Article(id=1324320222227865771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1783699200000, receivedDateStr=2026-07-11, revisedDate=1789142400000, revisedDateStr=2026-09-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793672145658, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1790524800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793672145658, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793672145658, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793672145658, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324320221309313194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1790524800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793672145439, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793673806843, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1324327189847605469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1324327189847605470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1324320221309313194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=108, endPage=117, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324320224207577260, articleId=1324320222227865771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Chinese Meridian Project: Temperature profiling lidar for middle and lower atmosphere at Wuhan University, Wuchang Station, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accurate temperature profiles with high spatiotemporal resolution play an essential role in atmospheric and space sciences. This paper reviews the main technical approaches to atmospheric temperature profiling using lidar, including pure rotational Raman lidar, Rayleigh lidar, high spectral resolution lidar, with particular emphasis on the development of the world's first single−line−extraction−based pure rotational Raman lidar by the group at Wuhan University, which has involved more than a decade of dedicated effort. This instrument enables precise extraction of individual spectral lines of N2 rotational Raman backscatter, and is capable of all−day accurate temperature profiling from near ground to the lower stratosphere (1~21 km during daytime and 1~35 km at night), with a measurement statistical error of 1 K below 21 km at night (and 11 km during daytime), without any external calibration. In addition, the measurements from this lidar allow direct retrieval of aerosol and cloud backscatter and extinction profiles with strict analytical expressions. Within the framework of Chinese Meridian Project observation network, this lidar is named "Temperature Profiling Lidar for Middle and Lower Troposphere". It has been deployed at Wuhan University, Wuchang station since 2022 and has recorded more than 420 days of high−precision atmospheric temperature profile observations.

, authors=Yun HE1, 2, 3, Fan YI1, 2, 3, *, Changming YU2, 3, 4, Yunpeng ZHANG1, 2, 3, Fuchao LIU1, 2, 3, Yang YI2, 5, Zhenping YIN2, 5, Jun ZHOU2, 4, authorsList=Yun HE, Fan YI, Changming YU, Yunpeng ZHANG, Fuchao LIU, Yang YI, Zhenping YIN, Jun ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fan YI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324320230205431996, articleId=1324320222227865771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=子午工程武昌武大站:中低层测温激光雷达, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高精度、高时空分辨的大气温度垂直廓线对空间与大气科学研究至关重要。回顾了纯转动拉曼、瑞利及高光谱分辨率激光雷达等大气温度廓线探测激光雷达的主要技术方案,介绍了武汉大学团队自主研制国际首台基于单支谱提取的转动拉曼激光雷达。该雷达突破了大气N2分子转动拉曼单谱线精细提取技术,无需外部参考源标定,即可实现近地面至平流层下部(白天:1~21 km;夜晚1~35 km)的全天时大气温度精准测量,在夜晚21 km(白天11 km)以下测温精度优于1 K。该系统还可利用解析表达式直接反演气溶胶/云后向散射及消光系数廓线。该套设备在子午工程的观测网中命名为“中低层测温激光雷达”,于2022年部署于武昌武大站,已获取超420 d的高精度大气温度观测数据。

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何芸,副研究员,研究方向为激光雷达大气遥感,电子信箱:

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注:(c)~(f)为转动拉曼方法与Fernald方法(假定激光雷达比为60 sr)反演结果对比

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子午工程武昌武大站:中低层测温激光雷达
何芸 1, 2, 3 , 易帆 1, 2, 3, * , 余长明 2, 3, 4 , 张云鹏 1, 2, 3 , 柳付超 1, 2, 3 , 易洋 2, 5 , 殷振平 2, 5 , 周军 2, 4
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(18): 108-117
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (18) : 108 -117
子午工程武昌武大站:中低层测温激光雷达
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何芸1, 2, 3 , 易帆1, 2, 3, * , 余长明2, 3, 4, 张云鹏1, 2, 3, 柳付超1, 2, 3, 易洋2, 5, 殷振平2, 5, 周军2, 4
作者信息
  • 1武汉大学地球与空间科学技术学院,武汉 430072
  • 2武汉大气遥感国家野外科学观测研究站,武汉 430072
  • 3地球空间环境与大地测量教育部重点实验室,武汉 430072
  • 4武汉大学电子信息学院,武汉 430072
  • 5武汉大学遥感信息工程学院,武汉 430079
通讯作者:
易帆(通信作者),教授,研究方向为激光雷达大气遥感,电子信箱:
作者简介:

何芸,副研究员,研究方向为激光雷达大气遥感,电子信箱:

Chinese Meridian Project: Temperature profiling lidar for middle and lower atmosphere at Wuhan University, Wuchang Station
Yun HE1, 2, 3 , Fan YI1, 2, 3, * , Changming YU2, 3, 4, Yunpeng ZHANG1, 2, 3, Fuchao LIU1, 2, 3, Yang YI2, 5, Zhenping YIN2, 5, Jun ZHOU2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 2National Field Observation and Research Station (Hubei Wuhan) for Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 4School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 5School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
出版时间: 2026-09-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00006
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高精度、高时空分辨的大气温度垂直廓线对空间与大气科学研究至关重要。回顾了纯转动拉曼、瑞利及高光谱分辨率激光雷达等大气温度廓线探测激光雷达的主要技术方案,介绍了武汉大学团队自主研制国际首台基于单支谱提取的转动拉曼激光雷达。该雷达突破了大气N2分子转动拉曼单谱线精细提取技术,无需外部参考源标定,即可实现近地面至平流层下部(白天:1~21 km;夜晚1~35 km)的全天时大气温度精准测量,在夜晚21 km(白天11 km)以下测温精度优于1 K。该系统还可利用解析表达式直接反演气溶胶/云后向散射及消光系数廓线。该套设备在子午工程的观测网中命名为“中低层测温激光雷达”,于2022年部署于武昌武大站,已获取超420 d的高精度大气温度观测数据。

纯转动拉曼激光雷达  /  单支谱提取  /  大气温度廓线  /  全天时测量  /  大气遥感探测仪器

Accurate temperature profiles with high spatiotemporal resolution play an essential role in atmospheric and space sciences. This paper reviews the main technical approaches to atmospheric temperature profiling using lidar, including pure rotational Raman lidar, Rayleigh lidar, high spectral resolution lidar, with particular emphasis on the development of the world's first single−line−extraction−based pure rotational Raman lidar by the group at Wuhan University, which has involved more than a decade of dedicated effort. This instrument enables precise extraction of individual spectral lines of N2 rotational Raman backscatter, and is capable of all−day accurate temperature profiling from near ground to the lower stratosphere (1~21 km during daytime and 1~35 km at night), with a measurement statistical error of 1 K below 21 km at night (and 11 km during daytime), without any external calibration. In addition, the measurements from this lidar allow direct retrieval of aerosol and cloud backscatter and extinction profiles with strict analytical expressions. Within the framework of Chinese Meridian Project observation network, this lidar is named "Temperature Profiling Lidar for Middle and Lower Troposphere". It has been deployed at Wuhan University, Wuchang station since 2022 and has recorded more than 420 days of high−precision atmospheric temperature profile observations.

pure rotational Raman lidar  /  single−line extraction  /  atmospheric temperature profiles  /  all−day measurement  /  atmospheric remote sensing instrument
何芸, 易帆, 余长明, 张云鹏, 柳付超, 易洋, 殷振平, 周军. 子午工程武昌武大站:中低层测温激光雷达. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (18) : 108 -117 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00006
Yun HE, Fan YI, Changming YU, Yunpeng ZHANG, Fuchao LIU, Yang YI, Zhenping YIN, Jun ZHOU. Chinese Meridian Project: Temperature profiling lidar for middle and lower atmosphere at Wuhan University, Wuchang Station[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (18) : 108 -117 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00006
温度是描述大气热力状态的基本参量,其高精度、高时空分辨的垂直廓线在天气预报、气候变化评估、大气热动力学、大气化学、临近空间科学等领域具有重要作用[1−3]。温度场是云与降水形成过程的基本驱动力,精确的温度廓线对理解复杂天气过程至关重要,能为数值天气预报模型提供重要支持[4]。世界气象组织曾提出,当前短临天气预报要实现突破,所同化的温度廓线(一般中低对流层)需达到时间分辨率60 min,垂直分辨率250 m,精度优于1 K[5]。此外,温度还是许多遥感技术反演其他物理量时的必要输入参量[6]。
当前大气温度垂直廓线的主要探测仪器包括无线电探空仪、微波辐射计和激光雷达[1]。探空仪虽具有较高的时空分辨率,但是日均2次的常规探测频率远不能满足气象预报需求,且全国常规探测站点不足200个[7],难以覆盖典型中尺度天气过程的观测需求。微波辐射计通过被动接收大气O2和水汽等产生的微波辐射亮温反演温度廓线,从探测原理来说属于不适定问题,且垂直分辨率较低,易受地表发射率、降雨及云液态水等影响,导致测温精度受限。
激光雷达作为一种主动遥感手段,具备高时空分辨率和高精度的优势。综述了当前主流测温激光雷达技术,并重点回顾了最广泛采用的纯转动拉曼测温方案。进一步介绍了在国际上首次实现基于单支谱提取的转动拉曼激光雷达测量大气温度的进展。所研制的激光雷达设备在子午工程观测网中命名为“中低层测温激光雷达”,先后分别部署于武昌武大站和博罗站,开展大气温度垂直廓线常规观测。
理论上,在局地热平衡条件下,大气分子(N2或O2)的布居数满足玻尔兹曼分布律,因此对应的纯转动拉曼谱线强度与温度相关,可用于测量大气温度廓线。然而,其总强度对温度变化的敏感度极低,给实际测量带来很大困难,限制了该方案的广泛应用。1972年,Cooney[8]提出一种差分测量思路,分别提取两支孤立的N2转动拉曼谱线。远离激发波长的高转动量子数谱线强度与温度正相关,靠近激发波长的低转动量子数谱线强度与温度负相关。这两支谱线的回波强度比值Q(z)的对数,与温度倒数呈严格的线性关系,可直接从测量的信号强度比值解析求出精准温度,其函数关系为
$ \ln Q\left(z\right)=\ln\frac{N_{J_{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{h}}}\left(z\right)}{N_{J_{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{w}}}\left(z\right)}=\frac{{A}}{T\left(z\right)}+B $
式中,A为与N2转动能级和玻尔兹曼常数相关的常系数(可理论计算获得),B为与两通道传输效率相关的常数(可在实验室内测得),且对确定的雷达系统是保持不变的,因此无需借助外界的标定。
然而,实际大气中N2和O2转动拉曼谱线密集交叠(图1)[9]。受限于单支谱精细提取能力(要求几十pm级的极窄光谱提取),当前国内外几乎所有纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统均采用提取两路包含多支N2和O2混合谱线的光谱提取方案[10−13],具体通过引入滤光片、Fabry−Perot标准具或光栅等光学器件实现[14−16]。此时,2个拉曼通道信号强度的比值与温度的解析函数关系不再成立。为了沿用纯转动拉曼激光雷达的测温方法,只能假定这个复杂函数可近似表达为温度倒数的二阶多项式,从而获得近似的大气温度
$ \begin{split}\ln Q\left(z\right)=& \ln\frac{{N}_{{J}_{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{h}}}\left(z\right)}{{N}_{{J}_{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{w}}}\left(z\right)}=\frac{\sum _{i}{\alpha }_{i}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{\beta }_{i}}{T\left(z\right)}}}{\sum _{i}{\gamma }_{i}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{\delta }_{i}}{T\left(z\right)}}}\\ \approx & \frac{A}{{T}^{2}\left(z\right)}+\frac{B}{T\left(z\right)}+C\end{split} $
式中,标定系数A、B、C通常借助邻近时刻的探空温度廓来估计确定,即通过拟合激光雷达2个拉曼通道信号比值的对数与探空温度倒数之间的标定函数(解析的二阶多项式)获得。3个拟合参数(标定系数)代表了对应标定时刻探空温度廓线的最佳估计。
然而,长期获取同时同地的激光雷达观测探空数据来开展标定非常困难。当前,中国仅有百余个探空站,欧洲、非洲和南美等地区的探空站覆盖更为稀疏[7]。不同探空仪还具有不同的拉格朗日飞行轨迹,某一时刻获得的标定系数不一定适用于另一个时间点的激光雷达观测。此外,在实践中发现,标定系数会随时间漂移,需要反复标定,且难以消除假定解析形式的标定函数给温度测量带来的系统误差。受探测原理所限,该方案仅为权宜之计,难以在大范围观测网络中业务化运行及应用。
尽管存在上述局限,由于缺乏更优替代方案,国际上仍普遍采用基于“多支谱”提取的纯转动拉曼激光雷达开展大气温度测量。1983年,苏联大气光学研究所团队率先研制成功该类雷达[10],并经过多次技术升级实现白天探测[10]。此后,德国[12−13,17−18]、法国[19]、瑞典[20]、瑞士[21]、美国[22]等研发团队也相继采用类似方案取得成功。近年来,中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院[14,23]、中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院[24]、西安理工大学[25−26]、北京理工大学[15,27]、武汉大学等的中国科研团队也通过不同技术路径实现了基于多支谱的纯转动拉曼激光雷达的研制。
武汉大学易帆团队在基于多支谱提取的转动拉曼测温方面也开展过不同技术路线的尝试,有着多年的技术积累。Jia等[28]采用532 nm激发波长和1000 mm口径望远镜,结合双光栅分光提取多支转动拉曼谱线,实现了5~30 km大气温度廓线的测量,17 km以下精度优于0.5 K。Liu等[16]基于532 nm激发波长和双望远镜(1000 mm和200 mm口径)接收,采用窄带滤光片提取多支转动拉曼谱线,实现了近地面至35 km的温度测量。2020年,采用类似技术方案的系统部署至南极中山站(图2),为中国极地科考提供重要数据支撑[29]。Pan等[30]基于355 nm激发波长和窄带滤光片提取多支转动拉曼谱线,首次实现了白天低对流层的温度测量。
大气分子密度与其瑞利散射回波强度成正比,因此接收瑞利散射信号可反演获取大气密度廓线,再结合静力学平衡假设和理想气体状态方程反演大气温度。因为低空存在气溶胶的米散射信号干扰,且一般无法严格满足静力学平衡假设,因此该技术仅适用于30~80 km无气溶胶的高度区间[31]。此外,反演时还需提供低空(如纯转动拉曼测温)或高空(如共振荧光测温)的温度边界条件,以进行逐层迭代积分的温度反演[32]。瑞利激光雷达技术实现相对简单,但无法探测对流层及平流层下部这一集中了诸多关键科学问题的区域,限制了其在大气温度探测中的广泛应用。
自20世纪70年代起,大气成分变化探测网络(network for the detection of atmospheric composition change,NDACC)在全球部署了多台瑞利激光雷达,持续获取30~80 km高度的大气温度廓线[33]。代表性系统为德国莱布尼茨大气物理研究所研制,1994年部署于挪威ALOMAR(Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research)的瑞利/米/拉曼激光雷达,已积累超30年的温度数据并至今仍在运行[34]。美国夏威夷莫纳罗亚观测台自1993年起也运行着一台由喷气推进实验室研发的瑞利/拉曼激光雷达,提供15~90 km的大气温度观测数据[35]。在中国,第36次南极科考队于2020年在南极中山站部署了瑞利激光雷达,开展20~80 km高度大气密度和温度廓线的常规探测[36]。
传统瑞利激光雷达接收近地面至30 km的回波信号中,同时包含了分子的瑞利散射信号与气溶胶的米散射信号,限制了其测量大气温度时仅适用于30~80 km的高度范围。高光谱分辨激光雷达(high spectral resolution lidar,HSRL)通过碘分子滤波器[37]、Fabry−Perot干涉仪[38−39]、Fizeau干涉仪[40]等器件,在光谱上分离分子的瑞利−布里渊散射和气溶胶的米散射回波,从而在有气溶胶的低空区域(对流层和平流层下部)基于瑞利−布里渊散射Cabannes线展宽与温度的相关性实现大气温度反演。这种温度探测原理在于在2个固定频率处,通过光学滤波器件进行鉴频,并利用2个通道的温度敏感性差异,实现大气温度的反演。
美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)在HSRL技术方面开展了持续研究,其机载系统已多次应用于外场试验。国内中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院[41]、南京信息工程大学[42]和西安理工大学[43]等单位也取得了积极进展。然而,瑞利散射与米散射光谱间隔极小、部分重叠,系统对发射激光的频率稳定性要求较高,因此实现高分辨率光谱提取在技术上颇具挑战。这都限制了高光谱分辨激光雷达在大气温度廓线的长期稳定观测领域的技术应用不及纯转动拉曼激光雷达的应用广泛。
除上述测温激光雷达外,振转拉曼谱激光雷达[44]、O2差分吸收激光雷达[45−47]、原子/分子共振荧光激光雷达[48]等技术方案也有不同团队尝试。然而,受限于信噪比不足、技术难度大和系统稳定性差等问题,这些方案难以满足大气温度廓线的长期稳定观测需求。
受限于光学滤波技术,Cooney[8]提出的基于单支转动拉曼谱提取精准测量大气温度的设想,50多年来未能实现。直至2012年,武汉大学团队率先提出具备可行性的基于单支谱提取的纯转动拉曼激光雷达方案。在理论分析N2分子纯转动拉曼谱线时,钟山等[49]发现斯托克斯支J=4和14,以及反斯托克斯支J=6和16,两对谱线相对独立,且与邻近O2谱线间隔足够大,如图1(b)所示,具备利用商用滤光器件进行孤立提取的潜力。在此基础上,武汉大学团队完成了初步的系统方案设计,包括发射激光参数、光谱提取器件核心指标及弹性信号抑制需求等硬件方案,以及温度反演方法、相应的误差分析与灵敏度评估等理论工作。
2018年,武汉大学易帆团队成功研制首台基于单支谱提取的纯转动拉曼激光雷达原理样机[50],其发射波长为532.237 nm,采用203 mm口径望远镜接收。2个拉曼通道采用窄带滤光片与空气隙Fabry−Perot干涉仪的组合,实现反斯托克斯支J=6(531.000 nm)和J=16(528.770 nm)2条孤立单谱线的精细提取,如图3(a)所示。该系统依据两通道信号强度比与温度的简单线性函数关系,可在无需外部参考源标定的情况下,获取全天时大气温度廓线。该雷达在1~10 km高度内实现了全天时温度测量,且8 km高度以下的探测精度优于1 K[50]。
2020年,该技术获美国发明专利授权。此后,为了提升白天的探测能力,武汉大学团队还尝试了基于355 nm激发波长的紫外准单支谱提取测温方案[51]。2021年,进一步验证了该雷达在气溶胶与云光学特征精确测量及气溶胶分类方面的能力[52]。经持续升级改造,如图3(b)所示,团队于2022年12月推出首台面向常规探测的基于单支谱提取的纯转动拉曼激光雷达设备[53−54]。新系统采用Nd:YAG激光器发射二倍频波长为532.237 nm的激光,接收端采用1000 mm(远场:8~35 km)和300 mm(近场:1~16 km)双口径卡式望远镜同时采集回波。2个拉曼通道采用窄带滤光片(谱宽0.16 nm)与石英腔Fabry−Perot干涉仪(谱宽约30 pm)级联组合的超窄带滤光系统,精细提取斯托克斯支J=4(535.749 nm)和J=14(533.479 nm)2条孤立单谱线,如图1(b)所示。其中Fabry−Perot干涉仪配有温控精度达0.03 K的自研温控装置,确保单支谱的精确提取。系统对领近的O2转动拉曼谱线的抑制达2个数量级,对弹性散射信号的抑制达8个数量级,是单支谱提取的核心技术。
在国家重大科技基础设施项目“子午工程”支持下,首台基于单支谱提取的转动拉曼激光雷达已部署于武昌武大站(武汉大气遥感国家野外科学观测研究站),持续开展大气温度、云和气溶胶垂直廓线的常规探测(图4(a)、(b))。运行3年多来,有效探测天数超过420 d,原始观测数据量超过1 TB。2023年,武汉大学与哈尔滨工业大学(深圳)在博罗站合作部署了第二台同型激光雷达[55](图4(c))。
该系统是全球首台可实现近地面至平流层全天时大气温度廓线测量的激光雷达,白天与夜间的有效温度探测高度分别达21 km和35 km(图5),并可通过瑞利散射测温技术进一步延伸至中间层[31−32]。系统典型时间分辨率为1 h,空间分辨率为150 m,并可根据探测高度范围和温度精度的需求进行调整。图5展示了2025年1月16—17日在武汉观测的全天时大气温度实例,其中1月16日6:30—9:00时因厚云的干扰数据缺失。位于17~19 km高度的对流层顶以及中低对流层区域的若干小尺度逆温结构可清晰分辨。这种达到连续2 d时长、从近地面至平流层的大高度范围高精度大气温度测量结果,目前尚未见到国际上任何其他激光雷达研发团队有相关报道。
图6展示了2025年1月17日白天和夜晚的1 h累积测得的大气温度垂直廓线,同时给出了武汉气象站无线电探空仪(距激光雷达站点约24 km)的温度测量结果。在夜晚21 km(白天11 km)以下高度,温度统计误差优于1 K,达到国际领先水平[21,34,56]。需指出,雷达与探空温度结果间的差异包含了大气水平不均匀性的影响。系统原始观测数据时间分辨率为1 min,空间分辨率为150 m,适用于中小尺度大气温度结构和变化研究。
此外,利用反演得到的温度廓线,该雷达系统还可进一步从转动拉曼和弹性通道信号,利用解析表达式直接计算气溶胶/云后向散射及消光系数廓线,而无需引入额外假定。该方案[50,52]有效解决了传统Fernald方法[57]和振转拉曼方法[58]中目标参量多于雷达方程数量的问题,为激光雷达观测气溶胶/云的光学参数提供了可靠的测量基准[52−53]。
2025年6月初,加拿大爆发了大规模森林野火事件,释放的大量烟尘气溶胶经火积云快速注入平流层[59]。经过约2周大气环流的长距离输送后抵达武汉上空。图7为2025年6月16日20:00—24:00时,基于单支谱提取的纯转动拉曼激光雷达在武昌武大站的观测结果,烟尘层位于约16~18 km高度的平流层。通过比较基于所提出的新解析表达式与需假设固定激光雷达比的传统Fernald方法反演得到的气溶胶消光和后向散射系数等光学参数,发现前者能清晰呈现激光雷达比的垂直变化,其值在70~90 sr变化,符合典型烟尘激光雷达比的特征[57];而Fernald方法所假设的固定60 sr的激光雷达比存在明显的低估。
高精度、高时空分辨的大气温度垂直廓线在空间与大气科学中具有重要价值。激光雷达作为一种主动遥感手段,具备高时空分辨率和高精度温度探测的优势,其中最为广泛采用的是纯转动拉曼激光雷达的技术方案。当前,国内外所有纯转动拉曼激光雷达均基于提取多支N2和O2谱线的混合,其信号强度与温度不具备严格的解析函数关系,温度反演需借助外部温度反复标定,原理性温度误差难以消除,限制了其大规模的部署应用。武汉大学易帆团队在“子午工程”项目和国家自然科学基金的支持下,突破了N2分子转动拉曼单谱线精细提取技术,在国际上率先研制出基于单支谱提取的转动拉曼激光雷达,首次实现近地面至平流层下部(白天:1~21 km;夜晚1~35 km)全天时大气温度精准探测。系统在夜晚21 km(白天11 km)以下的测温精度优于1 K,达国际领先水平。该系统还可利用解析表达式直接反演气溶胶/云后向散射及消光系数廓线,无需引入额外假定,为同类型观测提供可靠的基准。
该技术具有完全自主的知识产权[60]。设备在子午工程观测网中命名为“中低层测温激光雷达”,已分别部署于武昌武大站和博罗站,开展大气温度垂直廓线的常规观测。自2022年12月部署以来,其在武昌武大站的有效探测天数超过420 d,原始观测数据量逾1 TB。国家重大科技基础设施子午工程武昌武大站中低层测温激光雷达对流层和平流层温度数据[61]可由子午工程官方网站(https://dcstatus.meridianproject.ac.cn)获取。
目前,团队正在开展该仪器的推广应用,计划于2026年内在湖北赤壁(距武昌武大站直线距离约百千米)完成第3台同型设备的部署。未来工作将聚焦于基于单支谱提取的纯转动拉曼激光雷达设备的小型化和模块化升级方面,并进一步提升系统稳定性与运维便捷性,同时降低设备制造成本,最终实现大规模组网观测的能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大科研仪器研制项目(41927804)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42575138)
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2026年第44卷第18期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.07.00006
  • 接收时间:2026-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-07-11
  • 修回日期:2026-09-12
基金
国家自然科学基金重大科研仪器研制项目(41927804)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42575138)
作者信息
    1武汉大学地球与空间科学技术学院,武汉 430072
    2武汉大气遥感国家野外科学观测研究站,武汉 430072
    3地球空间环境与大地测量教育部重点实验室,武汉 430072
    4武汉大学电子信息学院,武汉 430072
    5武汉大学遥感信息工程学院,武汉 430079

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易帆(通信作者),教授,研究方向为激光雷达大气遥感,电子信箱:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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