Article(id=1146098720325604083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500020980781796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=19, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736784000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-14, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751180828410, onlineDateStr=2025-06-29, pubDate=1741795200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1744300800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-04-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1751180828410, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-06-29, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751180828410, creator=18627231156, updateTime=1774079516026, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1146500020980781796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741795200000', pubDateStr='2025-03-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751276505912, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330969219, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197448571695793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500020980781796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197448571695794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500020980781796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=37, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1146098721349014282, articleId=1146098720325604083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Current status and prospect of particle accelerator-driven synchrotron radiation light source, columnId=1172913499014574742, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive: Large-Scale Scientific Facilities, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As one kind of large-scale scientific facilities, particle accelerators play a vital role in the progress of global science and technology. Synchrotron radiation light sources driven by storage ring accelerators, have already undergone four generations of development. They are playing an increasingly significant role in both basic scientific research and applied science fields. This article briefly reviews the generational evolution of particle accelerators and synchrotron radiation light sources. It offers a detailed description of the technological features of the fourth-generation synchrotron radiation light sources based on diffraction-limited storage rings, such as compact multi-bend achromat (MBA) design, synergistic breakthroughs in small-aperture magnet and advanced vacuum coating technologies. Following a birdview of global advancements in fourth-generation synchrotron radiation facilities, the latest progress of the High Energy Photon Source is reported in detail. Moreover, it makes a preliminary exploration into the potential directions of the future development of accelerator-based light sources, including breakthrough in beam emittance limit, AI-driven real-time beam control, integration of storage ring light source with free-electron laser principles.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yi JIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146098723764933476, articleId=1146098720325604083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=粒子加速器驱动的同步辐射光源:现状与展望, columnId=1172913499140403863, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题:大科学装置, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

粒子加速器作为大科学装置,在世界科学技术的发展进程中发挥着非常关键的作用。同步辐射光源是一种利用相对论电子产生同步辐射的粒子加速器,迄今已历经4代的发展,在基础科学研究和应用科学领域扮演越来越重要的角色。阐述了粒子加速器和同步辐射光源的代际演变,剖析了基于衍射极限储存环加速器的第四代同步辐射光源的主要技术特点,包括紧凑型多弯铁消色散结构设计、小孔径磁铁与新型真空镀膜技术的协同突破等,结合国际第四代同步辐射光源发展动态,重点介绍了中国高能同步辐射光源等装置的最新进展,对束流发射度极限突破、人工智能驱动的束流实时调控、衍射极限储存环与自由电子激光原理融合等加速器光源未来发展的潜在方向做了初步探讨。

, authors=

焦毅,研究员,研究方向为加速器物理,电子信箱:

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焦毅,研究员,研究方向为加速器物理,电子信箱:

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焦毅,研究员,研究方向为加速器物理,电子信箱:

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粒子加速器驱动的同步辐射光源:现状与展望
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焦毅1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 中国科学院高能物理研究所, 北京 100049
  • 2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
Current status and prospect of particle accelerator-driven synchrotron radiation light source
Yi JIAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-03-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00071
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粒子加速器作为大科学装置,在世界科学技术的发展进程中发挥着非常关键的作用。同步辐射光源是一种利用相对论电子产生同步辐射的粒子加速器,迄今已历经4代的发展,在基础科学研究和应用科学领域扮演越来越重要的角色。阐述了粒子加速器和同步辐射光源的代际演变,剖析了基于衍射极限储存环加速器的第四代同步辐射光源的主要技术特点,包括紧凑型多弯铁消色散结构设计、小孔径磁铁与新型真空镀膜技术的协同突破等,结合国际第四代同步辐射光源发展动态,重点介绍了中国高能同步辐射光源等装置的最新进展,对束流发射度极限突破、人工智能驱动的束流实时调控、衍射极限储存环与自由电子激光原理融合等加速器光源未来发展的潜在方向做了初步探讨。

粒子加速器  /  大科学装置  /  同步辐射光源  /  衍射极限储存环

As one kind of large-scale scientific facilities, particle accelerators play a vital role in the progress of global science and technology. Synchrotron radiation light sources driven by storage ring accelerators, have already undergone four generations of development. They are playing an increasingly significant role in both basic scientific research and applied science fields. This article briefly reviews the generational evolution of particle accelerators and synchrotron radiation light sources. It offers a detailed description of the technological features of the fourth-generation synchrotron radiation light sources based on diffraction-limited storage rings, such as compact multi-bend achromat (MBA) design, synergistic breakthroughs in small-aperture magnet and advanced vacuum coating technologies. Following a birdview of global advancements in fourth-generation synchrotron radiation facilities, the latest progress of the High Energy Photon Source is reported in detail. Moreover, it makes a preliminary exploration into the potential directions of the future development of accelerator-based light sources, including breakthrough in beam emittance limit, AI-driven real-time beam control, integration of storage ring light source with free-electron laser principles.

particle accelerator  /  large-scale scientific facility  /  synchrotron radiation light source  /  diffraction-limited storage ring
焦毅. 粒子加速器驱动的同步辐射光源:现状与展望. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (5) : 37 -44 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00071
Yi JIAO. Current status and prospect of particle accelerator-driven synchrotron radiation light source[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (5) : 37 -44 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00071
大科学装置(亦被称作重大科技基础设施)集科研、技术、工程三重属性于一身,具有规模宏大、性能卓越、系统复杂、技术先进等诸多特点。自20世纪中叶以来,大科学装置在推动科学技术发展实现前沿性、原创性突破方面所起到的基础性支撑作用愈发凸显。回顾历史,1950年以前,凭借大科学装置而获得诺贝尔奖的成果只有1项;而20世纪70年代之后,有超过40% 的诺贝尔物理学奖主要是借助大科学装置取得的。由此可见,大科学装置已然成为孕育重大原创成果、实现关键核心技术突破、抢占科技竞争战略制高点的利器,亦是一个国家科研实力和创新能力的重要标志。正因如此,世界各国都不惜投入巨额资源来推动大科学装置的设计与研制。相关统计数据显示,截至目前,中国已经规划布局并建设超过70个国家重大科技基础设施(即大科学装置),其中部分设施的综合水平位列全球“第一方阵”。
在众多大科学装置中,粒子加速器大科学装置颇为引人关注。20世纪80年代以来,中国先后建设并运行了北京正负电子对撞机[1]、合肥同步辐射装置[2]、兰州重离子加速器与冷却储存环装置[3]、上海同步辐射光源[4]等一批粒子加速器大科学装置。它们在中国基础科学研究和经济社会发展中发挥了重要作用。其中,由中国科学院高能物理研究所负责建造的北京正负电子对撞机是中国首台大科学装置。该装置于1988年10月完成建设,被评价为中国继原子弹和氢弹爆炸成功、人造卫星上天之后,在高技术领域所取得的又一重大突破性成就。北京正负电子对撞机1990年投入运行后,取得了诸如τ轻子质量精确测量等一批在国际高能物理界颇具影响力的重要研究成果,使中国高能物理研究步入了世界前沿。并且,北京正负电子对撞机兼作同步辐射装置,为材料科学、生物医学等相关基础及应用研究提供了重要的实验平台,取得了包括SARS冠状病毒蛋白酶大分子结构解析在内的多项重要成果。除此之外,这些大科学装置的建设还推动了中国精密机械加工、精密电子学等高新技术行业的发展。
粒子加速器是一种通过人工方法产生高速带电粒子的装置,堪称20世纪人类最为重要的发明之一。粒子加速器的诞生和发展与近代物理的发展密不可分。20世纪初,英国科学家卢瑟福开展了科学史上著名的“α粒子散射实验”,并依据该实验提出原子的核式结构模型。这一开创性的实验对近代物理有着举足轻重的影响。为了探究原子内部的精细结构,就需要把高能量的粒子当作“炮弹”,去轰击原子或原子核。于是,一个相应的问题便随之而来,能否通过人工加速带电粒子来作为核物理实验的“炮弹”呢?这个问题激发了全世界一代又一代的科学家不断投入精力,致力于研究和发展能将粒子加速至更高能量的原理和手段。自20世纪30年代世界上建造出第一台加速器起,在不到百年时间里,人类所能加速的能量实现惊人的发展。大概每隔10年,所能加速的能量提升约1个量级。1932年,美国科学家劳伦斯建成了世界上首台回旋加速器,并使用该装置产生了人工放射性同位素。他因此获得了1939年的诺贝尔物理学奖。1940—1960年,加速器科学家先后提出了自动稳相原理、强聚焦原理、对撞机原理。这些原理构成了现代高能粒子加速器的发展基石。基于这些原理,世界各国纷纷建造了各种大型的高能加速器和对撞机,使产生高能反应的等效能量提高到10~1000 TeV。
粒子加速器是一门多专业交叉融合的综合性学科,涵盖了加速器物理和微波、磁铁、电源、精密机械、超高真空、束流测控、辐射防护等众多技术领域。由于其复杂性,大型粒子加速器的建设和运行需要一支上百人组成、多专业交叉的研究团队。很多国家通过建立国家实验室的形式来推动粒子加速器大科学装置的建设。例如,美国布鲁克海文国家实验室[5]建设了世界首台基于强聚焦原理的质子加速器,与之相关的物理实验催生了4项诺贝尔物理学奖。欧洲核子中心[6]建成了目前世界规模最大的对撞机——大型强子对撞机。其储存环周长达到27 km,质子能量高达7 TeV。2012年,实验物理学家借助大型强子对撞机发现了希格斯粒子,提出希格斯粒子理论的2位科学家也因此荣膺2013年的诺贝尔物理学奖。粒子加速器发展至今,在基础研究、国家安全以及社会民生等多领域均有重要而广泛的应用。
在基础研究领域,粒子加速器的一个重要的发展方向是同步辐射光源[7]。根据电磁场理论,当电子以接近光速作弯转运动时,会沿其轨道切线方向发射电磁波,这就像雨天我们转动雨伞时所看到的情景一样。因为这种电磁波是在电子同步加速器上被首次观测到的,因此被命名为同步辐射。用于产生和利用同步辐射的科学装置便是同步辐射光源(图 1[8])。同步辐射光源所产生的同步辐射光具有宽波段、高准直、高偏振、高亮度、高稳定性、可供多用户同时使用等优异性能。发展至今,全世界有超过50台同步辐射光源同时运行,已然成为物理化学、能源环境、生物医学等诸多科学领域进行前沿研究的重要工具。
从光源整体层面来看,在同步辐射光源的众多性能指标中,亮度占据着最为重要的地位。亮度与电子束流强之间存在着正比关系,与电子束流发射度大致成反比关系,同时还与辐射元件参数密切相关。站在粒子加速器的视角,电子束自然发射度(电子束在四维或六维相空间中所占据的体积)是电子储存环的一个最重要的指标,也是决定光源亮度的首要因素。
在20世纪,基于电子储存环的同步辐射光源已经历了3代的重要变革:第一代同步辐射光源“寄生”于环形对撞机,属于“兼用光源”,其电子束自然发射度在100 nm·rad量级;第二代同步辐射光源的储存环是专门为使用同步辐射光而设计的,电子束自然发射度降至10 nm·rad量级,其同步辐射主要从偏转磁铁引出;第三代同步辐射光源在储存环设计中采用双弯铁或三弯铁消色散结构,将电子束自然发射度降至1 nm·rad量级,并大量使用插入件,从而使同步辐射亮度得到了极大提升。根据储存环的电子能量不同,同步辐射光源还可分为低能光源(低于2 GeV)、中能光源(约3 GeV)和高能光源(5 GeV以上)。
进入21世纪,世界各国纷纷推出未来光源的发展规划。发展新一代光源,对于服务国家经济社会发展,满足基础科学前沿研究需求,以及在激烈的国际竞争中占据有利地位均有至关重要的意义。新一代光源有几个重要的发展方向,即基于直线加速器的能量回收型加速器光源、自由电子激光和衍射极限储存环光源。其中,以2009年美国斯坦福直线加速器中心国家实验室建成世界第一台硬X射线自由电子激光装置——直线加速器相干光源LCLS[9]为标志,自由电子激光率先取得突破。它具有超高峰值亮度(相比第三代光源高约10个数量级)、全相干、超短脉冲等优异性能。衍射极限储存环光源[10]在2010年左右成功突破小孔径磁铁与真空技术等关键技术,确立了以多弯铁消色散(multi-bend achromat,MBA)结构为主要特征的技术路线。以2016年世界首台MBA光源——瑞典MAX IV光源[11]建成为标志,世界正式进入第四代同步辐射光源时代。在能量回收型加速器光源[12]方面,专家也正开展相关原理及关键技术研究。
过去几十年中,中国已建成位于中低能区的第一代光源——北京同步辐射装置(1989年建设完成)、位于低能区的第二代光源——合肥同步辐射装置(1989年建成出光)以及位于中能区的第三代光源——上海同步辐射光源(2009建设完成);目前正在北京和合肥分别建设位于高能区和低能区的第四代同步辐射光源——高能同步辐射光源(High Energy Photon Source,HEPS)[13]和合肥先进光源(Hefei Advanced Light Facility,HALF)[14]。下面介绍第四代同步辐射光源的技术特点及设计挑战、国内外发展状况以及中国首台第四代同步辐射光源HEPS的设计建设历程。
第四代同步辐射光源的电子储存环在设计上普遍采用了紧凑型MBA结构[10]。通过增加储存环内部弯转磁铁(二极磁铁)的数量,并采用强横向聚焦,使得在周长和造价均与第三代光源处于同等量级的条件下,将电子束自然发射度进一步降低1~2个量级,达到0.01~0.1 nm·rad量级,接近或达到X射线的衍射极限。此外,第四代同步辐射光源通过保持与第三代光源相当的流强水平,研发并采用最前沿的插入件技术,将亮度提升2~3个量级。
第四代同步辐射光拥有2项关键技术,即小孔径磁铁和真空技术[15]。相比第三代光源,在相近周长的情况下,第四代同步辐射光源需要安装更多弯转磁铁和聚焦磁铁(四极磁铁),且要求聚焦磁铁具有更短的长度以及更强的积分磁场。这种要求也就必然需要尽可能地提高四极磁铁的聚焦梯度。聚焦梯度与磁铁孔径和磁铁极面的饱和磁场相互关联。为此,一方面需要最大程度减小磁铁孔径,如将磁铁孔径减小至25 mm左右;另一方面,需要尽量提高极面磁场,如通过采用高磁导率或永磁材料的方式,将极面磁场饱和上限提高到1 T及以上。通过这些方式,第四代同步辐射光源中四极磁铁的聚焦梯度最终达到第三代光源水平的3~5倍。由于磁铁孔径减小,真空室尺寸也要相应减小。而这会导致传统真空获取的效率大幅降低,必须发展新的真空获取技术,如真空室内壁非蒸散型吸气剂镀膜技术。除了这2项关键技术,第四代同步辐射光源还面临紧凑型MBA结构设计带来的一系列连锁式的加速器物理与技术挑战。
为了实现超低束流发射度这一目标,不仅需要增加二极磁铁的数量,还需要采用更强的横向聚焦四极磁铁以及更强的用于色品校正的六极磁铁。强横向聚焦会使束流位置及其他性能参数对实际机器中必然存在的误差更为敏感。为了将第四代同步辐射光源中的误差效应控制在可接受范围之内,需要从如下2方面着手:一方面,对与误差源相关的各项技术、各个环节(诸如磁铁加工、安装准直、地基处理、电源稳定度和纹波抑制等)严格把关,提高相应的技术要求和工艺水平;另一方面,研发更为先进的束流校正及反馈方法和技术。例如,在加速器传统设计中,真空室尺寸与误差引起的束流轨道畸变基本相当。而在第四代同步辐射光源中,这一原则被突破,其束流轨道畸变显著大于真空室尺寸。这就导致在储存环初期调束时,对束流轨迹进行校正以实现束流首圈、多圈循环乃至最终存储极为困难,面临极大挑战。为此,加速器专家结合束流位置逐圈探测技术,开发出自动首圈调试方法[16],提高了储存环首圈调试的效率。另外,第四代同步辐射光源中的电子束尺寸更小,为了实现设计亮度,必须将电子束的轨道波动控制在电子束尺寸的10% 以内。为此,加速器专家开发出反馈带宽更高的快轨道反馈系统,以将电子束的轨道波动控制在亚微米量级。
强六极磁铁给束流带来强烈的非线性扰动,这使得非线性束流动力学所决定的动力学接受度相较第三代光源显著减小,如动力学孔径就由10 mm以上减小至1 mm量级。传统的脉冲凸轨注入技术对动力学孔径有较高要求,很难应用于第四代同步辐射光源。于是,加速器专家提出了新的、适用于小动力学孔径的在轴注入方法和技术[1718]。此类方法可有效减小注入对动力学孔径的需求,有利于最大限度地降低束流发射度。不过,这对注入系统硬件和注入器设计也提出全新的或更高的要求。例如,需要开发出纳秒量级的超快脉冲冲击器及其驱动电源技术,还需要注入器提供发射度更小、位置和电荷量稳定性更好的电子束。
由于磁铁布局紧凑,磁铁间的磁场干涉效应变得更为显著。这就需要针对多磁铁联合三维磁场分布进行模拟和测量,并与物理建模、分析相互迭代[19]。超低发射度使电子密度增加,小尺寸真空室会引起更强的束流阻抗。在这种情况下,要想在与第三代光源相当的百毫安量级的流强下保持束流稳定是极具挑战的。这就需要对逐个元件进行系统而细致的阻抗建模与测量,同时综合采用多种抑制和校正方法或技术,确保不稳定性发生的流强阈值高于运行流强[20]。而且,高密度的电子束和光子束也对相关屏蔽和机器保护系统设计提出了更高要求,需要深入开展设计研究,以保证装置运行过程中的人身和设备安全。
总体而言,大科学装置所具有的科研、技术、工程三重属性在第四代同步辐射光源表现得非常突出。它对加速器物理与相关技术均提出极高的要求,物理与技术二者的关系愈发紧密难分,相互影响,相互制约,共同决定着光源装置的整体性能。例如,当某一项关键技术未能取得有效突破时,该技术瓶颈就会严重影响光源的物理设计及参数的选择。因此,第四代同步辐射光源必须在周全考虑各类技术条件边界的基础上,在多维变量空间对光源开展物理设计和全局优化。其整体设计与建设需在物理设计与技术路线之间加以综合考量与权衡,从而在先进性、可行性、稳定性、经济性等目标之间达到合理平衡。
近10年来,世界各国积极开展第四代同步辐射光源的设计与建设。截至2024年,全球范围内已建成、正在建设或即将建设的第四代同步辐射光源达10余台。
瑞典的MAX IV是世界第一台第四代同步辐射光源[11]。其储存环采用MBA结构设计,并集成了小孔径磁铁与真空技术,首次在世界上将电子束自然发射度降低至百pm·rad量级(在3 GeV下约330 pm·rad)。该光源于2016年建成并向用户开放,目前运行流强为300 mA[21]。巴西的Sirius光源[22]是世界第二台第四代同步辐射光源。其储存环电子能量为3 GeV,周长为518 m,自然发射度为250 pm·rad。该光源于2019年调试出光,如今运行流强为100 mA[23]。欧洲的同步辐射装置(ESRF-EBS)[24]属于世界上首台由第三代升级而成的第四代同步辐射光源,同时也是首台高能区第四代同步辐射光源。其储存环电子能量为6 GeV,周长达844 m,自然发射度为133 pm·rad。该光源在国际上率先提出并采用了混合型MBA结构,有效克服了第四代高能区光源设计过程中,六极磁铁强度过高给超低发射度设计带来的限制。ESRF-EBS于2020年建成并向用户开放,运行流强为200 mA[25]
美国正在建设的先进光子源APS-U[26]同样是由第三代升级的高能区第四代同步辐射光源。其储存环电子能量为6 GeV,周长为1104 m,自然发射度为42 pm·rad。APS-U在国际上率先提出并采用了在轴置换注入方法和技术。在2024年,APS-U启动并完成了电子储存环调试,目前流强超过100 mA,正在进行光束线站调试[27]
中国正在建设HEPS[13]和HALF[14],二者分别定位为具有世界先进水平的高能区和低能区的第四代同步辐射光源。其中,HEPS是在“十三五”期间获批的国家重大科技基础设施,由中国科学院高能物理研究所负责建造,于2019年在北京启动建设,计划于2025年建成。其储存环电子能量为6 GeV,周长为1360 m,自然发射度约35 pm·rad。有关其设计建设情况将在下节详细介绍。HALF是在“十四五”期间获批的国家重大科技基础设施,由中国科学技术大学负责建造,于2023年在合肥开工建设,计划于2028年建成。其储存环电子能量为2.2 GeV,周长为480 m,自然发射度为86 pm·rad。
HEPS是中国也是亚洲首个第四代同步辐射光源项目,占地65.07 hm2(976亩),总投资47.6亿元,同时是中国第一个高能区同步辐射光源项目。HEPS加速器主要包括一台电子能量为0.5 GeV的直线加速器、一台将电子能量由0.5 GeV升至6 GeV的增强器和一台电子能量为6 GeV的储存环。HEPS一期要建设14条公共光束线站,如硬X射线纳米探针线站、硬X射线相干散射线站等[28]
自2019年6月启动建设以来,HEPS已取得多项里程碑进展[29],受到国内外广泛关注。《 Nature》《Science》等期刊也对其建设进展进行了报道[3031]。具体而言,2019年底HEPS加速器物理总体设计方案冻结[32];2022年7月主环建筑基本完成;2023年6月直线加速器完成束流调试并通过工艺验收[33];2023年11月增强器完成束流调试并通过工艺验收[34];2024年7月储存环完成设备安装并启动束流调试[35];2024年1月光束线站完成首条线站设备安装并启动调试。目前储存环加速器成功存储束流40 mA以上,这标志着加速器建设取得成功。首条光束线站启动带光调试,试运行即将启动。
设计和建设加速器大科学装置,往往耗时10~20 a之久。早在21世纪初,中国科学院高能物理研究所的光源团队就提出在北京建设一台位于高能区的先进同步辐射光源,并基于该光源发展成为一个大型综合性多学科科学中心的构想。自2007年起,该团队与国内相关领域专家展开广泛交流,明确了光源的科学意义、性能指标和主要研究定位。与此同时,光源的概念设计和前期研究工作也随之启动。在加速器建设过程中,物理设计是先行要素。在HEPS工程于2019年正式启动之前的10余年间,光源加速器物理设计方案历经多轮设计、论证、修改和迭代,终于在2014年初步确定了以混合型MBA结构为基础的第四代同步辐射光源的主体设计路线。在2016年正式启动的国家“十二五”国家重大科技基础设施——HEPS-TF(HEPS验证装置)项目中,项目团队历时两年半,完成了系统的光源物理方案设计及相关问题研究,实现了HEPS建设所需关键技术攻关和样机预制研究,验证了超高梯度磁铁、真空室内壁吸气剂镀膜系统等高能区第四代同步辐射光源的关键技术的可行性,为HEPS启动建设奠定了坚实基础。
HEPS储存环设计 [3637]在国际通用的混合型MBA结构基础上进行了创新,融合了包含纵向梯度二极铁、反向弯转二极铁的新型单元节等多种方法,在周长为1360 m的范围内实现约35 pm∙rad的设计自然发射度。该指标居于世界领先水平。并且,在国际高能区第四代同步辐射光源设计中,HEPS率先提出并采用交替分布的高−低束流包络函数的直线节设计,在不增加任何造价的条件下,使得半数直线节的亮度进一步提升30%。此外,HEPS在国际首次提出并采用基于增强器高能累积的在轴置换注入方案[38],能够实现约15 nC电荷量的电子束的注入和存储,为高电荷量束团置换注入开辟了新路径,满足了量子光学等前沿研究对单束团电荷量的需求。为了实现预期的加速器及光源整体性能,HEPS磁铁、电源、真空、注入、机械、准直、高频、束测、控制、定时、插入件等硬件方面的指标处于国内乃至国际领先水平。例如,HEPS纵向梯度二极磁铁在国内首次实现了永磁方案的工程化应用,大大节约了光源运行的能源消耗;在国际上率先提出并成功研制了芒果型扭摆磁铁;在国际上首次设计和制造四阵列Apple-Knot型波荡器,该波荡器具有低热负载、极化可调等优势。
HEPS光束线站容量不少于90个,能够提供能量达300 keV的X射线,在典型硬X射线波段的同步辐射亮度达1×1022 phs/(s·mm2·mrad2·0.1%BW),具备10 nm量级空间分辨能力、1 meV量级能量分辨能力以及100 ps量级时间分辨能力。HEPS建成后,中国将成为世界上第3个拥有高能区第四代同步辐射光源的国家,实现中国同步辐射光源能区的全面覆盖,为能源环境、生物医学、先进材料等诸多领域的前沿研究提供强有力的支撑。
当前,国际同步辐射光源领域已然步入了第四代同步辐射光源时代,中国正在积极投身于第四代同步辐射光源的设计研制。当下的核心任务是按计划高水平如期建成HEPS、HALF等第四代同步辐射光源装置。此后,按照国际通行做法,根据国家战略和前沿研究需求,分批次规划布局光束线站建设。凭借这些先进的光源装置,吸引全世界的科研人员前来开展合作研究,培育并汇聚一批顶尖科技人才,推动多学科交叉融合和突破创新,充分发挥第四代同步辐射光源作为科技创新基础平台所具备的全部潜能。
对同步辐射光源的发展历程加以审视,每一代光源从概念的萌生到实际的达成,从初次构建到走向成熟,均需要15~20 a时间。当前,第四代同步辐射光源正处于蓬勃发展阶段,有必要持续深入地针对基于第四代同步辐射光源的核心物理问题、关键技术与方法展开研究,实现装置高水平稳定运行,并不断提升光源性能。
电子束的自然发射度是同步辐射光源最为关键的指标之一。目前已建及在建的第四代同步辐射光源已将自然发射度的指标推进至10 pm·rad量级水平。在未来的5~10 a,如何有效突破当前超低发射度储存环的物理设计瓶颈,提出新的设计理论或思路,实现1 pm∙rad量级极低发射度的可行设计,将会成为光源加速器领域内竞争异常激烈的前沿研究课题。
在实现第四代同步辐射光源超高性能的同时,确保装置的高水平稳定运行,是第四代同步辐射光源作为平台型大科学装置的一项极为关键的基本需求。因此,有必要进一步发展和完善针对轨道、发射度等束流关键参数的补偿方法与技术。在近10年“人工智能驱动的科学研究”(AI for Science,AI4S)的浪潮下,如何把大数据、机器学习与人工智能技术同大型加速器日常运行产生的海量数据有机结合,发展基于人工智能的大型粒子加速器装置的设计、预测和控制,实现机器及束流状态的实时监测、快速诊断和控制,发展并建成智能化光源,这将会是包括第四代同步辐射光源在内的加速器光源发展的又一个重要课题。
另一方面,中国还需要积极开展有关下一代光源的原理探索、可行性验证及设计研究,从而为中国同步辐射光源实现未来的代际跨越培育理论与技术根基。第四代同步辐射光源有高稳定性、可供多用户同时使用等优异性能,但在峰值亮度、纵向相干性等方面与自由电子激光相比存在着巨大差距,而自由电子激光在稳定性、多用户支撑性等方面尚有广阔的发展空间。如何有效地将二者结合,发展性能更优异、运行更稳定的加速器光源,这是未来新一代加速器光源的一个重要研究方向。另外,基于等离子体尾波加速等新原理的先进光源,同样也是未来新一代光源的潜在发展方向。除了追求更高的光源性能,未来新一代加速器光源作为大科学装置,也需要在其可行性、稳定性、经济性等方面开展更多的探索及验证研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12275284)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11922512)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.01.00071
  • 接收时间:2025-01-14
  • 首发时间:2025-06-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-14
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
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国家自然科学基金项目(12275284)
国家自然科学基金项目(11922512)
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    1. 中国科学院高能物理研究所, 北京 100049
    2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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