Article(id=1157750410678288776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1156972820900171807, articleNumber=null, orderNo=26, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00784, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=1, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720022400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-04, revisedDate=1729008000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753958807868, onlineDateStr=2025-07-31, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1733846400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-12-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1733846400000, onlineFirstDateStr=2024-12-11, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753958807868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079278918, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1156972820900171807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740672000000', pubDateStr='2025-02-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753773416018, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330977788, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197484521075378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1156972820900171807, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197484521075379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1156972820900171807, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=101, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157750411550704011, articleId=1157750410678288776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Intelligent manufacturing quality management across the entire value chain based on Quality 4.0, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huchen LIU, Ke LI, Hua SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hua SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1157750439870645090, articleId=1157750410678288776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=基于质量4.0智能制造全价值链质量管理模式, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新一代信息技术作为智能互联技术体系的关键要素,重构了智能制造价值链,为智能制造质量管理提供了新范式。结合中国智能制造发展实际情况,分析了新一代信息技术背景下智能制造质量管理的新趋势与新需求。概述了质量4.0的基本理论,拓展了质量4.0中价值链的含义,并通过内部价值链、产业价值链与相关方价值链3个维度构建了基于质量4.0的智能制造全价值链质量管理模式,以促进质量4.0理论与方法在智能制造质量管理实践中落地。

, authors=

刘虎沉,教授,研究方向为质量工程与可靠性管理,电子信箱:

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施华(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为面向智能制造的质量管理,电子信箱:
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基于质量4.0智能制造全价值链质量管理模式
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刘虎沉 1 , 李珂 1 , 施华 2, *
科技导报 | 政策建议 2025,43(4): 101-112
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科技导报 |政策建议 2025 , 43 (4) : 101 -112
基于质量4.0智能制造全价值链质量管理模式
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刘虎沉1 , 李珂1, 施华2, *
作者信息
  • 1. 同济大学经济与管理学院, 上海 200092
  • 2. 上海电机学院材料学院, 上海 201306
通讯作者:
施华(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为面向智能制造的质量管理,电子信箱:
Intelligent manufacturing quality management across the entire value chain based on Quality 4.0
Huchen LIU1 , Ke LI1, Hua SHI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00784
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新一代信息技术作为智能互联技术体系的关键要素,重构了智能制造价值链,为智能制造质量管理提供了新范式。结合中国智能制造发展实际情况,分析了新一代信息技术背景下智能制造质量管理的新趋势与新需求。概述了质量4.0的基本理论,拓展了质量4.0中价值链的含义,并通过内部价值链、产业价值链与相关方价值链3个维度构建了基于质量4.0的智能制造全价值链质量管理模式,以促进质量4.0理论与方法在智能制造质量管理实践中落地。

质量4.0  /  工业4.0  /  质量管理  /  智能制造  /  全价值链
Quality 4.0  /  Industry 4.0  /  quality management  /  intelligent manufacturing  /  entire value chain
刘虎沉, 李珂, 施华. 基于质量4.0智能制造全价值链质量管理模式. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (4) : 101 -112 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00784
Huchen LIU, Ke LI, Hua SHI. Intelligent manufacturing quality management across the entire value chain based on Quality 4.0[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (4) : 101 -112 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00784
改革开放40多年以来,中国逐步跻身为世界制造业第一大国,已经拥有较为雄厚的规模优势。国务院2015年5月19日印发的《中国制造2025》明确了建设制造强国的战略目标和“三步走”的总体方略,确定将智能制造作为中国制造转型升级的主攻方向。近年来,在政策拉动和市场驱动的共同作用下,中国智能制造发展取得了积极成效,一大批基于智能制造的新应用、新业态和新模式,正在驱动新型产业快速成长,为经济增长和可持续发展注入强有力的新动能。尽管智能制造在制作效率、精度等方面有显著优势,但质量是制造的根本,无论是传统制造,还是智能制造,质量永远是重中之重,对企业发展,乃至整个制造行业的发展都有非常重要的意义。党的二十大报告明确指出:“要坚持以推动高质量发展为主题,着力推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长。”因此,实现制造业由大变强亟须推动制造业高质量发展。
当前,我国智能制造产业发展整体仍然处在起跑加速阶段,发展的不平衡和不充分问题非常突出,所面临的问题主要体现在以下3个方面:首先,我国智能制造业总体上“大而不强”,与美国、德国和日本等世界制造强国相比,我国在工业知识积累、基础技术研究,以及制造质量水平等方面有较大差距,中国制造业的智能转型要承担质量“短板”补齐的历史任务。其次,尽管我国通过深度参与全球价值链分工为国内产业、经济、就业及世界经济发展作出了积极贡献,但由于我国制造业早期采取低端嵌入的方式融入全球价值链,导致长期被锁定在低端环节,发达国家借助其掌握的核心技术和品牌服务持续限制着我国制造业产品的附加值获取能力。最后,互联网、大数据、云计算、物联网、人工智能等新一代信息技术向工业领域渗透的趋势,使智能制造业的经营模式、质量管理策略发生根本性变化[1-2]。质量4.0作为工业4.0背景下应用新一代信息技术对质量管理理念、方法的改进与创新所提出的质量管理理念在智能制造质量管理中发挥的作用不容忽视[3]
质量4.0为我国制造业实现智能转型提供了新的视角与机会,已有研究者探究了如何将质量4.0应用于制造业的转型发展中。Christou等[4]基于新一代信息技术对数据源进行整合,实现了基于机器学习技术的多目标优化功能;刘然等[5]提出了一种基于数字孪生技术的生产制造过程质量管理方法;Psarommatis等[6]剖析了工业4.0背景下零缺陷制造战略面临的挑战,并提供了实际案例展示如何开展零缺陷制造实践;Escobar等[7]从大数据的视角探讨了质量4.0面临的挑战,并针对性地提出了识别、感知、发现、学习、预测、重新设计、重新学习的策略。然而,目前针对质量4.0的应用研究主要集中在新一代信息技术在质量管理中的应用,很少系统全面地探讨工业4.0背景下质量4.0理论与智能制造质量管理之间的整体关联性。
在分析国内外质量4.0理论与技术相关研究的基础上,对质量4.0的内涵与定义进行拓展,对国内智能制造质量管理发展新趋势与新需求进行剖析,探索如何将质量4.0的思想应用于智能制造场景中,构建基于质量4.0的智能制造全价值链质量管理模式。
自1946年第1台电子计算机问世以来,一系列计算机技术、通信技术、网络技术陆续被提出,并被应用于制造业,乃至各行各业[8]。在计算机技术和网络技术不断发展应用的促进下,制造技术实现了在数字化和网络化方面的提升。伴随着工业4.0的实践发展,由机械的自动化生产走向数据驱动的智能化生产已成为制造业发展的必然趋势[9]。信息技术与制造技术的发展概况如图 1所示。
目前,智能制造业正在积极推动实现更大范围的数据串联、信息融合、业务协同和价值活动整合,但核心关键技术能力仍有不足[10],主要有3方面问题。一是关键技术自给率低。我国在智能制造和新一代信息技术领域的部分关键技术仍然依赖进口,尤其是高端装备、核心零部件、工业软件等方面。这导致在系统集成、设备升级、软件研发等方面面临诸多限制,难以形成完整的自主产业链和生态系统[11]。二是技术融合难度大,且容易形成数据孤岛。智能制造和新一代信息技术的深度融合需要综合运用多种技术,包括人工智能、大数据、云计算、物联网等[12]。然而,这些技术之间的融合难度较大,需要解决不同技术之间的兼容性和接口问题[13]。不同系统间的数据格式、通信协议等也存在差异,进一步增加了技术融合的难度[14]。此外,工业数据孤岛现象普遍存在,企业越大,流程越多,遗留系统也更复杂,导致数据难以在不同系统间共享和流通[15]。这限制了智能制造系统的高效运行和决策能力提升。三是企业数字化转型意识不足,许多制造企业未充分认识到数字化转型的重要性,缺乏战略规划和思想领导[16]。这导致企业在推进智能制造和新一代信息技术融合时缺乏明确的目标和路径[17]
基于新一代信息技术发展的趋势及目前制造业面临的问题,将制造业与新一代信息技术深度融合,是推动制造业转型升级、激发数字经济新动能、抢占全球产业竞争制高点,以及实现可持续发展的重要途径[18-19]
目前,制造业与服务业的深度融合正逐步塑造着新的产业格局,其重要趋势就是制造业服务化。服务作为重要的价值来源已经成为了制造业的发展重点,以消费者为中心的个性化定制和按需制造已成为制造业主流。新一代信息技术推动了制造业与服务业的融合创新,借鉴“服务”的理念,为制造中的所有用户提供产品制造所需的各种服务,实现价值的延伸[20]
对于制造商来说,产品质量的优劣不再由制造商定义,而是由顾客来感知,以产品物理属性控制为主的传统质量管理模式已经不能满足制造业转型升级的需要。因此,制造商必须实时密切把握顾客对产品质量的评价,只有将质量管理与顾客个性化需求结合,才能在产品质量和服务体验上提供强大的差异化优势,在激烈的竞争环境中脱颖而出[21]。现代技术的快速发展和数字化转型为企业与消费者之间直接交流提供了机会,有助于智能制造质量管理模式从独立、封闭向互动、开放转变。将这些技术与质量管理结合,可以为分析顾客需求提供更高的灵活性、效率和准确性[22]
智能制造呈现出技术含量高、涉及学科多、资金投入大、风险控制难等特点,其研发与制造一般需要组织跨领域、跨行业、跨区域的力量才能完成[23]。在市场需求快速变化的互联网时代,生产制造的各环节需大量采用并借助云计算、大数据、人工智能等新一代信息技术连接不同的企业,才能构成最优的动态联盟,形成制造业全价值链的全面互联,实现快速响应顾客个性化的产品和服务需求。
新一代信息技术不仅为智能制造价值链提供了基础性的数字化基座,更能为价值链协同环节的质量把控提供更有力的工具。在新一代信息技术体系的支撑下,制造价值链在更大范围的物理空间、社会空间和信息空间中实现高质量的数据串联、信息融合和业务协同[24]
质量4.0是工业4.0在质量管理领域的延伸和应用,二者在理念上相互补充、相互支撑,共同推动制造业的转型升级和高质量发展。具体地,工业4.0为质量4.0提供了坚实的技术基础。通过新一代信息技术的应用,工业4.0实现了生产过程的智能化和透明化,为质量4.0的数据采集、分析和利用提供了可能。同时,二者目标一致,都致力于提高生产效率、产品质量和客户满意度。在实际应用中,工业4.0和质量4.0往往相互融合,共同作用于企业的生产和管理过程。然而,在方法论中,工业4.0注重通过智能化生产实现高效、灵活的生产方式,而质量4.0则更注重通过数据驱动的质量管理,确保产品质量的稳定性和一致性。
基于质量4.0与工业4.0的关系,质量4.0定义为:质量4.0是将新一代信息技术与传统质量管理实践深度融合,基于企业全价值链开展的质量管理,数字化、网络化、智能化是其主要特征[25]
基于刘虎沉等[3]提出的智能质量管理三维模型,进行进一步细化与改进,提出质量4.0三维理论模型,如图 2所示。
1)技术维。质量4.0的技术特性体现在数字化、网络化与智能化上。目前,企业的各项决策与活动均依赖于数据,同时,这些活动本身也在不断生成新的数据。数字化技术为质量4.0构建了稳固的数字基础,确保质量管理人员进行任何决策或执行质量管理任务时都能获得精确且可信的数据支持[26]。网络化技术能够促进系统、企业及产业间的相互连通。从微观层面来看,它能够将各个孤立的数据点紧密连接起来,实现彼此间的交互,进而搭建起一个完整的端到端工业物联网平台[27]。从宏观视角来看,网络化技术能够搭建起企业间的工业互联网平台,以支持针对供应链和产业链的质量4.0实践[13, 28]
2)活动维。活动维是指质量4.0为实现质量管理的价值创造与价值优化而采取的质量管理活动,主要包含设计质量管理、过程质量控制、产品质量检验、质量问题分析与改进、服务质量管理。在设计质量管理环节,质量4.0借助大数据技术,能够精准捕捉到顾客的各种明确及潜在需求,确保全面且细致地倾听顾客反馈;在过程质量控制环节,质量4.0则通过自动化与智能化的质量监控手段,依据预设的规则和流程,对产品生产过程及各项活动进行实时的控制与调整[29];在产品质量检验活动中,质量4.0拥有更强的质量检测能力,一是检测的自动化程度、效率更高;二是检测标准统一,检测效果稳定;三是可以基于缺陷数据进行智能分析,进而实施质量追溯和工艺优化[30];在质量问题分析与改进活动中,质量4.0采用人工智能算法模型对海量的质量数据进行分析,从而实现对产品质量的精确预测及设备的预测性维护[30-31];在服务质量管理活动中,质量4.0可以对产品或服务的使用体验进行实时关注,及时识别并诊断问题的原因,确保问题得到快速解决[32]
3)价值维。价值链理论最初对价值活动的分析是以单个企业为对象进行的,强调企业内部价值活动之间的差异性与关联性。在之后的价值体系研究中,价值活动分析扩展至供应商、渠道商及客户,通过分析企业价值链与上下游经济主体价值链的纵向关系,以探究企业的竞争优势。考虑到个性化、定制化生产趋势及数字技术的应用,质量4.0的价值维从内部价值链、产业价值链、相关方价值链3个方面展开探索。
内部价值链包括企业内部价值创造的主要环节,即研发、生产和产品服务环节。通过引入新一代信息技术,优化生产流程,提升产品质量,加速服务响应,实现内部价值链的深化与智能化升级。产业价值链延伸至上游供应商、下游分销商、用户,以及其他企业,通过整合公司内部创造价值的生产活动及公司、供应商、采购商和用户彼此之间的关系,在整个价值链上实现质量的提高和协同,从而增强公司应对风险的能力,帮助企业建立稳定的供应和销售渠道,并增强企业的竞争优势[33]。鉴于产品个性化和定制化的发展趋势,以及互联网环境下关键意见领袖的影响力,相关方价值链的概念日益凸显。这不仅包括传统的供应链伙伴,还可能涉及其他行业企业、机构,以及设计师、内容创作者、带货主播等个体工作者。企业应积极探索与这些相关方的合作模式,利用数字平台促进创意交流、需求聚合与定制化生产,共同塑造更加灵活多变的价值创造网络。
在质量4.0时代,企业不仅要关注自身价值链的优化,更要致力于构建数字生态共同体,通过跨组织、跨行业的合作,实现资源共享、优势互补、风险共担。这种生态优势将帮助企业更好地应对市场变化,提升整体竞争力,实现可持续发展[34]
智能制造价值场景的业务流程由内部的人、技术、设备的综合集成向包含物理和虚拟制造资源的跨领域、跨行业、跨区域的立体化、网络化制造系统延伸,使得市场需求、交易方式,还有制造业的竞争关系及价值链关系都发生了改变[35]。在此背景下,智能制造涉及的核心企业与大量配套企业形成了复杂的多交互结构关系。智能制造业的价值场景构建形成一个复杂网络结构[36]
智能制造的全价值链质量管理活动场景可分为基于产业价值链、内部价值链和相关方价值链的质量管理活动。在内部价值链中,研发对生产的技术转移,生产对研发的工艺实现,生产对服务的产品供应,服务对生产的运维指导,服务对研发的需求反馈,研发对服务的技术指导,使得三者迭代交互,共同构成了产品从概念到客户体验的完整生命周期。基于新一代信息技术,内部价值链以服务质量提升为核心,协同研发和生产的质量提升,完成产业价值链的增值活动[37]。基于产业价值链的质量管理活动是跨领域、跨行业、跨区域的活动,涉及制造资源组织、用户运营等业务领域。这些活动是多类型协同主体间实现价值保证的关键路径。基于相关方价值链的质量管理活动是多主体、多行业、多元化的活动,涵盖内容创作、营销推广、服务提供等多个环节。这些活动构成了多类型协同主体间实现价值共创与质量保证的关键路径。
综上,智造全链质量管理模式是一种基于新一代信息技术的全价值链质量分析与改进的方法,旨在通过数据互联、信息互通等新一代信息技术,围绕产品研发、生产制造等产品全生命周期的一系列价值增值活动,整合相关价值主体和制造资源,为智能制造全价值链质量管理活动赋能。智造全链质量管理模式架构如图 3所示。
智造全链质量管理模式强调以用户为中心,通过新一代信息技术精准把握并提升用户体验和服务质量,同时强调跨行业、跨企业的协同共生,整合多方资源形成高效合作生态,并广泛应用数字化、网络化、智能化技术,实现质量管理的全面升级和持续改进,以灵活应对市场变化,创造更大的价值空间。
1)以用户为中心。随着买方市场的到来,顾客对产品和服务的期望也不断提高,良好的用户体验和优质的服务成为企业赢得顾客忠诚度和口碑的关键。我国制造业要想在全球价值链中占据优势地位,不仅要关注其有形产品的质量水平,更需要关注无形服务的质量水平。
智造全链质量管理模式以用户需求和体验为核心,运用新一代信息技术,充分了解顾客对于产品质量的要求,在此基础上为顾客提供更加符合其需求的服务与产品。这种模式使质量管理不仅仅局限于对产品物理属性指标的管理,更是将质量管理演变为对服务水平的质量管理,从而拓展产品的价值空间。通过激发、挖掘和创造需求,注重管理创新、技术创新和产品创新,旨在实现企业在整个价值链利益的最大化。
2)以协同共生为导向。为了快速应对市场、用户、产品和技术的快速变化所带来的需求的高度不确定性,获得较高的组织效率,实现智能化的产品协同研制,制造企业必须实现协同研制过程中的组织和资源的质量管理,以实现价值链各项活动的质量把控[38]。在此过程中,软件服务商、数据分析服务商、智能技术提供商、制造技术供应商等跨行业的价值主体融入,形成全新的产业结构和边界范围,扩展了生态价值空间,创造了新的服务主体价值关联关系与质量管控模式。此外,智造全链质量管理模式也强调与其他企业的互利共生。在数字化背景下,任何事物都处于相互连接、彼此关联的网络中,因此,企业与企业之间不再是单纯的竞争关系,而是一种共生关系。同时也意味着企业与合作伙伴之间、企业与竞争对手之间将真正实现由信息互联到商品互联,再到思维互联的过渡,进而共生出全新的价值空间。
智造全链质量管理模式强调与合作伙伴的紧密协同和合作,由传统的竞争逻辑的链式优势转变为价值共生的生态优势。企业与供应商、分销商,以及其他利益相关方建立互信互利的合作关系,共同追求质量目标。通过共享信息、合作创新、共同解决问题和承担风险,以及优化供应链和分销网络,实现全价值链各环节之间的高效和协同,从而最大程度地提高整体质量水平。
3)广泛应用新一代信息技术。智造全链质量管理模式的独特之处在于充分借助新一代信息技术的力量,推动全面的质量管理和持续改进,实现质量管理的数字化、网络化、智能化[39]。其中,数字化作为基础,提供了全面的数据获取和将物理世界映射到数字空间的能力;网络化作为数字化和智能化的连接,承担了大范围、高实时的多模态数据传输任务;智能化作为整个体系的核心,负责支持企业的各类价值增值活动。
此外,为实现不同主体之间的价值协同,需要利用相应的数字技术搭建协同平台,让更多的价值创造主体、更多的生产设备链接到平台上来,真正实现网络化的协同创造[40]。平台成为制造企业转型升级普遍采用的一种组织形态,能够在复杂多变的市场环境中灵活整合社会资源以满足多元用户的个性化需求,从而创造新的价值空间[41]
智造全链质量管理模式架构可从产业价值链、内部价值链和相关方价值链3个维度展开。内部价值链涉及研发、生产和产品服务,通过信息技术优化实现智能化升级。产业价值链整合上下游资源,增强企业抗风险能力,提升竞争优势。随着个性化和定制化趋势及互联网影响增强,相关方价值链扩展至更多元化的合作伙伴,企业需要探索合作模式,利用数字平台构建灵活的价值创造网络。
内部价值链的构成涵盖研发、生产与服务3大关键环节。研发阶段,质量4.0引导并监控产品设计,确保满足顾客需求,利用新一代信息技术赋能研发质量管理,提升设计验证与测试水平。生产阶段,质量4.0为核心,通过严格流程和标准操作程序确保产品符合标准,运用物联网、区块链、大数据及人工智能技术实现生产透明化、可追溯化及智能化控制。服务阶段,则强调以用户为中心,利用自然语言处理、运筹优化及人工智能等技术提升服务质量,深化客户参与,推动产品价值向服务价值延伸。
1)内部价值链研发环节。质量4.0在产品研发环节起到引导和监控作用,确保产品在初始阶段满足顾客需求。作为制造业的上游环节,产品研发过程的质量决定着制造、服务等下游环节的质量水平。通过设计阶段考虑质量要求和标准,产品研发团队可以设计出经过充分验证和测试的产品,满足客户的期望和需求。
要提升研发阶段的质量水平,需要充分利用新一代信息技术为研发质量管理赋能。在前期市场调研、需求管理环节中,通过大数据技术可以对用户画像进行分析,进而识别用户需求;数字孪生等仿真技术也可帮助企业在产品设计和工艺规划阶段进行可视化模拟。通过建立数字化的产品模型和工艺仿真环境,企业能够评估和优化产品设计、工艺流程和装配过程,提前发现潜在的问题,并做出相应的改进,以降低质量风险。通过人工智能技术可以对产品生产过程中的数据进行分析,为新产品工艺优化改进提供宝贵经验[42]
2)内部价值链生产环节。质量4.0在产品生产环节起到核心作用,确保产品按照规定的标准要求进行生产。通过制定和执行严格的生产流程和标准操作程序可以确保产品在每个生产阶段都符合质量标准,从而提供一致可靠的产品[43]。首先,公司可以利用先进的信息与通信系统,整合从车间到中高层管理人员的所有层级。具体地,为实现垂直整合,企业可以在产品生产过程中安装各类传感器和设备,利用物联网技术进行智能数据采集和监控,以实时监控和获取生产过程中的关键参数数据,如设备运行状态和工艺流程等重要指标。通过对数据的实时监测和分析,一线工人及管理层能够及时发现潜在问题和异常情况,并采取相应的纠正措施确保产品符合规范要求。利用新一代信息技术进行垂直整合,使生产过程更加透明,更加可控,并有助于改善决策过程。
首先,为实现内部可追溯性,可将传感器收集和监控的关键数据,应用区块链技术实现信息的共享,通过将关键信息记录在区块链上,使每个参与者都可以验证和跟踪产品的生产过程,确保数据的安全和透明性[44]。其次,运用大数据分析技术,企业能够深入挖掘并分析生产环节中产生的大量数据。通过对历史数据的分析,企业可以揭示潜在的质量问题、生产瓶颈和改进机会。大数据分析的应用还可通过数据驱动的算法和预测模型,为未来的生产过程提供准确的预测。基于这些预测,企业可以采取预防性措施,避免质量问题的发生。同时,结合人工智能技术,企业可以开发智能质量控制系统。通过训练机器学习模型,系统能够自动分析产品图像、声音、振动等数据,以判断所生产的产品是否符合质量标准,并且能够识别潜在的质量问题。这种智能质量控制系统的应用,可以显著提高产品质量检测的效率和准确性[45]
3)内部价值链服务环节。优质的产品服务体验会让制造企业与客户的关系黏性增强,从而深化客户在制造产品全生命周期的参与和推动智能制造的价值维从“以产品为中心”到“以用户为中心”的根本转变。
加强服务质量管理,可基于自然语言处理技术构建人工智能客服,提升产品售后服务质量的同时降低客服人力成本[46];利用运筹优化算法对复杂的大型质量管理活动进行优化,包括质量管理资源调度,质量管理计划调度等;利用人工智能算法实时规划产品物流配送路径,节省物流时间,提升客户满意度,从而提升服务质量。新一代信息技术使得产品能够突破软硬一体化的传统模式,实现软硬解耦,让产品演化为一系列基于数据智能的服务,能够在用户体验的整个生命周期内提供服务价值,从而扩展产品价值空间。智造全链质量管理模式的内部价值链如图 4所示。
借助新一代信息技术,产业价值链实现了供应商、制造商、分销商与用户的紧密协作与数据共享。供应商优化生产、库存,确保供应质量;制造商精准评估供应商,保障供应链稳定;分销商实时监控产品质量,提升市场响应能力;用户参与定制,享受个性化服务,增强满意度。整体推动了价值链的智能化与高效发展。因内部价值链是围绕制造环节展开,故本节不过多赘述,从供应商、分销商以及顾客3类角色展开介绍产业价值链。
1)供应商质量管理。质量4.0利用大数据等新一代信息技术可以对供应商的表现进行全面评估。通过共享供应链的信息和数据,供应商可以更好地理解和应对质量挑战。供应商可以应用大数据技术,通过采集和分析大量历史数据、市场趋势数据及其他数据,及时了解企业的需求和标准,优化生产计划、库存管理、配送安排等,避免过量或缺货的影响。同时实时监控供应过程中的关键指标和风险因素,如库存水平、交货时间等,以预测可能出现的问题,当数据趋势异常或达到预警阈值时,管理者便可以及时采取措施进行调整和干预。此外,通过大数据分析,可及时发现并预测异常事件,从而提前采取措施降低风险对供应过程的影响。
制造商通过收集和分析供应商的质量数据、交付数据、合规性数据等指标,可以更准确地评估供应商的整体绩效和质量水平,这有助于企业选择和合作那些具备高质量标准和能够满足企业需求的供应商。通过在供应链节点上部署传感器和监测设备,企业可以对关键指标进行实时监测。这有助于及时发现质量问题或异常情况,并采取相应的措施进行纠正和改进,确保供应链质量的稳定和可靠[47]。此外,可利用物联网实现物流运输的自动化与智能化,优化运输路线和资源配置。通过在交通工具和设备上安装传感器和通信设备,可以实现检测交通流量、车辆状态等信息,从而实现智能调度并优化运输路线,减少交通拥堵,降低运输成本,进而保证运输质量。同时,企业也可提供反馈和建议,共同解决质量问题,推动改进持续进行[26]
2)分销商质量管理。新一代信息技术能够实现与分销商之间的高效数据共享和协同合作。通过共享销售数据、库存数据、返修数据等信息,企业与分销商可以更好地了解产品在市场上的表现和顾客反馈。这有助于及时发现质量问题和市场需求的变化,并提供相应的支持和改进措施。质量4.0的技术手段可实现对分销商销售渠道和产品质量的实时监控。通过设置传感器、监测设备和追踪系统,制造商可以监测产品在分销渠道中的运输、贮存和销售过程中的各项指标。当发现质量问题或异常情况时,制造商可立即采取相应行动,例如,召回产品或提供技术支持,以保证分销商提供的产品质量。此外,通过提供培训课程、技术文档和在线资源等,制造商能够帮助分销商提高对产品和质量标准的理解,并提供一致的产品知识和服务标准,确保产品在分销环节中的质量一致性[48]。最后,利用数据分析和绩效评估模型,可以更加准确地对分销商进行评估和排序。通过分析销售数据、售后服务数据、市场份额等指标,企业可以确定分销商的绩效、质量和市场影响力。这有助于企业与分销商建立信任关系,并针对不同绩效的分销商提供相应支持和激励措施[49]
3)用户质量管理。利用数字技术和社交媒体等渠道,更加全面、及时地收集用户的反馈和需求。通过分析用户的反馈和需求数据,企业可以了解用户对产品的满意度、期望的改进方向,以及产品出现的问题,这有助于企业更好地回应用户的需求,针对问题迅速进行改进和调整[50]
质量4.0通过数据分析和智能化技术,可以实现个性化产品定制和服务交付。根据用户的偏好、使用习惯和需求,企业可以提供个性化产品配置、定制化产品功能,这有助于提高用户的满意度和使用体验,增强用户的忠诚度。通过建立数字化平台和社区,企业可以与用户进行更加紧密的互动,邀请其参与产品的测试、问题的解决和改进方案的讨论。这有助于提高用户的参与感,并促进用户和企业之间的合作关系。此外,通过基于人工智能的聊天机器人等技术,实现智能化应答并提供协助。客户可以通过聊天机器人获取订单状态并提供反馈,减少人工干预。这有助于解决问题和应对投诉,及时处理用户的需求和反馈,从而提升服务质量[51]
在数字化时代,任何企业都很难独立地创造价值,因为数字经济下万物都是互联的,任何事物都处于相互连接、彼此关联的网络中。未来生产的组织不应该再以企业为主,而应该对企业进行解构,由原来以“企业”为中心的生产组织,转向利用“数字平台”链接到工具层面和设备层面的以“产品”为中心的生产。为此,我国制造业的数字化转型,应该从解构“企业”入手,以搭建“数字平台”为媒介,链接各制造企业的工具层面和设备层面,真正实现以“产品”为中心的生产组织方式,充分利用全球资源。
新一代信息技术在工业领域中的应用和发展推动了企业的数字化转型和智能互联生态的构建,拓展了价值共创的理念和形式。不同领域的企业、机构、高校、相关工作者等相关方能够基于平台进行资源共享和业务连接,围绕智能制造运作管理动态形成可信任的合作关系共同创造价值[52]。智造全链质量管理模式的产业价值链与相关方价值链如 图 5所示。
质量管理的一个重要特点是持续改进,智造全链质量管理模式也对此予以特别强调。持续改进是指企业在全价值链环节中不断寻求提升和完善,以达到更高的质量水平和价值创造能力。在这样的管理模式下,持续改进是一种持续进行的质量管理活动,注重发现问题、解决问题和优化流程的迭代过程。
质量文化建设是持续改进的基石。企业应致力于培育追求卓越、勇于自我革新的文化氛围,鼓励员工将持续改进视为日常工作的一部分。通过强化质量意识教育,确保每位员工都深刻理解质量对于企业生存与发展的重要性。同时,倡导开放与包容的沟通环境,让来自不同部门和供应链伙伴的声音都能被听见,从而激发全价值链上的创意与改进动力。持续改进机制是该模式的灵魂所在。企业充分利用物联网、大数据分析等新一代信息技术,对全价值链进行精细化管理和实时监控。通过数据的深度挖掘与分析,企业能够精准识别潜在问题,把握改进机会。此外,构建高效的信息反馈系统,确保供应商、分销商及用户的声音能够迅速转化为改进行动的指南[53]。企业还强调反思与学习的价值,将每一次改进的经验教训转化为组织知识,为下一次迭代提供有力支持。这种基于数据的决策与持续改进的闭环机制,推动企业不断向更高质量水平迈进。为了保障持续改进机制的有效运行,企业还应建立科学的绩效评价体系与激励机制。通过制定清晰的质量目标,可以对整个价值链各个环节的质量表现进行量化评估,从而确保持续改进的方向明确、效果可量化。同时,实施多元化的激励措施,如设立质量奖、提供晋升机会等,以激发员工的积极性与创造力。这种正向的激励机制不仅可以鼓励员工主动发现问题、提出改进建议,而且促进了团队合作与知识共享,使持续改进成为企业文化的重要组成部分。通过绩效评价与激励的双重驱动,企业能够持续激发内在动力,推动全价值链每一个环节都向着更高质量水平努力[54]
高端装备制造业正经历着从内到外、从物理到虚拟的全面变革。高端装备的研发与制造不再局限于单一企业内部,而是形成了一个由核心企业、配套企业及各类服务提供者共同参与的复杂价值网络。以某高端装备制造企业为例,从内部价值链、产业价值链、相关方价值链3个维度展开说明该企业是如何应用智造全链质量管理模式实现各个维度的价值提升,如图 6所示。
从内部价值链层面,通过内部人、技术、设备的综合集成,企业实现从设备控制到企业资源管理的全面质量提升。在研发过程中,企业利用大数据分析和人工智能技术,对运行数据、工艺数据、仿真数据等进行深度挖掘,并利用3D打印设备快速制造复杂结构的部件,进行性能测试,大幅度缩短研发周期。在制造过程中,利用边缘智能设备和实时感知数据(如红外成像、激光雷达、毫米波雷达等),企业能够实时监控产品运行状况,实现从设备控制到企业资源管理所有环节的信息快速交换、传递、存储、处理和无缝智能化集成,以确保产品质量。此外,企业引入人工智能质检系统,部署自动化的相机和传感器,对生产过程中的图像和视频进行分析,自动识别并分类缺陷,减少人为错误,提高质检效率和准确性。
从产业价值链层面,该企业利用供应链管理系统,与供应商、分销商等合作伙伴建立了紧密的协同关系,实现联合库存管理模式。同时,企业还通过数字化手段加强对供应商的评估和管理,确保原材料和零部件的质量符合标准,进一步提升产品质量。
从相关方价值链层面,企业致力于构建涵盖科研机构、高校及行业协会等多元主体的生态级智能组织体系。企业与某知名高校的机械工程系合作,开展关键技术研究,共享研发成果,并定期组织行业研讨会,邀请行业内专家、客户共同探讨市场趋势与技术创新,形成产业联盟。通过这一体系,企业不仅实现了跨层级的动态集成调度,确保了各环节的紧密衔接与高效协同;还借助分布式自组织机制,灵活应对市场变化与技术挑战,持续推动产品质量与服务标准的升级。
综上所述,该高端装备制造企业的数字化转型之路,其核心成就显著体现在质量提升方面。这一过程不仅深刻优化了企业内部价值链的每一个环节,实现了效率与效能的双重飞跃,还成功地将这种优化效应延伸至外部价值链,实现了更广泛的市场覆盖与资源整合。尤为关键的是,在相关方价值链层面,数字化转型促进了深度的共创与共享机制,确保了从原材料供应到最终产品交付的全链条质量监控与提升。这种全方位的质量管理体系,不仅铸就了企业产品的卓越品质,更为其长远发展铺设了坚不可摧的基石,从而奠定了在行业中的领先地位。
在新一代信息技术环境下,智能制造企业正在积极寻求提升产品质量,实现产品价值增值的战略方向与方法。基于质量4.0的智能制造全价值链质量管理模式成为了数字化时代智能制造业打造产品质量竞争优势的核心途径。基于该视角,通过概述新一代信息技术涌现背景下智能制造质量管理发展新趋势与新需求,介绍了质量4.0的相关概念,拓展了质量4.0背景下的价值链含义,提出了基于质量4.0的智能制造全价值链质量管理模式,旨在促进质量4.0理论与方法在智能制造业质量管理实践中落地应用,以推动我国制造业高质量发展。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(21ZDA024)
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2025年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00784
  • 接收时间:2024-07-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-31
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-04
  • 修回日期:2024-10-16
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(21ZDA024)
作者信息
    1. 同济大学经济与管理学院, 上海 200092
    2. 上海电机学院材料学院, 上海 201306

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施华(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为面向智能制造的质量管理,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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