Article(id=1146098718094234317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022012580582, articleNumber=null, orderNo=25, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00457, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701705600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-05, revisedDate=1726588800000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-18, acceptedDate=1744646400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-15, onlineDate=1751180827878, onlineDateStr=2025-06-29, pubDate=1747065600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1749744000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1751180827878, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-06-29, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751180827878, creator=18627231156, updateTime=1774079668509, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1146500022012580582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1747065600000', pubDateStr='2025-05-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751276506188, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330384082, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243194994346013325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022012580582, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243194994350207630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1146500022012580582, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=97, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1146098719310582497, articleId=1146098718094234317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Oscar Zariski: Father of the American school of algebraic geometry, columnId=1150494646058185020, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Science and Humanity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oscar Zariski, one of the most distinguished mathematicians in America in the 20th century, is credited with founding the American school of algebraic geometry. This paper explores Zariski’s remarkable contributions to mathematics through an in−depth study of his works and related literature. Zariski exhibited a profound interest in mathematics from a young age, under the influence of the Italian school of algebraic geometry, embarked on his journey into algebraic geometry. He initially employed topological methods to study algebraic geometry, and subsequently utilized commutative algebraic approaches to reconstruct the logical foundations of algebraic geometry. Zariski pursued academic rigor, demonstrated courage in innovating research methods, and nurtured numerous young talents, thus exemplifying the noble spirit of a scientist.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yue ZHOU, Shuhong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuhong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1146098720535319292, articleId=1146098718094234317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=奥斯卡·扎里斯基:美国代数几何学派之父, columnId=1150494646196597053, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技人文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

奥斯卡·扎里斯基是20世纪美国杰出的数学家之一,创建了美国代数几何学派。通过深入研究扎里斯基的论著及相关文献,探讨了他在数学领域的卓越成就。扎里斯基自幼对数学怀有浓厚兴趣,在意大利代数几何学派的影响下步入了代数几何的研究道路。他首先运用拓扑学方法研究代数几何,而后运用交换代数方法重构了代数几何的逻辑基础。扎里斯基追求学术严谨性,勇于创新研究方法,培育了诸多后备人才,彰显了崇高的科学家精神。

, authors=

周悦,硕士研究生,研究方向为近现代数学史,电子信箱:

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王淑红(通信作者),教授,研究方向为近现代数学史,电子信箱:
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周悦,硕士研究生,研究方向为近现代数学史,电子信箱:

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周悦,硕士研究生,研究方向为近现代数学史,电子信箱:

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奥斯卡·扎里斯基:美国代数几何学派之父
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周悦 , 王淑红 *
科技导报 | 科技人文 2025,43(9): 97-100
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奥斯卡·扎里斯基:美国代数几何学派之父
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周悦,硕士研究生,研究方向为近现代数学史,电子信箱:

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周悦 , 王淑红*
作者信息
  • 河北师范大学数学科学学院, 石家庄 050024
通讯作者:
王淑红(通信作者),教授,研究方向为近现代数学史,电子信箱:
Oscar Zariski: Father of the American school of algebraic geometry
Yue ZHOU , Shuhong WANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Mathematical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
出版时间: 2025-05-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00457
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奥斯卡·扎里斯基是20世纪美国杰出的数学家之一,创建了美国代数几何学派。通过深入研究扎里斯基的论著及相关文献,探讨了他在数学领域的卓越成就。扎里斯基自幼对数学怀有浓厚兴趣,在意大利代数几何学派的影响下步入了代数几何的研究道路。他首先运用拓扑学方法研究代数几何,而后运用交换代数方法重构了代数几何的逻辑基础。扎里斯基追求学术严谨性,勇于创新研究方法,培育了诸多后备人才,彰显了崇高的科学家精神。

奥斯卡·扎里斯基  /  代数几何  /  交换代数  /  赋值论

Oscar Zariski, one of the most distinguished mathematicians in America in the 20th century, is credited with founding the American school of algebraic geometry. This paper explores Zariski’s remarkable contributions to mathematics through an in−depth study of his works and related literature. Zariski exhibited a profound interest in mathematics from a young age, under the influence of the Italian school of algebraic geometry, embarked on his journey into algebraic geometry. He initially employed topological methods to study algebraic geometry, and subsequently utilized commutative algebraic approaches to reconstruct the logical foundations of algebraic geometry. Zariski pursued academic rigor, demonstrated courage in innovating research methods, and nurtured numerous young talents, thus exemplifying the noble spirit of a scientist.

Oscar Zariski  /  algebraic geometry  /  commutative algebra  /  valuation theory
周悦, 王淑红. 奥斯卡·扎里斯基:美国代数几何学派之父. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (9) : 97 -100 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00457
Yue ZHOU, Shuhong WANG. Oscar Zariski: Father of the American school of algebraic geometry[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (9) : 97 -100 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00457
奥斯卡•扎里斯基(Oscar Zariski,1899—1986)是20世纪美国杰出数学家。他师从意大利代数几何大师圭多•卡斯泰尔诺沃(Guido Castelnuovo),在罗马大学获得博士学位,具备了深厚的代数几何基础。1947年,他成为哈佛大学教授,凭借其卓越的学术造诣,吸引了众多年轻学子和代数几何学家来到该校,成功将哈佛大学打造为新一代代数几何研究的世界中心,被誉为“美国代数几何学派之父”[1]
围绕扎里斯基的学术生涯和成就,国内外学者已进行了相关研究。其中主要有:1972年,让•迪厄多内(Jean Dieudonné)发表了文章《代数几何的历史发展》(《The historical development of algebraic geometry》),阐述了扎里斯基如何运用交换代数方法重建代数几何逻辑基础[2]。1989年,皮奥特•布拉斯(Piotr Blass)发表了文章《扎里斯基对代数几何的影响》(《The influence of Oscar Zariski on algebraic geometry》),概述了扎里斯基对代数几何的重要贡献及其对哈佛大学数学系的影响[1]。2013年,大卫•芒福德(David Mumford)出版人物传记《奥斯卡•扎里斯基,1899—1986》(《 Oscar Zariski,1899—1986》),介绍了扎里斯基的早年教育、数学成就[3]。2013年,陈跃在文章《扎里斯基与代数几何的抽象化》中,阐述了扎里斯基推动了抽象代数几何的发展,以及扎里斯基给出了在代数曲面和三维代数簇上奇点解消的代数证明[4]
通过研读扎里斯基的原始论著以及国内外相关文献,发现有些问题还需要深入研究。例如,扎里斯基如何走上数学道路?为什么选择代数几何作为其研究方向?他的代数几何思想的内涵和影响是什么?在他一生求索的过程中体现了哪些科学家精神?这些都是值得探讨的问题。
扎里斯基幼年展现出了卓越的数学禀赋和强烈的求知欲望,这些特质为他后来的成功奠定了基础。
1899年,扎里斯基诞生于科布林(Kobrin)小镇,该小镇位于波兰与俄国交界之地。由于地理位置特殊,该地区常年笼罩在战火之中。他的父亲贝扎莱尔•扎里斯基(Bezalel Zaritsky)是一位法典学者,母亲汉娜•特嫩鲍姆(Hanna Tennenbaum)经营着一间杂货铺。他们共同育有7个孩子,分别是3个男孩和4个女孩,扎里斯基排行第6。在扎里斯基年仅2岁时,他的父亲便辞世,家庭重担落在了母亲一人肩上。尽管生活困顿,但是母亲始终坚信教育的力量,并尽力让孩子们接受良好的教育。1906年,杂货铺生意蒸蒸日上,家庭经济状况有所改善,母亲为扎里斯基聘请了一位家庭教师,专门教他算术和俄语。
扎里斯基在8岁时便能独立做完整本代数习题集,可见其数学天赋过人。1910年,他凭借优异成绩考入了位于弗拉基米尔•沃伦斯基(Vladimir−Volynskiy)政府资助的文科中学,该校距科布林约160 km。年仅11岁的扎里斯基独自在该校度过了8年的中学生活。1918年第一次世界大战结束后,他顺利毕业并返回科布林与母亲团聚[5]
1918年秋,由于基辅大学数学系名额已满,扎里斯基只得进入哲学系就读。出于对数学的热爱,他选修了大量数学课程,如代数学和微积分。此外,扎里斯基还利用课外时间自主学习了一些高等数学书籍,如爱德华•古尔萨(Édouard Goursat)的《数学分析教程》(《Cours d’analyse mathématique》)[5]
1921年,扎里斯基怀着对数学的执着追求,前往当时代数几何研究的世界中心——意大利罗马大学深造。意大利代数几何学派的主要成就是对高维空间的运用和代数曲面的分类,在代数几何学界享有盛誉。
在罗马大学,扎里斯基有幸得到了3位意大利代数几何学派大师卡斯泰尔诺沃、费代里戈•恩里克斯(Federigo Enriques)和弗朗西斯科•塞韦里(Francesco Severi)的悉心教导,开始研究代数几何,并将其确立为终身研究课题。卡斯泰尔诺沃敏锐地察觉到,虽然意大利代数几何学派取得了辉煌成就,但是该学派越来越依赖于几何直观,他指出:“意大利学派的方法已经进入了一个死胡同,它已经不适合代数几何领域的进一步发展了”[1]。卡斯泰尔诺沃注意到了扎里斯基在代数学方面的潜力,相信他能够突破意大利代数几何学派的瓶颈。卡斯泰尔诺沃为扎里斯基选定了一个与伽罗瓦理论相关的博士论文题目,并担任他的导师。1924年,扎里斯基完成了博士论文,获得了博士学位。
在卡斯泰尔诺沃的引荐下,1926年,扎里斯基成功与普林斯顿大学的所罗门•莱夫谢茨(Solomon Lefschetz)建立了通信联系。莱夫谢茨在代数拓扑学领域作出了开创性的贡献,运用同调理论深入研究了复代数曲面的拓扑性质。莱夫谢茨对扎里斯基极为赏识,在莱夫谢茨的积极推荐下,扎里斯基获得了约翰•霍普金斯大学的约翰斯顿奖学金(Johnston Scholarship)[5]。1927年,扎里斯基只身远赴美国进行学术研究。
在莱夫谢茨的影响下,扎里斯基开始运用拓扑学方法研究代数几何。1928年,扎里斯基发表了该方向的首篇论文《关于塞韦里的一个定理》(《 On a theorem of Severi》),运用拓扑学方法纠正了塞韦里关于亏格为g的一般曲线的雅可比行列式不存在非平凡自同态的不完备证明中的错误,并开始探索代数簇的拓扑性质和基本群。1931年,扎里斯基发表了论文《循环多重平面的不正则性》(《 On the irregularity of cyclic multiple planes》)。在该文中,他从拓扑学角度出发,将不可约平面曲线的基本群分为循环和非循环两类,揭示了平面代数曲线基本群与其正则性之间的关系[6]。1932年,扎里斯基被约翰•霍普金斯大学聘为副教授。
1934—1935年,扎里斯基受邀成为普林斯顿高等研究院的客座研究员。在此期间,他参加了爱米•诺特(Emmy Noether)主持的抽象代数研讨会,深入研习了交换代数理论和沃尔夫冈•克鲁尔(Wolfgang Krull)的一般赋值论。1935年,扎里斯基出版了著作《代数曲面》(《 Algebraic surfaces》)。该书综述了意大利代数几何学派的代数曲面理论,搭建了代数几何、拓扑学与超越函数理论之间的桥梁。扎里斯基在撰写该书过程中,意识到该学派在理论证明中过于依赖几何直观,缺乏逻辑基础。受诺特交换代数思想的启发,他开始运用交换代数方法重建代数几何逻辑基础。
1937年,扎里斯基晋升为约翰•霍普金斯大学正教授。同年,扎里斯基发表了论文《多变量代数函数的算术理论中的一些结果》(《 Some results in the arithmetic theory of algebraic functions of several variables》),详细探讨了代表“点”或直观上所说的“位”的零维理想,这标志着他研究代数几何方法的转变,即从拓扑学方法转向了交换代数方法[7]
奇点解消定理在代数几何中占有重要地位,其历史可以追溯到艾萨克•牛顿(Isaac Newton)时代。1939年,扎里斯基在论文《代数曲面的奇点解消》(《The reduction of the singularities of an algebraic surface》)中,汲取了一般赋值论思想,给出了代数曲面奇点解消定理严谨的代数证明。相比之下,意大利代数几何学派贝波•莱维(Beppo Levi)的代数曲面奇点解消方法仅局限于使用克雷莫纳变换,会导致变换后出现新的偶然奇点。扎里斯基则引入“整闭包变换”(即正规化),提出“正规簇”的概念,这是他能够证明代数曲面奇点解消定理的关键[8]。1944年,扎里斯基以精妙的交换代数思想攻克了长期以来困扰数学界的三维代数簇奇点解消难题,获得了广泛认可,同年荣获美国数学学会颁发的科尔代数奖。芒福德对此评价道:“多年来,所有业内人士都认为这是整个代数几何中技术上最困难的证明”[9]
扎里斯基对代数几何的贡献不仅限于奇点解消定理,其提出的扎里斯基主定理也推动了现代代数几何的发展。1943年,他发表了论文《双有理对应的一般理论基础》(《 Foundations of a general theory of birational correspondences》),给出了“扎里斯基主定理”最原始形式。1946年,他应邀赴伊利诺伊大学任研究教授,次年被哈佛大学聘为教授。1949年,扎里斯基发表了论文《双有理变换基本性质的简单分析证明》(《 A simple analytical proof of a fundamental property of birational transformations》),借助交换代数语言重新表述了扎里斯基主定理,给出了一种交换环形式的扎里斯基主定理,进一步促进了交换代数与代数几何的紧密结合[10]。1951年,扎里斯基运用抽象全纯函数理论提出了“扎里斯基主定理”的加强形式,即扎里斯基双有理态射的主定理,又称“连通定理”,这为格罗滕迪克建立概形理论奠定了坚实的基础。
扎里斯基不仅取得了卓越的数学成就,而且培养了优秀数学人才。他在哈佛大学任教20余年,在学术研究和教学上坚持高标准、严谨细致的风格,培养了斯雷拉姆•阿布海恩卡(Shreeram Abhyankar)、迈克尔•阿廷(Michael Artin)、芒福德和广中平祐(Hironaka Heisuke)等12位优秀博士生。扎里斯基在该校培养的第一位博士生是阿布海恩卡,他将代数几何的许多定理推广到正特征域,曾在哥伦比亚大学和康奈尔大学任教,后在普渡大学和印度浦那数学研究所担任院长。阿廷荣获美国数学会斯蒂尔终身成就奖。芒福德和广中平祐荣获菲尔兹奖。
扎里斯基积极推动了代数几何在国际上的传播与发展。他多次在法国、以色列、日本、西班牙、印度和意大利等国进行代数几何演讲,介绍最新研究成果,并与当地数学家和年轻学生交流。这些演讲吸引了众多年轻学生对代数几何的关注,为该领域注入了新的活力。1956年,扎里斯基受邀前往日本东京大学,举办了为期一个月的代数曲面极小模型理论讲座。时为东京大学研究生的广中平祐正是听了扎里斯基的讲座,决定追随扎里斯基攻读博士学位。广中平祐回忆起当年参加扎里斯基讲座时的情形,备受触动:“1956年的秋天,我在京都第一次见到了奥斯卡•扎里斯基。当时,他和安德烈•韦伊作为代数几何领域的两位领袖,在日本享有盛誉”[5]。扎里斯基不仅在代数几何领域作出了开创性贡献,而且以卓越的学术领导力培养了一代代数几何学者,彰显了其作为杰出数学家的学术品格与教育情怀。
扎里斯基卓越的数学天赋与他对数学的浓厚兴趣,使他毅然踏上了数学研究的道路。他在卡斯泰尔诺沃等数学家的影响下具备了代数几何的研究基础。扎里斯基对意大利代数几何学派依赖几何直观的证明方法持批判态度,认为其缺乏逻辑严密性。在莱夫谢茨的启发下,他开始运用拓扑学方法研究代数几何问题。随后,在爱米•诺特和克鲁尔的交换代数思想的影响下,扎里斯基专注于运用交换代数方法重建代数几何基础,从而将该学科推向了新的发展阶段。这一举措不仅拓宽了代数几何的研究范畴,还将其研究重心从几何对象对应的多项式方程组的解转向了几何对象的代数结构。在哈佛大学的30年教学生涯中,扎里斯基不仅推动了代数几何教育的发展,以其严谨细致的教学风格和高标准的学术要求著称,为该领域的长足发展奠定了深厚的人才根基,而且将该校打造成该领域的世界研究中心。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12271138)
  • 河北师范大学数学科学学院研究生创新项目(ycxzzss202401)
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Dieudonné J . The historical develop-ment of algebraic geometry[J]. The American Mathematical Monthly, 1972, 79(8): 827- 866.
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Mumford D . Oscar Zariski, 1899— 1986[M]. Washington: Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013: 1- 15.
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陈跃. 扎里斯基与代数几何的抽象化[J]. 高等数学研究, 2013, 16(1): 121- 126.
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Parikh C . The unreal life of Oscar Zariski[M]. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991.
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Zariski O . On the irregularity of cyclic multiple planes[J]. Annals of Mathe-matics, 1931, 32(3): 485.
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Zariski O . Some results in the arith-metic theory of algebraic functions of several variables[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1937, 23(7): 410- 414.
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Zariski O . The reduction of the singu-larities of an algebraic surface[J]. Annals of Mathematics, 1939, 40(3): 639.
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史蒂夫·纳迪斯, 丘成桐. 哈佛数学150年: 1825—1975[M]. 赵振江, 译. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2021: 196.
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.05.00457
  • 接收时间:2023-12-05
  • 首发时间:2025-06-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-13
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-05
  • 修回日期:2024-09-18
  • 录用日期:2025-04-15
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国家自然科学基金项目(12271138)
河北师范大学数学科学学院研究生创新项目(ycxzzss202401)
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    河北师范大学数学科学学院, 石家庄 050024

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王淑红(通信作者),教授,研究方向为近现代数学史,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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