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Article(id=1157710596176270102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1157710592002933267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=21, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00925, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722182400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-29, revisedDate=1725811200000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753949315351, onlineDateStr=2025-07-31, pubDate=1739376000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1741276800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-03-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753949315351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774079465680, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157710592002933267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739376000000', pubDateStr='2025-02-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753949314354, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330984290, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197511805026549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1157710592002933267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197511805026550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1157710592002933267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=95, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157710597019325209, articleId=1157710596176270102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Optimization of air-cooled fuel cell systems and control strategies, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaojun ZHAO, Zhihu WANG, Minxue CHEN, Diankai QIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Diankai QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1157710652619018372, articleId=1157710596176270102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=空冷型氢燃料电池系统优化与控制策略研究, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于空冷型燃料电池原位测试实验平台，对优化的阳极氢气侧双向供气的气路结构和阴极空气侧强化中间区域散热的差异化风速风扇配置方案开展实验分析。结果发现，优化脉排间隔时间可以减小运行过程中的电压衰减，并提出了基于不同负载层次的氢气控制策略。阴极中间区域风速提升可以改善单电池内温度和电流密度的分布均匀性，提出了分段式风扇转速控制策略，在不同负载电流区间内对最佳运行温度和阴极入口风速进行了设计。在此基础上，搭建包含33节电池的空冷型燃料电池系统，验证了控制策略的有效性。

, authors=

赵小军，高级工程师，研究方向为燃料电池及电解水制氢，电子信箱：

, authorsList=赵小军, 王智虎, 陈敏学, 邱殿凯, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邱殿凯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邱殿凯（通信作者），教授，研究方向为燃料电池及微细制造，电子信箱：
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2. National Center of Technology Innovation for Fuel Cell, Weifang 261041, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242142595514704685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1157710596176270102, authorId=1242142595380486953, language=CN, stringName=赵小军, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. 上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院, 上海 200240
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赵小军，高级工程师，研究方向为燃料电池及电解水制氢，电子信箱：

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赵小军，高级工程师，研究方向为燃料电池及电解水制氢，电子信箱：

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0~400 60
400~600 40
600以上 20
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400~600 40
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工作点/（mA·cm-2） 电堆温度/℃ 阴极入口风速/（m·s-1）
600 — 11
500 55 9.5
400 51 8.6
300 46 7.5
200 42 6.4
100 32 5.6
50 — 5
0 — 5
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600 — 11
500 55 9.5
400 51 8.6
300 46 7.5
200 42 6.4
100 32 5.6
50 — 5
0 — 5
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空冷型氢燃料电池系统优化与控制策略研究
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赵小军 1, 2 , 王智虎 1 , 陈敏学 1 , 邱殿凯 1, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(3): 95-104
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (3) : 95 -104
空冷型氢燃料电池系统优化与控制策略研究
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赵小军，高级工程师，研究方向为燃料电池及电解水制氢，电子信箱：

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赵小军，高级工程师，研究方向为燃料电池及电解水制氢，电子信箱：

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赵小军1, 2 , 王智虎1, 陈敏学1, 邱殿凯1, *
作者信息
  • 1. 上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院, 上海 200240
  • 2. 国家燃料电池技术创新中心, 潍坊 261041
通讯作者:
邱殿凯（通信作者），教授，研究方向为燃料电池及微细制造，电子信箱：
Optimization of air-cooled fuel cell systems and control strategies
Xiaojun ZHAO1, 2 , Zhihu WANG1, Minxue CHEN1, Diankai QIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2. National Center of Technology Innovation for Fuel Cell, Weifang 261041, China
出版时间: 2025-02-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00925
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摘要
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基于空冷型燃料电池原位测试实验平台，对优化的阳极氢气侧双向供气的气路结构和阴极空气侧强化中间区域散热的差异化风速风扇配置方案开展实验分析。结果发现，优化脉排间隔时间可以减小运行过程中的电压衰减，并提出了基于不同负载层次的氢气控制策略。阴极中间区域风速提升可以改善单电池内温度和电流密度的分布均匀性，提出了分段式风扇转速控制策略，在不同负载电流区间内对最佳运行温度和阴极入口风速进行了设计。在此基础上，搭建包含33节电池的空冷型燃料电池系统，验证了控制策略的有效性。

空冷型质子交换膜燃料电池  /  原位实验  /  系统优化  /  控制策略
air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell  /  in-situ experiment  /  system optimization  /  control strategy
赵小军, 王智虎, 陈敏学, 邱殿凯. 空冷型氢燃料电池系统优化与控制策略研究. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (3) : 95 -104 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00925
Xiaojun ZHAO, Zhihu WANG, Minxue CHEN, Diankai QIU. Optimization of air-cooled fuel cell systems and control strategies[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (3) : 95 -104 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00925
正文
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质子交换膜燃料电池（proton exchange membrane fuel cell，PEMFC）具有功率密度高、能量转换效率高、零污染等优点[1-3]，其工作过程由于电化学反应、欧姆阻抗会产生大量热量，需要通过被动冷却的方式散热[4-5]。根据冷却方式的不同，质子交换膜燃料电池可以分为液体冷却型燃料电池与空气冷却型燃料电池[6]，其中空气冷却型燃料电池使用空气同时作为反应气和冷却介质，无须额外的冷却系统和供气子系统，具有系统简单、结构紧凑、寄生功率小等优势[7]，广泛应用于无人机[8]、便携式小型电源[9]等领域。
燃料电池内部的水热状态分布是影响其性能的重要因素[10]。在水管理方面，为了保证良好的质子传导率，质子膜需要充分的水合状态，然而过多的水积聚会导致水淹影响气体传质，因此需要及时排除[11-12]。在热管理方面，催化剂的活性和电化学反应速率会随着温度升高得到改善，但过高的温度也会导致膜含水量下降，影响电池性能的同时对零部件寿命造成不可逆的衰减[13-14]。因此，使燃料电池内部保持良好水热状态是提高性能的关键。
空冷型燃料电池系统阴极侧采用空气同时作为反应剂和冷却剂，且无外增湿模块，相较于常规燃料电池，其内部多物理场分布不均匀问题显著，反应状态更加难以控制。近年来，已有一些研究人员针对空冷型燃料电池水热管理开展了研究。为了达到较高的氢气利用率，空冷型燃料电池通常将氢气封闭在阳极中，阳极出口的阀门仅定期打开，即盲端模式[15]。这样的设计使得系统结构简单易实现，同时氢气可以在电池内部停留更长时间，从而有更多的机会参与电化学反应，但也同样会带来反应均匀性的问题。随着电化学反应的进行，阳极流道内会逐渐积聚液态水，导致水淹现象的发生，使得催化剂表面反应位点被覆盖，氢气浓度降低，电池输出性能受到影响[16]。此外，阴极侧的氮气和惰性气体可能会反扩散至阳极聚集，随着氢气循环时间的加长，杂质在阳极侧累积程度也会增加，降低了氢气纯度。Meyer等[17]揭示了空冷型燃料电池阳极侧的氮积累和氢欠气现象，提出应该间歇性地打开阳极出口的阀门，利用气流吹扫来及时排出阳极积累的水和氮，即在阳极采取脉冲排气的策略。Strahl等[18]研究了脉排对空冷型燃料电池系统的性能和效率的影响，发现局部氢气的缺乏会导致碳载体腐蚀问题的出现。Rabbani等[19]重点研究了阳极再循环系统中氮气的扩散和氢气脉排策略，提出脉排间隔时间是电流密度和氢气流速的直接函数。Mokmeli等[20]为脉排过程开发了一个数学模型，以阳极管路中最小的压力波动作为目标优化了操作参数，并在最小的电压损失和最小的氢气消耗之间实现适当的折中。Lin等[21]通过实验分析了脉排持续时间对电池能效的影响，提出最佳脉排持续时间约为0.2 s。从现有的阳极侧水热管理和气体控制策略相关研究可以发现，为空冷型燃料电池系统选取合适的脉排参数是提高电池性能，避免液态水积累，获得较高氢气利用率的关键。
空冷型燃料电池阴极侧多物理场分布不均匀现象同样显著。Gong等[22]通过实验发现，电堆内的最大温差接近20℃，过高和过低的温度都会降低输出电压，而适当温度范围为54~60℃。Zhao等[23]指出由于空气传热效率低，其内部温度分布非常不均匀，并通过加入VC均热板增强了散热能力并提高了温度分布均匀性。阴极侧水热管理主要通过改变风扇的控制策略来实现。当风扇功率增加时，空气流速更高，化学计量比增加，同时系统冷却能力增强，可以有效防止电堆过热[24]。然而过大的空气流速会将阴极生成的水大量带走，导致质子交换膜出现脱水现象，不利于电堆的性能[25]。此外，改变风扇转速后，电堆的温度响应表现出明显的滞后性，长时间运行后，实际温度与预期温度之间仍会存在一定温差，表明风扇转速的调整在实际运行中应滞后于电流变化[22]。Yuan等[26]构建了一个多节点控制的模型，采用基于有限状态机控制和常规比例积分控制的策略来控制风扇转速，实现了更均匀的温度分布。Ou等[27]提出了一种多输入多输出的模糊逻辑温湿度控制器，通过控制风扇转速来调节温度，提高了空冷型燃料电池的输出功率。从现有的阴极侧水热管理和气体控制策略相关研究可以发现，建立风扇转速和电堆性能之间的映射关系尤为重要，同时制定快速响应的风扇转速控制策略，是提高空冷型燃料电池动态性能的关键。
目前研究中的控制策略对于内部反应状态和多物理场分布不均匀性的改善非常有限，究其原因是现有的空冷型燃料电池系统结构决定阳极出口水淹和电池内部温度差异显著的问题是不可避免的。为进一步提高空冷型燃料电池性能和运行稳定性，亟须优化空冷型燃料电池系统结构，并制定合理的阳极氢气控制策略及阴极空气控制策略。在前期研究中，提出了阳极侧双向供气的优化气路结构和阴极空气侧强化中间区域散热的差异化风速单风扇配置的方案[28]。本研究基于可以获取空冷型燃料电池内部反应均匀性的原位测试平台，以燃料电池内部反应均匀性为评价指标，进一步对不同负载下的阳极氢气脉排间隔时间、电堆运行温度、阴极入口风速等参数进行了优化，并提出了相应的氢气控制策略和空气控制策略。在此基础上，完成了包含33节电池的空冷型燃料电池系统设计，并基于该系统进行了策略验证。
1 研究方法
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1.1 空冷型燃料电池原位测试实验平台
本研究使用上海治臻®生产的K-01型空冷型燃料电池极板组装包含3节单电池的空冷型燃料电池电堆。质子交换膜选用GORE-SELECT®生产的M735.18如图 1（a）所示，阴极铂载量0.4 mg/cm2，阳极铂载量0.1 mg/cm2，有效反应面积为20 cm×5 cm，碳纸选用FREUDENBERG®生产的H24C5。本研究所用空冷燃料电池的额定电流密度为500 mA/cm2。PCB原位测试板位于第2节单电池阴阳极板之间，包含18个电气隔离的分区，每个分区大小为29 mm× 17 mm，可实时测量温度和电流密度。
为开展空冷型燃料电池测试实验，搭建如图 1（b）所示的测试平台。阳极使用减压阀控制氢气进口压力，出口使用电磁阀控制排气时间和排气间隔时间。阴极使用可编程电源（IT6723C，ITECH）对DC12V轴流风扇THD0912HE供电，提供反应和冷却所需的空气，入口风速使用热线风速仪（DT8880，CEM）进行测量。利用安装在电池内部阴极反应流道内的热电偶测量电池温度，取均匀分布的多个测点中最高点记录，最高点一般位于电池的空气出口区域的中间位置。电子负载（IT8816，ITECH）用于调节燃料电池输出功率。
1.2 阳极氢气路优化
为减少单向供气导致的阳极出口位置的积水问题，根据前期研究[28]，在阳极气路端采用氢气输入与输出互换的新型双向供气优化结构。如 图 2[28]所示，使用4个进气控制电磁阀1~4和1个脉排控制电磁阀5，通过电磁阀的组合和时序设计实现空冷型燃料电池的氢气双向流动控制。当电磁阀1与电磁阀3开通，电磁阀2与电磁阀4保持关闭时，空冷型燃料电池的供氢模式为模式A，此时阳极流道中的液态水靠近电磁阀3所在的出口区域一侧；反之，当电磁阀2与电磁阀4开通，电磁阀1与电磁阀3保持关闭时，空冷型燃料电池的供氢模式为模式B，氢气进出口实现互换，阳极液态水倾向于集中到电磁阀2所在的另一侧。电池运行过程中，模式A与模式B不断切换以优化电池内水的均匀分布，不同组的电磁阀开/关是同步的，以此保证氢气的不间断供应。电磁阀5为脉排阀，在2种模式下都设置为脉排状态，独立于其他阀门工作，间隔一段时间排气1次，清除流道中积聚的液态水，脉排阀的触发时间与系统中其他阀门的触发时间交错。
在设计氢气侧的控制策略时，关键参数包括氢气的流向切换周期T1、2次脉排之间的间隔时间T2以及每次脉排阀打开的持续时间T3。为了避免引起空冷型燃料电池系统的不稳定，同时确保氢气流向切换时刻与脉冲排放阀的开启时刻不会互相冲突，将氢气流向切换周期T1设定为脉排间隔T2与排气时间T3之和，并将氢气流向的切换时刻设置在两次脉排阀打开的间隔期内。图 3为具体时序图，从t1时刻开始，系统以模式A运行。在运行T1/2-T3到t2时刻时，脉排阀开启T3时间后关闭。完成排气后，此时在模式A状态下已运行T1/2时间。随后，系统继续运行T1/2时间至t3时刻，使模式A运行总时间达到T1。然后在t3时刻，通过控制进气电磁阀组将氢气流动模式切换至模式B，实现氢气的反向流动。相同于模式A的控制方式，在运行T1/2-T3时间后，到t4时刻时打开脉排阀T3时间进行排气，随后继续运行T1/2时间至t1'时刻，使模式B运行总时间达到T1。从t1至t1'时刻为2个完整的模式A、B切换周期，此后以相同方式控制模式的切换和脉排阀的开闭，循环往复运行，交替实现氢气流向的改变和流道积水的排出。
使用原位测试实验平台对氢气脉排间隔时间T2开展实验研究。在不同电流负载下，空冷型燃料电池的液态水生成量和阳极内积水量不同。当负载电流密度较低时，流道内积水较少，脉排间隔时间过短会导致氢气利用率下降，增加电池运行成本；而当负载电流密度较高时，电化学反应的产水量急剧增加，更容易出现水淹现象，需要频繁打开脉排阀及时将生成水排出。因此，需要对不同的工作电流密度水平进行分级，在不同电流密度阶段内分别确定最佳脉排间隔时间T2。考虑到本研究所使用的空冷型燃料电池额定工作电流密度为500 mA/cm2，将脉排间隔时间T2的设计分为3个层次：0~400、400~600、600 mA/cm²以上，并分别基于原位测试平台，测试脉排时间T2为20~70 s时电池内部电流密度分布情况。
1.3 阴极空气路优化
基于文献[29]中的测试结果，由于电池边缘区域的散热能力更好，边缘区域温度明显低于中间区域，使得中间区域和边缘区域无法同时工作在最佳工作温度范围内。如图 4所示，为了解决温度分布不均匀的问题，本研究设计对比双风扇和单风扇2种阴极空气路进气方案，可为空冷型燃料电池分别提供均匀化风速和差异化风速，其中单风扇方案可为空冷型燃料电池提供沿长边方向上差异化的风速，使得中间区域的风速高于边缘区域，达到强化电池中间区域的散热能力、针对性冷却的目的。
基于空冷型燃料电池原位测试实验平台，对单风扇和双风扇配置的空冷型燃料电池开展实验分析，测量不同风扇配置下电池极化曲线和500 mA/cm2负载电流密度时的内部温度和电流密度分布情况，不同配置实验中风扇的总功率保持一致。同时，为确定风扇转速控制策略，通过实验手段确定不同的典型负载条件下的空冷型燃料电池最佳运行温度点和对应的阴极流道入口风速范围。实验中输出电流范围为0~66 A，单电池响应电压为0.5~1 V，测量典型负载条件下空冷型燃料电池的最佳运行温度和对应的理想阴极入口风速。
1.4 空冷型燃料电池电堆测试
使用与1.1节相同的空冷型燃料电池双极板和膜电极物料，组装包含33节单电池的空冷燃料电池系统，如图 5所示。该系统能够实现千瓦级的功率输出，用于验证阴阳极气路优化及控制策略的效果。
将空冷型燃料电池系统安装在满足氢气实验条件的工作台，完成运行前准备工作并安装好单元电压巡检，电堆温度测试采用热电偶。使用压力为0.05 MPa的氮气对系统吹扫5 min后打开氢气阀门，调节氢气压力为0.05 MPa，确认燃料电池系统正常启动后开启电子负载，以5 A/10 s的速率从低电密向高电密逐渐提高负载电流至60 A，当电池总电压维持在19 V的输出状态时开始进入测试。
首先，测试空冷燃料电池系统的极化性能，分别在60、50、40、30、20、10和5 A及开路状态下稳定运行10 min，记录空冷电池系统输出电压和单节电池电压。随后，测试空冷电池系统稳态运行的稳定性。实验过程中，保持堆芯负载电流密度为500 mA/cm2，风扇的转速和电磁阀开关由控制器根据传感器信息自主调节，持续运行超过1 h。
2 结果分析
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2.1 氢气控制策略
使用原位测试实验平台对负载电流密度为500 mA/cm2时不同脉排间隔时间T2下的电流密度分布情况进行测试，测试结果如图 6所示。实验结果表明，双向供气结构下，由于液态水不会积聚在某一端，电流密度分布在不同脉排间隔时间下基本一致，脉排间隔时间20 s和40 s之间的差异稍大于40 s和60 s之间的差异，但整体相互差异较小。
图 7（a）为不同脉排间隔时间T2下空冷型燃料电池电流密度分布标准差和1个周期内单电池输出电压衰减值。从统计结果可以看到，随脉排间隔时间增加，电流密度分布均匀性无明显变化，但周期内单电池输出电压衰减值逐渐上升，在脉排间隔时间为20 s时，电压衰减值仅为2.7 mV；当脉排间隔时间达到70 s时，电压衰减值达到了14.3 mV。
图 7（b）为500 mA/cm2电流密度下脉排间隔时间设置为40 s时输出电压随时间的波动情况。可以看到由于液态水的积聚，单个周期电压逐渐降低，在氢气流向切换和脉排的瞬间电压得到恢复，每次脉排后，电压可以恢复到原始水平。为保证每个周期内单电池电压衰减值小于10 mV并在脉排后能够完全恢复，同时避免频繁脉排带来的氢气利用率过低，在400~600 mA/cm²负载层次将脉排间隔设置为40 s。按照相同的实验和分析方法，分别得到3个层次中最佳的脉排间隔时间T2，如表 1所示。
综合本节研究结果，生成空冷型燃料电池氢气控制策略，如图 8所示，开始运行前先将电磁阀设置为模式A的状态，并打开脉排阀用氢气吹扫5 s后切换至工作模式。设置负载电流后开始计时，然后设置脉排间隔时间T2和排气时间T3，并计算T1=T2+T3。当运行T2/2-T3时间后，脉排阀开启进行排气，T3后关闭。随后继续运行T1/2直至达到t=T1时刻，调整电磁阀开闭状态，切换为模式B，随后以相同策略循环。
2.2 空气控制策略
对空冷型燃料电池来说，风速变化会同时影响电池的空气计量比、工作温度和质子膜湿度，多种因素相互耦合，风速过高或过低都会影响电池的输出性能。此外，空冷型燃料电池内温度分布不均匀，不仅不利于电池性能，还会导致局部热应力和热点，造成电池失效等严重后果。设计优化的阴极风扇组和风扇转速控制方法对于提高电池性能、均匀性和寿命至关重要。
2.2.1 风扇组配置优化验证
针对单风扇和双风扇配置的空冷型燃料电池开展实验分析，2种不同风扇配置下的空冷型燃料电池性能测试结果和500 mA/cm2下的温度测试结果如图 9所示。实验结果表明，新的风扇组配置下，空气在阴极流道周期方向上分配更契合空冷型燃料电池需求，电池输出性能提高，同时500 mA/cm²时单电池内电流密度和温度的分布均匀性提高。此外，采用单风扇配置时，空冷型燃料电池平均温度也相对下降。这是因为在相同的风扇功率下，单风扇的设计为温度较高的中间区域提供了更高的风速，核心发热区域获得更充分的散热，因此平均温度降低。
2.2.2 风扇转速控制策略
典型负载条件下空冷型燃料电池的最佳运行温度和对应的理想阴极入口风速如表 2所示。
将实验得到的不同负载电流下最佳运行温度和阴极入口风速定义为Topt和vopt。可以发现，对空冷型燃料电池来说，在不同输出电流下空冷型燃料电池的最佳运行温度点Topt和对应阴极入口风速vopt的值是不同的。而实际运行中电池的负载电流是随实际需求波动的，仅有几个离散的最佳温度点无法实现准确的温度调控，需要掌握每一负载电流下对应的最优运行温度。
图 10为最佳运行温度和阴极入口风速随电流密度变化的关系。当电堆负载电流较小（5.5 A以下）时，风扇保持最低转速工作，只需要满足电化学反应的氧气计量比要求，此时理想阴极入口风速为一个恒定值；而当电堆负载电流很大（66 A以上）时，为了保证空冷型燃料电池的热稳定性，防止电池失效，风扇始终以最大转速工作。因此在这样的过小和过大负载电流工况下，不以电堆的最优运行温度值作为控制的目标点，而是直接对风扇转速进行控制和调节。
利用数据拟合建立一个以空冷型燃料电池负载电流I为自变量的电堆最优运行温度和阴极入口风速的函数关系，得到函数关系如式（1）和式（2）所示
$T_{\mathrm{opt}}=31.3+0.049 \cdot I / A$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}v_{\mathrm{opt}}=v_{\min } \quad(I <5.5 A) \\v_{\mathrm{opt}}=4.40822+0.01050 \cdot I / A \quad(5.5 A<I<66 A) \\v_{\mathrm{opt}}=v_{\max } \quad(I<66 A)\end{array}\right.$
式中，A为空冷型燃料电池活性面积，vmin为满足电化学反应的氧气计量比的最低转速，vmax为风扇运行的最大转速。
由于环境和电池本身的波动，空冷型燃料电池在某一负载电流下稳态运行时温度也是不断变化的，为了实现良好的温度控制，保证电池输出性能和稳定性，需要在电池运行中根据传感器测量结果实时反馈调整控制风扇输出功率，控制空冷型燃料电池温度稳定在最佳运行温度。本研究利用反馈调节的方法对稳态运行条件下的空冷型燃料电池进行温度调节控制，在变载时依靠预设的最佳入口风速快速响应，提高响应速度，减小超调量。具体的控制策略如图 11所示，当检测电流I测不等于设置电流Ia时，根据拟合曲线调节风速；当I测=Ia时，则根据温度差值进行反馈调节。而Toh为电堆危险温度，认为是电堆已经脱离了热稳定状态，需要进入关机状态检修。
2.3 控制策略验证
结合前文对阴阳极气路的优化及控制策略的研究，使用包含33节电池电堆的空冷型燃料电池系统测试输出性能及运行稳定性，验证优化效果及控制策略有效性。图 12（a）为空冷型燃料电池系统性能测试结果。随电流逐渐上升，输出电压逐渐降低，输出功率逐渐增加。达到额定工作电流（55 A）时，系统输出功率达到1080 W。在堆芯中每3节采集1节电池的电压，不同电流密度下的节间电压分布如图 12（b）所示，额定工作点下电压分布标准差小于5 mV，各节电压一致性好。
对空冷型燃料电池系统开展运行稳定性测试，在电流密度为500 mA/cm2的情况下持续运行1 h。实验过程中系统输出电压与电堆温度测试结果如图 13所示。测试开始前，电堆初始温度为53.1℃，单电池平均电压为0.657 V。测试开始后10 min内，由于电池内部水热状态还未达到平衡状态，电堆输出电压出现持续衰减，单电池平均电压降低至0.642 V；10 min后直至测试结束的过程中，输出电压基本保持不变，单电池平均电压从0.642 V变为持续运行1 h后的0.637 V，波动范围相对于平均测量结果不到1%，运行稳定性良好。
同时，电池运行过程中系统风扇会根据电堆实际温度反馈调节风速，保证电堆温度始终在理想工作温度55℃左右，整个实验过程中空冷电池稳定运行，热稳定性良好，温度波动范围为52.7~57.9℃。
综上所述，根据本研究提出的系统控制策略集成的空冷燃料电池系统在稳态运行条件下能够保证工作温度在理想值附近，同时电池的输出和稳定性良好。
3 结论
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本研究基于空冷型燃料电池原位测试平台，对阳极氢气侧双向供气气路结构和阴极空气侧强化中间区域散热的差异化风速单风扇配置方案开展了实验研究，对阳极氢气脉排间隔时间、电堆最佳运行温度、阴极入口风速等参数进行了优化，并进一步提出了相应的氢气控制策略和空气控制策略。根据测试结果，可以得到以下结论。
1）随脉排间隔时间增加，单电池输出电压在单个脉排周期内的衰减值逐渐上升，电流密度分布均匀性无明显变化。为保证较高的氢气利用率和较低的电压衰减值，在0~400 mA/cm2负载层次将脉排间隔时间设置为60 s，在400~600 mA/cm2负载层次设置为40 s，在600 mA/cm²以上设置为20 s。
2）强化中间区域散热的差异化风速单风扇配置方案使得空气在垂直于阴极流道方向上的分配更契合空冷型燃料电池需求，电池输出性能提高，单电池内温度和电流密度的分布均匀性改善。此外，单风扇配置相较于双风扇配置在相同功率下为中间核心发热区域提供了更高的风速，散热更充分，使得电池平均温度降低。
3）针对本研究的空冷型燃料电池，提出分段式风扇转速控制策略：当电堆负载电流低于5.5 A时，风扇保持在满足计量比要求的最低转速工作；在5.5~66 A的常规负载电流区间内，在变载时依靠预设的最佳入口风速快速响应，在稳态运行时利用反馈调节对空冷型燃料电池进行温度调节控制；当电堆负载电流高于66 A时，风扇始终以最大转速工作，保证空冷型燃料电池的热稳定性，防止电池失效。
4）基于控制策略设计了包含33节电池的空冷型燃料电池系统，在500 mA/cm2电流密度下持续运行的1 h内系统运行稳定，电池电压波动小于1%，温度维持在55℃附近，波动范围为52.7~57.9℃，表明控制策略有效。
基金
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  • 广州市重点研发计划项目(202103040002)
  • 机械系统与振动全国重点实验室自主课题(MSVZD202402)
  • 泰山产业领军人才工程项目
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1
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刘如意, 王哲, 李玲莲, 等. 液冷型燃料电池热管理子系统建模与控制研究[J]. 电源技术, 2024, 48(4): 701- 710.
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雍加望, 赵倩倩, 冯能莲. 质子交换膜燃料电池热管理系统建模及故障仿真[J]. 可再生能源, 2024, 42(3): 308- 316.
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翟俊香, 何广利, 许壮, 等. 空冷型质子交换膜燃料电池系统效率的实验研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(6): 1885- 1889.
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许鹏. 氢燃料电池一体化后备电源系统[J]. 中国有线电视, 2019(1): 38- 41.
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丁权. 燃料电池3D流场的主动优化及水热管理研究[D]. 北京: 华北电力大学, 2023.
11
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18
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22
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25
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26
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28
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29
陈敏学, 邱殿凯, 彭林法. 基于反应状态原位测试的空冷型燃料电池运行参数分析[J]. 上海交通大学学报, 2024, 58(3): 253- 262.
2025年第43卷第3期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00925
  • 接收时间：2024-07-29
  • 首发时间：2025-07-31
  • 出版时间：2025-02-13
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-29
  • 修回日期：2024-09-09
基金
广州市重点研发计划项目(202103040002)
机械系统与振动全国重点实验室自主课题(MSVZD202402)
泰山产业领军人才工程项目
作者信息
    1. 上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院, 上海 200240
    2. 国家燃料电池技术创新中心, 潍坊 261041

通讯作者:

邱殿凯（通信作者），教授，研究方向为燃料电池及微细制造，电子信箱：
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00925
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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