Article(id=1296827271331991920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1780243200000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-01, revisedDate=1784563200000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787117315371, onlineDateStr=2026-08-19, pubDate=1785168000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787117315371, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787117315371, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787117315371, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1296827250129784977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785168000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787117310316, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787117721595, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1296828975423185806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1296828975423185807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=56, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1296827271650759025, articleId=1296827271331991920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Prospects for intelligent navigation technologies in deep−space exploration, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Uncrewed deep-space exploration missions operate under extreme constraints, including vast distances, long communication delays, weak signals, and complex dynamical environments, making conventional ground−control architectures increasingly inadequate for long−duration, complex operations. This review systematically examines advances in intelligent navigation for deep−space exploration. It proposes a perception−decision−execution−auxiliary architecture and synthesizes progress and key bottlenecks in critical technologies, including extreme−environment perception and autonomous cognition, multi−source fusion autonomous navigation, mission planning and decision−making under long−delay conditions, intelligent control in complex dynamical environments, and intelligent navigation auxiliary support technologies for deep space, with particular attention to the integration of artificial intelligence and its future development. Building on this analysis, the review outlines priorities for advancing intelligent navigation in deep space, providing a technical reference for the planning and implementation of China's Phase II planetary exploration program, solar−system boundary exploration, and other future deep−space missions.

, authors=Weiren WU1, 2, Zhe ZHANG2, *, Wangwang LIU1, Shiliang WANG1, *, Qier AN3, Tongtong FENG4, Rui XU5, Binfeng PAN3, Wenwu ZHU4, authorsList=Weiren WU, Zhe ZHANG, Wangwang LIU, Shiliang WANG, Qier AN, Tongtong FENG, Rui XU, Binfeng PAN, Wenwu ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhe ZHANG, Shiliang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1296827272334430581, articleId=1296827271331991920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=深远空间智能航行技术展望, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

深远空间无人探测任务面临极远距离、大时延、弱信号和复杂动力学环境等极端约束,传统地面控制模式已难以满足长期复杂任务需求。系统综述深远空间智能航行技术进展,提出感知—决策—执行—辅助的智能航行体系,分析极端环境感知与自主认知技术、多源融合自主导航技术、长时延条件下的任务规划与决策技术、复杂动力学环境下的智能控制技术、深远空间智能航行辅助保障技术等关键技术的研究进展与主要瓶颈,并重点探讨人工智能技术的融合应用与发展方向。在此基础上,提出深远空间智能航行技术发展建议,为行星探测工程二期、太阳系边际探测等深远空间探测任务论证实施提供参考。

, authors=吴伟仁1, 2, 张哲2, *, 刘旺旺1, 王诗良1, *, 安琪儿3, 冯童童4, 徐瑞5, 泮斌峰3, 朱文武4, authorsList=吴伟仁, 张哲, 刘旺旺, 王诗良, 安琪儿, 冯童童, 徐瑞, 泮斌峰, 朱文武, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张哲, 王诗良, authorNote=

吴伟仁,研究员,中国工程院院士,研究方向为航天测控通信与深空探测总体设计,电子信箱:

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张哲(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为深空探测总体设计、深空智能航行技术,电子信箱:;
王诗良(共同通信作者),工程师,研究方向为深空探测人工智能技术,电子信箱:
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吴伟仁,研究员,中国工程院院士,研究方向为航天测控通信与深空探测总体设计,电子信箱:

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IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2025, 61(1): 443-456., articleTitle=Obstacle−avoidance distributed reinforcement learning optimal control for spacecraft cluster flight, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1296828845965988761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, 12, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=3, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=张众, 宝音贺西, 李俊峰, journalName=深空探测学报(中英文), refType=null, unstructuredReference=张众, 宝音贺西, 李俊峰. 空间目标协同探测轨迹优化研究进展[J]. 深空探测学报(中英文), 2025, 12(1): 3-14., articleTitle=空间目标协同探测轨迹优化研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1296828846033097626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1964, volume=13, issue=26, pageStart=789, pageEnd=791, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Shapiro I I, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shapiro I I. Fourth test of general relativity[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1964, 13(26): 789-791., articleTitle=Fourth test of general relativity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1296828846091817883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=126, issue=6, pageStart=2687, pageEnd=2706, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=60, authorNames=Soffel M, Klioner S A, Petit G, journalName=The Astronomical Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Soffel M, Klioner S A, Petit G, et al. The IAU 2000 resolutions for astrometry, celestial mechanics, and metrology in the relativistic framework: Explanatory supplement[J]. 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任务发射(规划)
时间
探测目标任务形态典型任务
距离/AU
通信单程时延智能航行能力
注:AU为天文单位(astronomical unit)。
Pioneer 10/111972/1973年木星、土星飞越探测/长期巡航>100.0>13 h地面主导、序列执行
Voyager 1/21977年外太阳系、星际空间多行星飞越/星际巡航>160.0>22 h地面主导、序列执行
Galileo1989年木星系统环绕探测/大气探测5.235~50 min地面主导、序列执行
Cassini−
Huygens
1997年土星系统环绕探测/着陆探测10.060~90 min地面主导、序列执行
Deep Space 1(DS1)1998年小行星、彗星飞越/技术验证2.615~25 min地面规划、局部自主
Rosetta2004年67P彗星伴飞/着陆5.330~50 min地面规划、局部自主
New Horizons2006年冥王星、柯伊伯带天体飞掠探测>50.0>6 h地面规划、序列执行
Hayabusa/
Hayabusa2
2003/2014年小行星Itokawa和Ryugu接近/采样返回约2.0~3.015~25 min地面规划、局部自主
OSIRIS−REx2016年Bennu小行星接近/采样返回2.015~18 min地面规划、局部自主
Lucy2021年木星特洛伊小行星多目标飞越5.235~50 min地面规划、局部自主
Psyche2023年金属小行星环绕探测3.520~30 min地面规划、局部自主
JUICE2023年木星冰卫星飞越/环绕探测5.235~50 min地面规划、局部自主
Dragonfly2028年土卫六着陆/自主飞行巡视10.070~90 min任务域内自主运行
天问四号2029年木星系统木星系环绕、着陆5.235~50 min预计长期自主运行
太阳系边际探测2030年前后日球层顶鼻尖区域
和尾部区域
长期巡航/飞掠
多天体
80.0~100.011~14 h预计长期自主运行
), ArticleFig(id=1296828840660194130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型深远空间探测任务对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
任务发射(规划)
时间
探测目标任务形态典型任务
距离/AU
通信单程时延智能航行能力
注:AU为天文单位(astronomical unit)。
Pioneer 10/111972/1973年木星、土星飞越探测/长期巡航>100.0>13 h地面主导、序列执行
Voyager 1/21977年外太阳系、星际空间多行星飞越/星际巡航>160.0>22 h地面主导、序列执行
Galileo1989年木星系统环绕探测/大气探测5.235~50 min地面主导、序列执行
Cassini−
Huygens
1997年土星系统环绕探测/着陆探测10.060~90 min地面主导、序列执行
Deep Space 1(DS1)1998年小行星、彗星飞越/技术验证2.615~25 min地面规划、局部自主
Rosetta2004年67P彗星伴飞/着陆5.330~50 min地面规划、局部自主
New Horizons2006年冥王星、柯伊伯带天体飞掠探测>50.0>6 h地面规划、序列执行
Hayabusa/
Hayabusa2
2003/2014年小行星Itokawa和Ryugu接近/采样返回约2.0~3.015~25 min地面规划、局部自主
OSIRIS−REx2016年Bennu小行星接近/采样返回2.015~18 min地面规划、局部自主
Lucy2021年木星特洛伊小行星多目标飞越5.235~50 min地面规划、局部自主
Psyche2023年金属小行星环绕探测3.520~30 min地面规划、局部自主
JUICE2023年木星冰卫星飞越/环绕探测5.235~50 min地面规划、局部自主
Dragonfly2028年土卫六着陆/自主飞行巡视10.070~90 min任务域内自主运行
天问四号2029年木星系统木星系环绕、着陆5.235~50 min预计长期自主运行
太阳系边际探测2030年前后日球层顶鼻尖区域
和尾部区域
长期巡航/飞掠
多天体
80.0~100.011~14 h预计长期自主运行
), ArticleFig(id=1296828840744080211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级能力名称能力特征地面参与程度感知能力决策能力执行能力恢复能力
注:×表示不具备;△表示有限能力(规则驱动);√表示具备自主能力;√√表示高度自主能力;★表示具备持续学习、自主演化和开放环境适应能力。
L0地面控制 全部航行与任务决策由地面完成,探测器仅执行遥控指令全程地面测控××××
L1自动执行 按预设程序自动完成姿轨控制、定序操作和安全保护地面主导、自动执行××
L2局部自主 在限定场景下具备环境感知、自主导航和局部任务执行能力地面规划、局部自主
L3条件自主 在规定任务域内自主完成感知、决策、执行闭环,并处理常规异常自主完成特定任务
L4高度自主 长时间自主完成复杂探测任务,具备资源管理和自主故障恢复能力地面监督、自主运行√√√√√√√√
L5完全自主 面向开放环境自主学习、自主科学发现和任务演化,基本无需地面实时支持极少地面干预
), ArticleFig(id=1296828840815383380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

探测器智能航行能力等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级能力名称能力特征地面参与程度感知能力决策能力执行能力恢复能力
注:×表示不具备;△表示有限能力(规则驱动);√表示具备自主能力;√√表示高度自主能力;★表示具备持续学习、自主演化和开放环境适应能力。
L0地面控制 全部航行与任务决策由地面完成,探测器仅执行遥控指令全程地面测控××××
L1自动执行 按预设程序自动完成姿轨控制、定序操作和安全保护地面主导、自动执行××
L2局部自主 在限定场景下具备环境感知、自主导航和局部任务执行能力地面规划、局部自主
L3条件自主 在规定任务域内自主完成感知、决策、执行闭环,并处理常规异常自主完成特定任务
L4高度自主 长时间自主完成复杂探测任务,具备资源管理和自主故障恢复能力地面监督、自主运行√√√√√√√√
L5完全自主 面向开放环境自主学习、自主科学发现和任务演化,基本无需地面实时支持极少地面干预
), ArticleFig(id=1296828840878297941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术路线主要特点技术成熟度优势局限性
几何视觉与摄影测量 基于特征匹配、多视几何和三维重建8~9 可解释性强,工程可靠性高 对弱纹理、低照度和复杂遮挡敏感
 深度学习视觉感知 基于CNN、ViT等模型进行检测和分割5~7 复杂场景识别能力强,适合语义理解 依赖训练数据和星载算力,可解释性不足
 多模态融合感知 融合光学、激光、惯导、热红外和光谱信息6~8 鲁棒性高,可弥补单一传感器不足 系统复杂度、标定和同步难度较高
世界模型与自主认知 进行环境预测、序列建模和任务推演3~5 面向未知环境,具备自主学习潜力 工程验证不足,可信性和算力需求高
), ArticleFig(id=1296828840983155542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

典型环境感知与自主认知技术比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术路线主要特点技术成熟度优势局限性
几何视觉与摄影测量 基于特征匹配、多视几何和三维重建8~9 可解释性强,工程可靠性高 对弱纹理、低照度和复杂遮挡敏感
 深度学习视觉感知 基于CNN、ViT等模型进行检测和分割5~7 复杂场景识别能力强,适合语义理解 依赖训练数据和星载算力,可解释性不足
 多模态融合感知 融合光学、激光、惯导、热红外和光谱信息6~8 鲁棒性高,可弥补单一传感器不足 系统复杂度、标定和同步难度较高
世界模型与自主认知 进行环境预测、序列建模和任务推演3~5 面向未知环境,具备自主学习潜力 工程验证不足,可信性和算力需求高
), ArticleFig(id=1296828841046070103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
导航方式定位精度适用阶段自主程度技术成熟度主要局限
地面无线电导航米级至10米级 全任务弧段9 依赖地面测控资源,实时性受通信时延约束
惯性导航短时连续,长期漂移累积 机动、着陆和短时闭环控制9 误差随时间累积,需要外部校正
光学导航近距离米级至百米级 目标接近、伴飞、着陆8~9 依赖目标可见性、光照条件和先验模型
多源融合导航优于单一导航源 巡航、接近、着陆和长期运行6~8 异构误差建模、时间同步和可信评估复杂
X射线脉冲星导航现阶段千米级 深空巡航和弱地面支持阶段4~5 信号弱、积分时间长、载荷灵敏度要求高
量子惯性导航理论上优于传统惯性导航 长期巡航潜在应用3~4 体积、功耗、抗辐照和动态范围仍待突破
), ArticleFig(id=1296828841125761880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

典型探测器导航技术比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
导航方式定位精度适用阶段自主程度技术成熟度主要局限
地面无线电导航米级至10米级 全任务弧段9 依赖地面测控资源,实时性受通信时延约束
惯性导航短时连续,长期漂移累积 机动、着陆和短时闭环控制9 误差随时间累积,需要外部校正
光学导航近距离米级至百米级 目标接近、伴飞、着陆8~9 依赖目标可见性、光照条件和先验模型
多源融合导航优于单一导航源 巡航、接近、着陆和长期运行6~8 异构误差建模、时间同步和可信评估复杂
X射线脉冲星导航现阶段千米级 深空巡航和弱地面支持阶段4~5 信号弱、积分时间长、载荷灵敏度要求高
量子惯性导航理论上优于传统惯性导航 长期巡航潜在应用3~4 体积、功耗、抗辐照和动态范围仍待突破
), ArticleFig(id=1296828841234813785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法计算复杂度环境适应性可解释性技术成熟度典型应用
HTN/PDDL经典规划较低8~9星上任务管理、规则明确的操作序列
启发式搜索/A*9路径规划和局部任务搜索
MPC/优化规划较高8轨迹优化、资源约束规划
深度强化学习很高较低4~6自主避障、动态调度和策略优化
Transformer规划很高很高一般3~5长序列任务规划和多阶段推理
Agent自主规划很高很高一般2~4未来自主科学任务和多智能体协同
), ArticleFig(id=1296828841306116954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

典型任务规划与智能决策方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法计算复杂度环境适应性可解释性技术成熟度典型应用
HTN/PDDL经典规划较低8~9星上任务管理、规则明确的操作序列
启发式搜索/A*9路径规划和局部任务搜索
MPC/优化规划较高8轨迹优化、资源约束规划
深度强化学习很高较低4~6自主避障、动态调度和策略优化
Transformer规划很高很高一般3~5长序列任务规划和多阶段推理
Agent自主规划很高很高一般2~4未来自主科学任务和多智能体协同
), ArticleFig(id=1296828841373225819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制方法适用场景鲁棒性容错能力技术成熟度主要局限
PID/LQR姿态稳定、轨道控制9适应性有限,依赖较准确模型
自适应控制参数变化系统8~9收敛速度和稳定性边界需谨慎设计
滑模控制强扰动环境很高8可能存在抖振,工程实现需滤波和约束处理
模型预测控制多约束优化控制、近距操作7~8在线计算量较大,依赖模型质量
强化学习控制未知环境、自主机动和避障很高4~6可解释性和稳定性证明不足
具身智能控制长期自主运行和自适应调整很高很高2~4模型维护和工程验证难度高
), ArticleFig(id=1296828841452917596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296827271331991920, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

典型探测器控制方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制方法适用场景鲁棒性容错能力技术成熟度主要局限
PID/LQR姿态稳定、轨道控制9适应性有限,依赖较准确模型
自适应控制参数变化系统8~9收敛速度和稳定性边界需谨慎设计
滑模控制强扰动环境很高8可能存在抖振,工程实现需滤波和约束处理
模型预测控制多约束优化控制、近距操作7~8在线计算量较大,依赖模型质量
强化学习控制未知环境、自主机动和避障很高4~6可解释性和稳定性证明不足
具身智能控制长期自主运行和自适应调整很高很高2~4模型维护和工程验证难度高
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深远空间智能航行技术展望
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吴伟仁 1, 2 , 张哲 2, * , 刘旺旺 1 , 王诗良 1, * , 安琪儿 3 , 冯童童 4 , 徐瑞 5 , 泮斌峰 3 , 朱文武 4
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(14): 56-68
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深远空间智能航行技术展望
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2探月与航天工程中心,北京 100190, bio={"content":"

吴伟仁,研究员,中国工程院院士,研究方向为航天测控通信与深空探测总体设计,电子信箱:

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吴伟仁,研究员,中国工程院院士,研究方向为航天测控通信与深空探测总体设计,电子信箱:

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吴伟仁1, 2 , 张哲2, * , 刘旺旺1, 王诗良1, * , 安琪儿3, 冯童童4, 徐瑞5, 泮斌峰3, 朱文武4
作者信息
  • 1深空探测实验室(天都实验室),合肥 230031
  • 2探月与航天工程中心,北京 100190
  • 3西北工业大学航天学院,西安 710072
  • 4清华大学计算机科学与技术系,北京 100084
  • 5北京理工大学空天科学与技术学院,北京 100081
通讯作者:
张哲(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为深空探测总体设计、深空智能航行技术,电子信箱:;
王诗良(共同通信作者),工程师,研究方向为深空探测人工智能技术,电子信箱:
作者简介:

吴伟仁,研究员,中国工程院院士,研究方向为航天测控通信与深空探测总体设计,电子信箱:

Prospects for intelligent navigation technologies in deep−space exploration
Weiren WU1, 2 , Zhe ZHANG2, * , Wangwang LIU1, Shiliang WANG1, * , Qier AN3, Tongtong FENG4, Rui XU5, Binfeng PAN3, Wenwu ZHU4
Affiliations
  • 1Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, Hefei 230031, China
  • 2Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
  • 4Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 5School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2026-07-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00005
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深远空间无人探测任务面临极远距离、大时延、弱信号和复杂动力学环境等极端约束,传统地面控制模式已难以满足长期复杂任务需求。系统综述深远空间智能航行技术进展,提出感知—决策—执行—辅助的智能航行体系,分析极端环境感知与自主认知技术、多源融合自主导航技术、长时延条件下的任务规划与决策技术、复杂动力学环境下的智能控制技术、深远空间智能航行辅助保障技术等关键技术的研究进展与主要瓶颈,并重点探讨人工智能技术的融合应用与发展方向。在此基础上,提出深远空间智能航行技术发展建议,为行星探测工程二期、太阳系边际探测等深远空间探测任务论证实施提供参考。

深远空间  /  智能航行  /  环境感知  /  智能控制  /  人工智能

Uncrewed deep-space exploration missions operate under extreme constraints, including vast distances, long communication delays, weak signals, and complex dynamical environments, making conventional ground−control architectures increasingly inadequate for long−duration, complex operations. This review systematically examines advances in intelligent navigation for deep−space exploration. It proposes a perception−decision−execution−auxiliary architecture and synthesizes progress and key bottlenecks in critical technologies, including extreme−environment perception and autonomous cognition, multi−source fusion autonomous navigation, mission planning and decision−making under long−delay conditions, intelligent control in complex dynamical environments, and intelligent navigation auxiliary support technologies for deep space, with particular attention to the integration of artificial intelligence and its future development. Building on this analysis, the review outlines priorities for advancing intelligent navigation in deep space, providing a technical reference for the planning and implementation of China's Phase II planetary exploration program, solar−system boundary exploration, and other future deep−space missions.

deep−space exploration  /  intelligent navigation  /  environmental perception  /  intelligent control  /  artificial intelligence
吴伟仁, 张哲, 刘旺旺, 王诗良, 安琪儿, 冯童童, 徐瑞, 泮斌峰, 朱文武. 深远空间智能航行技术展望. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (14) : 56 -68 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00005
Weiren WU, Zhe ZHANG, Wangwang LIU, Shiliang WANG, Qier AN, Tongtong FENG, Rui XU, Binfeng PAN, Wenwu ZHU. Prospects for intelligent navigation technologies in deep−space exploration[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (14) : 56 -68 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00005
进入21世纪以来,人类航天活动正由近地空间开发利用和月球、火星探测,加速迈向外太阳系和太阳系边际科学探索等前沿领域。深远空间探测不仅关系到太阳系起源演化、巨行星系统环境、冰卫星宜居性、日球层边界和地外生命探寻等重大科学问题,也是科技强国和航天强国综合实力的重要标志。随着主要航天国家持续推进木星系、土星系、柯伊伯带和太阳系边际等任务论证实施,深远空间探测正成为国际科技竞争与空间科学研究的前沿热点[13]
本文所称深远空间探测,是指发射航天器,对外太阳系木星、土星、天王星等巨行星及其卫星,以及太阳系边际等区域的空间或天体开展的探测活动。按照这一定义,月球和火星探测作为深远空间工程任务的技术基础和参照对象,用于说明自主导航、进入—下降—着陆(entry, descent and landing,EDL)、采样返回和星地协同运行等技术的可继承性[45]
深远空间探测面对的不是距离参数的简单放大,而是任务环境和运行范式的质变。极远距离会带来小时级甚至天级通信时延,弱信号和低带宽会造成测控窗口稀疏,远日弱光照会加剧能源、热控与器载算力约束,巨行星系统、小天体和太阳系边际环境则会引入弱先验、强不确定和复杂动力学问题。这些因素共同削弱地面实时闭环测控能力,使执行无人探测任务的探测器必须在通信困难、环境不确定和资源受限等条件下,完成局部乃至任务域内的自主感知、自主判断、自主规划和安全执行。
本文梳理深远空间探测的发展历程与趋势,并界定智能航行的科学内涵和自主能力分级,提出基于感知—决策—执行—辅助的智能航行体系,进而按照4层功能映射分析其中涉及的关键技术,提出后续发展建议。
深远空间探测任务的发展历程可划分为外太阳系飞越探测、深空科学探测和智能自主探测3个阶段,如表1所示。
1) 外太阳系飞越探测阶段(1970年代—1990年代)。20世纪70年代,美国“先驱者10/11号”(Pioneer 10/11)和“旅行者1/2号”(Voyager 1/2)任务首次完成木星、土星及其卫星飞越,并利用行星引力辅助进入外太阳系深远空间。这一阶段的主要任务形态是飞越探测,核心技术依赖地面测控、轨道设计、深空通信和长期可靠运行,探测器自主能力主要集中在姿态保持、故障应对和有限任务序列执行[67]
外太阳系飞越探测任务的成功实施,证明了深空测控和长期运行的工程可行性,奠定了后续深远空间探测的技术基础。但这一时期的任务目标、飞行过程和操作序列相对明确,探测器仍是地面任务计划的执行终端,尚不具备面向复杂未知环境的自主感知、自主规划和自主科学决策能力。
2) 深空科学探测阶段(1990年代末—2020年前后)。20世纪90年代末以来,深远空间探测由单次飞越逐步转向环绕探测、着陆巡视和采样返回等复杂任务。“深空1号”(Deep Space 1,DS1)首次验证了自主光学导航(autonomous optical navigation,AutoNav)和远程智能体(remote agent)自主系统,在有限条件下实现自主导航、自主规划和故障恢复,标志着人工智能技术开始应用于探测器自主运行[810]
此后,“卡西尼−惠更斯号”(Cassini−Huygens)、“罗塞塔号”(Rosetta)、“隼鸟号”(Hayabusa)、“奥西里斯−雷克斯号”(OSIRIS−REx)和“新视野号”(New Horizons)等任务持续拓展深空探测边界。Rosetta实现对67P彗星的长期伴飞探测,OSIRIS−REx完成小行星Bennu自主接近和采样返回,New Horizons首次飞掠冥王星及柯伊伯带天体[1113]。这些任务推动探测对象由行星扩展至彗星、小行星和柯伊伯带天体,任务形态也由飞越发展为环绕、伴飞、着陆和采样返回。
中国深空探测也实现跨越式发展。嫦娥工程相继完成绕月、落月、月球背面着陆、巡视和采样返回,系统突破了自主轨道控制、自主避障、自主采样和自主交会对接等关键技术[4,14];“天问一号”成功实施火星绕、落、巡一体化探测,表明中国已具备复杂深空环境下的自主制导、导航与控制能力[5,15]。这些工程实践,为未来深远空间任务提供了可继承、可拓展的技术基础。
3) 智能自主探测阶段(未来发展方向)。当前,国际深空探测正在进入以深远目标和智能自主为显著特征的新阶段。“灵神星号”(Psyche)、“露西号”(Lucy)和“蜻蜓号”(Dragonfly)等任务体现了小天体和巨行星系统探测日益活跃;木星冰卫星探测(Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer,JUICE)任务将冰卫星作为重点科学目标;中国也围绕木星系探测、太阳系边际探测及更远目标,开展了任务论证和关键技术预先研究[1,1617]
这一阶段的任务共同指向更远距离、更长周期和更高自主能力:一方面,探测目标由月球、火星扩展到外行星系统、冰卫星、柯伊伯带和太阳系边际;另一方面,任务组织方式由单次探测转向长期巡航、多目标访问、高价值科学事件观测和有限地面干预条件下的持续运行[1,3,17]
综合上述发展历程和后续任务规划,深远空间探测的发展趋势可以概括为4个方面:探测目标由近及远拓展,任务形态由单次飞越转向长期复杂操作,运行环境由地面可频繁干预转向长时延弱支撑,系统能力由局部自动化转向长周期智能自主。
第一,探测目标由近及远、由相对熟悉走向复杂未知。深空探测早期以月球和火星探测为主,随后逐步拓展至木星系、土星系、柯伊伯带和太阳系边际等对象。目标距离增加带来更长飞行周期和更低测控频度,目标类型扩展则使任务面对弱引力、弱纹理、弱光照、强辐射和复杂热环境等问题。
第二,任务形态由短时飞越探测向环绕观测、着陆巡视、采样返回、多目标访问和长期驻留探测演进。Rosetta、OSIRIS−REx、Hayabusa2和New Horizons等任务表明,深空探测已经从单一目标观测发展到目标接近、相对导航、采样控制和任务管理等复杂过程。
第三,运行环境从火星轨道以内的分钟级通信时延,向外行星和太阳系边际的小时级,甚至天级通信时延演进。随着任务距离增加,深空链路带宽下降,测控窗口稀疏,地面难以持续提供实时闭环控制;同时太阳辐照度按日心距离平方反比衰减,能源、热控和器载算力共同成为长期运行的硬约束。
第四,系统能力由地面集中规划和星上序列执行,逐步转向地面间隔控制、星上局部闭环和任务域内自主运行、长期自主运行。未来深远空间任务不再只要求探测器按指令可靠执行,而是要求其在地面给定目标和安全边界内,完成环境感知、状态判断、资源调度、异常处置和机会科学观测[1819]。因此,深远空间探测正从传统测控导航能力,扩展到面向复杂任务全过程的智能航行能力。
智能航行是指探测器在无航天员现场参与、极弱地面测控支持条件下,基于器载传感器获取的实时观测数据,主动感知空间环境和自身状态,结合任务需求,利用人工智能技术(artificial intelligence,AI)自主作出任务决策,完成任务分配并制定轨道规划策略,随后通过轨道与姿态控制引导探测器到达目标天体或宇宙空间位置,完成空间探测任务的过程。实现智能航行的核心在于提升探测器智能化水平,即利用AI技术赋能感知、决策、规划、控制和运行管理全过程,保障探测器长期、可靠地在轨自主运行。深远空间智能航行的技术难点主要体现在2方面:一方面,相较火星轨道以内探测任务,深远空间的极远距离、超长时延和极弱测控支持对探测器自主化、智能化能力提出更高要求;另一方面,目前主流人工智能技术大多针对地面场景开发,深空场景中的复杂动力学条件、极端光照环境、极大观测尺度、弱特征天体形貌以及器载燃料和计算资源约束,给人工智能技术的工程应用带来严峻挑战。考虑到航天任务对高可靠性和可解释性的要求,较为合理的深远空间智能航行工程形态将以天地协同方式为主,即地面负责任务目标制定、长期科学计划、模型更新和异常复盘,器上负责通信不可达或时间敏感场景下局部阶段目标的闭环实施,并在短期任务边界内完成重规划、自主故障监测与可靠运行。这一框架既能满足深远空间探测任务需求,也可降低人工智能方法可解释性不足给高风险闭环控制带来的安全隐患,保障长期自主探测任务可靠运行[2022]
随着智能航行技术不断发展,建立统一、自洽的自主能力评价标准已成为航天领域的重要研究方向。目前,美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)与欧洲航天局(European Space Agency,ESA)等机构均提出了不同形式的自主能力评估方法,但尚未形成统一标准[2324]。从人工智能技术角度而言,探测器可以看作复杂深空环境下具备环境自主交互能力的新型智能体。因此,本研究借鉴美国汽车工程师学会制定的自动驾驶能力L0—L5分级体系[25],并结合深空探测任务特点,综合考虑自主感知、自主决策、自主执行和自主恢复等多个能力维度,提出面向探测器智能航行的6级能力分级体系,如表2所示。其中,L1和L2是当前深空探测任务发展的主要阶段,L4和L5代表未来深远空间探测的发展方向。
智能航行本质是一个持续闭环的信息处理过程,探测器可以看作复杂深远空间环境下具备自主交互能力的新型智能体,核心是实现探测器从环境信息获取到自主任务执行的闭环自主运行。结合人工智能的发展规律以及深远空间探测任务特点,提出面向未来深远空间探测任务的感知—决策—执行—辅助(perception–decision–execution–auxiliary,P−D−E−A)智能航行体系,如图1所示。
该体系将探测器划分为4个相互耦合的功能层。
1) 感知层(perception)。感知层作为探测器与外部环境交互的信息入口,负责获取目标天体区域空间环境与探测器自身运行状态的观测数据,应对高动态光照、低纹理天体、复杂动力学约束和弱地面测控支持等难题,完成多源融合自主导航和环境认知。输入主要来自光学相机、激光雷达、惯性测量单元、星敏感器、太阳敏感器、脉冲星探测器、原子钟及健康监测传感器等。通过多模态信息融合,实现导航定位、目标识别、地形重建、障碍检测和引力场反演,并结合知识图谱、基础模型、数字孪生和任务知识库等技术,构建极端空间环境下的风险态势评估和可信安全边界认知基础模型。
2) 决策层(decision)。决策层根据天体探测任务目标、器载算力资源约束及极端空间环境风险评估结果,自主完成轨迹优化、任务规划、资源调度和异常处理。该层综合采用经典规划算法、模型预测方法、学习增强与运行监控等技术相结合的混合决策体系,重点满足深远空间长期自主科学任务对可解释性、可验证性、可重构性和器载轻量化部署的需求,实现复杂环境下的自主任务生成与动态重规划,是探测器智能能力的集中体现[26]
3) 执行层(execution)。执行层负责将高层决策转化为具体控制指令,实现轨道控制、姿态控制、推进控制、机械臂操作以及载荷管理等功能。执行机构需要克服深远空间探测任务中的非规则引力场分布、多自由度翻滚运动、长时延通信链路、探测器喷气扰动和模型不确定性约束,针对不同控制对象设计安全可靠控制策略,实现毫秒级至秒级闭环控制周期,以满足姿态控制、轨道修正和机构操作等不同任务需求。
4) 辅助层(auxiliary)。辅助层作为智能航行系统的基础支撑,针对深远空间远距离、大时延造成的地面授时和上行指令支持受限问题,提供统一、连续、高稳定度的时空基准,并通过器载计算与资源管理,协调各功能模块高效运行;同时,提供健康管理功能,实现故障检测、隔离与恢复(fault detection, isolation and recovery,FDIR),保障探测器长期稳定运行;结合器上状态下传、地面状态评估以及任务目标和模型上注,形成天地协同闭环,保障探测器在弱地面保障条件下的长期在轨自主可靠运行。
上述P−D−E−A智能航行体系在辅助层(A)的保障下形成感知(P)—决策(D)—执行(E)闭环反馈。当环境发生变化或任务状态更新时,感知层实时获取环境态势信息,决策层重新规划任务,执行层完成控制动作,并将执行结果反馈至感知层,实现持续自主运行。与传统导航控制架构相比,该体系利用人工智能技术赋能探测器具备更强的自主认知能力和自主决策能力,能够更好地适应弱地面测控支持下深远空间探测任务对长期在轨自主可靠运行的要求,为未来深远空间探测任务提供了统一的系统架构基础。
基于P−D−E−A智能航行体系,深远空间智能航行不是若干单项算法的简单叠加,而是面向长时延、弱通信、低照度、复杂动力学和长期无人值守条件形成的系统能力。按照4层功能关系组织关键技术:感知层主要包含极端环境感知与自主认知、多源融合自主导航等关键技术,分别解决环境理解和时空状态估计问题;决策层主要涉及自主规划与智能决策技术;执行层主要是复杂动力学环境下的智能控制技术;辅助层主要包含深空时空基准、健康管理、器载计算、可信验证和天地协同等关键技术。
极端环境感知与自主认知是P−D−E−A体系感知层获取外部环境信息的入口,其核心任务是使探测器在先验知识有限、光照和几何条件不稳定、目标特性未知的环境中,形成可用于导航、决策和执行的环境表征与风险认知。
极端环境感知与自主认知经历了由几何视觉到智能感知,再到多模态认知的发展过程,如表3所示。早期Deep Space 1的AutoNav系统验证了基于星载图像的自主目标识别和轨道修正能力,Rosetta、OSIRIS−REx和Hayabusa2等小天体任务进一步推动了特征匹配、立体摄影测量和三维形貌重建在目标接近与采样中的应用[1013]。近年来,卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)、视觉Transformer(vision transformer,ViT)、多尺度特征融合、自监督学习和基础模型开始进入撞击坑检测、岩石识别、着陆区筛选和小天体形貌识别等研究场景;多模态融合则通过整合光学图像、激光雷达、惯性测量、热红外和光谱信息,提高复杂光照和遮挡条件下的鲁棒性[2729]
中国在嫦娥系列和“天问一号”任务中形成了视觉导航、地形匹配、激光测距和自主避障等工程能力[45,14]。国内高校和科研院所也在深度学习目标识别、三维重建、语义分割、多源融合和数字孪生建模方面开展了大量研究。
极端环境感知的工程应用仍面临多方面瓶颈。其一,真实深远空间感知数据高度稀缺,现有公开数据在目标类型、光照条件、表面材质、传感器噪声和极端环境覆盖方面仍难以支撑高泛化模型训练;其二,仿真到真实域差异显著,弱光照、强阴影、辐射噪声、低纹理表面和传感器退化等因素会影响感知模型在实际任务中的可靠性;其三,相比火星轨道以内,深远空间在探测目标几何、动力学环境、表面物理特性和观测条件等方面差异明显,跨星体、跨任务和跨尺度感知迁移仍不充分;同时,学习型感知方法和世界模型仍存在物理一致性不足、长期预测误差累积、不确定性量化困难,以及器载算力、功耗和抗辐照约束等问题。总体而言,极端环境感知的关键挑战已由提升单一识别精度,转向数据可信、模型可信、环境表征可信和工程验证可信的综合问题。
面向未来深远空间探测任务,极端环境感知将进一步由目标识别、地形重建向环境状态理解和风险表征发展。几何视觉和摄影测量仍将作为高可靠基线能力,深度学习视觉感知可增强目标识别和语义理解,多模态融合感知可提升弱光照、弱纹理和复杂遮挡条件下的鲁棒性。在此基础上,可信环境地图和世界模型有望成为环境自主认知的重要发展方向:可信环境地图可在传统几何地图基础上融合地形语义、危险区域、光照条件、观测置信度和地图不确定性,使感知结果以可更新、可评估的形式支撑后续导航与规划;世界模型是智能体对物理环境的内部表征与未来预测,可以抽象环境的动力学模型并理解真实世界的运行规律,其可结合历史观测、动力学先验和任务知识,对环境状态变化、观测条件演化和潜在风险进行推演,为深远空间探测任务提供环境认知支撑[13,28,30]。未来应重点发展高保真深空环境数据生成、自监督/小样本学习、跨星体迁移、轻量化星载模型和可信感知评估体系等技术,构建具有时空一致性、物理一致性、动作可行性和交互自演化的物理世界模型,推动极端环境感知由目标可见向环境风险可理解演进。
多源融合自主导航是P−D−E−A体系感知层面向探测器本体和相对运动状态的核心能力,其任务是在地面实时支持有限,甚至不可用的条件下,为决策层和执行层提供定位、测速、定轨、姿态确定、相对状态估计和轨迹预测等时空信息。
自主导航技术大致经历了地面无线电导航、惯性导航、光学自主导航和多源融合自主导航4个阶段,如表4所示。早期Voyager 1/2、Cassini−Huygens和New Horizons等任务采用了地面无线电导航方式,主要依赖深空测控网(deep space network,DSN)开展双向测距、多普勒测速和甚长基线干涉测量定轨[31];DS1的AutoNav系统标志着光学自主导航进入工程验证阶段,后续Rosetta、OSIRIS−REx和Hayabusa2等任务进一步发展了目标边缘匹配、星图识别、特征跟踪和小天体相对导航技术; “毅力号”火星车通过增强自主导航显著提高了复杂地形中的自主行驶能力 [10,13,3233]。近年来,X射线脉冲星导航(X−ray pulsar navigation,XNAV)和量子惯性导航成为国际研究热点。XNAV概念研究与SEXTANT空间站演示共同推动了脉冲星自主定位验证[3436],深空原子钟(deep space atomic clock,DSAC)则证明了稳定的星载时间保持能力可降低对双向授时的依赖[3738]
中国在嫦娥系列和“天问一号”任务中形成了地月导航、光学/惯性组合导航、自主交会对接和EDL自主导航控制能力,并在脉冲星导航、天文导航和多源组合导航方面形成一定的技术储备[34,3940]
多源融合自主导航的关键瓶颈主要集中在弱信号、弱观测、多源异构误差建模和导航完整性评估等方面。其一,XNAV等远距离自主导航方式受脉冲星信号弱、积分时间长和载荷灵敏度要求高等因素制约,短期内难以单独支撑高实时性闭环导航;其二,光学导航在目标接近、伴飞和着陆阶段具有重要作用,但其性能易受目标可见性、光照条件、表面纹理、先验地形模型和图像处理可靠性的影响;其三,惯性导航能够提供短时连续状态估计,但长期漂移仍须外部观测校正,量子惯性传感在降低长期漂移方面具有潜力,但星载化仍面临体积、功耗、抗辐照和动态范围约束。同时,多源融合导航还需要解决异构传感器时间同步、误差相关性建模、观测冲突识别、地图不确定性向导航协方差传播以及导航结果完整性监测等问题。
面向未来深远空间探测任务,自主导航技术将向分阶段、多源融合和完整性监测方向发展,并形成由DSN、惯性导航、光学导航和XNAV构成的组合导航体系。DSN继续提供高精度绝对轨道基准,光学导航服务探测目标接近、伴飞和着陆等相对导航场景,惯性导航保障短时连续性,XNAV和DSAC增强弱地面支持条件下的自主时空保持能力。后续应重点发展多源融合架构、弱观测条件下的导航可信评估、地图相对导航、自主定轨方法,以及面向任务安全边界的导航完整性监测与自主降级策略等技术[4142]
任务规划与决策对应P−D−E−A体系的决策层,负责在任务目标、资源约束、环境状态和健康状态动态变化的条件下,完成科学目标选择、轨迹优化、任务规划、资源调度、异常响应和任务重构,并向执行层输出带有约束边界和回退条件的可实施方案。
任务规划技术从经典规划逐步发展为规则约束、优化求解和学习增强相结合的混合体系,如表5所示。分层任务网络(hierarchical task network,HTN)、规划领域定义语言(planning domain definition language,PDDL)、状态空间搜索和规则推理等经典方法具有可解释性强、便于验证的优势,适合任务逻辑与安全边界描述[26,43];启发式搜索和优化规划适合路径规划、资源分配和轨迹优化[44];模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)和鲁棒优化可处理动态约束和有限时间窗问题[44];深度强化学习、Transformer规划和agent自主规划则在复杂动态环境中显示出较强适应性,但工程应用仍受可解释性、可验证性、分布外泛化和器载算力限制[4546]。NASA的DS1任务成功验证了基于模型的自主人工智能软件系统的工程应用可行性,“毅力号”火星车则在火星表面首次完成了由人工智能自主规划路线的行驶任务,进一步证明了AI技术在自主任务规划与决策中的工程实现能力[9,4749]
中国在嫦娥、“天问”任务中积累了任务序列规划、巡视路径规划、EDL过程自主处置和星地协同任务管理经验,国内也在强化学习规划、多智能体协同、知识图谱和数字孪生任务推演方面开展研究,但面向深远空间长期自主科学任务的可验证智能决策技术研究仍处于起步阶段。
长时延条件下的自主任务规划与决策仍存在可解释性、可验证性、资源约束和任务不确定性等多项技术瓶颈。其一,HTN、PDDL和规则规划等方法具有较强可审查性,但在开放环境、机会科学观测和复杂异常处置场景中,任务规则扩展和动态重规划能力有限;其二,优化规划和MPC能够处理轨迹、资源和时间窗口等约束,但在多目标、多资源和长时序任务条件下计算复杂度较高,对模型精度和初始条件较为敏感;其三,强化学习、Transformer规划和Agent自主规划在复杂场景搜索、候选策略生成和任务推演方面具有潜力,但仍存在训练样本依赖性强、分布外泛化不足、策略可解释性弱和安全验证困难等问题。同时,深远空间任务还需要同时考虑科学收益、能源消耗、热控状态、通信窗口、载荷安全和探测器健康状态,如何将这些异构约束统一到可验证的任务知识模型和规划框架中,仍是制约自主决策能力提升的关键问题。
面向未来深远空间探测任务,任务规划与决策将逐步形成规则约束、优化求解、学习增强与运行监控相结合的混合决策体系。传统基于规则和脚本的任务规划方法正在向融合知识推理、强化学习、大模型推理及多智能体协同的新型智能规划体系发展[5052]。未来应重点突破可解释任务知识建模、约束感知推理、轻量化部署、运行时安全监控和可回退执行机制等技术,推动自主任务规划由预设序列执行向条件自主、可信自主逐步发展。
智能控制技术对应P−D−E−A体系的执行层,其任务是将决策层给出的目标、轨迹和操作意图转化为姿态控制、轨道控制、推进控制、机构操作和载荷管理等低层闭环动作,并将执行偏差和机构状态反馈至感知层与辅助层。
智能控制技术已经形成由经典控制、鲁棒控制、自适应控制和学习增强控制构成的技术体系,并正向具身智能控制方向拓展,如表6所示。比例−积分−微分控制(proportional integral derivative,PID)和线性二次调节器(linear quadratic regulator,LQR)等方法在姿态稳定和轨道控制中成熟可靠[5354];自适应控制和滑模控制能够处理参数变化和强扰动[5556];模型预测控制适合多约束轨迹跟踪和近距离操作[44];强化学习控制、AI制导控制等学习增强方法以及面向未来的具身智能控制探索,为未知环境下的策略优化、故障补偿和自主机动提供了新思路[45,5758]。OSIRIS−REx、Hayabusa2等任务推动了小天体近距操作控制技术发展,深空探测中的自主避障、着陆制导和采样控制也为智能控制提供了应用场景[5,1314]
中国在嫦娥系列任务与“天问一号”EDL、嫦娥五号与嫦娥六号自主交会对接和月面采样返回中积累了高可靠制导、导航与控制(guidance, navigation and control,GNC)工程经验[45,14],国内围绕自适应控制、滑模控制、容错控制和强化学习控制验证开展了大量研究[5759]
复杂动力学环境下的智能控制仍面临模型不确定性、安全可验证性和星载资源约束等难题。其一,弱引力、非合作目标自旋、喷气扰动、附着/采样接触动力学和多体引力摄动会使传统线性化模型难以覆盖全工况;其二,学习型控制方法虽然具有策略优化潜力,但其稳定性证明、边界条件表达、异常工况泛化和失效模式诊断仍难满足高可靠航天闭环控制要求;其三,深远空间探测任务的器载算力、功耗、存储和抗辐照条件限制了复杂模型在线推理和大规模策略搜索;同时,还需要开展控制策略与导航不确定性、执行机构退化、推进剂余量、热控状态和任务安全边界耦合验证,单纯提高算法性能难以直接转化为工程可信能力。
面向未来深远空间探测任务,智能控制将由面向确定模型和预定工况的闭环调节,逐步向具身智能控制方向发展。具身智能强调探测器本体、环境感知、任务决策与控制执行在真实物理交互中的闭环耦合,使探测器能够依据环境变化、机构状态和任务反馈持续调整控制行为。传统GNC方法仍应作为高可靠基线,学习型控制、模型预测控制和具身智能控制可用于增强复杂接近、避障、着陆、采样和故障补偿等场景下的环境适应能力。后续应重点突破本体—环境联合建模、多模态感知与控制协同、物理约束策略学习以及仿真到真实迁移等技术,使AI技术在不削弱安全边界的前提下逐步提升深远空间探测任务的自主执行能力。
深远空间智能航行辅助保障技术可划分为深空时空基准、健康管理、器载计算、天地验证与协同保障等技术方向。
深空时空基准方面,地面双向授时和测定轨仍是高精度基准,深空原子钟在轨验证已表明稳定器载时频源能够增强自主时间保持并支持单向导航[3738],光钟、器间时间同步和相对论时空模型面向更高稳定度和更远距离发展[40,60]。当前瓶颈是远距离条件下时钟漂移难以及时校准,多探测器时间同步、参考系转换和相对论修正误差会向导航、规划与协同控制传播。发展路线应由地面校准与器上保持相结合,逐步转向高稳定器载时钟支撑的单向自主导航,再发展面向分布式探测的星间授时、自主参考系维持和误差跨层传递机制[61]
健康管理方面,基于规则的故障检测、隔离与恢复、冗余切换和安全模式已具备工程基础,能够处理预先定义的典型故障[1819,53]。长期无人值守任务仍受真实故障样本稀缺、缓慢退化难识别、跨系统故障传播复杂和恢复策略验证不足等限制。发展路线应由阈值告警和单机故障处置,转向机理模型与运行数据融合的健康评估、剩余能力预测和故障传播推理,并进一步将健康状态传递给任务规划、资源调度和控制环节,形成可审查的任务降级、系统重构与安全恢复能力。
器载计算方面,抗辐照处理器、实时操作系统和异构计算平台正在由固定功能计算向多任务并行处理发展,为环境感知、自主导航、任务规划和智能模型推理提供支撑。主要瓶颈是算力、存储、功耗和热控资源同时受限,复杂模型还面临确定性时限、抗辐照可靠性和软件适配问题。发展路线应推进处理器、算法与任务软件协同设计,建立面向任务优先级的算力—能源联合调度、关键任务资源隔离和过载降级机制,并通过模型压缩、异构加速和可重构计算逐步提高器载智能处理能力。
天地验证与协同保障方面,数字孪生、软件在环与硬件在环试验、故障注入、运行时监控和在轨数据回灌已构成自主功能验证的主要手段[2022]。其瓶颈在于地面模型与在轨状态存在偏差,学习策略和复杂交互场景难以穷举,地面更新与器上软件版本不一致还可能削弱验证结论。发展路线应建设覆盖典型任务、边界工况和故障情形的场景库,形成仿真、半实物、搭载飞行和任务应用逐级递进的验证体系,并通过版本控制、权限管理、运行审计和安全回退等机制保持天地一致性,为自主能力的分级验证、逐步部署和工程应用提供支撑。
面向中国未来木星系、太阳系边际等深远空间探测任务,智能航行技术发展应立足现有工程基础,坚持任务需求牵引、体系能力推进和分阶段验证。深远空间智能航行不是单项算法或设备能力,而是感知、决策、执行与辅助保障在通信、能源、热控和安全约束下形成的任务闭环。为此,提出以下4点建议。
第一,加强国家层面的统筹谋划,以重大工程明确能力需求和发展节奏。近期依托后续月球、火星任务,重点验证自主感知、组合导航、任务规划、健康管理等可工程应用的能力;中期依托行星探测工程二期,提升目标接近、长期运行和长时延条件下的任务自主能力;远期结合太阳系边际探测需求,逐步形成适应极远距离、弱地面支持和长期无人值守运行的智能航行能力。各阶段目标应与具体任务场景、技术成熟度和安全要求相匹配,避免脱离工程需求片面追求过高自主程度。
第二,围绕制约深远空间任务的关键问题持续攻关,形成相互支撑的技术体系。感知与导航方面,重点解决弱光照、弱纹理和复杂遮挡条件下的环境认知与多源融合导航;任务规划方面,重点解决长时延条件下的天地协同、资源约束处理、异常处置和动态重规划;控制方面,重点提高复杂动力学、执行机构退化和不确定条件下的稳定性与安全性;辅助保障方面,统筹深空时空基准、健康管理、器载计算和天地验证。技术攻关应以任务闭环效果为评价依据,重视各环节之间的信息传递和约束协调,防止单项指标提升而系统能力不足。
第三,强化系统集成和基础共性能力建设。应统一感知、导航、规划、控制、健康管理和资源管理之间的状态接口与数据标准,建立与自主能力等级相适应的任务边界、评价指标和安全回退要求。针对器载算力、存储、功耗和热控约束,推进算法、软件、处理器和任务系统协同设计,提高关键部件和基础软件的工程适用性。依托已有深空测控、导航授时和探测器研制基础,加强跨单位、跨学科协同,保持基础研究、关键技术攻关和工程应用之间的连续衔接。
第四,加强系统化验证,推动智能航行技术实现工程化应用。建立由数字仿真、半实物试验、搭载飞行到任务应用构成的递进验证路径,围绕典型工况、边界条件和故障情形开展闭环测试;逐步验证传感器、导航与控制算法、任务规划软件、器载计算平台和健康管理系统;建立自主能力分级评价和安全审查机制,明确不同等级的适用场景、授权范围、监控方式和回退条件。只有经过持续验证和在轨考核,智能航行技术才能在深远空间探测任务中实现可靠应用。
面向未来木星系探测、太阳系边际探测及更远期星际航行等深远空间探测任务需求,智能航行是与能源与动力、测控通信和先进科学载荷等并列的深远空间探测核心技术能力。未来应持续提升人工智能模型能力和探测器在轨智能计算水平,突破深远空间环境感知、自主导航、规划决策、智能控制等关键技术,构建面向深远空间任务的智能航行技术体系。此外,进一步加强人工智能、航天工程、控制科学及基础物理等多学科交叉融合,为深远空间探测重大工程论证与实施提供理论基础和技术支撑。
  • 民用航天技术预先研究项目(D010103)
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2026年第44卷第14期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.06.00005
  • 接收时间:2026-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-08-19
  • 出版时间:2026-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-01
  • 修回日期:2026-07-21
基金
民用航天技术预先研究项目(D010103)
作者信息
    1深空探测实验室(天都实验室),合肥 230031
    2探月与航天工程中心,北京 100190
    3西北工业大学航天学院,西安 710072
    4清华大学计算机科学与技术系,北京 100084
    5北京理工大学空天科学与技术学院,北京 100081

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张哲(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为深空探测总体设计、深空智能航行技术,电子信箱:;
王诗良(共同通信作者),工程师,研究方向为深空探测人工智能技术,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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