Article(id=1146098720443039972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500020980781796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=20, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723478400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-13, revisedDate=1727280000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751180828437, onlineDateStr=2025-06-29, pubDate=1741795200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1744300800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-04-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1751180828437, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-06-29, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751180828437, creator=18627231156, updateTime=1774079518661, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1146500020980781796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741795200000', pubDateStr='2025-03-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751276505912, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330969219, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197448571695793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500020980781796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197448571695794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500020980781796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=45, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1146098722225619198, articleId=1146098720443039972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=New view of FAST telescope: Millisecond pulsars and gravitational waves probes, columnId=1172913499014574742, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive: Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The discovery of millisecond pulsars has opened up a rich field for astrophysics. The FAST telescope plays an important role in the study of millisecond pulsars. This paper reviews the research progress of millisecond pulsars since their discovery 42 years ago, including their physical properties, formation and evolution, millisecond pulsar timing arrays and gravitational wave detection. The physical parameter distribution of millisecond pulsars is studied by statistical method, showing the unique properties of millisecond pulsars. In addition, this paper also introduces millisecond pulsars in globular clusters, which provides us with a new perspective on their evolution and helps to reveal the key process of pulsar evolution. With the advantages of FAST's high precision and high sensitivity, it is expected to discover new special types of pulsars and exotic objects from globular clusters in the future, e.g., double millisecond pulsar systems (MSP-MSP), millisecond pulsar-black hole systems (MSP-BH), and submillisecond pulsars, which will greatly enrich our analysis of neutron star types and characteristics. In addition, FAST will also play an important role in the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves, which will provide us with deeper insights into the universe and reveal more mysteries of the universe.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yungang ZHOU, Dehua WANG, Chengmin ZHANG, Xianghan CUI, Xinji WU, Zhiyao YANG, Shu MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dehua WANG, Chengmin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146098732497470007, articleId=1146098720443039972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=中国天眼新视角:毫秒脉冲星与引力波探针, columnId=1172913499140403863, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题:大科学装置, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

综述了自毫秒脉冲星发现42年以来的研究进展,包括其物理性质、形成与演化、毫秒脉冲星计时阵列与引力波探测等方面的构想与新进展。介绍了球状星团中的毫秒脉冲星,这为认识它的演化提供了新的视角,并且有助于揭示脉冲星演化的关键过程。凭借FAST的高精度和高灵敏度优势,有望在未来从球状星团中发现新的特殊类型脉冲星和奇异天体,如双毫秒脉冲星系统(MSP-MSP)、毫秒脉冲星—黑洞系统(MSP-BH)、亚毫秒脉冲星等,这将极大地丰富对中子星种类和特性的认识。此外,FAST还将在纳赫兹引力波的探测中发挥重要作用,这为认识宇宙提供更加深入的洞察,揭示更多的奥秘。

, authors=

周云刚,硕士研究生,研究方向为中子星与MSP,电子信箱:

, authorsList=周云刚, 王德华, 张承民, 崔翔翰, 吴鑫基, 杨智尧, 马书, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王德华, 张承民, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王德华(通信作者),教授,研究方向为MSP与低质量X射线双星,电子信箱:
张承民(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为脉冲星与中子星天体物理,电子信箱:
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周云刚,硕士研究生,研究方向为中子星与MSP,电子信箱:

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周云刚,硕士研究生,研究方向为中子星与MSP,电子信箱:

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(图片来源:新浪看点)

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(图片来源:澳大利亚昆士兰大学)

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(图片来源:马克斯·普朗克研究所)

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中国天眼新视角:毫秒脉冲星与引力波探针
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周云刚 1 , 王德华 1, * , 张承民 2, 3, 4, * , 崔翔翰 2, 3, 4 , 吴鑫基 5 , 杨智尧 1 , 马书 1
科技导报 | 特色专题:大科学装置 2025,43(5): 45-54
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科技导报 |特色专题:大科学装置 2025 , 43 (5) : 45 -54
中国天眼新视角:毫秒脉冲星与引力波探针
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周云刚1 , 王德华1, * , 张承民2, 3, 4, * , 崔翔翰2, 3, 4, 吴鑫基5, 杨智尧1, 马书1
作者信息
  • 1. 贵州师范大学物理与电子科学学院,贵阳 550025
  • 2. 中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100101
  • 3. 中国科学院大学物理科学学院,北京 100049
  • 4. 中国科学院 FAST 重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 5. 北京大学天文系,北京 100091
通讯作者:
王德华(通信作者),教授,研究方向为MSP与低质量X射线双星,电子信箱:
张承民(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为脉冲星与中子星天体物理,电子信箱:
New view of FAST telescope: Millisecond pulsars and gravitational waves probes
Yungang ZHOU1 , Dehua WANG1, * , Chengmin ZHANG2, 3, 4, * , Xianghan CUI2, 3, 4, Xinji WU5, Zhiyao YANG1, Shu MA1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 3. School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4. Key Laboratory of FAST, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 5. Department of Astronomy, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
出版时间: 2025-03-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01001
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综述了自毫秒脉冲星发现42年以来的研究进展,包括其物理性质、形成与演化、毫秒脉冲星计时阵列与引力波探测等方面的构想与新进展。介绍了球状星团中的毫秒脉冲星,这为认识它的演化提供了新的视角,并且有助于揭示脉冲星演化的关键过程。凭借FAST的高精度和高灵敏度优势,有望在未来从球状星团中发现新的特殊类型脉冲星和奇异天体,如双毫秒脉冲星系统(MSP-MSP)、毫秒脉冲星—黑洞系统(MSP-BH)、亚毫秒脉冲星等,这将极大地丰富对中子星种类和特性的认识。此外,FAST还将在纳赫兹引力波的探测中发挥重要作用,这为认识宇宙提供更加深入的洞察,揭示更多的奥秘。

脉冲星  /  中子星  /  毫秒脉冲星  /  引力波  /  中国天眼

The discovery of millisecond pulsars has opened up a rich field for astrophysics. The FAST telescope plays an important role in the study of millisecond pulsars. This paper reviews the research progress of millisecond pulsars since their discovery 42 years ago, including their physical properties, formation and evolution, millisecond pulsar timing arrays and gravitational wave detection. The physical parameter distribution of millisecond pulsars is studied by statistical method, showing the unique properties of millisecond pulsars. In addition, this paper also introduces millisecond pulsars in globular clusters, which provides us with a new perspective on their evolution and helps to reveal the key process of pulsar evolution. With the advantages of FAST's high precision and high sensitivity, it is expected to discover new special types of pulsars and exotic objects from globular clusters in the future, e.g., double millisecond pulsar systems (MSP-MSP), millisecond pulsar-black hole systems (MSP-BH), and submillisecond pulsars, which will greatly enrich our analysis of neutron star types and characteristics. In addition, FAST will also play an important role in the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves, which will provide us with deeper insights into the universe and reveal more mysteries of the universe.

pulsar  /  neutron star  /  millisecond pulsar  /  gravitational wave  /  FAST telescope
周云刚, 王德华, 张承民, 崔翔翰, 吴鑫基, 杨智尧, 马书. 中国天眼新视角:毫秒脉冲星与引力波探针. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (5) : 45 -54 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01001
Yungang ZHOU, Dehua WANG, Chengmin ZHANG, Xianghan CUI, Xinji WU, Zhiyao YANG, Shu MA. New view of FAST telescope: Millisecond pulsars and gravitational waves probes[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (5) : 45 -54 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01001
从1994年开始中国学者提出对中国天眼(500 m口径球面射电望远镜,简称“FAST”)的原初构想,到2016年9月FAST落成,FAST团队用了20多年的时间建成了世界上最大的单口径射电望远镜[13]图 1)。FAST走过了30年岁月,从建设成功至今已经过去了8年时间,它取得了众多成果和突破,特别是FAST发现了超过1000颗新的脉冲星(Pulsar),约占全球发现脉冲星数量的1/4,目前国际上已发现各种类型的脉冲星有4000多颗;另外,国际上探测到600多颗毫秒脉冲星(millisecond pulsar, MSP),其中约170颗是由FAST发现的,约占全球发现MSP数量的1/4。除了FAST在脉冲星发现方面的突出进展,在快速射电暴的探测等领域也产出了一系列国际学者关注的成果[47]。以上成就得益于FAST的高精度和高灵敏度的观测,也归结于其独特的设计结构和创新技术[810]
在FAST建成之前,口径305 m的美国阿雷西博射电望远镜(Arecibo Radio Telescope)是当时世界上最大的地面探测装置,而现在FAST是世界上口径最大、灵敏度最高的射电天文设备,这使中国射电天文领域的发展进入了世界快车道[1114]。与阿雷西博射电望远镜相比,FAST在结构和技术上具有很大的创新,首先FAST以完整喀斯特地形作为台址并设计灵巧的主动变形反射面系统,将人工智能用于馈源接收机系统[3, 15];其次在喀斯特洼地内铺设了500 m口径的球冠状主动反射面,并在观测方向上设计了一个口径为300 m的瞬时抛物面(其焦距约为140 m)[12];同时还取消了馈源轨道平台,采用钢索吊起和驱动馈源移动,这不仅减少了庞大的支撑平台的遮挡,还增加了天线有效面积;此外,FAST采用光机电一体化的索支撑轻型馈源平台,在馈源与反射面之间无刚性连接的情况下,实现高精度的指向跟踪[12, 14],从而能够进行高灵敏度与高精度的天文观测研究,这确保了其作为全球最大且最灵敏的单口径射电望远镜的地位[1617]。FAST的主动反射面这一创新设计不仅减轻了馈源的重量,也减少了钢缆的疲劳和负载量,使得天文学测量精度能够长期得以保证[11, 1718]。另外,FAST工程的6大建设系统(即:台址勘察与开挖、主动反射面、馈源支撑系统、测量与控制、接收机与终端、观测基地建设)也为其正常运行提供了重要的保障[2]
2018年FAST首次发现MSP并得到国际认证,这是FAST继发现新脉冲星之后的另一重要成果,展现了FAST参与国际低频引力波探测的潜力[19]。MSP自1982年发现以来,一直受到天文学家的广泛研究,这是由于其快速的自旋周期和极小的自旋周期变化率,使其成为高精度计时和低频引力波探测的探针。国际上,天文学家曾利用各大型射电望远镜分别对一批自转极其稳定的MSP进行长期计时观测,并开展了长达20年的纳赫兹引力波搜寻,如:澳大利亚帕克斯PTA(Parkes Pulsar Timing Array, PPTA)、欧洲PTA(European Pulsar Timing Array, EPTA)、北美纳赫兹引力波天文台(North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves, NANOGrav)等[2022]。中国PTA(Chinese Pulsar Timing Array, CPTA)于2019年开始依托FAST探测纳赫兹引力波,并于2023年探测到了一些纳赫兹引力波存在的证据[23]
FAST的独特结构和19波束L波段接收机的投用提高了探测灵敏度和精度以及搜索效率,同时也增加了脉冲星的探测数目和探测细节[9];另外FAST对球状星团脉冲星的发现和对纳赫兹引力波的探测也有了一些进展。中国天眼将以新的视角期望在球状星团中探测到亚MSP和奇特脉冲星双星系统,从而进一步探索它们的形成过程和辐射机制。
脉冲星是转动的中子星,它作为宇宙中的致密天体之一,具有极高的密度、极强的引力场和磁场环境,其观测研究涉及多波段与多能段,以及多信使的全方位物理特性探索,它是宇宙天然的实验室[12]。在脉冲星发现之后的15年里(1967—1982年)[24],已知脉冲星的数量增加到300多颗,自旋周期似乎主要分布在33 ms到秒量级之间。而在1982年,美国天文学家Backer和Kulkarni等[2526]首次探测到了一颗自旋周期小于10 ms的脉冲星PSR B1937+21,经过多次采样和尝试,记录中出现了1.558 ms的周期性,也就是说中子星每秒转动642圈,转动如此快的脉冲星在1982年以前从来没有被记录过,这打破了以往的记录。此外,还发现了该脉冲星自旋周期变化率非常小,表明其有效的偶极磁场很弱,大约比常规脉冲星低了4个量级。在此之后经过了30年的搜寻,才发现一颗迄今已经知道的周期最短的脉冲星PSRJ1748-2446ad,其自旋周期为1.396 ms,且位于球状星团Terzan 5中[27]
一般认为MSP是一种短周期脉冲星,与常规脉冲星不同,这不仅在于它们的短自旋周期,而且也在于它们非常小的自旋变化率,除此之外,MSP的形成过程还与双星系统密切相关。这些特性使得MSP与常规脉冲星具有不同的演化历史,即演化双星系统中的中子星由于吸积伴星的物质而被加速旋转[28]。因此,一般认为MSP应该满足2个要求:第一,自旋周期较小;第二,其自旋周期导数大约在10−18 s/s以内。另外MSP还被认为在双星系统经历了吸积加速,并伴随着磁场降低[2830]。随着脉冲星数量的增加,脉冲星在自旋周期分布上表现明显的双峰分布,一般认为MSP的自旋周期在20~30 ms以下[3032],并且它们集中分布在约10 ms以内[28, 30, 33]。为了进行更加全面的统计,将MSP选择为自旋周期小于30 ms和自旋周期变化率在约10−18 s/s以内作为研究对象。在MSP被发现40多年以来,随着计算机的运行采样速度和数据存储能力的提升,对短至1 ms的脉冲周期的搜索技术也得到了发展,然而那些期盼已久的小于1 ms的亚MSP目前还没有被发现[11-12]
从澳大利亚望远镜国家设备[34](Australia Telescope National Facility, ATNF)脉冲星数据库中收集了脉冲星样本,并分析它们的物理性质,包括自旋周期(P)、自旋周期变化率()、磁场强度(B)、自转能损率(Ė)和特征年龄(τ)。将MSP、常规脉冲星和双星脉冲星分别在自旋周期变化率()和自旋周期(P)的关系图中显示出来,如图 2所示。可以看到MSP集中分布在左下角,它的自旋周期变化率相对常规脉冲星要小约3~6个数量级(为接近10−22~10−18 s/s),表明其周期具有极高的稳定性[12, 35]。该图 2也将已知的双星系统用圆形表示出来,其中大多数双星脉冲星具有MSP的特征,例如相对较小的自旋周期导数。其中也可以看到一些双星脉冲星的自旋周期大于30 ms,它们可能经历了相似的双星相互作用,其中一些双星很可能由于吸积的物质较少,其脉冲星没有加速旋转到30 ms周期以下。
值得注意的是,图 3中自旋周期的直方图显示出明显的双峰分布,MSP与常规脉冲星在自旋周期为30 ms的位置区分开。同时,图 3也显示了脉冲星的磁场强度分布,其也存在明显的双峰分布(以约1010 G分隔),可以看出MSP的磁场强度比常规脉冲星低了3~4个数量级(B为接近108~1010 G)。此外,图 4分别展示了脉冲星的自转能损率和特征年龄的分布,可以发现MSP的平均自转能损率和平均特征年龄均大于常规脉冲星,其中MSP的自转能损率范围在接近1032~1036 erg/s之间,特征年龄集中在接近108~1011 a,表明其具有非常丰富的形成历史,这将成为探索星系和宇宙的有力探针。由此可以肯定的是,MSP不同于常规脉冲星,其许多参数的分布也存在明显区别,这表明MSP拥有独特的性质,并且能够为天文学和天体物理的研究提供参考和帮助[29, 35]
一般情况下,根据是否存在伴星将MSP分为双星MSP和孤立MSP,其中大多数MSP存在于双星系统中[29, 33],其伴星类型包括主序星(MS)、氦白矮星(He)、碳氧白矮星(CO)、极轻伴星(UL)、致密星(中子星NS或者黑洞BH)。另一个令人惊讶的发现是,许多MSP发射高能的伽马射线,并在这个波段辐射出相当大比例的能量,观测发现一些MSP被探测到有伽马射线发射而没有探测到射电发射,而有的MSP既发现伽马射线发射也发现射电发射,也有MSP仅探测到射电辐射[36]
此外,在球状星团中发现了许多低质量伴星的掩食脉冲星双星系统,它们可能具有更加特殊的起源,由于星团内恒星密度很高,其中存在频繁的星体近距离碰撞和相互交换等过程,可以导致脉冲星将白矮星伴星置换为低质量主序星[29]。新的双星轨道因潮汐摩擦而收缩,形成一个黑寡妇脉冲星系统(black widow),此类系统的特征是伴星质量在0.01~0.05个太阳质量之间。另外MSPJ1023+0038被发现在4.8 h的轨道上被其大约0.2个太阳质量的伴星遮挡,导致这些质量更高的伴星——掩食双星MSP系统被识别为一个单独的类别,称为红背(redback),红背脉冲星中的伴星质量大约在0.1~1个太阳质量之间[29]
有的脉冲星被发现在X射线发射和射电发射之间转换,如:一颗自旋周期为1.7 ms的脉冲星(PSRJ1023+0038)[3739],在它被发现为射电脉冲星后不久,就被证实其就是原来被观测到的具有吸积盘的低质量X射线双星。该源随后被证明已经失去了吸积盘,因此确定这颗脉冲星正在经历从低质量X射线双星转变为射电脉冲星。此外,球状星团脉冲星PSR J1824−2452I也被观测到向这个方向转变,其在X射线和射电发射中检测到相同的周期性,这样的天体被称为转换MSP(transitional millisecond pulsars,TMSP)[33, 35, 40]
对于MSP的形成,理论上认为它是在双星系统中通过吸积伴星物质,并转移角动量使其自旋加速和磁场降低[35, 41]。MSP不仅在射电、X射线被探测到辐射,也有部分源被探测到伽马射线辐射。在双星系统中,中子星通过吸积伴星物质并释放引力势能,从而发射X射线,如果吸积较多物质堆积在中子星表面时,会产生剧烈的核反应。另外,当MSP失去伴星后,它的辐射能量主要由转动能量的损失提供,此时MSP则产生射电辐射或伽马射线辐射。
大多数孤立脉冲星都遵循一个简单的演化过程,从诞生于超新星爆发,形成几十毫秒自旋周期的中子星,然后经过减速过程,到大约1000万年后辐射停止或无法探测到[28, 42],这也可能会经历一个旋转射电暂现(rotating radio transient, RRAT)过程,在一段时间后偶尔还能探测到脉冲信号[4344]。MSP的起源主要是被认为与低质量X射线双星系统有关,它通过吸积来自一个紧密双星系统中伴星的物质而使旋转加速[29, 40]。理论上,原始双星系统通常包含1颗低质量的恒星(1~2个太阳质量)和1颗大质量恒星,并且双星的距离较近。由于大质量的恒星寿命较短,通常演化几千万年后就到恒星的晚期状态,随后经历超新星爆发形成中子星[35]。此时系统包含1颗中子星和1颗正在演化的低质量恒星。对于小质量伴星,其寿命较长,达百亿年,随后进入主序阶段。当其物质溢出进入中子星的吸积盘时,轨道角动量的转移,使得中子星的自旋加快。通常当中子星吸积大约0.1~0.2个太阳质量的物质时,其自旋周期将加速到几毫秒[29, 41]
MSP构成了一个独立的、寿命更长的种群,这是它们在双星中相互作用的结果,在这个加速过程中,其周期到达了毫秒量级。在这种相互作用中,大多数保留了伴星,然而有的伴星则在形成过程中被瓦解,如通过X射线照射、伽马射线蒸发、其他相互作用等,使MSP失去了伴星,或者正在失去伴星,从而形成孤立的MSP[29, 45]
MSP不仅能从伴星中吸积物质获得快速旋转,其相应的磁场也由于吸积物质的相互作用而衰减[41]。由于磁场的作用,吸积的物质不能直接到达中子星表面,因为吸积物质一般是带电的等离子体,在吸积过程中撞击中子星的磁场时,由于洛伦兹力的作用,物质将沿着磁力线做螺旋运动,随后到达中子星的两极。由于吸积物质的下落释放引力势能,从而导致X射线发射[20, 40, 45]。在演化早期,中子星的磁场大约在1012 G,随着物质的吸积,其磁场强度也随之降低。当中子星演化到晚期时,中子星磁场极冠的面积接近中子星的面积,若再增加吸积质量,磁场极冠将不再增加,此时磁场大约为108 G,这就是大部分MSP的自旋周期集中分布在10 ms以内,磁场集中分布在接近108~1010 G之间的原因[35, 41]
银河系除了银盘(disk)和核球(bulge),还有另一个重要组成部分就是球状星团系统(globular cluster),球状星团是致密的、受引力约束的恒星系统,它们围绕银河系中心以外的轨道运行,形成一个近似球形的“核-晕(core-halo)结构”[29]。由于球状星团的高恒星密度(接近104~106/pc3)和较大的年龄(接近1010 a),这些星团被认为是产生致密天体(如中子星和黑洞)的合适场所[4647]。实际上,球状星团比银河系拥有更多的低质量X射线双星和MSP,球状星团中的脉冲星双星可能经历了比银河系更复杂的演化过程,特别是在球状星团中复杂的环境为双星动态相互作用提供了机会,如:潮汐捕获、碰撞,以及交换双星中的一颗[4852]。由于球状星团较高的恒星密度,恒星之间的密切相互作用和近距离碰撞相当频繁,在这些偶然且频繁的相遇下,一些奇异的恒星,如蓝离散星(被认为是由2颗恒星合并形成)、MSP和低质量X射线双星在球状星团中更为常见[4849, 52]
银河系周围存在大量球状星团绕其轨道运动,到目前,一共发现了168个球状星团,其中在44个星团中探测到了约330颗脉冲星,其中MSP约有280颗,占星团脉冲星总数的85%[53]。此外,一个著名的球状星团Terzan 5(图 5)已被探测到了约50颗脉冲星,这是目前探测到脉冲星最多的球状星团[4849],该星团质量约为1.1×106个太阳质量,它到银河系中心的距离约为1650 pc。在发现第一颗MSP时,人们已经知道球状星团中存在许多低质量X射线双星,并且中子星吸积加速自旋理论在当时已经流行,因此,球状星团成为几次密集搜寻MSP的目标。最终在球状星团M28中发现了一颗周期为3 ms的脉冲星PSR B1821-24[54]。几个月后,在球状星团M4中发现了另一颗周期为11 ms的脉冲星PSR B1620-26[55],这颗脉冲星属于双星系统,其轨道周期相对较长(191 d),并且轨道接近圆形。
有研究发现球状星团MSP通常比银河系中的MSP旋转得慢,同时球状星团MSP的表面磁场比银河系MSP强。与预期的简单吸积加速不同,在球状星团中的MSP双星中没有发现轨道周期和自旋周期之间存在相关性的证据。所有这些特点都表明,球状星团中的动态相互作用可以改变MSP以及它们的前身星的演化,这可以在它们的X射线发射特性上留下印记[56]。另外星团中的低质量X射线双星和MSP的比例比银河系中的高[57],与银河系中的脉冲星不同,星团中脉冲星的形成和演化被认为受到与其他恒星动态相互作用的影响,如:碰撞、潮汐捕获、相互交换等。事实上,在特殊的星团环境中,有可能产生像亚MSP这样的奇特天体或者MSP-MSP系统以及MSP—黑洞(MSP-BH)系统[49, 52]
球状星团为研究恒星环境中引力动力学提供了丰富的机会,由于球状星团的复杂环境,MSP的形成具有很大的不确定性,可能会经历更为复杂和特殊的过程。高密度的球状星团引起显著的恒星相互作用,它们之间的近距离接触是非常频繁的,如:潮汐捕获、碰撞、相互交换等过程[29, 4852],因此,MSP在形成过程中可能经历了多次吸积物质过程,并加速到几毫秒的自旋周期以及伴随着质量的增加。此外,有研究表明球状星团中很少存在由原始双星演化而来的系统,由于极高密度和极年老的球状星团带来的动态相互作用,使得原始双星系统在演化过程中可能被瓦解或者合并[2829, 52]
引力波会拉伸和挤压时空,目前在地面探测器中使用激光干涉仪测量方法探测到了这种效应,如美国的激光干涉仪引力波天文台(LIGO)和欧洲室女座干涉仪(Virgo)等[58]。引力波的频率范围从纳赫兹到几千赫兹,涵盖了不同的物理过程和天文现象,不过相比于其他频率范围的引力波,纳赫兹引力波频率更低,周期长达数年,对它的探测十分具有挑战性。然而,脉冲星计时阵列(pulsar timing array, PTA)正是为了探测纳赫兹频率的引力波而设计的,这将有望探测到引力波存在的直接证据。
目前,国际上正在通过PTA来探测引力波,其主要利用脉冲星自转周期的稳定性,在PTA探测引力波的过程中,脉冲星被当成了标准的脉冲信号发生器来使用,其发出的脉冲信号经过几万光年来到地球。由于宇宙中引力波的存在,银河系的时空结构会被改变,从而影响信号的到达时间[59]。引力波影响脉冲星信号的到达时间预期变化非常小,这意味着需要具有非常稳定、可预测的旋转特性和精确可测量的脉冲到达时间的脉冲星,MSP刚好满足这2个要求。因此,PTA使用了一种不同的方法来探测引力波,这需要定期观测大量MSP,这些脉冲星分布于整个天空中,这样可以最大限度地减少干扰和优化方向灵敏度[23]图 6为MSP计时阵列示意,当引力波穿过地球时,在一个方向上收缩空间,脉冲星信号从这些方向到达的时间就会相应改变[23, 58]。PTA探测的引力波的主要来源是超大质量黑洞双星并合,除了单独的双星系统外,PTA对许多星系合并产生的引力波也很敏感。
对频率低至纳赫兹的引力波进行探测,将有助于天文学家理解宇宙结构的起源,探测宇宙中最大质量的天体即超大质量黑洞的形成、演化及并合过程[6061]。引力波会影响信号从脉冲星到达地球上望远镜所需的时间,在测量脉冲到达望远镜的时刻时,可以寻找由引力波引起的扰动,换句话说,就是寻找时钟刻度的偏差。虽然脉冲信号在太空中经过数百年或数千年才能到达地球,但PTA对其行进时间的扰动非常敏感,即使这种扰动远小于百万分之一秒。
PTA一般由20~50个已知的MSP组成,通过观测引力波对脉冲星传入信号的影响来探测引力波的存在[23],例如:PPTA、EPTA、NANOGrav等[2022],通过研究天空中一组固定的脉冲星,这些阵列能够探测到纳赫兹范围内的引力波。
PPTA项目成立于2004年,它是运行时间最长的PTA,使用位于澳大利亚新南威尔士州帕克斯镇附近的Murriyang Parkes射电望远镜观测脉冲星。通过对脉冲星的多年监测,有可能寻找超低频率引力波,开发基于脉冲星的时间标准,并提高对太阳系动力学的理解。该射电望远镜每2~3周用超宽带接收器(工作在704~4032 MHz)观察大约30颗快速旋转脉冲星,通过研究这些脉冲星的脉冲到达的时间,可以更多地了解脉冲星本身以及这些脉冲如何在太空中传播[20]
EPTA于2006年正式成立,是欧洲脉冲星天文学家的跨国合作项目,其使用英国Lovell望远镜、法国Nancay望远镜、德国Effelsber望远镜、荷兰Westerbork望远镜和意大利Sardinia望远镜进行观测。EPTA的目标是通过结合各个成员机构的努力和资源,提高脉冲星科学结果的精度和质量,其重点涉及使用脉冲星计时直接探测引力波。EPTA在历史上进行了引力波探测方面的广泛理论研究,并在最近取得了引力波探测的重要进展[21]
NANOGrav成立于2007年10月,其目标是利用MSP探测纳赫兹到微赫兹范围内的超低频引力波,现已发展到70多个机构的170多名成员,利用阿雷西博天文台的Robert C. Byrd Green Bank望远镜和William E. Gordon望远镜观测脉冲星。该阵列由数10颗MSP组成,观测周期约为每月一次,其中一部分脉冲星的观测频率更高。NANOGrav对超大质量双黑洞产生的频率为纳赫兹的引力波非常敏感。预期的观测特征包括来自超大质量双黑洞群体的随机背景、单个超大质量双黑洞,以及超大质量黑洞合并的特征[22]
近几年,印度脉冲星测时阵列(Indian PulsarTiming Array,InPTA)和南非脉冲星测时阵列(SouthAfrica Pulsar Timing Array,SAPTA)也加入了这一激烈的竞争,CPTA也于2019年开始依托FAST进行纳赫兹引力波探测[23]。随着FAST的投入使用,中国脉冲星计时观测能力有了质的飞跃,FAST极高的灵敏度使中国在脉冲星计时领域迅速进入世界快车道[1214]。CPTA于2019年开始依托FAST进行纳赫兹引力波探测,在此项研究中,CPTA团队利用FAST对57颗MSP进行了长期系统性监测,并将这些MSP组成了银河系尺度大小的引力波探测器来搜寻纳赫兹引力波。2023年研究团队利用FAST,探测到了一些有利于纳赫兹引力波存在的证据。与此同时,来自欧洲—印度、北美和澳大利亚等国家和地区的另外3个国际团队同步发表了各自独立获得并且相互印证的结果[23]
MSP的发现为天文学与天体物理学开辟了一个宇宙信息丰富的研究领域,也是人类认识宇宙的重要里程碑之一,其独特的物理性质为研究极端环境下的物理学提供了帮助。其具有非常稳定和可预测的旋转特性以及精确可测量的脉冲到达时间,使得MSP计时阵列为引力波的直接探测创造了新途径。此外,球状星团中年老的MSP携带着宇宙早期状态的信息,它可以作为星系和宇宙的探针来探索早期星系和宇宙的状态和演化。
由于球状星团密集的环境和古老的历史,使其成为产生奇异天体的重要场所,如:MSP-MSP、MSP-BH、亚MSP等系统将有机会在球状星团中被发现。对此,中国天眼FAST拥有很大的观测优势,自2018年以来,FAST已在球状星团中探测到了30多颗新的脉冲星,其高灵敏度和高精度计时的特点为探测这些奇特天体系统创造了有利的条件。球状星团脉冲星的观测和研究充满机遇和挑战,相信中国FAST将成为发现球状星团脉冲星最灵敏的探测工具。
FAST现在不仅担当着新型脉冲星发现的任务,其高灵敏的观测还将会得到脉冲星辐射区的精细结构,如:辐射区的等离子体环境、掩食过程中辐射变化细节、射电/X射线/伽马射线发射过程,从而更进一步理解MSP的形成过程/辐射机制。同时,FAST将充分发挥其脉冲星计时精度的优势,积累更长期的观测数据,逐步获取更高精度的探测结果,并加快实现纳赫兹引力波的探测,打开人类利用纳赫兹引力波探测宇宙的新窗口。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12163001)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12463007)
  • 国家自然科学天文联合基金项目(U1938117)
  • 贵州师范大学学术新苗基金项目(黔师新苗〔2022〕5号)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.08.01001
  • 接收时间:2024-08-13
  • 首发时间:2025-06-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-13
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-13
  • 修回日期:2024-09-26
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12163001)
国家自然科学基金项目(12463007)
国家自然科学天文联合基金项目(U1938117)
贵州师范大学学术新苗基金项目(黔师新苗〔2022〕5号)
作者信息
    1. 贵州师范大学物理与电子科学学院,贵阳 550025
    2. 中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100101
    3. 中国科学院大学物理科学学院,北京 100049
    4. 中国科学院 FAST 重点实验室,北京 100101
    5. 北京大学天文系,北京 100091

通讯作者:

王德华(通信作者),教授,研究方向为MSP与低质量X射线双星,电子信箱:
张承民(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为脉冲星与中子星天体物理,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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