现农业“减肥增产”具有重要的现实意义。
建立作物氮素高效分子育种技术体系是现代农业发展的重要方向之一。随着全球人口增长和资源的日益紧张,提高农作物的氮素利用效率,减少氮肥的施用量,并提高产量和品质已成为农业可持续发展的重要目标。基于上述的基础研究,未来在常规育种的基础上,可以综合运用分子标记辅助选择育种、全基因组选择、基因芯片、基因编辑技术(CRISPR/Cas9)和智慧育种等技术手段,以达到快速精准地改良作物。同时,有望实现对作物氮素利用效率、产量及品质等性状的改良及优良性状的聚合,培育出高产、高效、绿色作物新品种,以促进作物生产可持续发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32272099)
  • 甘肃省联合科研基金一般项目(24JRRA840)
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2025年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01815
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-01
  • 出版时间:2025-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-04-09
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32272099)
甘肃省联合科研基金一般项目(24JRRA840)
作者信息
    1. 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室/甘肃省作物遗传改良与种质创新重点实验室, 兰州 730070
    2. 甘肃农业大学农学院, 兰州 730070
    3. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/作物基因资源与育种国家重点实验室, 北京 100081

通讯作者:

王化俊(通信作者),教授,研究方向为作物遗传育种,电子信箱:
陈明(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为小麦抗逆分子育种,电子信箱:
马有志(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为小麦抗逆分子育种,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.12.01815
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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