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聚焦溶液印刷工艺制备薄膜晶体管(TFT)技术,综述了近年来印刷TFT材料与器件研究成果。TFT是平板显示器件的核心共有技术,决定了平板显示器的显示效果与显示质量。从TFT器件中的材料及工艺出发,分别介绍可印刷的导电材料、半导体材料和绝缘层材料,以及印刷制备TFT技术的发展现状。要实现印刷TFT技术的商业应用,还面临着诸如可印刷的高性能墨水材料开发、高均匀性薄膜印刷沉积工艺、较低的接触电阻、印刷TFT集成制备技术,以及如何实现印刷TFT在偏压、光辐照、温度等条件下的长期稳定性等问题。提出了随着新材料的进一步开发和印刷技术的发展,印刷技术将为实现低成本制造TFT提供一条有前景的途径。

, authors=

许伟,高级实验师,研究方向为印刷光电材料与器件,电子信箱:

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彭俊彪(通信作者),教授,研究方向为有机/高分子发光与显示,电子信箱:
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墨水种类 制备难度 导电性 透过率 柔性化程度 成本
金属电极 简单 一般 较好
氧化物电极 简单 较高 一般
无机非金属电极 复杂 一般 一般
聚合物电极 简单 一般 极好
), ArticleFig(id=1242142296653771705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157769349651157204, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同导电墨水对比

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墨水种类 制备难度 导电性 透过率 柔性化程度 成本
金属电极 简单 一般 较好
氧化物电极 简单 较高 一般
无机非金属电极 复杂 一般 一般
聚合物电极 简单 一般 极好
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绝缘层 退火温度/℃ 漏电流密度/(A·cm-2 对应电场强度或电压 介电常数
Al2O3 300 7.1×10-7 1.0 MV/cm 11.4
HfO2 200 1.5×10-7 1.0 MV/cm 12.5
HfO2 450 7.4×10-8 6 V 18.8
ZrO2 300 1.0×10-7 1 V 20.5
ZrO2 400 1.0×10-6 10 V 22
ZrO2 350 5.1×10-7 1.0 MV/cm 15.4
Y2O3 400 1.0×10-7 6 V 16.2
ZAO 250 8.4
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部分溶液法制备高介电常数绝缘材料汇总

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绝缘层 退火温度/℃ 漏电流密度/(A·cm-2 对应电场强度或电压 介电常数
Al2O3 300 7.1×10-7 1.0 MV/cm 11.4
HfO2 200 1.5×10-7 1.0 MV/cm 12.5
HfO2 450 7.4×10-8 6 V 18.8
ZrO2 300 1.0×10-7 1 V 20.5
ZrO2 400 1.0×10-6 10 V 22
ZrO2 350 5.1×10-7 1.0 MV/cm 15.4
Y2O3 400 1.0×10-7 6 V 16.2
ZAO 250 8.4
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印刷薄膜晶体管材料与器件技术研究进展
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许伟 1, 2 , 黄湘兰 1, 2 , 彭俊彪 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题:新型显示科学与技术专题 2025,43(2): 52-61
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科技导报 | 特色专题:新型显示科学与技术专题 2025, 43(2): 52-61
印刷薄膜晶体管材料与器件技术研究进展
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许伟1, 2 , 黄湘兰1, 2, 彭俊彪1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1. 华南理工大学, 发光材料与器件国家重点实验室, 广州 510641
  • 2. 华南理工大学高分子光电材料及器件研究所, 广州 510641
  • 许伟,高级实验师,研究方向为印刷光电材料与器件,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

彭俊彪(通信作者),教授,研究方向为有机/高分子发光与显示,电子信箱:
Printed thin film transistor materials and device technology
Wei XU1, 2 , Xianglan HUANG1, 2, Junbiao PENG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
  • 2. Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01028
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聚焦溶液印刷工艺制备薄膜晶体管(TFT)技术,综述了近年来印刷TFT材料与器件研究成果。TFT是平板显示器件的核心共有技术,决定了平板显示器的显示效果与显示质量。从TFT器件中的材料及工艺出发,分别介绍可印刷的导电材料、半导体材料和绝缘层材料,以及印刷制备TFT技术的发展现状。要实现印刷TFT技术的商业应用,还面临着诸如可印刷的高性能墨水材料开发、高均匀性薄膜印刷沉积工艺、较低的接触电阻、印刷TFT集成制备技术,以及如何实现印刷TFT在偏压、光辐照、温度等条件下的长期稳定性等问题。提出了随着新材料的进一步开发和印刷技术的发展,印刷技术将为实现低成本制造TFT提供一条有前景的途径。

薄膜晶体管  /  平板显示  /  印刷技术  /  溶液工艺
thin film transistor  /  flat panel display  /  printing technology  /  solution process
许伟, 黄湘兰, 彭俊彪. 印刷薄膜晶体管材料与器件技术研究进展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (2) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01028
Wei XU, Xianglan HUANG, Junbiao PENG. Printed thin film transistor materials and device technology[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (2) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01028
薄膜晶体管(thin film transistor,TFT)是由导体、半导体和绝缘体等薄膜构成的场效应器件,通常在玻璃衬底上制备半导体薄膜,在其表面制备源极和漏极沟道,栅极与半导体之间会制备一层绝缘层,利用垂直于半导体薄膜表面的栅极电压来调控源、漏电极的电流大小。TFT是平板显示器件中用以控制每一个像素选址及亮度的有源开关器件,是实现图像显示的核心部件,直接决定了平板显示器的显示效果与显示质量。目前,已经商业应用的显示器件中,TFT均是基于真空半导体工艺制备,例如,半导体硅(Si)薄膜和绝缘薄膜通常采用等离子体增强型化学气相沉积(PECVD)制备,氧化物半导体薄膜和电极薄膜通常采用磁控溅射制备。由于这些真空设备价格昂贵,费用占TFT生产成本的40%以上,而真空设备和光刻工艺(包括刻蚀和后端工序)的成本加起来更是占TFT生产成本的90%以上[1],如何减少或摆脱真空工序成为降低平板显示面板生产成本的关键。溶液印刷工艺被认为是最有可能替代真空工艺的一种成膜技术[2],常见的溶液印刷工艺包括旋涂法、喷墨打印、狭缝涂布、刮涂法等,可以用于沉积导电层、半导体层、介电层,具有工艺简单、成本低,且易实现大面积制备等优点。但同时也面临一些挑战,如墨水的稳定性、成膜的均匀性、窄线宽印刷等问题。科研人员对溶液印刷技术制备TFT开展了大量研究[3-5],并取得了较大的进展。
TFT的电极通常采用真空磁控溅射工艺制备金属薄膜,如铝、铜、钼等,再通过光刻工艺得到图案化电极薄膜。存在设备成本高、靶材利用率低,且需要多道光刻工艺等缺点。溶液印刷工艺相对简单,具有真空工艺不可比拟的优势[6],目前可用溶液法制备TFT电极墨水的材料主要有金属[7]、金属氧化物[8-10]、导电聚合物[11]及无机非金属[12]等。
可印刷金属墨水主要包括金属前驱体墨水和金属纳米粒子墨水。前驱体能溶解在溶剂中,成膜烧结后可转化为导电金属薄膜,常用的可溶性金属前驱体有硝酸银、新葵酸银、醋酸银、乙烷基丁酸银、安息酸银、柠檬酸银等。Yang等[13]采用前驱体银墨水,制备了低接触电阻的氧化铟镓锌-TFT(IGZO-TFT)。Wu等[14]在硝酸银溶液中加入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinyl pyrrolidone,PVP),搅拌30 min后,通过喷墨打印工艺在聚酰亚胺(polyimide,PI)衬底上制备了金属银导线。Huang等[15]将硝酸银溶解在去离子水与乙醇体积比1∶3的溶剂中,加入NH4OH并搅拌直至形成无色透明溶液,然后加入乙醚和乙二醇,改善溶液黏度和表面张力,加入PVP和葡萄糖溶液(作为还原剂)。通过打印的方式在Si3N4衬底上成膜,获得了电阻率只有3.1 μΩ ·cm的银膜,但分解温度高达500℃。Dearden等[16]研究了在二甲苯溶液中的银盐溶液墨水,在150℃退火后电阻率能达到3.0~4.8 μΩ·cm。为了维持墨水的喷墨稳定性,Vaseem等[17]采用乙酸银为银源,乙胺和乙醇胺为银离子配体,其氮原子上的孤对电子可以与银离子形成配位,通过甲酸调节pH值可以形成与甲酸盐离子平衡的Ag(乙胺-乙醇胺)配合物,获得了一款能够长时间稳定喷射和低温退火的银墨水,在150℃退火条件下电阻率达到4.1 μΩ·cm。为了更好地兼容柔性衬底,Kell等[18]研究了一种高性能的银盐墨水,采用的是银树脂盐酸、乙基纤维素和溶剂的混合溶液,退火后的薄膜电阻率为12 μΩ·cm。
金属纳米粒子导电墨水是将金属材料通过物理或者化学方法制备成纳米颗粒,然后分散在适宜的介质中,得到可印刷的金属导电墨水。常见的金属如银、金、铝和铜,都具有很高的电导率,但铝和铜纳米颗粒在大气环境下很容易被氧化,生成致密的氧化膜[19-20],影响颗粒之间的有效连接和导电性。金纳米墨水虽然化学性质稳定且导电率较好,但价格过于昂贵。银具有优异的导电性和抗氧化能力,相对于金成本较低,抗氧化性能比铝和铜好,是制备金属墨水的最佳选择之一。而且银墨水化学性质稳定、制备简单、储存方便,是目前研究最多的导电金属墨水之一。
金属纳米粒子导电墨水在印刷制备成膜后通常要经过烧结后处理工艺,让溶剂挥发,除去有机稳定剂,形成纳米粒子的堆积,烧结过程如图 1[21]所示。经150℃处理后,金属纳米粒子开始形成网状导电结构,导电性逐步提高,但稳定剂并未完全分解,导致其导电性仍比较低。经500℃左右烧结处理后,金属纳米粒子间的稳定剂已经完全分解,其导电程度可接近于其块材的导电性。常用的烧结方法有热烧结、光子烧结、微波辐射、等离子体烧结、电烧结和化学烧结[22]
与金属相比,氧化物导电材料的电导率较低,但可制备成透明电极而具有特殊的吸引力。透明导电氧化物薄膜的电阻率通常在10-4 μΩ·cm以上,可见光区域光透过率通常在80% 以上,禁带宽度在3 eV左右[23]。在可印刷氧化物电极材料中,In2O3∶Sn(ITO)是研究较多的一类。溶液法制备氧化铟锡(ITO)薄膜包括溶胶-凝胶法、纳米粒子分散法等。Das等[24]用硝酸与铟反应得到硝酸铟溶液,然后加入一定量的水合四氯化锡,得到In∶Sn=90∶10的ITO水溶性前驱体溶液,再加入聚乙烯醇(PVA)作有机黏合剂,增加溶胶的稳定性。Hong等[25]采用醋酸铟和乙酸锡代替氯化物和硝酸盐作为原料,在含0.1% 甲醇的溶剂中配成ITO(10%SnO2,90%In2O3)的前驱体,通过搅拌将溶剂挥发后在80℃干燥得到ITO前驱体纳米粒子,随后在300℃加热下使前驱体分解得到ITO纳米粒子,得到的粒子具有100 m2·g-1的比表面积。
无机非金属电极墨水主要包括碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)和石墨烯。碳纳米管的历史最早可以追溯到1976年,法国奥林大学的Oberlin等[26]用气相生长技术制成了直径为7 nm的碳纤维,但并未引起人们的注意。直到1991年,日本筑波NEC实验室的Iijima[27]发现了具有纳米尺寸的碳的多层管状物——碳纳米管。碳纳米管是由单层或多层石墨片围绕同一中心轴按一定的螺旋角卷曲而成的无缝纳米级管结构,每层纳米管的管壁是一个由碳原子通过sp2杂化与周围3个碳原子完全键合后所构成的六边形网络平面所围成的圆柱面。按照石墨烯片的层数可以分为单壁碳纳米管(single-walled carbon nanotubes,SWCNT)和多壁碳纳米管(multi-walled carbon nanotubes,MWCNT)。单壁管典型直径为0.6~2 nm,多壁管最内层可达0.4 nm,最粗可达数百纳米,但典型管径为2~100 nm。单根金属型单壁碳纳米管的电导率可达2×105 S·cm-1[28]。单壁碳纳米管透明导电薄膜不但展示良好的柔性,还具有良好的拉伸性,可用于可拉伸电子器件领域。
石墨烯是已知的世上最薄、最坚硬的纳米材料,它几乎是完全透明的,只吸收2.3%的光,导热系数高达5300 W·m-1·K-1,常温下其电子迁移率可以超过15000 cm2·V-1·s-1,电阻率比铜或银更低,同时又有很好的弹性,拉伸幅度能达到自身尺寸的20%。因其电阻率极低,电子迁移的速度极快,因此被期待可用来发展更薄、导电速度更快的新一代电子元件或晶体管。虽然石墨烯的理论导电性非常好,但是实际效果不佳,这是因为制备大面积、高质量的石墨烯较为困难。此外,石墨烯是一种单原子层的二维材料,电导率随着石墨烯层数的增加而增加,但将石墨烯一层一层地叠加需要复杂的技术和大量的时间。虽然在石墨烯的制备方法上取得了不少进展,但石墨烯要获得真正应用依然为时尚早。
导电聚合物电极材料具有良好的溶解性、天然的柔性和生物兼容性等优点,使它们成为可穿戴电子设备的理想电极材料。其中常用到的导电聚合物是聚噻吩衍生物,具有环境稳定性、高电导率和可见光透光率。聚乙烯二氧噻吩(PEDOT)的结构如图 2[29]所示。在噻吩环的3, 4位上引入乙撑二氧基,该结构不仅能使聚合物的分子链排列更加规整有序,而且还能够增加噻吩环上的电子云密度。然而本征态的PEDOT是不溶的,为了得到PEDOT溶液,需要掺入一定比例的聚乙烯苯磺酸(Poly(4-styrenesulfonate), PSS),可以与PEDOT分散在水溶液中形成稳定的PEDOT∶PSS悬浮液[30],通过旋涂、喷墨打印、提拉等工艺制备薄膜,薄膜电导率通常较低,一般低于0.8 S·cm-1[31]。已有一些报道可以提高PEDOT∶PSS的电导率,包括在PEDOT∶PSS溶液中添加如阴离子表面活性剂、乙二醇、二甲基亚砜、离子液体等等[32-35],或者用有机溶剂、盐、两性离子液体、酸等对PEDOT∶PSS薄膜进行后处理[36-39],都能提高其电导率。提高机理基本上认为是加入其他溶液或者后处理,会破坏PEDOT与PSS之间的库仑力,导致PEDOT与PSS发生相分离,具有绝缘性质的PSS被洗掉,导致具有导电功能的PEDOT成分增加,提高薄膜的电导率。
表 1对比了不同的可印刷电极材料,可以看出,聚合物墨水成本低,与柔性衬底高度兼容,但是导电性一般;碳基墨水制备成本太高,且制备过程复杂;氧化物可见光透过高,但导电性和柔性不如金属。导电金属墨水是目前研究最为广泛的印刷电极墨水材料。
TFT半导体材料的选择对于其性能至关重要。目前已商业应用的半导体材料主要有基于等离子体增强型化学气相沉积工艺制备的非晶硅(a-Si),这是最早使用的TFT半导体材料之一,具有较好的工艺兼容性,但迁移率相对较低。在非晶硅的基础上采用激光晶化工艺制备的多晶硅(poly-Si)半导体具有比非晶硅更高的迁移率,适用于需要更高电子迁移率的应用,例如高分辨率的液晶显示和有机电致发光显示产品。还有基于真空磁控溅射工艺制备的氧化物半导体,如IGZO、镧系稀土掺杂氧化物半导体材料(Ln-IZO)等,这些材料具有较高的迁移率和良好的可见光透过率,适用于大尺寸和高分辨率的显示产品。然而这些半导体薄膜都需要采用真空半导体工艺制备,工艺复杂,成本高。可通过溶液印刷工艺制备的半导体薄膜材料,包括有机半导体、氧化物半导体等。
1986年,Koezuka等[40]报道了基于电化学聚合的聚噻吩有机薄膜晶体管器件(OTFT),场效应迁移率~10-5 cm2∙V-1∙s-1,阈值电压-13 V,电流开关比大于102。经过几十年的发展,在有机半导体材料的设计合成、OTFT器件制备及集成工艺均取得了许多突破性的进展。OTFT的迁移率已经超过了a-Si∶H的迁移率,甚至在一些特殊的制备条件下可以与低温多晶硅(LTPS)的迁移率相媲美。
Pierre等[41]实现了在柔性衬底上OTFT各层均用打印方法制备器件,获得空穴迁移率0.31 cm2∙V-1∙s-1的器件。Giri等[42]开发一种溶液剪切成膜的方式制备OTFT,并获得4.6 cm2∙V-1∙s-1的空穴迁移率。采用流体增强结晶工艺(fluid-enhanced crystal engineering,FLUENCE)[43],在印刷叶片上构筑微米级的柱状图案,从而在剪切成膜过程中诱导材料成核结晶,成功制备不均衡的并五苯单晶,测得超高空穴迁移率,最高达11 cm2∙V-1∙s-1(平均8.1 cm2∙V-1∙s-1)。Luo等[44]设计了一个玻璃垫片隔开的三明治式的隧道装置,利用毛细管作用诱导聚合物链的自组装,使其在已构筑纳米级凹槽的基底上形成单轴取向的薄膜,空穴迁移率达21.3 cm2∙V-1∙s-1,通过改变沟道长度,在160 μm获得最高空穴迁移率52.7 cm2∙V-1∙s-1,如图 3所示。
采用印刷工艺制备氧化物TFT器件阵列,具有低成本和大面积的优势,是未来信息显示技术的发展方向。通过溶液法制备氧化物TFT引起了越来越多的重视。相比于印刷OTFT,印刷氧化物TFT起步较晚,但是由于氧化物半导体材料在载流子迁移率方面较有优势,印刷氧化物TFT的进展速度要比印刷OTFT更快。
氧化物半导体薄膜的溶液制备方法主要包括溶胶-凝胶(sel-gel)法和纳米粒子(线)分散法。其中溶胶-凝胶法为:用金属有机化合物(如金属醇盐)或金属无机盐(如氯化物、硝酸盐、醋酸盐等)作前驱体,在液相将这些原料均匀混合,并进行水解、缩聚化学反应,在溶液中形成稳定的透明溶胶体系,采用旋涂或打印等方法涂覆于基体表面,干燥后进行热处理形成所需的薄膜,整个过程如图 4所示。实际上,在氧化物半导体薄膜制备过程中可以不含有水解或缩合反应,甚至无须形成胶体而直接将前驱体溶液(如硝酸锌的水溶液)涂布在基片上,溶剂挥发后在基片上就可形成前驱体的薄膜,通过热处理使前驱体薄膜分解形成氧化物薄膜。由于没有形成胶体(属于低黏度溶液),在没有添加剂的情况下,这种方法制备的薄膜非常薄,但仍可以获得较好的性能。
与真空工艺相比,溶液法很容易均匀定量地掺入一些微量元素,实现分子水平上的均匀掺杂。通过前驱体溶液共混掺杂,可以制备出大量的不同性质的氧化物半导体材料,如InZnO、InSnO、ZnSnO、InGaO、InGaZnO等。而通过调节前驱体溶液的比例,可以控制氧化物半导体材料中的各种成分的比例,如可以通过将ZnO和In2O3的前驱体溶液按任意比例共混来调控氧化物薄膜中Zn和In的含量比。
在印刷氧化物TFT应用方面,基于溶液工艺制备的氧化物TFT背板驱动的5.5英寸有源矩阵式液晶显示器(AMLCD)在2018年的信息显示协会(SID)年会上被报道(图 5[45]。尽管只有半导体层是溶液处理法制备的,但这仍是一大进步,改变了传统的制备平板显示TFT背板的工艺。印刷技术有很大的潜力替代传统的成膜和光刻工艺。但是仍然有一些困难需要克服:例如墨水材料流变性及薄膜形态调控、印刷精度和图案化的均匀性等。此外,也需要改进印刷装备,包括适合连续性卷对卷(R2R)印刷装置的研究和开发,以实现大面积柔性电子器件的制备。
介电材料用于构成TFT半导体层与栅极之间的绝缘层,主要作用是防止栅极和半导体层之间的电荷传输,以及提供必要的电容效应来控制半导体层中的电荷,绝缘层材料和工艺对TFT的性能有重要影响。已应用的绝缘层材料主要有硅氮化物(SiNx)和二氧化硅(SiO2),它们是一种常用的绝缘材料,具有良好的绝缘性能和化学稳定性,通常通过等PECVD工艺来沉积,同样也需要采用真空半导体工艺,包括成膜、涂胶、图形曝光、显影、刻蚀、脱膜等,工艺复杂,成本高。
印刷TFT绝缘层具有工艺简单、成本低、环境友好等优势。目前应用于印刷TFT的绝缘层材料主要有无机介电材料、有机聚合物介电材料,以及无机/有机聚合物复合介电材料。印刷无机介电薄膜的厚度通常较小,传统的SiO2介电层的介电常数低、漏电流较大且易击穿,因此寻求高介电常数(高k)、绝缘性良好的材料成为印刷TFT技术的研究热点。目前,常用的无机高k介电材料有Al2O3、HfO2、TiO2、ZrO2等;此外,以钙钛矿结构BaTiO3为代表的复合氧化物因为具有很高的介电常数而被关注。有机聚合物介电薄膜因为具有表面粗糙度低、便于溶液加工、制备温度低、可弯曲,甚至可拉伸的特点,所以其在柔性印刷电子器件中显示出了很大的潜力。常用的有机聚合物绝缘材料包括:聚丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、PI、PVP、PVA、聚苯乙烯(PS)、苯并环丁烯(BCB)等。为解决印刷无机介电材料机械性能不好、有机介电薄膜介电常数低的问题,可采用无机/有机聚合物复合介电材料,从而获得高介电常数、致密、平整、机械性好、漏电流小的绝缘层。
无机介电材料有耐高温、化学性质稳定等优点,但是固相高温和非柔性加工工艺限制了其在大面积柔性显示、低成本溶液加工生产中的应用。从20世纪60年代开始,无机介电材料就在TFT器件中担当绝缘层的角色。早期,SiO2是主要应用的绝缘层材料,但是随着集成电路中晶体管特征尺寸的逐渐减小,目前场效应晶体管栅介质SiO2的厚度已经减小到纳米量级,隧道效应产生的较大漏电流使得SiO2栅介质丧失了良好的绝缘效果,因此,制备的TFT器件很难得到较大的源漏电流。拥有高k绝缘层的TFT具有工作电压低、亚阈值摆幅小和迁移率高的特点。这是因为高k介电材料不但能通过增加绝缘层厚度的方式防止电子遂穿,且能提供高的电容值。因此,许多高k氧化物材料,如Al2O3、HfO2、Y2O3、ZrO2、TiO2等,作为绝缘层被用于溶液法制备TFT中(表 2)。
这些材料的介电常数通常在6~30之间,约为SiO2的2~10倍。例如2015年,Xu等[46]用Al2O3作为绝缘层、In2O3为有源层,得到迁移率为57.2 cm2∙V-1∙s-1、开关比为6.0×104的TFT器件。2015年,Esro等[47]利用HfO2作为绝缘层、ZnO为半导体层,制备的TFT器件的迁移率超过40 cm2∙V-1∙s-1
与无机介电材料比较,有机聚合物介电材料具有材料种类丰富、表面粗糙度低、表面能低、表面陷阱密度低、制备温度低,以及与有机半导体及柔性衬底天然兼容等优点,使得有机介电材料在柔性印刷电子器件中显示出了很大的潜力。常用有机聚合物介电材料包括PVA、PMMA、PVP、PS等(图 6)。对于有机绝缘层,在选择半导体层材料溶剂的时候,尽量选取与绝缘层材料溶解度低、极性相差较大的溶剂,以减小对绝缘层薄膜的损坏。
无机介电薄膜虽然介电常数高,但是薄膜粗糙、不致密,且机械柔性差。有机聚合物虽然介电常数较低,但具有机械性好、致密、平整等优点。因此,综合两者的优点,设计有机/无机复合介电材料,已经成为实际应用中常用的一类高介电可印刷材料[48]
除了介电常数和漏电流等介电性质外,作为栅绝缘层使用时,介电材料与金属和半导体之间形成的界面也很重要。栅绝缘层影响着器件的迁移率、亚阈值斜率等性质。Lee等[49]图 7)利用PMMA-ZrO2的有机-无机共价网络杂化物结构的介电层,介电常数约为14,击穿强度超过4.0 mV∙cm−1,制备的In2O3/ZnO双层作为有源沟道的晶体管,TFT器件的电子迁移率超过50 cm2∙V−1∙s−1,开/关比约为107,以及亚阈值摆幅为108 mV∙dec−1
基于印刷TFT材料及薄膜工艺,实现全印刷TFT理论上是可行的。然而,由于TFT器件是由多层薄膜叠加而成的,上层薄膜的印刷可能会破坏下层薄膜,造成器件失效或性能衰退;此外,沟道边缘的规整度、源/漏电极与栅极的交叠面积大小对印刷工作的对准、线条规整度,以及印刷的稳定性和重复性都提出了非常高的要求;此外,各层薄膜之间的界面匹配、工艺温度匹配也是构造全印刷TFT需要考虑的关键问题。因此,实现高性能全印刷TFT具有很大的挑战性。
2000年,Sirringhaus等[50]在《Science》上发表了用喷墨打印工艺制备了高分辨率的全聚合物薄膜晶体管电路。如图 8所示,首先在Corning玻璃基板上光刻出50 nm厚的PI图案,玻璃的接触角是20°~30°,PI的接触角是70°~80°,由于采用了PEDOT∶PSS(水溶性聚合物)作为器件的源漏电极材料,因此,PI宽度就定义了TFT器件的沟道长度,实现了5 μm沟道长度的有机薄膜晶体管器件。
与印刷OTFT相比,印刷氧化物TFT虽然起步较晚,但由于氧化物半导体对工艺条件、薄膜结构更不敏感,所以印刷氧化物TFT的进展较快且性能较好。虽然溶液加工法的氧化物TFT在2007年得到报道[51],但是全印刷氧化物TFT直到2015年才被Jang等[52]报道。他们采用印刷ATO(氧化锡锑)作为栅极、印刷ZrO2作为栅绝缘层、印刷SnO2作为半导体层,以及印刷ATO作为源漏电极制备了全印刷、全氧化物的TFT器件(图 9),迁移率可达11 cm2∙V−1∙s−1。然而,这种印刷TFT依然是原始的单个器件的印刷,器件尺寸较大,无法验证均一性及可重复性。
Li等[53]利用溶剂打印的方法实现了稳定可重复的底栅氧化物TFT阵列,如图 10所示。首先,在玻璃基底上旋涂一层极薄的Cytop疏水层,通过喷墨印刷Cytop纯溶剂制备疏水图案,接着采用氧等离子体处理基板,以去除不能蚀刻干净的Cytop残留薄层,经退火后,在疏水图案内部喷印氧化物前驱体墨水,墨水经干燥、退火后得到氧化物薄膜。全印刷氧化物TFT每层薄膜的制备均遵从以上基本流程。从图中可以看出薄膜均没有咖啡环现象。统计了50个TFT器件的性能,平均迁移率为7.4 cm2∙V-1∙s-1,最高迁移率为11.7 cm2∙V-1∙s-1,阈值电压为0.04 V,亚阈陡度为0.14 V∙dec-1,开关比为107
TFT通过印刷方式将各种电极、半导体层、介电层材料以墨水的形式层层叠加沉积制备,具有大面积、成本低、柔性化、绿色环保等优势,受到研究者的高度关注。然而,要实现印刷TFT技术的商业应用还存在很多基础性问题,例如可印刷的高性能墨水材料开发,包括高导电性的墨水、性能优异的半导体墨水和介电墨水材料等;高均匀性薄膜印刷沉积工艺,包括印刷薄膜高精细图案化、高介电绝缘薄膜印刷制备等;较低的接触电阻,包括半导体的电阻、电极本身电阻和电极半导体的接触电阻等;印刷TFT集成制备技术,包括大面积印刷制备、窄线宽印刷制备,以及短沟道TFT印刷技术等;如何实现印刷TFT在偏压、光辐照、温度等条件的长期稳定性等有待解决。相信随着新材料的进一步开发和印刷技术的发展,印刷技术将为实现低成本制造TFT提供一条有前景的途径。
  • 广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2022B0303010001)
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2025年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01028
  • 接收时间:2024-08-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-31
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-20
  • 修回日期:2024-09-24
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广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2022B0303010001)
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    1. 华南理工大学, 发光材料与器件国家重点实验室, 广州 510641
    2. 华南理工大学高分子光电材料及器件研究所, 广州 510641

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彭俊彪(通信作者),教授,研究方向为有机/高分子发光与显示,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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