Article(id=1324320340645643012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1782835200000, receivedDateStr=2026-07-01, revisedDate=1789401600000, revisedDateStr=2026-09-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793672173891, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1790524800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793672173891, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793672173891, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793672173891, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324320221309313194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1790524800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793672145439, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793673806843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324327189847605469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324327189847605470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=69, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324320340888912645, articleId=1324320340645643012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress of CN−DARN of the Chinese Meridian Project, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The mid− and high−latitude ionosphere over the Asian sector has long suffered from a large observational gap, which has hindered research on the evolution of ionospheric disturbances and cross−latitude energy transport. Under the second phase of the Meridian Project, the National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, independently developed the Chinese Auroral Radar Network (CN−DARN). It consists of six high−frequency coherent scatter radars deployed at three stations: Longjing, Siziwang, and Hejing. CN−DARN is the first network to achieve large−scale continuous monitoring of the mid− and high−latitude ionosphere over the Eurasian sector from 40°N to 80°N, spanning more than nine time zones. In 2025, after passing national acceptance, it officially joined the international SuperDARN organization. This paper systematically reviews the network architecture, observation capabilities, data sharing system, and representative scientific results of CN−DARN. CN−DARN has accumulated continuous, stable, and high−quality long−term observations and established the SuperDARN China data mirror site for global open access. Based on CN−DARN data, original results have been obtained in the spatiotemporal evolution of dawnside subauroral polarization streams (SAPS), global differences between dawnside and duskside SAPS, improved inversion of ionospheric convection during magnetic storms, and the propagation and E−F layer coupling of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). CN−DARN effectively fills the observational gap in the Asian mid− and high−latitude ionosphere and provides key observational support for space weather monitoring, disturbance tracing, and early warning. In the future, it will contribute to the International Meridian Circle Program and promote routine, systematic, and refined global ionospheric observations.

, authors=Jiaojiao ZHANG1, 2, Wei WANG1, 2, Xiang DENG1, 2, Ailan LAN1, 2, Jingye YAN1, Chi WANG1, authorsList=Jiaojiao ZHANG, Wei WANG, Xiang DENG, Ailan LAN, Jingye YAN, Chi WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324320342939927317, articleId=1324320340645643012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=子午工程中国双子极光雷达网(CN−DARN)研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

亚洲扇区中高纬电离层长期存在大范围观测空白,制约了中高纬电离层扰动演化与跨纬度能量传输等关键科学问题的研究。依托“子午工程”二期,中国科学院国家空间科学中心自主研制了中国双子极光雷达网(Chinese Dual Auroral Radar Network,CN−DARN),由部署在吉林省龙井市、内蒙自治区四子王旗、新疆维吾尔自治区和静县的3站6部高频相干散射雷达组成,实现40°N~80°N、东西跨度超9个时区的亚欧扇区中高纬电离层大范围连续监测,2025年正式加入国际SuperDARN组织。介绍了CN−DARN的组网架构、探测能力、数据共享体系及代表性研究成果。该雷达网已积累连续稳定的长时序观测数据,建成了SuperDARN中国数据镜像站,面向全球开放共享。基于CN−DARN数据,国内外研究人员在极光活动与电离层环境扰动、晨侧亚极光区极化流(subauroral polarization stream,SAPS)时空演化、晨昏两侧SAPS全球分布差异磁暴期间大尺度电离层对流演化特征,以及电离层行进式扰动传播与等方面取得系列原创性成果。CN−DARN有效填补了亚洲中高纬电离层监测空白,为空间天气监测、扰动溯源与预警分析提供了关键观测支撑,未来将面向国际子午圈大科学计划,推动全球电离层环境常态化、系统化、精细化动态观测。

, authors=张佼佼1, 2, 王玮1, 2, 邓翔1, 2, 蓝爱兰1, 2, 阎敬业1, 王赤1, authorsList=张佼佼, 王玮, 邓翔, 蓝爱兰, 阎敬业, 王赤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

张佼佼,研究员,研究方向为电离层探测、电离层物理与空间天气,电子信箱:

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(图片来源:https://superdarn.ca/about)

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子午工程中国双子极光雷达网(CN−DARN)研究进展
张佼佼 1, 2 , 王玮 1, 2 , 邓翔 1, 2 , 蓝爱兰 1, 2 , 阎敬业 1 , 王赤 1
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(18): 69-78
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (18) : 69 -78
子午工程中国双子极光雷达网(CN−DARN)研究进展
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张佼佼1, 2 , 王玮1, 2, 邓翔1, 2, 蓝爱兰1, 2, 阎敬业1, 王赤1
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,太阳活动与空间天气全国重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院国家空间科学中心,四子王旗空间天气野外科学观测研究站,乌兰察布 011828
作者简介:

张佼佼,研究员,研究方向为电离层探测、电离层物理与空间天气,电子信箱:

Research progress of CN−DARN of the Chinese Meridian Project
Jiaojiao ZHANG1, 2 , Wei WANG1, 2, Xiang DENG1, 2, Ailan LAN1, 2, Jingye YAN1, Chi WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2Siziwang Observatory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ulanqab 011828, China
出版时间: 2026-09-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00028
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亚洲扇区中高纬电离层长期存在大范围观测空白,制约了中高纬电离层扰动演化与跨纬度能量传输等关键科学问题的研究。依托“子午工程”二期,中国科学院国家空间科学中心自主研制了中国双子极光雷达网(Chinese Dual Auroral Radar Network,CN−DARN),由部署在吉林省龙井市、内蒙自治区四子王旗、新疆维吾尔自治区和静县的3站6部高频相干散射雷达组成,实现40°N~80°N、东西跨度超9个时区的亚欧扇区中高纬电离层大范围连续监测,2025年正式加入国际SuperDARN组织。介绍了CN−DARN的组网架构、探测能力、数据共享体系及代表性研究成果。该雷达网已积累连续稳定的长时序观测数据,建成了SuperDARN中国数据镜像站,面向全球开放共享。基于CN−DARN数据,国内外研究人员在极光活动与电离层环境扰动、晨侧亚极光区极化流(subauroral polarization stream,SAPS)时空演化、晨昏两侧SAPS全球分布差异磁暴期间大尺度电离层对流演化特征,以及电离层行进式扰动传播与等方面取得系列原创性成果。CN−DARN有效填补了亚洲中高纬电离层监测空白,为空间天气监测、扰动溯源与预警分析提供了关键观测支撑,未来将面向国际子午圈大科学计划,推动全球电离层环境常态化、系统化、精细化动态观测。

中国双子极光雷达网  /  高频相干散射雷达  /  中高纬电离层  /  电离层对流  /  电离层扰动

The mid− and high−latitude ionosphere over the Asian sector has long suffered from a large observational gap, which has hindered research on the evolution of ionospheric disturbances and cross−latitude energy transport. Under the second phase of the Meridian Project, the National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, independently developed the Chinese Auroral Radar Network (CN−DARN). It consists of six high−frequency coherent scatter radars deployed at three stations: Longjing, Siziwang, and Hejing. CN−DARN is the first network to achieve large−scale continuous monitoring of the mid− and high−latitude ionosphere over the Eurasian sector from 40°N to 80°N, spanning more than nine time zones. In 2025, after passing national acceptance, it officially joined the international SuperDARN organization. This paper systematically reviews the network architecture, observation capabilities, data sharing system, and representative scientific results of CN−DARN. CN−DARN has accumulated continuous, stable, and high−quality long−term observations and established the SuperDARN China data mirror site for global open access. Based on CN−DARN data, original results have been obtained in the spatiotemporal evolution of dawnside subauroral polarization streams (SAPS), global differences between dawnside and duskside SAPS, improved inversion of ionospheric convection during magnetic storms, and the propagation and E−F layer coupling of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). CN−DARN effectively fills the observational gap in the Asian mid− and high−latitude ionosphere and provides key observational support for space weather monitoring, disturbance tracing, and early warning. In the future, it will contribute to the International Meridian Circle Program and promote routine, systematic, and refined global ionospheric observations.

Chinese Auroral Radar Network (CN−DARN)  /  high−frequency coherent scatter radar  /  mid− and high−latitude ionosphere  /  ionospheric convection  /  ionospheric disturbance
张佼佼, 王玮, 邓翔, 蓝爱兰, 阎敬业, 王赤. 子午工程中国双子极光雷达网(CN−DARN)研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (18) : 69 -78 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00028
Jiaojiao ZHANG, Wei WANG, Xiang DENG, Ailan LAN, Jingye YAN, Chi WANG. Research progress of CN−DARN of the Chinese Meridian Project[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (18) : 69 -78 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00028
中高纬电离层是日地耦合系统的关键部分,其等离子体分布、运动规律与扰动特征是揭示磁层−电离层能量耦合过程、阐明空间天气扰动传播机制的重要研究对象。精准掌握中高纬电离层的演化与扰动规律,是保障卫星导航定位、无线电通信、超视距雷达探测等各类基础设施安全稳定运行的重要前提。目前近地空间环境观测主要包括卫星原位探测与地面遥感探测2种技术手段,2类观测方式优势互补,是支撑空间物理研究的核心观测体系。高频相干散射雷达依托高频电磁波在电离层中的超视距传播与散射特性,可实现大空域、全天候连续探测,精准获取电离层等离子体漂移、扰动等关键参数,是当前中高纬空间环境观测的重要设备,基于该技术构建的国际超级双子极光雷达网(Super Dual Auroral Radar Network,SuperDARN)[1−2],已成为全球电离层观测与研究的重要骨干观测体系。
与此同时,亚洲扇区中高纬电离层一直存在大范围观测空白区域,现有SuperDARN雷达网无法覆盖该区域,严重制约了中高纬电离层扰动演化规律、跨纬度能量传输机制等关键科学问题的深入研究。为补齐中国中高纬空间环境观测能力短板,填补国际SuperDARN探测空白区,依托“子午工程”二期,中国科学院国家空间科学中心自主研制中国双子极光雷达网(Chinese Dual Auroral Radar Network,CN−DARN,又称北方中纬高频雷达网),搭建起了亚洲扇区中高纬电离层常态化观测体系[3]。它的建设实施使该区域具备了开展空前大范围电离层环境探测的条件,为深入研究和认识电离层动力学过程提供了新机遇。CN−DARN雷达网于2023年底完成全部设备安装调试,2024年全年试运行,2025年通过国家验收后,正式加入国际SuperDARN组织。
目前,该雷达网已积累海量高质量观测数据,并建立规范化国际数据共享机制,为国内外空间物理领域研究提供了重要数据支撑。众多研究人员基于CN−DARN观测数据,在极光活动与电离层环境扰动、亚极光区等离子体漂移、全球电离层对流及行进式电离层扰动等方向取得一系列原创性科研成果。本文梳理子午工程CN−DARN雷达网的组网架构、观测能力与数据共享体系,总结其在中高纬电离层物理前沿研究中的代表性成果。
CN−DARN雷达网采用3站分布式组网布局,整套网络由部署在中国北方吉林省龙井市、内蒙古自治区四子王旗、新疆维吾尔自治区和静县的3站6部高频相干散射雷达组成,雷达国际代码分别为LJE/LJW(龙井东西两部)、SZE/SZW(四子王东西两部)以及HJE/HJW(和静东西两部)[4]。国际上首次实现了40°N~80°N,东西跨度超9个时区的亚欧扇区中高纬电离层扰动大范围连续监测,探测范围南北超4000 km,东西跨度超1万 km(图1)。基于分布式的总体方案设计,雷达采用全数字相控阵体制,突破阵元级实时并行内定标及校正、大型地面阵列外定标等关键技术,实现非中断系统定标,消除加工工艺带来的误差、环境温漂、器件老化等因素的影响,实现高性能、高灵活性和高可靠性探测。
每部雷达由电子系统(包括收发单元、数字信号处理单元、数据处理及传输单元等)和天线系统组成。雷达天线系统由16单元双折合振子天线主阵与4单元干涉阵构成,其中主阵具备完整的信号发射与接收能力,工作频段8~20 MHz;干涉阵仅接收电离层散射回波信号,通过回波数据解算获取探测目标的仰角信息。两套天线阵采用平行布设方式,具体布设间距根据站点略有差异:四子王站与和静站雷达的干涉阵位于主阵后方100 m处,龙井站雷达的阵间距为75 m。系统硬件方面,单台发射机峰值输出功率为750 W,整部雷达系统总发射功率可达12 kW,能够满足大空域、高精度电离层常态化探测需求。双雷达同站东西分置、多站交叉重叠视场,通过多站协同获取电离层对流速度矢量。
CN−DARN构建了完备、规范化的科学数据产出、存储与共享体系,数据格式、处理流程采用国际SuperDARN标准。CN−DARN数据产品按处理层级划分为4级。
1) 零级原始回波数据(in−phase and quadrature data,IQ):多通道IQ数据是雷达接收系统对接收到的空间无线电信号进行滤波、放大、解调、数字化采样、幅度相位修正、波束合成后得到的时序数据。对应每个非等间隔脉冲串,原始IQ数据为从第一个发射脉冲的第一个距离门至最后一个脉冲的最远距离门的一维数组,数组长度取决于不等间距脉冲序列的脉冲编码类型和所要探测的最远距离门。多通道IQ数据包含雷达运行参数和不同接收通道的时序原始电压值数据。
2) 一级原始自相关数据(raw autocorrelation function data,RAWACF):原始自相关数据是不同通道、不同距离门和时间段的回波原始回波信号经自相关计算后的数据,包含雷达运行参数、不同时间和距离门的回波自相关函数。原始自相关函数代表的是信号经过电离层传播后在不同时延处的相似程度。如果雷达探测到的是真实电离层不规则体回波信号,则其原始自相关函数具有较强的相关性,且相关性随时延增加而指数递减。而白噪声信号在不同时延处相关性没有明确规律。通过自相关计算,可从白噪声背景中检测出雷达回波信号。
3) 二级拟合自相关函数数据(fitted autocorrelation function data,FITACF):不同时延、不同距离门的拟合自相关数据,包括回波信噪比、多普勒速度、多普勒速度谱宽、回波仰角。其中回波信噪比代表的是信号回波与背景噪声相对大小,只有比背景噪声更强的电离层回波信号才可被雷达检测到;多普勒速度代表的是雷达探测到的电离层不规则体回波的相位变化速度,代表电离层不规则体相对于雷达运动的方向和快慢。多普勒速度以远离雷达为负,靠近雷达为正。多普勒速度谱宽表征散射体速度弥散程度;仰角信息则约束散射区域的高度与空间位置。该级数据是开展中高纬电离层动力学定量分析的核心产品。
4) 三级电离层电势数据(map potential data,MAP):基于多雷达二级数据融合反演生成,采用SuperDARN雷达软件工具包完成对流电势场计算,结合统计对流模型开展数据融合处理,最终生成半球电离层对流电势场。该级数据将视线速度转化为二维对流矢量,是研究全球尺度电离层对流演化的关键数据产品。
目前,CN−DARN已积累2024年以来连续、稳定、高质量的长时序观测数据集,有效填补了亚洲扇区中高纬区域常态化电离层观测数据空白。除CN−DARN的6部雷达外,作为CN−DARN雷达技术探路者的佳木斯高频雷达(Jiamusi radar,JME),已于2020年加入SuperDARN组织,SuperDARN雷达视场范围如图2所示。至此国家空间科学中心共计7部雷达正式纳入SuperDARN全球观测体系,占全球现役40部雷达观测设备总量的近1/5,是SuperDARN组织中雷达设备贡献数量最多的科研机构。其组织参与科研机构及机构雷达数量如图3所示。
中国科学院国家空间科学中心建成了SuperDARN中国数据镜像站(SuperDARN China,https://superdarn.nssdc.ac.cn/)。该站负责中国雷达数据的收集并与其他2个国际镜像站——英国南极调查局(British Antarctic Survey,BAS)镜像站、加拿大萨斯喀彻温大学(University of Saskatchewan,USask)镜像站实现实时数据同步。SuperDARN China面向全球科研社区开放服务,可提供全球SuperDARN成立以来约40部雷达、累计超30年的科学探测数据。构建了稳定、高效的全球SuperDARN观测数据协同共享格局。
CN−DARN组网建成运行2年多以来,依托其高时空分辨率、连续稳定的亚洲扇区中高纬电离层观测数据,国内外科研人员围绕亚极光区物理过程、中高纬电离层对流、电离层行进式扰动传播等关键科学问题开展研究,已陆续产出多项原创性科研成果,有效推动了中国中高纬电离层物理及空间天气领域的研究进展。
近年来,随着北磁极向西伯利亚地区漂移[5−6],亚洲中纬度地区空间环境对太阳活动的敏感性显著提升,以往多见于极地的极光频频出现在亚洲中纬度地区。2024年10月10日,超强太阳风暴引发特大地磁暴,科研人员在中国内蒙古四子王旗空间天气野外科学观测研究站(约42°N)成功拍摄到持续超过5 h的极光。观测显示,极光呈现两阶段增强特征:1700 UT(世界时)后先出现微弱红色极光,1800 UT达到峰值;2000 UT后极光再次爆发,出现红色与品红色交织的绚丽景象[7]。
为探究极光爆发伴随的空间物理过程及其对亚洲空间环境的影响,Zhang等[7]分析了CN−DARN的连续观测数据,发现CN−DARN完整捕捉到一种罕见的晨侧亚极光区极化流(subauroral polarization stream,SAPS)的时空演化过程,并发现这种亚极光区极化流的加速与极光亮度增强存在正相关关系。SAPS是地磁暴期间在极光带赤道向边界以外出现的一种高速等离子体流[8],长久以来SAPS被认为是仅存在于昏侧亚极光区的高速西向等离子体流。近年来,Horvath等[9]利用卫星穿越探测数据,发现晨侧可能也存在SAPS结构,呈现东向流动特征,发生频率极低。但由于卫星就位穿越观测的局限性,无法获取晨侧SAPS的发生发展过程。依托CN−DARN的大范围、高频次探测优势,这种罕见的晨侧SAPS的动态时空演化过程被清晰地捕捉到(图4[7])。结合极光粒子沉降数据,Zhang等[7]发现随着极光沉降粒子能流增强,晨侧SAPS的速度显著提升,最高速度达到1200 m/s。这表明极光粒子沉降可通过调制电离层极化电场强度控制晨侧SAPS的流动速度,这为理解磁层−电离层耦合过程提供了全新视角。该研究首次明确,强磁暴期间即使极光椭圆带的赤道向边界尚未延伸至中国上空,但亚极光区物理过程激发的高速电离层不规则体,已能入侵中国空域,扰动区域电离层环境稳定性。
利用CN−DARN的探测数据,Zhang等[7]进一步定量化评估了极光活动对亚洲区域短波中断的影响。短波通信凭借其长距离传输优势,在航空、航海、应急救援等领域不可或缺。CN−DARN雷达工作在短波波段为评估极光活动的影响效应提供了天然条件。研究结果显示,在2次极光增强期间,电离层总电子含量(total electron content,TEC)急剧增强,短波信号被强烈吸收,雷达接收的信号功率最大衰减达70%,短波衰减持续数小时之久。
SAPS是存在于亚极光区(极光卵赤道侧)的高速等离子体流动,是磁层−电离层系统耦合作用的主要表现之一。近年的研究表明,SAPS不仅是一种可在昏侧亚极光区存在的等离子体流,晨侧亚极光区也可发生。针对晨昏两侧SAPS的发生和发展过程的异同问题,CN−DARN雷达网与SuperDARN在美洲和日本的中纬度雷达联合可实现这两类SAPS的同步大范围高时空分辨率观测。
2024年3月24日发生了一次强磁暴事件,该磁暴SYM−H指数最小值低于−170 nT(属强磁暴等级),同时伴随超强亚暴(SME指数最大值超4000 nT)。Zhao等[10]利用6部CN−DARN雷达和6部其他SuperDARN中纬度雷达观测到晨昏两侧SAPS的同时演化过程(图5[10])。多雷达联合探测揭示:在空间分布上,昏侧SAPS呈现“广覆盖、低TEC”特点,位于中纬度低密度槽(TEC<10 TECU(1 TECU=1016 电子数/m²)),延伸约7个磁地方时(20.5~3.5 MLT(magnetic local time,磁地方时));而晨侧SAPS则分布在TEC值超35 TECU的区域,经度方向上延伸小于昏侧SAPS,约2个磁地方时(8~10 MLT)。时间演化层面,两类SAPS展现出“异步出现、长短不一”的特点:昏侧SAPS出现在磁暴和亚暴增长过程中,在雷达上于15:37 UT率先出现,16:40 UT消失,持续约1 h;晨侧SAPS则在磁暴最强的时段才出现,雷达显示其于16:07 UT出现,16:30 UT即消失,持续不足30 min,展现出更短的生命周期,提示其对磁暴强度变化的响应更敏感。值得注意的是,尽管两类SAPS等离子体流方向相反(昏侧西向、晨侧东向),且处于不同的电子密度区域(晨侧SAPS处于电子密度较高的区域),但该事件中两类SAPS的流速峰值却大致相当,均为1000 m/s左右。该观测展示了两类SAPS在空间分布、时间演化及形成条件上的关键差异,为探索晨侧SAPS的独特驱动机制提供了新方向。
太阳风与行星际磁场驱动磁层等离子体发生大尺度对流,该过程可通过磁力线映射到高纬电离层对流结构中[11]。SuperDARN雷达网能够在超大空间尺度上观测电离层对流,从而反演、解析磁层的动力学演化过程。CN−DARN雷达网的建设填补了SuperDARN在亚洲扇区的大范围探测空白区,显著提升了全球电离层对流观测精度。
Zhang等[3]以2023年12月1日发生的地磁暴事件为例,探究了CN−DARN观测数据对电离层对流结果的优化提升效果。参照Zhang等[12]的研究思路,本研究采用2组差异化数据集反演北半球电离层对流场并开展对比分析:第一组数据集融合CN−DARN雷达观测数据与全球所有可用的SuperDARN雷达观测数据,第二组数据集仅采用常规SuperDARN雷达观测数据。通过对比2组数据集反演得到的电离层对流特征差异,定量评估CN−DARN组网数据对提升北半球电离层对流精度的作用。基于高频相干散射雷达多普勒观测数据构建瞬时电离层对流图谱的技术方法,最早由Ruohoniemi等[13]于1998年建立,后经Shepherd等[14]持续完善与优化,现已形成成熟的标准化反演体系。采用SuperDARN雷达软件工具包RST 5.0完成对流电势场计算与制图输出,耦合Thomas等[15]构建的统计对流模型开展数据融合,并通过软件算法自动识别与计算Heppner−Maynard(HM)边界位置[16]。
图6给出了2023年12月1日12:09 UT的北半球电离层对流分布结果。其中,图6(a)为融合CN−DARN雷达与全球可用SuperDARN雷达数据得到的北半球对流图,图6(b)为仅使用传统SuperDARN雷达数据反演得到的对流图,图6中绿色虚线轮廓为HM边界。各对流场图右下角分别标注了跨极盖电势降(Φpc)、HM边界下限纬度(ΛHM)、视线速度网格观测点数(Nvc)以及参与网格反演的雷达数量(Nradars)。图6(a)[3]中黑色实线弧段标注了CN−DARN 6部新增雷达的视场覆盖范围。结果表明,CN−DARN可为亚欧扇区电离层对流活动提供高质量观测数据,显著提升该区域等离子体对流结构的刻画精度。加入CN−DARN观测数据后,研究区域内有效视线速度网格观测数量由890个增至1339个。在参与本次对流反演的22部雷达中,6部CN−DARN雷达的观测贡献占比达33.5%,同时全局跨极盖电势降由81 kV提升至90 kV。该时刻6部雷达恰好覆盖昏侧扇区,其新增观测有效完善了昏侧负电势涡的精细结构。在未引入CN−DARN数据的图6(b)[3]中,亚欧中低纬昏侧的强对流特征仅依靠北海道东雷达(Hokkaido east radar,HOK)、北海道西雷达(Hokkaido west radar,HKW)与佳木斯雷达(Jimausi radar,JME) 3部传统中纬SuperDARN雷达支撑观测,有效探测覆盖范围十分有限。融入CN−DARN密集观测数据后,15~23磁地方时区间的连续强对流结构得以完整呈现。对比结果可见,图6(a)反演的对流场中负电势涡强度显著高于正电势涡,清晰揭示了该时刻电离层晨昏对流电势涡的结构非对称特征。
电离层行进式扰动(traveling ionospheric disturbances,TIDs)是电离层中一种典型的空间天气现象,表现为电子密度在空间上的准周期性波动。该类现象通常由低层大气波动上传、高能粒子注入、电动力学过程等多种机制共同作用引发,是电离层研究的热点问题。TIDs可依据空间尺度与周期特征划分为大尺度行进式扰动(large−scale traveling ionospheric disturbances,LSTIDs)和中尺度行进式扰动(medium−scale traveling ionospheric disturbances,MSTIDs)。其中,周期大于30 min的扰动归为大尺度行进式扰动,空间尺度更小、周期更短的扰动则归为中尺度行进式扰动[17]。当前科学界已形成多种成熟的TIDs观测手段,主要包括光学成像探测、全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)接收机探测、非相干散射雷达探测以及以SuperDARN为代表的相干散射雷达探测[18−21]。扰动结构在电离层中传播时会发生聚焦与散焦效应,分别对应高频雷达地面散射回波功率的增强与衰减特征。基于该机制,SuperDARN雷达可通过地面散射回波中的准周期振荡信号识别TIDs扰动信号。CN−DARN的6部雷达自投入运行以来,已多次捕捉到典型的电离层行进式扰动事件。
Li等[22]利用CN−DARN雷达、SuperDARN北海道雷达、气辉成像仪和GNSS−TEC等多源数据,首次追踪到一类从日本向中国境内传播的西南向MSTIDs事件,并揭示其在传播过程中存在强烈的电离层E层和F层耦合过程(图7[22])。研究进一步在高频雷达的近场回波中识别出MSTIDs周期性结构内存在着众多小尺度不规则体(十米级),分析认为MSTIDs内所产生的极化电场可激发梯度漂移不稳定性,这种不稳定性可能是MSTIDs结构内形成这类小尺度不规则结构的主要原因。这一发现对理解电离层中能量传输与耦合机制具有重要科学意义,也为空间环境建模和扰动预警提供了新的观测依据。
CN−DARN自建成以来,系统运行稳定可靠,观测数据连续性好、精度高,数据质量优异,有效填补了亚洲中高纬度地区电离层监测空白。利用CN−DARN的探测数据,国内外研究人员在全球电离层对流、亚极光区物理过程、电离层行进式扰动等方面取得了诸多原创科研成果。同时CN−DARN为空间天气监测、扰动溯源与预警分析提供了关键观测支撑,在中国空间天气保障体系中发挥着重要作用。
未来,CN−DARN将依托中国牵头主导的国际子午圈大科学计划,立足子午工程现有观测根基,面向地球空间全域协同监测目标,构建120°E~60°W子午圈闭合式立体监测体系,实现全球电离层环境常态化、系统化、精细化动态观测。针对低纬观测覆盖不足,积极推进非洲、南美赤道电离层电磁监测雷达等新型设备规划建设,完善高中低纬全覆盖观测网络。在此基础上,持续利用雷达网连续观测数据,深入解析不同纬度电离层多圈层耦合机制与扰动跨纬度传播规律,迭代优化空间天气预警预报模型,提升极端空间天气事件识别、研判与预警能力,为北斗导航定位、无线电通信、超视距雷达探测等关键基础设施安全稳定运行提供数据与技术支撑。
值得强调的是,CN−DARN能够顺利建成并融入全球观测体系,得益于国际SuperDARN组织所倡导并践行的开放、合作、共享理念。SuperDARN的建成并非一蹴而就,而是全球科学家为研究全球空间天气这一共同目标,历经40余年不懈努力、逐步发展壮大的合作成果。从最初少数国家、少数机构的探索,到如今超过10个国家、十几家科研单位共同参与;从统一数据格式、共享雷达软件与观测标准,到协调跨时区联合观测与实时数据交换,其间历经几代科学家接续奋斗,克服了技术路线差异、经费保障波动、设备布设与维护、组织协调和人员更替等重重困难,才逐步建成覆盖全球的相干散射雷达观测网络。其核心愿景在于实现对全球尺度电离层等离子体漂移动态演化过程的连续观测与刻画,揭示其时空演化规律。这种以共同科学目标为牵引、开放共享为纽带、长期合作机制为保障的模式,可作为全球科学合作的范本,为未来国际子午圈大科学工程等国际科技合作提供重要借鉴。
  • 国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目(2022YFF0504400)
  • 国家自然科学基金卓越研究群体项目(42188101)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00028
  • 接收时间:2026-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-07-01
  • 修回日期:2026-09-15
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国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目(2022YFF0504400)
国家自然科学基金卓越研究群体项目(42188101)
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    1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,太阳活动与空间天气全国重点实验室,北京 100190
    2中国科学院国家空间科学中心,四子王旗空间天气野外科学观测研究站,乌兰察布 011828
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00028
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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