Article(id=1146098732497474321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500023279260422, articleNumber=null, orderNo=22, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.09.01367, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720972800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-15, revisedDate=1734537600000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751180831312, onlineDateStr=2025-06-29, pubDate=1744473600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1747065600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1751180831312, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-06-29, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751180831312, creator=18627231156, updateTime=1774079606038, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1146500023279260422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744473600000', pubDateStr='2025-04-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751276506490, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330951331, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197373556568751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500023279260422, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197373556568752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500023279260422, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=100, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1146098732950459194, articleId=1146098732497474321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Development of nano and atomic scale real-space imaging techniques under extreme conditions, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), owing to its ultra-high spatial resolution, has become an indispensable tool for advancing nanotechnology and probing quantum phenomena. It has a wide range of applications across various fields, including materials science, physics, chemistry, and biology. The significance of SPM lies in its atomic-scale resolution and multifunctionality. This review summarizes recent progress, development trends, and existing challenges in integrating SPM with extreme conditions. SPM can perform various fundamental measurements, such as mechanical, magnetic, and electrical characterization, making it a versatile platform for exploring the microscopic world. At present, as material performance continues to improve yet seems to encounter a bottleneck in disruptive breakthroughs, leveraging extreme environments to discover new materials and new physics has become a promising direction. Therefore, the integration of SPM with extreme external physical fields—such as ultra-high magnetic fields, ultra-low temperatures, and high vacuum—has emerged as an important development trend.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qiyuan FENG, Wenjie MENG, Jihao WANG, Yubin HOU, Jing ZHANG, Qingyou LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingyou LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146098738705043806, articleId=1146098732497474321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=极端条件下的扫描探针显微镜技术研究及应用, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

具有超高分辨率的扫描探针显微镜(Scanning Probe Microscope, SPM)是纳米科技、量子现象揭示的重要手段,其应用范围广泛,涵盖了材料科学、物理、化学、生物学等多个领域。SPM重要性体现在其超高分辨率和多功能性,能提供原子级分辨率。综述了近年SPM领域与极端条件集成的进展、发展趋势及存在问题。此外,SPM还能进行力学、磁学、电学等多种基本测量,已成为研究微观世界的多功能平台。当前,在材料性能不断提升但似乎难以取得颠覆性进展的情况下,利用极端环境发现新材料和新物理来实现突破已成为前进方向。为此,SPM与极端外部物理场的结合,如超高磁场、超低温和高真空环境的融合已成为重要发展方向。

, authors=

冯启元,副研究员,研究方向为极端与恶劣条件下高灵敏磁力显微镜的自主研制,电子信箱:

, authorsList=冯启元, 孟文杰, 王纪浩, 侯玉斌, 张晶, 陆轻铀, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陆轻铀, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陆轻铀(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为极端与恶劣条件原子分辨扫描隧道、磁力、原子力显微镜自主研制,电子信箱:
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冯启元,副研究员,研究方向为极端与恶劣条件下高灵敏磁力显微镜的自主研制,电子信箱:

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冯启元,副研究员,研究方向为极端与恶劣条件下高灵敏磁力显微镜的自主研制,电子信箱:

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High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
2. Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
3. Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242143199431565949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098732497474321, authorId=1242143199267988086, language=CN, stringName=陆轻铀, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1. 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院, 强磁场科学中心, 合肥 230031
2. 中国科学技术大学, 合肥微尺度物质科学国家研究中心, 合肥 230026
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Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242143198177469019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098732497474321, companyId=1242143198160691801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 中国科学技术大学, 先进光子科学技术安徽省实验室, 合肥 230026)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242143201616798345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098732497474321, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FUqP8/W3YHnLtnQByFk05A==, figureFileBig=EpTT9mPU03vGuCV5rw0tWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242143201688101514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098732497474321, language=CN, label=图1, caption=STM的机械回路(a)和振动模型(b)分析, figureFileSmall=FUqP8/W3YHnLtnQByFk05A==, figureFileBig=EpTT9mPU03vGuCV5rw0tWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242143201851679373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098732497474321, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RgA05zV0fS6SSSGzSZhTgg==, figureFileBig=DfzDJOjmNSPJJtADM/SMKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242143201910399631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098732497474321, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于壁虎马达的STM和原子分辨成像

(a)~(d)为使用完整环壁虎马达制成的STM;(e)为STM在有无隔音减振条件下的振动干扰,二者相差巨大;(f)~(h)为STM在有隔音减振条件下能获得的石墨的高清晰原子分辨率图像;(i)为STM在无隔音减振条件下获得的同样质量的原子分辨率图像

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(a)为溶液电化学STM装置示意图;(b)为溶液电解池结构;(c)为针尖包封过程示意图;(d)为硫酸根在Au(111)表面沉积过程及原子分辨图像

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→为激光传播方向;R1、R2分别为激光在光纤端口面和悬臂梁面的反射,其干涉强度为成像信号

, figureFileSmall=gD5765TIu7Zgr0xSShFXow==, figureFileBig=PMfrBqjVpgOeAeRjLwSUPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242143203370017450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098732497474321, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eb92rLhnZMXh0w1wpcKm8w==, figureFileBig=DQImSQxNgh4WVRPVY4bRFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242143203432932011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1146098732497474321, language=CN, label=图14, caption=自研MFM的高灵敏示例

(a)为Fe3Sn2单晶形貌;(b)~(d)为Fe3Sn2的MFM图;(e)~(g)为3层Co原子超薄膜(磁性极弱)中磁结构的测量能力;其中,方形光刻区域尺寸为3 μm

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(a)为4.5 u.c. SRO薄膜M–H曲线;(b)为4.5 u.c. SRO薄膜样品示意图,一个台阶宽度上实际包括4 u.c.与5 u.c.两种不同厚度;(c)为AFM形貌图;(d)~(p)为MFM测量结果;(e)为2 T饱和磁场下,4 u.c.与5 u.c.

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极端条件下的扫描探针显微镜技术研究及应用
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冯启元 1 , 孟文杰 1 , 王纪浩 1 , 侯玉斌 1 , 张晶 1 , 陆轻铀 1, 2, 3, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2025,43(7): 100-115
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科技导报 |研究论文 2025 , 43 (7) : 100 -115
极端条件下的扫描探针显微镜技术研究及应用
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冯启元,副研究员,研究方向为极端与恶劣条件下高灵敏磁力显微镜的自主研制,电子信箱:

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2. Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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冯启元1 , 孟文杰1, 王纪浩1, 侯玉斌1, 张晶1, 陆轻铀1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院, 强磁场科学中心, 合肥 230031
  • 2. 中国科学技术大学, 合肥微尺度物质科学国家研究中心, 合肥 230026
  • 3. 中国科学技术大学, 先进光子科学技术安徽省实验室, 合肥 230026
通讯作者:
陆轻铀(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为极端与恶劣条件原子分辨扫描隧道、磁力、原子力显微镜自主研制,电子信箱:
Development of nano and atomic scale real-space imaging techniques under extreme conditions
Qiyuan FENG1 , Wenjie MENG1, Jihao WANG1, Yubin HOU1, Jing ZHANG1, Qingyou LU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
  • 2. Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
  • 3. Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
出版时间: 2025-04-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.09.01367
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具有超高分辨率的扫描探针显微镜(Scanning Probe Microscope, SPM)是纳米科技、量子现象揭示的重要手段,其应用范围广泛,涵盖了材料科学、物理、化学、生物学等多个领域。SPM重要性体现在其超高分辨率和多功能性,能提供原子级分辨率。综述了近年SPM领域与极端条件集成的进展、发展趋势及存在问题。此外,SPM还能进行力学、磁学、电学等多种基本测量,已成为研究微观世界的多功能平台。当前,在材料性能不断提升但似乎难以取得颠覆性进展的情况下,利用极端环境发现新材料和新物理来实现突破已成为前进方向。为此,SPM与极端外部物理场的结合,如超高磁场、超低温和高真空环境的融合已成为重要发展方向。

扫描探针显微镜  /  超强磁场  /  极低温  /  扫描隧道显微镜  /  原子力显微镜

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), owing to its ultra-high spatial resolution, has become an indispensable tool for advancing nanotechnology and probing quantum phenomena. It has a wide range of applications across various fields, including materials science, physics, chemistry, and biology. The significance of SPM lies in its atomic-scale resolution and multifunctionality. This review summarizes recent progress, development trends, and existing challenges in integrating SPM with extreme conditions. SPM can perform various fundamental measurements, such as mechanical, magnetic, and electrical characterization, making it a versatile platform for exploring the microscopic world. At present, as material performance continues to improve yet seems to encounter a bottleneck in disruptive breakthroughs, leveraging extreme environments to discover new materials and new physics has become a promising direction. Therefore, the integration of SPM with extreme external physical fields—such as ultra-high magnetic fields, ultra-low temperatures, and high vacuum—has emerged as an important development trend.

scanning probe microscopy  /  ultra-high magnetic fields  /  cryogenics  /  scanning tunneling microscopy(STM)  /  atomic force microscopy(AFM)
冯启元, 孟文杰, 王纪浩, 侯玉斌, 张晶, 陆轻铀. 极端条件下的扫描探针显微镜技术研究及应用. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (7) : 100 -115 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.09.01367
Qiyuan FENG, Wenjie MENG, Jihao WANG, Yubin HOU, Jing ZHANG, Qingyou LU. Development of nano and atomic scale real-space imaging techniques under extreme conditions[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (7) : 100 -115 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.09.01367
真实空间中的原子分辨扫描探针显微镜(scanning probe microscopy,SPM),包括扫描隧道显微镜(scanning tunneling microscopy,STM)、原子力显微镜(atomic force microscope,AFM)等的发明是显微学发展的里程碑。相比于其他高分辨显微技术,SPM具有很好的极端条件兼容性,特别适合于在极低温、极强磁场、先进光源光场等各种极端条件下工作,对功能材料、生命物质等的物性量子起源探索起到非常关键的作用。但是其也有一个显著的缺点:特别惧怕振动干扰,甚至微弱的声音干扰。这极大限制了SPM的作用,因为极端条件往往是极其恶劣的。鉴于此,文章将介绍陆轻铀课题组长期研究所发展起来的恶劣条件原子分辨SPM技术,以及所创造出的超强磁体和干式超导磁体原子分辨成像、活性和反应溶液大分子动态原子分辨率成像等多项“国际首次”,特别介绍关于水冷磁体、水冷–超导混合磁体等超强磁场下的原子分辨率STM成像;脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)、核小体(及其动态折叠过程)、表皮生长因子受体(epidermd growth factor reteptor,EGFR)蛋白、抗体(antibody)等生物及化学大分子在活性生理溶液环境,或化学反应条件下的原子分辨成像;磁斯格明子、人工斯格明子、斯格明子多磁态、周期性高密磁结构方面的高灵敏测量与调控等,并在此基础上介绍相关的技术发展与应用前景。
SPM的高灵敏是其最核心性能参数,但这也意味着其非常容易受外部干扰而无法工作。至今,如何有效减振隔噪依然是SPM自主搭建和工作的首要问题。因此,将以最经典的STM为例,综合考虑高抗振镜体(内因)与减振隔噪(外因),阐述对本问题的解决方法。通常情况下,SPM的隧道结方向(Z向)分辨率能够达到0.01 nm。为了维持隧道结的稳定性,传导进入隧道结的Z向干扰需要低于分辨率的10倍,也就是1 pm。由于周围建筑物的振动幅度通常约为0.1 µm,要求进入隧道结的振动干扰被衰减至1 pm,即需要达到−100 dB的衰减。为了达到这一要求,良好的外部减振隔噪和高抗振镜体是必不可少的。可以将这一过程分为2个主要步骤进行系统分析:一是将STM的镜体单元视为刚体,隔离其与外界振动;二是针对镜体单元中的针尖与样品之间的紧凑的振荡系统,增强其对外界振动的免疫力。
首先,外部减振隔噪通常采用被动和主动减振系统相结合的方法。被动减振系统包括空气弹簧、橡胶垫、弹性悬挂等装置。空气弹簧通过改变气囊的压力来调整系统的固有频率,与弹性悬挂类似,避开外界高频振动。橡胶垫则利用其高阻尼特性吸收和衰减外界的振动能量。主动减振系统在被动减振的基础上增加了反馈控制装置。通过安装传感器实时检测振动信号,并将信号反馈给控制系统,控制系统再驱动减振装置产生相位相反的振动,以抵消外界干扰。由于这种方法能在极低频率和高频率范围内都保持良好的减振性能,因此在纳米级别的精密仪器中得到广泛应用。
其次,STM镜体单元中的针尖与样品之间构成一个谐振系统(图 1)。为了增强抗干扰能力,可以通过提升系统的共振频率,使其远离剩余的低频干扰。具体则需要根据外界振动的频谱特性,调整系统的刚度、质量分布及选材优化。例如,在STM的设计中,使用高刚性材料(如钛合金、蓝宝石陶瓷材料)来制作关键部件,利用有限元分析技术对探针与样品构建的完整回路的振动特性进行建模和仿真,优化系统的结构参数,以提高系统的整体刚性。
虽然隔离、阻尼和STM镜体自免疫能力都可以减少恶劣环境干扰的影响,但镜体自免疫能力最重要。实际上,仅通过增强镜体的抗干扰能力,即使没有任何振动隔离,也可以达到高质量原子分辨率(图 2 [1])。此外,低温和超高真空环境也有助于减少热噪声和气体分子撞击对系统的影响,从而提高系统的稳定性和分辨率。综上所述,原子分辨STM的设计需要从宏观的外部减振结构和微观的内部针尖样品振荡回路2个层面进行综合考虑。这些措施的综合应用,使得STM可以在极端恶劣条件中(极低温、强磁场、强振动、窄空间等)实现纳米分辨成像测量。
材料物性无尽,但皆由电子间及电子与晶格间作用决定。电子与晶格都具自旋,都具磁矩,受磁场调控,但常需要强磁场调控才显著,因原子内磁场就很强。强磁场下的科学研究催生了整数、分数量子霍尔、磁共振等多项成果获得诺贝尔奖,被称作“诺贝尔奖的摇篮”。商业超导磁体实用性通过了时间考验,可产生达28 T强磁场(价格昂贵,造价上亿元,难以普及),而国产商业的超导磁体则很难超过20 T。为此,通常把超过20 T的磁场强度称之为超强磁场。目前,超强磁场下的测试手段多集中于反映材料宏观平均性质的输运测试,如霍尔、热电等(图 3),并发现了三维量子霍尔效应[2]、石墨烯室温量子霍尔效应[3]及巨大磁阻不饱和效应[4]等重要物理现象。在超强磁场中开展原子分辨成像测量可以提供上述科学问题的原子微观起源,方便与理论比对。然而由于磁场平台稀缺、技术难度大,一度被认为难以完成。随着STM镜体技术的发展及磁体技术的进步,近年来取得了进展。
超导磁体由于采用液氦降温维持超导态从而提供超强磁场,其振动低、噪声小,特别适合开发超强磁场下的STM。然而,其磁体平台成本高昂,到目前为止仅有西班牙马德里自治大学报道研制了20/22 T磁场下的STM,勉强通过减压降温进入超强磁场区间[5]。水冷磁体(包括混合磁体)是更为强大的“超强磁体”。中国、美国、法国、荷兰和日本都建立了强磁场实验室,并不断增强磁场的强度。美国的45 T混合磁体保持了23年的稳态磁场纪录,直到去年被中国以45.22 T的成绩打破,这为开发超强磁场原子成像装置提供了稳定的平台支持。然而,由于水冷磁体工作中需要高速去离子水流带走银铜磁场线圈的热量,产生了巨大的声学和机械噪声。在如此极端恶劣条件下,很多年来国际上只能在该类型平台上开展宏观平均效果的测量(如输运、核磁共振等)。但是空间原子分辨测量更接近于揭示物性的微观量子起源,是宏观测量完全不可替代的。为此,美国、荷兰率先尝试建设水冷磁体STM,虽然没有解决高场下原子分辨成像的难题,但也取得重要进展。2018年,荷兰研发的强磁场可以在30 T以上开展低温下的扫描隧道谱测量,尽管没有原子分辨[6];美国则没有数据发表。位于合肥的稳态强磁场大科学装置相较于其他国家建设较晚,于2017年通过国家验收,建成了多台世界领先水平的水冷磁体与混合磁体。陆轻铀课题组专注于极端条件下的原子分辨STM研发,成功发明出适用于狭小空间恶劣环境中的多种高刚性、高稳定压电马达,如GeckoDrive、TunaDriver、PandaDrive和SpiderDrive[7]等,并获得了40余项国家发明专利授权,最终成功研制出抗振型SPM,实现了在狭小空间、强振动环境下的原子分辨成像,在具有超强磁场(大于30 T)的水冷磁体上,建立了国际首创的水冷磁体/混合磁体低温STM,是目前国际上唯一可以在水冷磁体中开展原子分辨测量的装置。
超强磁场下STM主要基于水冷磁体平台搭建而成,取得的技术进步主要集中在中国科学院合肥强磁场科学中心和荷兰强磁场实验室,进展如下。
2015年,强磁场科学中心陆轻铀课题组首次在水冷磁体中实现了27 T强磁场环境下的STM原子分辨率成像,并得到石墨样品的原始成像数据。这一试验的成功为强磁场STM实验研究提供了国际先进的技术手段,也验证了水冷磁体恶劣条件下开发原子成像的可能性(图 4)。
为了确保原子分辨不被外界干扰,需综合考虑外部减振及STM镜体单元的优化。外部振动隔离通过两级弹簧悬挂实现,真空镜体腔通过弹簧悬挂在铝制框架,铝制框架通过4个弹簧悬挂在由混凝土砖支撑的铝制横梁上,横梁则放置在由混凝土砖/橡胶垫层叠堆放的基座上。真空镜体腔室采用无磁材料制成,可以确保水冷磁体励磁过程中不会发生接触。最终外部振动隔离系统的特征频率低于3 Hz。在采用多级减振设计后,实测真空镜体腔室的振动强度比水冷磁场平台减少了一个量级以上。相比于外部减振,与STM镜体单元直接接触的内部减振影响更加直接明显。在真空镜体腔内,STM单元通过长弹簧悬挂在纯钨制配重下方进行内部振动衰减。STM镜体单元的优化主要体现在设计的紧凑和高刚性,采用了扫描单元与粗逼近马达分体式结构设计。该结构曾被验证在完全摒弃外部隔振的前提下,仅凭借自身对外界振动的免疫力便能实现高质量原子分辨成像测量。为了使得扫描单元刚性更强,重新设计了TunaDrive压电马达,其输出力超过1.5 N,从而能够驱动刚性很强的扫描单元实现针样的逼近和分离。这里需要特别注意的是,STM的整体外径为15 mm,可确保励磁过程中不会接触水冷磁体内壁从而引入强振。为了更好地展示水冷磁体STM的优异稳定性和重复性,在将其磁场强度从27 T、以0.05 T/s的恒定速率降低到0 T的过程中,在同一区域连续获取图像,始终保持了清晰的原子分辨率,总横向漂移低至0.3 nm。
2017年,荷兰Tao等[6]成功在34 T水冷磁体中获得了低温下石墨随着磁场升高过程中的扫描隧道谱(Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy, STS),清晰地展现了朗道能级的变化过程(图 5)。然而,其图像进一步模糊直至磁场强度达到6 T附近,失去了原子分辨。2018年,他们在该平台上开发了30 T以上分辨率约为百纳米的磁力显微镜和原子力显微镜,测试了低温零场下的硬盘磁畴结构和30 T下的光栅形貌图像,预示着设备在超强磁场下磁性测量的潜力[8]
2017年,合肥稳态强磁场实验室混合磁体开放运行,可以稳定产生30 T以上的磁场。混合磁体由大口径超导磁体内嵌水冷磁体构成,除了水冷磁体恶劣的机械、声学噪声以外,兼有大口径超导磁体电磁噪声和杂散场影响,对其内开发STM成像装置提出进一步的技术挑战。陆轻铀团队基于水冷磁体STM及无液氦超导磁体中STM研制经验,重新设计了适用于混合磁体的STM系统,首次成功实现了在混合磁体中30 T以上的原子分辨测量。技术主要包括:第一,放弃外部减振,将内部减振设计成2级弹性悬吊,且增加一级悬吊配重质量。2级弹性悬吊共振频率都低于3 Hz,可以有效将外部高频振动过滤。第二,STM镜体采用非金属蓝宝石。采用新型分体式结构,整体外径仅为8.8 mm,通过有限元分析模拟,确定了针样回路的固有频率均为11 kHz以上。STM镜体的抗振动、抵御磁场纹波干扰的能力均大幅提升。该设备能够在高达30.1 T中稳定地获取原子级图像,展示了在混合磁体最高磁场45.22 T和数百特斯拉脉冲磁体中运行的潜力(图 6[9]。进一步通过集成长尾型带有1 K液氦池的液氦恒温器,STM采用2级内部悬吊减振及紧凑非金属STM镜体,在2023年成功研制温度低至1.7 K的水冷磁体谱成像STM,在保证原子分辨的前提下,可获得目标原子位的STS数据,使得设备具备从实空间和动量空间双角度研究超强磁场及低温下材料局域高分辨特性(图 7[1011]
凝聚态物性研究需要磁场和温度2个参量共同调控。例如,更低的温度对应较小的热涨落,从而展现磁场调控下的量子相变和量子临界现象。超导磁体与稀释制冷机结合,为STM提供极低温强磁场测试环境的实验装置难度不大且较为普及。这些装置在发现高温超导电荷序、配对密度波及马约拉纳零能模方面发挥了重要作用。此外,热涨落与STS谱的能量分辨率相关,更低的温度能够更清晰地解析费米面附近的能带结构。
然而,在水冷磁体超强磁场下的STM实验中引入更低温度具有较大的技术挑战。为了实现较强的磁场,水冷磁体的设计室温孔径非常紧凑,典型值为32 mm。氦3恒温器或稀释制冷机的低温端有多个模块,难以直接集成到水冷磁体的窄空间中。另外,高效热量传递和低振动干扰往往难以兼顾。常见的外部减振设计在这种情况下被弱化,需要设计自身免疫力更强的STM镜体单元。
另一个问题和挑战是,当前的超强磁场原子成像装置并未充分利用现有磁场的调控能力来实现各向异性调控。目前,水冷磁体的其他测试手段由于测量的是宏观性质,往往对外界干扰不敏感且结构较为简单,可以在磁场中原位旋转,实现磁场方向相对样品表面旋转测量,增加了超强磁场调控的维度。这无疑是重要的功能之一。例如,铁基高温超导材料在面内磁场施加到35 T时能够诱导产生FFLO(fulde−ferrell− larkin−ovchinnikov)态。然而,在同样的低温样品孔径内开发旋转的STM非常困难,但却十分必要。困难在于空间紧凑,需要重新设计适用的STM镜体单元,能够在30 mm左右的孔径中原位旋转。此外,为了保留内部减振设计,需要放弃机械轴顶部传动的旋转方法,采用可弹性悬挂的压电旋转模块并集成STM单元的设计,这充满了挑战。
目前,稳态强磁场的最高纪录是合肥创造的45.22 T,室温孔径仅为32 mm。在如此强的磁场中,引入液氦低温后剩余的样品空间将低于20 mm。开发一套45.22 T/3 K的原子分辨STM将面临更多技术挑战,但在大部分高温超导材料中,研究临界场附近的超导配对行为十分重要。
固–液界面原子尺度反应是电化学和相关化学工业的基础。活性生物分子,如蛋白质、DNA等也只有在溶液中才能保持其活性。传统的STM通常只能在低温和真空环境下工作,并不能用于固–液界面处的高分辨测量。因此,发展溶液电化学成像技术,对于理解固–液界面的微观机理,以及研究活性生物分子至关重要。溶液STM的一个典型应用是实时观测电化学反应过程。图 8(a)为Xia等[12]所设计搭建的一套高稳定溶液电化学STM装置,通过将流动的氮气连续注入成像装置带走溶液挥发气体,进而避免成像压电管电极之间的漏电流。图 8(b)图 8(c)分别展示了一体设计的电化学溶液池和针尖包封全过程;图 8(d)为硫酸根在Au(111)表面沉积过程的大范围形貌和原子分辨图像。
溶液STM还可以观测活性生物分子的高分辨结构和分子间动态过程。对于蛋白质分子来说,只有当它处于正常的三维折叠状态时才能够发挥自身的生物学功能。传统的成像方法,如光学显微镜成像、X射线晶体成像技术、核磁共振等都不能给出活性状态下蛋白的单分子图像。AFM是一种在非溶液条件下广泛用来观测样品表面形貌结构的成像设备。然而在溶液中,AFM的各成像模式都有一定的缺陷。例如,接触模式会直接刮坏样品;敲击模式会在样品表面产生涡流影响成像分辨率。STM在溶液中成像时产生的则是慢速平流,而且针尖不会接触样品,因此较为适合开展活性蛋白等生物分子的高分辨成像研究。图 9为陆轻铀课题组基于溶液STM获得的EGFR蛋白、链霉亲和素和抗体蛋白的高分辨单分子图像,以及EGFR蛋白分子间相互作用动态过程[13]。上述几种蛋白的STM和AFM图像中,蛋白形状均为圆形或者椭圆形,看不到任何分子细节结构。陆轻铀课题组的蛋白单分子图像则展示了清晰的内部细节结构。
小分子组装/解组装行为在自然界是非常常见的,而且它们在许多生物过程中都发挥着极为重要的作用。传统的成像技术都不能在溶液环境下给出实时的高分辨图像。溶液STM凭借其高分辨率和对样品无损等优势,极为适合研究化合物、氨基酸、多肽等分子间组装/解组装过程,甚至有可能得到动态过程中某一时刻的原子尺度结构信息。图 10展示了陆轻铀课题组利用溶液STM观测到的纳米纤维高分辨静态图像和解组装逆过程动态图像[14]。SEM(扫描电子显微镜)和TEM(透射电子显微镜)等电镜只能拍到线状的纳米纤维形貌,而高分辨的STM能够观测到纳米纤维的内部高分辨结构,65°的键角也与模型一致。
更进一步,如果将溶液STM扩展到强磁场环境中,就可以研究磁场对“感磁”生物化学分子的调控作用[15]。EGFR蛋白只有通过2个分子N端和C端结合,形成二聚体才具有活性,如图 11模型所示。最可能的原因是EGFR蛋白分子在磁场下受到外力作用发生取向运动,将形成的活性二聚体打开。陆轻铀课题组利用强磁场中的溶液STM直接验证这个假设的正确性。图 11分别展示了有磁场和无磁场下的EGFR蛋白分子的STM图像,在0.4 T的磁场条件下,EGFR蛋白分子的排列近似与磁场方向平行。
SPM是利用功能化的针尖与样品表面相互作用,实现表面物性高分辨率测量的技术手段,是现代最强大的研究技术之一。拓展有STM、AFM、磁力显微镜(magnetic force micro−scope, MFM)、横向力显微镜(lateral force microscopy,LFM)等多功能模块,能实现多种物理量的实空间原子或纳米级分辨,深入了解结构、电子、振动、光学、磁性、生化学和机械等多种性能。目前,以微悬臂梁为探针载体的测量模式是当前SPM技术的主流模式,也是商业化程度最高的应用方向,具有灵敏度高、稳定性好等优点(图 12)。
虽然微悬臂式扫描探针显微镜种类繁多,但其工作原理大致相同,都是通过精确测量微悬臂结构的微小形变来感知针尖与样品相互作用,实现样品微观物性测量。形变量通常在皮米(10‒12 m)量级,如何实现如此微弱形变量的测量是该技术的关键。目前,测量方式主要有激光反射法、激光干涉法和自感应法3种方式(图 13)。激光反射法的原理是激光入射到悬臂梁并被反射至位敏探测器(position sensing detector,PSD)上,当悬臂梁形变时,光路改变,光斑在PSD上位置改变并被探测到。激光干涉法的原理是激光在光纤端面和悬臂梁面被反射2次形成干涉,如图 13(b)的R1和R2,干涉强度为成像信号。压阻式为自感应法常见种类,悬臂梁的形变导致应力改变,被悬臂梁上的压力敏感电阻所捕获,如图 13(c)所示。3种方法虽各有优缺点,但无论是成熟化商业产品或实验室自研设备,光反射式几乎为室温条件唯一方式。例如,美国知名探针显微镜Bruker公司的AFM全部为激光反射式。激光被悬臂面反射后直接被PSD所接收,干扰小、信号强。PSD对激光位移敏感且采样速率快(20 MHz以上)。PSD为二维平面,不仅能测量悬臂梁垂直方向运动,也能感应侧向运动,实现多维度分辨,是可搭配功能模块最多的方法。例如,LFM只能依靠光反射法。然而光反射法主要存在如下问题:光路较为复杂,需要调节的部位较多;其灵敏度依靠较大的光程差,需要占用较大体积;PSD、光路、反射镜、探针部分必须构成整体工作,组件多、体积大。
这些问题使得反射式探针显微镜在小孔径极端环境的集成非常困难。例如,低温强磁场环境下至今仍未有反射式探针显微镜的诞生。目前,低温强磁场环境中的激光干涉式和自感应式探针显微镜均有较为成熟的商业产品且应用成果众多。德国Attocube推出激光干涉式低温强磁场AFM系统。英国Oxford Instruments公司推出压阻式MFM插杆系统。然而,这2种方式均是为了适用低温强磁场的妥协方案。干涉法采用2个反射光干涉成像,信号光源弱。入射光、反射光均通过一条光纤传输,信号干扰强。干涉仪最高采样速度为100 kHz,远低于反射式的20 MHz。
自感应式的最大优点为不需要外部探测器(如激光)就能实现待测信号的自感应测量,这使得相应的仪器系统可以极端紧凑,非常适合小口径极端环境,但其灵敏度低于光测量方式。同时,悬臂梁上压敏电阻和微型电路的搭载使得探针结构复杂,低温环境下易损,成功率较低,而失败的低温实验意味着大量的资金和时间的浪费。无论是激光干涉法还是自感应法,都仅能实现纵向一维分辨,功能较为单一。
陆轻铀课题组一直从事极端条件下SPM的研制和低温强磁场的MFM测量工作,完成了中国科学院强磁场科学中心一级子课题——AFM–MFM–STM组合显微系统的研制工作。该项目已通过验收,各项指标均优于设定值。该款MFM可在4.5~300.0 K和18/20 T磁场下对微观磁结构进行调控与成像,可对3 µm小样品进行精准定位与测量,并能对3~5层的少数原子或单胞层磁性样品实现磁结构成像。这是目前处于国际领先地位的MFM测量平台。其MFM分辨率较高,可连续工作于低温强磁场环境,无须样品处理。可对磁性块材、单晶、微纳米器件、薄膜和超薄膜等不同类样品测量。已应用于相分离体系磁结构成像和调控、各向异性磁结构、交换偏置效应微观起源和新型磁结构Skyrmions的探索等多个领域[1621]
现有MFM系统为集成于低温强磁场,采用了压阻探针的设计,其主要缺陷有2个,由压阻探针的应用所带来。(1)低温实验成功率较低。压阻探针微悬臂上集成有压敏电阻和微纳电路,在室温能正常工作,然而在低温下由于温度梯度的存在和不同材料热膨胀系数的差别,使微纳器件容易损坏。(2)压阻式探针价格高,成本昂贵。
为此,陆轻铀课题组已开展低温强磁场下光探测式显微镜系统(包括反射式与干涉式)。项目的顺利实施,将保持在先进仪器上的国际领先,同时,其优异的性能也将促使更多优秀成果的产生和后续仪器系统本身的功能拓展和升级换代。
陆轻铀课题组MFM灵敏到可以成功测量到Fe3Sn2合金样品中的毛刺磁结构、纹波磁结构等精细磁结构(图 14)。凭借自制MFM高灵敏的优势,陆轻铀课题组首次实现了氧化物薄膜中磁斯格明子的直接观测(图 15)。其中,铁磁层SRO仅5层单胞厚,总体磁性很弱,加之磁斯格明子本身尺寸很小,这些不利因素综合起来,使得对其成像非常具有挑战性。但凭借MFM的高灵敏优势,成功获取了清晰的磁结构图像。
利用自制的MFM,微观上精确鉴别出SrRuO3超薄膜中厚度差仅为1单胞(Unit Cell, u.c.)的2种不同厚度(4 u.c.和5 u.c.)的微观磁结构差异,从而验证了该体系中反常霍尔效应起源于双通道叠加,而非来自磁斯格明子(图 16)。该结果,对比前期工作中BaTiO3/SrRuO3异质结中界面对称性破缺诱导产生磁斯格明子的情形[16],是一个很好的补充,也为基于SRO薄膜材料体系中霍尔异常的理解提供了微观机制证据[18]
功能材料的物性取决于内部电子(具有自旋、轨道、电荷等受磁场作用量)之间,以及电子与结构之间(具有交换能、电–声耦合、有效质量m*等受磁场作用量)的相互作用,而这些“受磁场作用量”的强度多在20 T以上,如图 17所示。所以,功能材料都具有磁性,受磁场调控,只是其中绝大多数都需要远高于超导磁体强磁场(商业超导磁体磁场上限只有~20 T,且价格奇高)的超强磁场(需要水冷磁体)才能进行有效调控或抑制物性以追溯物性的产生机制。
强磁场的作用主要有4类(图 17):(1)破坏强耦合(如破坏高温超导中的超导电子等);(2)磁化弱耦合(如磁化顺磁材料等);(3)局域电子到量子效应显著的纳米范围(如B=30 T时,磁长度=4.7 nm,见图 17,强磁场在低维的量子点中产生量子化穿透);(4)各向异性调控(如超导向列相调控等)。相应地,≥ 20 T强磁场在凝聚态物质研究方面的应用也十分广泛、深入,包括反铁磁、多序耦合、高温超导上临界场附近的行为(包括MFM可以测量的量子化磁穿透Vortex行为)、稀土与过渡族、重费米子、顺磁晶体、极大磁阻、稀磁半导体、量子点Vortex、低维材料电荷密度波、量子霍尔效应组合费米子、向列相(各向异性结构)。
≥ 20 T的强磁场超过了通常超导磁体的上限,属于超强磁场,需要水冷磁体才能产生,而水冷磁体运行时大流量高压冷却水流产生的强振动对一些高灵敏测量,如STM和MFM成像,具有致命破坏作用,这使得国际上对水冷磁体的应用始终停留在输运、比热、磁化等宏观平均效果的测量。所以,虽然国际上水冷磁体的应用成果已十分丰富与重要,但在能够直接关系到量子物性微观起源的纳米分辨成像测量方面的应用成果至今仍是空白。
拓扑磁结构是一种新颖的磁性材料,其独特的拓扑性质和丰富的自旋结构在近年来引起了广泛关注。这些结构包括磁斯格明子、磁单极子、磁涡旋等,具有稳定性好、尺寸小、易于操控等优点,在自旋电子学、信息存储、量子计算等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。
拓扑磁结构的应用前景非常广阔。在信息存储领域,磁斯格明子可以用作高密度、低功耗的存储单元,解决传统磁存储器面临的能耗和稳定性问题。在自旋电子学中,利用拓扑磁结构可以设计出新型的自旋阀、自旋场效应晶体管等器件,推动自旋电子学的发展。此外,拓扑磁结构还在量子计算中展现出潜力,通过操控磁斯格明子,可以实现拓扑量子比特,为量子计算机的发展提供新的思路。尽管拓扑磁结构具有广阔的应用前景,但其研究和应用仍面临一些挑战。首先,如何在室温下稳定地生成和操控这些结构是一个重要问题。大多数拓扑磁结构在低温和强磁场条件下才表现出稳定性,而实际应用需要在更宽的温度和磁场范围内实现稳定操作。其次,拓扑磁结构的尺寸和形状控制也需要进一步优化,以满足不同应用的需求。最后,当前研究主要基于宏观输运测量,一方面难以确认斯格明子的存在;另一方面也无法准确获取斯格明子的大小、密度、调控行为等关乎实际应用的信息。
针对以上问题,陆轻铀课题组通过自主研制的高灵敏成像磁力显微镜系统,对拓扑磁结构体系开展了系统研究,得到以下重要发现。
1)首次发现天然金属反铁磁中室温斯格明子。传统的自旋信息器件主要基于对铁磁材料中磁矩的精确操控与探测,但由于杂散场、较小的磁各向异性场等本征缺陷的存在,使得铁磁自旋信息器件面临诸多挑战。具有零净磁矩的反铁磁材料具有超快的自旋动力学特征、极小的杂散场和较强的抗外场干扰能力,在超高密度信息存储和超高速度信息处理方面具有巨大的应用潜力,被认为是下一代自旋信息器件非常重要的候选载体材料。
2)研究团队在Mn3Sn/Pt异质结构中,通过界面Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya相互作用的调控,诱导出可观的拓扑霍尔效应。MFM实空间成像直接论证了室温斯格明子的存在,并给出了尺寸、密度等重要信息,以及斯格明子完整的成核、演变、湮灭过程。该研究为基于反铁磁材料体系的斯格明子自旋电子学器件的搭建提供了理论基础和应用方向[22]
3)发现一种新型拓扑磁畴壁。通过衬底晶向的改变、掺杂及精准控制薄膜厚度这种独立的手段,在铁磁相为基态的La0.67Ca0.33MnO3中诱导出反铁磁电荷有序相,从而实现一种新型结构畴壁的构建,并发现该类畴壁能作为相分离的边界严格限制相分离行为[19]
4)人工光刻的多层膜器件中发掘室温的斯格明子。其存在温区宽至4.5~300.0 K且器件小于100 nm时斯格明子行为仍然很好[23]
陆轻铀团队依托系列自主研制技术,成立了高新技术企业——合肥中科微力科技有限公司,致力于将抗恶劣条件SPM技术进行产业化应用,推出了低温强磁场插杆式SPM、无液氦制冷机制冷SPM、溶液STM以及电化学STM等系列扫描探针显微镜产品。多款产品已落户北京大学、中国科学技术大学、南京大学、东南大学、厦门大学、中国科学院半导体物理研究所、中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等多所国内高校和研究所。
公司于2018年研制出应用于无液氦超导磁体的插杆式扫描隧道显微镜,是国际上首个并至今唯一的能在无液氦超导磁体低温强磁场环境实现原子分辨成像的扫描隧道显微镜。该产品还具备磁力/原子力显微成像功能,采用压阻微悬臂(piezo-resistive cantilever)检测技术,可在无液氦超导磁体低温强磁场环境下实现磁力、原子力高分辨显微成像,空间分辨率优于20 nm,力梯度分辨率优于5×10‒4 N/m。
利用自研SPM系统,尤其是凭借极具特色的极端条件SPM,在量子科学、功能材料、生命物质等物性研究和应用上均实现了一系列突破,如活性蛋白成像、水冷/混合磁体下物性的原子分辨探究、超薄膜和超强磁场下磁斯格明子的观测等。这些成果均发表于高影响力学术期刊上且引起较大的影响,很多都是“国际首次”。其中,高灵敏仪器的自主开发应是工作的基础和核心,不仅克服商业仪器的局限性,更大大提升其灵敏度。更进一步地,实现高精密进口仪器的国产替代和产业化,成果孵化专业仪器公司——合肥中科微力科技有限公司(高新技术企业),避免了“卡脖子”问题。综上,通过不断的技术原创,成功在恶劣条件下实现了SPM技术的重大突破。这些技术不仅扩展了SPM的应用范围,还为多个科研领域的前沿研究提供了强有力的支持。未来,将继续推动相关技术的发展,进一步探索其在科学研究和实际应用中的潜力。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFA1607701)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12374225)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12004386)
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2025年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.09.01367
  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2025-06-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
  • 修回日期:2024-12-19
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFA1607701)
国家自然科学基金项目(12374225)
国家自然科学基金项目(12004386)
作者信息
    1. 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院, 强磁场科学中心, 合肥 230031
    2. 中国科学技术大学, 合肥微尺度物质科学国家研究中心, 合肥 230026
    3. 中国科学技术大学, 先进光子科学技术安徽省实验室, 合肥 230026

通讯作者:

陆轻铀(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为极端与恶劣条件原子分辨扫描隧道、磁力、原子力显微镜自主研制,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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