Article(id=1146098719386079970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022830469878, articleNumber=null, orderNo=18, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00317, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710518400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-16, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751180828185, onlineDateStr=2025-06-29, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1744992000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-04-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1751180828185, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-06-29, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751180828185, creator=18627231156, updateTime=1774079551075, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1146500022830469878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1743091200000', pubDateStr='2025-03-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751276506383, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330962150, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243197418926355120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022830469878, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243197418926355121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022830469878, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=29, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1146098720703091457, articleId=1146098719386079970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress on rural green and low carbon housing, columnId=1172890533929304542, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive: Green Building and Urban Governance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on existing policies and the whole lifecycle system of buildings, in this study the research of rural low-carbon housing was summarized from five aspects: development decision-making, materials and construction processes, daily operation, residents' low-carbon behaviors, and demolition and recycling. Key factors affecting carbon emissions in rural housing, such as low-carbon materials, energy efficiency, material recycling, and residents' values, were analyzed. Strategies to improve energy efficiency, including introducing market incentives, promoting low-carbon materials, optimizing building design, and encouraging community participation were proposed. In further research, data samples should be expanded and standard system can be established, to develop localized retrofit solutions. Additionally, in-depth study of residents' behavioral intentions and quality low-carbon rural housing should be conducted with integrated digital technologies.

, authors=null, authorsList=Fanglin WANG, Yibin AO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yibin AO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7MKVfShGRfRESzotZSPOUw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146098724196946822, articleId=1146098719386079970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=中国农村绿色低碳住宅研究进展, columnId=1172890534105465311, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题:绿色建筑与城市治理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于现有政策及建筑全生命周期体系,从农村低碳住宅的发展决策、材料与建造过程、日常运营、居民低碳行为、拆除及回收5个方面对农村低碳住宅研究进行了总结,分析了影响农村住宅碳排放的主要因素,例如低碳材料、能源效率、建材回收、居民价值观等,阐述了提高农村住宅建筑能源效率需从引入市场激励、鼓励低碳材料、优化住宅建筑、引导社区参与等战略计划出发,并指出未来农村低碳住宅的研究可扩大数据样本、形成标准体系,从而制定因地制宜的改造方案;同时结合数字化技术深入探究居民行为意愿及高质量的农村低碳住宅建筑。

, authors=

王芳琳, 博士研究生, 研究方向为低碳建筑、建成环境, 电子信箱:

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敖仪斌, 教授(通信作者), 研究方向为绿色交通行为与新型交通模式、居民日常活动行为、工程管理、乡村规划与建设, 电子信箱:
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中国农村绿色低碳住宅研究进展
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王芳琳 , 敖仪斌 *
科技导报 | 特色专题:绿色建筑与城市治理 2025,43(6): 29-38
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科技导报 |特色专题:绿色建筑与城市治理 2025 , 43 (6) : 29 -38
中国农村绿色低碳住宅研究进展
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王芳琳 , 敖仪斌*
作者信息
  • 成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院, 成都 610059
通讯作者:
敖仪斌, 教授(通信作者), 研究方向为绿色交通行为与新型交通模式、居民日常活动行为、工程管理、乡村规划与建设, 电子信箱:
Research progress on rural green and low carbon housing
Fanglin WANG , Yibin AO*
Affiliations
  • College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00317
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基于现有政策及建筑全生命周期体系,从农村低碳住宅的发展决策、材料与建造过程、日常运营、居民低碳行为、拆除及回收5个方面对农村低碳住宅研究进行了总结,分析了影响农村住宅碳排放的主要因素,例如低碳材料、能源效率、建材回收、居民价值观等,阐述了提高农村住宅建筑能源效率需从引入市场激励、鼓励低碳材料、优化住宅建筑、引导社区参与等战略计划出发,并指出未来农村低碳住宅的研究可扩大数据样本、形成标准体系,从而制定因地制宜的改造方案;同时结合数字化技术深入探究居民行为意愿及高质量的农村低碳住宅建筑。

农村  /  低碳住宅  /  可持续发展  /  能源利用

Based on existing policies and the whole lifecycle system of buildings, in this study the research of rural low-carbon housing was summarized from five aspects: development decision-making, materials and construction processes, daily operation, residents' low-carbon behaviors, and demolition and recycling. Key factors affecting carbon emissions in rural housing, such as low-carbon materials, energy efficiency, material recycling, and residents' values, were analyzed. Strategies to improve energy efficiency, including introducing market incentives, promoting low-carbon materials, optimizing building design, and encouraging community participation were proposed. In further research, data samples should be expanded and standard system can be established, to develop localized retrofit solutions. Additionally, in-depth study of residents' behavioral intentions and quality low-carbon rural housing should be conducted with integrated digital technologies.

countryside  /  low-carbon housing  /  sustainable development  /  energy utilization
王芳琳, 敖仪斌. 中国农村绿色低碳住宅研究进展. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (6) : 29 -38 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00317
Fanglin WANG, Yibin AO. Research progress on rural green and low carbon housing[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (6) : 29 -38 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00317
应对气候变化是全球面临的重大挑战,世界各国都在积极采取行动减少碳排放。中国在2020年9月宣布,2030年之前实现二氧化碳排放峰值,2060年实现碳中和。在“双碳”目标的背景下,积极寻找碳减排路径成为实现该目标的重要手段[1]。据统计,建筑行业消耗了全球总能源的40% 以上,并造成了全球1/3的碳排放[2],作为碳排放的主要来源,减少建筑行业碳排放量对推进节能减排工作有着重大意义。截至2021年,中国建筑面积总量约678亿m2,其中农村住宅建筑面积226亿m2,约占33.3%。值得注意的是,从住宅建筑每平米用能强度的角度分析,农村住宅建筑用能强度为每平方米10.27万tce(吨标准煤当量),比城市住宅建筑每平方米9.11万tce的用能强度高[3],给区域建筑节能环保带来巨大挑战。因此,农村建筑是提高国家建筑能源效率的机遇,考虑乡村住宅建筑的节能潜力,实施减少农村住宅碳排放,对实现“双碳”目标和乡村振兴战略显得尤为重要。
当前,中国只有5% 左右的建筑属于低碳建筑[4],农村低碳住宅更未大规模普及。农村能源消费结构的数据虽不如城市数据广泛,但通过目前一些研究可知,在乡村振兴政策的推动下,人居环境的改善、生活水平的提高,导致农村住宅建筑能耗大幅增加[3]。由于农村居民收入水平低、受教育程度不高等原因,农村低碳住宅面临的挑战比城市更为严峻[5]。因此,需要寻找有效的农村住宅改造策略,在提高居民生活环境的条件下,尽可能降低能源消耗,减少对环境的负面影响[6]
农村建筑的特点和能源需求与城市建筑有很大不同,多数体现在规模、密度、基础设施、生活水平上。因此农村建筑可能比城市建筑有更多的节能激励措施[7],体现在建造结构多样性、能源供应系统的灵活性以及能源需求的差异性[8]。建造结构多样性关注材料选择及结构规划。能源供应系统可以根据气候、成本、活动和个人喜好进行调整。能源需求的差异主要体现在生活习惯、支付能源费用意愿、家庭规模等方面。总之,小规模、低密度和缺乏基本能源设施的农村住宅为低碳能源政策提供了方向,使农村住宅实现绿色低碳建筑更具有潜力。农村居民的行为意识、活动习惯和对成本的高敏感性也使得有必要对农村低碳住宅进行设计和优化。
引入市场激励措施以及更好的决策和建筑法规,是减少农村住宅碳排放的最相关因素[9]。构建农村住宅碳排放全生命周期体系是制定节能措施的依据。本文旨在从规划决策的角度对建筑全寿命周期各个阶段的相关政策及有关研究进行梳理和分析,即材料及运输阶段、建造阶段、运营阶段以及建筑拆除和回收阶段。同时将居民行为作为运营阶段的一部分,探讨其对农村低碳住宅发展的关系及影响。
材料及运输、建造阶段是农村低碳住宅最传统的低碳优化方向。根据住房和城乡建设部印发的《“十四五”建筑节能与绿色建筑发展规划》[10],政府需要重点提高门窗等关键部品节能性能要求,推动保温隔热性能好的围护系统的发展。积极推广装配式建筑结构体系,因地制宜发展木结构等其他绿色材料。同时鼓励使用当地的建筑材料和资源,利用电动或清洁能源的车辆进行运输,建立和优化农村地区的绿色供应链,确保既能满足农村住宅建设的需要,又能实现低碳环保的目标[11]。建筑师还可通过地理优势、建筑形状系数、住宅功能分区等对住宅进行建筑规划和设计,达到低碳节能的目的。同时政府能对绿色农房给予政策扶持,推动绿色金融和绿色建筑协同发展。
运营阶段即维持农村居民生活所产生的碳排放,农村生活碳排放主要集中在供冷、供热与照明系统。由于国内气候条件复杂,政府需要结合当地的材料和资源来推广低碳能源技术。例如太阳能资源丰富地区,太阳能热水器、光伏等可作为节能主要措施。风能、地热能和生物质能也将合理利用在各个地区[12]。同时还可以在经济补贴上鼓励私营部门,刺激销售的承诺驱动,增加私营部门对于节能设施的投资、创新和推广,从而降低低碳成本,提升农村经济效益。
在农村低碳住宅背景下,居民的参与和社区沟通对可持续住宅也十分重要,其原因是居民需要接受低碳概念并引入低碳替代品,并将其融入日常生活中的各种情形[13]。居民行为和社区参与通常与自下而上方法有关,例如基层创新和居民积极性[14],同时与政府的自上而下方法相互促进,例如能源投资、低碳宣传、财政激励等[15]。政府或决策者可根据不同环境、不同经济水平等背景对方法进行组合[16]
由于城镇化、老龄化、人口外流等原因,农村出现许多空房或常年未维护的危房。随着农村经济发展和农村建设的需要,越来越多的旧房需要拆除重建或改造。根据住房和城乡建设部、财政部、自然资源部等11部门联合印发关于《农房质量安全提升工程专项推进方案》中提出,为促进资源循环利用及生态环境保护,政府鼓励优先考虑保留和改造既有建筑,减少不必要的拆除,通过源头控制有效减少拆除过程中产生的垃圾量。同时建立回收激励机制,通过财政补贴、税收优惠、市场准入等政策鼓励居民或企业参与建筑垃圾的回收和再利用。
因此本文从住宅的全生命周期节能进行展开,系统梳理农村低碳住宅相关的研究现状,以期提供积极有效的住宅低碳化措施建议,从而更好地推动低碳发展相关研究工作。基本内容如图 1所示。
农村住宅全生命周期节能的前2个阶段是住宅的材料与建造,即材料生产运输与住宅建造过程。中国农村住宅结构与城市有很大不同。由于气候、人口密度、土地规划等原因,其住宅通常是一二层楼房且带庭院的独栋,实心砖墙、单层玻璃窗、瓷砖是最常用的外围结构材料[17]。因此农村住宅普遍存在缺乏隔热层,气密性差、保温隔热效率低下等问题[18],从而导致冬季供暖时,大部分农村地区因无法负担电采暖的高耗电,仍旧依赖煤炉采暖,造成了严重的空气污染和碳排放问题[19];同时在夏季供冷时,农村围护结构的保温性能差,加剧了室内的热不适和能源浪费[20]。同时住宅的建造规划也会在一定程度上影响保温隔热效率。因此,寻找低碳节能材料以及对住宅进行合理的规划和布局是改善农村住宅高碳排的关键途径。
从农村住宅建筑材料角度分析,由于钢筋和混凝土是最常用的建筑材料,而炼钢和混凝土制作都会产生大量的能源消耗和碳排放,在生产环节无法实现绿色和可持续的目标[21]。这种在整个生命周期中与材料和施工过程相关的温室气体(GHG)排放被称为隐含碳排放[22]。因此,有研究旨在寻找更环保的建筑材料来实现低碳住宅建设。竹子由于其可再生性、低能耗等特点,被认为是一种可持续原材料,采用现代工业技术制造的竹基住宅引起研究人员的关注,研究发现用工程竹建造的农村住宅全生命周期碳排放量比钢筋混凝土建筑低30.4%[23]。但农村大部分住宅都以钢筋混凝土为主,竹基建材难以在农村地区进行投资升级,因此有研究[24]利用薄混凝土壳系统作为楼板和梁的低碳替代品,经计算,薄混凝土壳系统在生产阶段的碳排放量减少了53%~58%。除生产阶段外,材料运输阶段也能降低隐含碳排放,即通过优化钢结构截面,节省1/3的钢材重量,从而实现运输阶段的隐含碳减排[25]。但由于农村地区经济水平低,因此在建设低碳农村住宅时需要将成本作为考量标准之一。研究人员[26]对混凝土楼板系统的最优成本和隐含碳进行了多目标优化,得出梁上双向板和空心板可以同时降低成本和碳排放。对于已建住宅,在维护结构中添加隔热材料,并将单层玻璃换成双层玻璃,不仅每年可节省采暖节能60% 左右,还减少了重建的成本[27]。装配式建筑在减少建筑全生命周期碳排放具有巨大潜力[28],其中装配式钢结构建筑发展迅速,因此有研究尝试将装配式冷弯薄壁型钢房屋应用在农村住宅建筑中,该结构在满足自重轻和结构强度要求上,通过在龙骨间填充玻璃棉达到双保温技术,减少了热传递,提高了保温效率[29]。还有研究结合木结构和装配式结构提出了一种新型装配式木结构墙板,通过数值模拟发现在墙板内部填充聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(XPS)可满足寒冷地区住宅节能标准,热工性能也满足要求[30]
有研究基于“数字”“智能”等技术,收集夏热冬冷气候地区的农村住宅建筑平面图,利用遗传算法实现农村低碳住宅设计的自动生成,建立了一个范式来提高设计建筑的总体节能潜力[31]。但据统计,中国夏热冬冷气候区面积约180万m2[32],有较多数量的农村住宅位于该气候带[33]。若对这些住宅进行节能改造,成本问题将导致农村低碳住宅升级困难。因此,需要采取低成本的改造策略来降低能源水平并改善户主的居住条件。ECC(energy consumption, carbon emission and cost)模型即能源消耗、碳排放和成本模型,实现了将成本集成在低碳评价中的需求。该模型应用在伊朗4种不同气候条件下的农村住宅,旨在找到最佳的建筑和结构参数,同时满足最小的碳排量和成本。结果表明,降低能耗和成本最合适的策略是提高建筑气密性,且根据气候条件和经济实力,为4个不同农村地区设计了最佳的建筑配置[34]。随着乡村建设的不断发展,除了要满足能耗要求外,居民对居住质量尤其是热舒适性的需求也日益增加。而建筑形状布局也会显著影响热舒适性[35]。经测算,农村住宅长度12.6 m,宽7.8 m,层高2.7 m为热舒适度的最佳优化策略,该策略使冬季生理等效温度(PET)提高了4.17℃,夏季PET降低0.66℃[36]
另一种增加住宅热舒适性,提高保温隔热效率的方法是合理利用太阳能[37]。即通过改变住宅朝向或增加透光度等提高住宅供暖效率和照明效率,如采用Trombr墙、相变材料(PCM)以及太阳空间。太阳空间即有效利用太阳能而减少能源消耗[38],从而改善室内热环境。对于严寒地区农村住宅的阳光空间与建筑能耗的关系,有结果证实屋顶角度为28℃,前后屋顶玻璃与屋顶的比率分别为0.5和0.6时,不仅满足了日光基本标准,建筑能耗也最低[39]。还有将相变材料集成到建筑构件中,即在特定温度下通过相变来储存或释放大量潜热的机制。研究表明,相变材料使住宅过热时间平均减少16.09%,制冷能耗平均减少17.75%[40]。PCM百叶窗与拥有阳光空间的农村住宅相比,在室内温度设置为18℃和20℃的情况下,阳光空间与PCM百叶窗可分别额外节省357 kW·h和1348 kW·h[41]。由于农村经济实力低,因此需要低成本的能源改造来降低能源使用,利用双层玻璃代替单层玻璃,由于渗透气流和透射值的降低,能够使供暖能源使用量降低6%[42]
由于农村和城镇生活状态不同,农村住宅运营阶段的碳排放集中在热舒适度差造成的高碳排,即供冷、供热和照明阶段[43]。住房和城乡发展部称,农民大部分依靠自己的经验建造住宅,因此多数农村住宅与生态系统不兼容,且质量、功能和能源效率无法得到保障,使得住宅内的生活方式没有得到充分考虑,而随着生活环境的改善和生活水平的提高,不合理的家庭能源结构将不可避免地导致农村住宅内能源效率低、能源消耗大幅增加[44]。农村地区的污染物排放越来越严重[45]。因此,在夏季和冬季的农村住宅建筑设计中,需要考虑开发节能潜力,以实现“乡村振兴”战略和“双碳”目标[46]
在过去几十年,农村地区大多在冬季使用木材和煤炭进行供暖,从而导致农村居民面临室内和室外的空气污染,同时也导致了大量的二氧化碳排放[47]。许多研究人员对空间供暖的不同清洁方式进行研究,如沼气供暖[48]、空气源热泵[49]和地面源热泵[50]等。其中,沼气加热方法面临天然气来源不足和安全风险问题;空气源热泵在严寒地区,一部分制冷剂蒸气用于频繁地除霜,从而降低加热能力,降低能源效率。地面源热泵在经济效益和环境影响方面与传统天然气炉进行比较,可以节省44%~86% 的能源成本,并减少23%~ 61% 的二氧化碳排放[51]。然而,由于农村住宅围护结构性能不佳,地面温度逐年下降,从而降低了地面源热泵的能源效率。太阳能光伏系统作为另一种可再生资源,大幅减少了化石燃料消耗和碳排放[52],然而光伏效率会随着面板温度升高而降低。有研究提出了结合光伏热模的新式地面源热泵,解决了传统光伏和热泵效率低的问题,其总发电量大于机组功耗,实现了低能耗住房概念[53]。为节约成本,提高农村低碳投资,生物质能源作为促进生产生物燃料作物的农村经济,适合与再生资源太阳能进行耦合,根据现场测试分析,生物质能源和太阳能的耦合系统每年可节省1749.29 kg标准碳,生命周期碳足迹比传统燃煤锅炉供暖系统少78.65%[54]。并能将能源成本从0.155美元/kW·h降至0.125美元/kW·h,还可利用太阳能集热器和附加太阳空间进行耦合,结果表明,该方法将室内平均气温提高了2.2℃,供暖能耗减少3198 kW·h,节能率达到37%[55]。该方法不仅降低了能源成本,也降低了节能改造难度。
由于农村地区缺乏健全的基础能源设备,因此与城市建筑相比有更多的节能激励措施,能源供应系统的选择具有更大的灵活性[56],方便研究人员根据地区特点进行调整和优化。农村居民比城市居民对成本的敏感度更高,为了让农村居民在经济上能负担低碳能源,有学者构建了具有容量分配和运营优化的两层模型,联合冷却、加热和电力系统的营业收入增加了862.93元和2866.87元[57]。从运营战略上分析,由太阳能和空气能源组成的分散式综合能源系统双目标运营优化模型,将光伏剩余电力分配给储能电池和市政电网,旨在尽量减少经济和污染物[58]。能源优化中,评估能源系统,在农村能源中选择合适的技术路径也十分重要。利用4E(能源、能量、经济、环境)模型评估太阳能—生物质能系统性能;以经济、供应潜力、环境和社会决策框架确定最佳的区域可再生能源系统[59],有研究提出了一种多标准评估方法,通过节能、负载覆盖系数、碳排放等指标评估了14个家庭能源系统,以确定4个不同气候区域的最佳暖通空调系统和可再生能源综合能源供应[60]
通过对农村低碳住宅的全生命周期分析,梳理了住宅建筑从材料生产运输、建造和运营阶段的碳排放研究。实现低碳住宅的主要方向有更新低碳材料、调整住宅设计、增加能源效率、能源结构转型等,这些方法很大程度上能减少农村住宅碳排量。但是除了政府自上而下的政策指导和支持外,还需要居民和社区自下而上的转换生活习惯和提升低碳意识,调动节能积极性。“中国建筑节能和绿色建筑综合信息管理平台”的统计数据显示,所建造的绿色低碳建筑达到绿色运营标准的不到8%,技术措施的实际节能性能与预期也有较大差异[61]。随着建筑结构和节能设施的研究逐步成熟,居民行为模式和建筑能耗之间的关系研究也开始备受关注,有研究[62]确定了能源行为的确对节约能源具有一定的敏感性。本文将居民日常的低碳行为分为被动低碳行为和主动低碳行为。
居民被动低碳行为即受外部因素影响从而改变自身的行为。日常消费活动的需求层次反映了社会不平等,为低碳消费中的社会不平等研究提供了新的视角[63]。通过农民参与式评估方法,总结出家庭规模、经济、居住环境都是影响农民节能行为的关键外部因素,家庭人口中小孩比老人的比例越大,能源使用频率越高[64];家庭经济越好,对节能产品和现代能源的购买力越好;农民居住的海拔越高,能源的可获得性就越差,从而越不容易有节能行为[65]。还有研究发现,高质量的庭院环境可以吸引居民减少室内空间的使用和建筑能源消耗,模拟结果显示,有庭院空间的农村住宅能减少7.21%~33.99% 的建筑能耗[66]。除家庭特征外,村委会在采用低碳替代品的决策中也发挥了关键作用。其原因是村委会能与政府进行交流,并能根据当地经济状况、资源和基础设施联系相应的能源公司,在农村住宅的规划和决策阶段确定低碳技术投入使用的程度。政府的运营补贴和设备补贴在一定程度上减少了家庭经济对低碳行为的影响[67]。即使居民有意愿使用低碳设备,政府也应该给予居民更多的偏好选择,增加家庭自主权,引导居民需求与政策相匹配,从而更有利于居民的被动低碳行为向主动低碳行为转变[68]。宣传和指导构成了采用新技术的基础,研究表明,宣传可能帮助决策,有价值的信息会自主传播,居民越了解,就越有使用新能源的可能[69]
外部影响因素是节能行为的关键因素,但个体主观因素在塑造节能行为方面也发挥着重要作用[70]。有研究从心理因素和节能行为之间的相互作用进行研究,结果表明,农民的信仰、价值观、态度会在个人层面影响能源消费[71]。从日常烹饪耗能角度分析,相比较下女性在节能方面比男性表现更好[72],主要原因是男性做饭频率较低,其很难将清洁能源的意愿转化为行为[73]。感知行为控制是节能意图的决定性因素,社会规范和环境责任感更有可能激励节能行为[74],社会信任对使用清洁能源的意愿产生了负面影响,而群体心态[66]、感知有用性、感知易用性[75]能对使用清洁能源产生积极影响。为研究农村家庭是否愿意购买太阳能光伏屋顶,利用行为计划理论进行分析,研究发现个人利益感知对太阳能光伏屋顶的支付意愿影响最大[76]。有研究通过虚拟电力定价方法,研究农村居民洗衣机使用时间、电动车充电时间和空调温度设置的意愿,研究发现洗衣机的使用不受价格感知的影响,而受个人习惯的影响;相反,价格感知对另外两个研究对象产生负面影响[77]。除了感知行为外,面子意识和权利意识也会对农村居民使用可再生能源产生影响,例如居民可能会改变自己的行为,以符合他们的个人声誉及社会地位[78]。另外,政策认知可以最大程度减少意识和行为偏差,当农村居民对新能源了解得越多,越能产生使用新能源的积极性[79]。居民对气候变化的适应性也会影响节能制冷设备的购买意向与实际行动,应对气候的经验性缩小了行为和意识的偏差。
根据住房和城乡建设部等多部门联合印发的《农房质量安全提升工程专项推进方案》,长期空置的农房不仅造成了宅基地资源的闲置和浪费,也使得农村的房屋长期缺乏管理和维修,对公共环境造成安全隐患。因此需要通过拆除重建等措施推进农房质量管理及建设品质。在低碳背景下,为保证住宅拆除和回收过程的低碳化,需要综合考虑拆除方法的环保性、材料的循环利用以及整个流程的能源效率。
传统房屋(例如木材结构)主要是由人工进行拆除的,拆除后的建筑木材可以进行回收利用,但由农村地区特征及木材本身属性,回收的木材多用作于柴薪进行燃烧,很少再次作为建筑构件[80]。近年来的农村建筑多为砖混结构,除室内装饰部分采用人工拆除外,主体结构的拆除逐渐采用机械拆除的办法。与木材不同的是,农村居民会从拆除出来的建筑废弃物中挑选一些整砖进行回收及二次利用,其他均作为垃圾处理,污染环境的同时还极大地降低了建材的回收利用率。有学者对建材回收率进行了测算,除铝材和玻璃外,其他建筑材料回收率都低于50%,砂石类建材回收率为0[81]。建筑拆除一般有拆毁和拆解2种方式,拆毁具有一定的破坏性,从而使得废旧建材破碎混合、难以回收利用,而拆除能够较大限度地保证材料的可回收性。为保证建材的二次利用,在初始设计时需考虑材料的选择及构件节点设计。因此,优先选用具有高耐久性和高适应性的多功能材料,提升工业化装配程度,能够有效增强建筑拆除的可行性,并提高构件的回收与再利用率[82]。除拆除施工及建材回收利用外,废旧建材运输也会造成一定的碳排放,主要包括运输距离、装载效率、运输工具能源类型[83]。优化运输路线、采用清洁能源运输工具等,都可以直接减少运输过程中的碳足迹。
本文以住宅全寿命周期为框架,以相应的低碳政策为指导,分析了农村低碳住宅的相关研究,包括规划与决策阶段、建造阶段、材料生产及运输阶段、运营阶段、拆除和回收阶段。与传统全寿命周期研究的不同之处在于,本文对农村居民低碳行为进行了分析,旨在通过政策的自上而下驱动及居民自下而上的影响,健全和完善农村住宅低碳机制。分析框架如 图 2所示。
在全球应对气候变化的背景下,农村住宅由于整体数量庞大,建筑能效普遍较低,政策扶持和资源配置上具有一定的灵活性等因素,使得农村住宅成为实现碳中和目标的一个重点和突破口,在建筑节能减排中具有巨大潜力。
在政策层面,引入市场激励和完善建筑法规被认为是减少农村住宅碳排放的关键。但与城市相比,农村由于其经济水平、受教育程度等问题,低碳政策在农村的推广相对困难。该局限性也同时体现在了农村住宅相关的低碳材料方面,未来研究需深入探索适应农村特点的低碳材料及建造方式。在运营阶段,农村住宅的能源使用特点突出,由于农村地区住宅保温效果较差,且能源设施不如城市完善,因此冬季供暖和夏季供冷需求较高,能源消耗较大。虽然已有研究对太阳能、生物质能等清洁能源进行了探讨,但基础设施的薄弱和技术的推广难度,仍是农村低碳住宅发展的主要障碍。农村居民的低碳行为受到外部环境和个人因素的双重影响,与城市居民相比,农村居民对能源成本更为敏感,导致节能行为更容易受到经济条件的制约。但政策引导和社区参与,能够有效提升农村居民的低碳意识与行为。在农村住宅的拆除和回收过程中,对环保性、材料循环利用和能源效率的综合考量至关重要。当前的拆除过程中建筑材料回收利用率偏低,资源浪费普遍严重。废材运输阶段运输效率不高,运输工具较为耗能。
目前,大多数的农村住宅都是由居民在没有科学指导的情况下进行设计和建造的,从而导致生活环境差、舒适性低且造成了大量的能源浪费。因此,有必要对农村住宅的低碳发展进行综述,以改善居民生活环境,减少能源消耗。但从当前的研究来看,农村低碳住宅仍存在可进一步挖掘的方向。
通过对农村低碳住宅文献的梳理显示,从建筑全寿命周期的角度,在规划、设计、施工、运营、拆除及回收5个阶段都有相应的农村住宅低碳研究,但大多数研究都以单栋平面图或建筑结构相对单一的房屋案例进行研究,由于地域广阔,农村房屋存在地区和季节性差异。因此,之后的研究可扩大数据收集样本及收集时间,增加结果的可概括性,从而有助于完善相关标准和建设指南。
农村住宅室内环境质量普遍较差,导致农村居民的居住舒适性较低,能源消耗较高,主要表现在供冷、供热和照明方面。然而,湿度、风速等也会影响温度及居民舒适度,例如沿海地区。因此,在进行农村低碳住宅改造时,可以进一步研究在减少能源消耗的同时优化农村房屋的室内环境的其他因素。
关于农村居民的低碳行为,多数研究都是通过问卷调查进行实证分析,这种方法主要反映了样本的平均结构,但无法观察到某些特定现象。在数字化的背景下,未来的研究可以利用神经工程等方法对农村居民进行深入研究,从而充分了解其低碳行为及意愿。
目前关于农村住宅的拆除和回收阶段的研究较少,主要原因在于大多数空置农房尚未被拆除,且农村居民对农房使用时间持续较长。因此现有研究对拆除和回收阶段的碳排放都是以估算为准,在严密性和准确性上稍有欠缺。随着《农房质量安全提升工程专项推进方案》的实施,之后的研究将出现更多适宜的案例,为相关研究提供实证分析的基础。
农村住宅建筑是提高国家建筑能源效率的重要机会,同时也是实现“双碳”、提高农村居民生活水平的重要途径。在未来的研究中,可扩展研究广度、加强数字化研究方法、加深研究精度,以探索住宅建筑全寿命周期及其他的影响因素,从而构建高质量、低能耗的农村住宅环境。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72171028)
  • 中国博士后科学基金特别资助项目(2022T150077)
  • 中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2022M710496)
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2025年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.04.00317
  • 接收时间:2024-03-16
  • 首发时间:2025-06-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-16
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(72171028)
中国博士后科学基金特别资助项目(2022T150077)
中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2022M710496)
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    成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院, 成都 610059

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敖仪斌, 教授(通信作者), 研究方向为绿色交通行为与新型交通模式、居民日常活动行为、工程管理、乡村规划与建设, 电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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