Article(id=1301137677412229403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.05.00030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1778256000000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-09, revisedDate=1781625600000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788144996263, onlineDateStr=2026-08-31, pubDate=1786550400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788144996263, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788144996263, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788144996263, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301137643908128824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786550400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788144988276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788145858754, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=45, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301137679014453532, articleId=1301137677412229403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Breakthroughs, advances and challenges in the detection technology of new pollutants, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the accelerated process of global industrialization and the widespread use of chemicals, emerging contaminants (ECs), characterized by their great variety, complex environmental behavior, and potential ecological and health risks, have gradually become a critical issue requiring urgent attention in the field of environmental science. However, existing detection technologies still have limitations in terms of coverage, sensitivity, and risk characterization capacity, making it difficult to meet the practical demands for the identification and assessment of ECs. This paper aims to improve the capability for detecting ECs and elucidating their associated risks by systematically reviewing the recent advances and future trends in relevant detection technologies; in particular, it summarizes the latest breakthroughs in key techniques such as pretreatment of complex environmental samples, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometric detection, reviews data analysis strategies combining targeted analysis, suspect screening, and non−target analysis, and discusses the application of sensor technologies in rapid detection; the important roles of bioeffect−based detection methods and effect−directed analysis in pollutant identification and risk assessment are elaborated, and a novel big−data−driven detection paradigm is also explored; on this basis, this study systematically analyzes the core challenges currently faced in the detection of ECs, focusing on key aspects such as the structural confirmation of unknown pollutants, effect attribution, exposure characterization, and risk assessment, with an emphasis on constructing a comprehensive evidence chain and supporting scientific decision−making; future trends in ECs detection technologies are prospected, particularly toward the integration of multiple techniques, intelligent development, and standardization, with a view to providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the monitoring and scientific management of ECs.

, authors=Wenhui QIU, Jianhuai YE, Yaling ZENG, Bintian ZHANG, Guomao ZHENG, Xin YANG*, authorsList=Wenhui QIU, Jianhuai YE, Yaling ZENG, Bintian ZHANG, Guomao ZHENG, Xin YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301137680084001057, articleId=1301137677412229403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=新污染物检测技术的突破、进展及挑战, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着全球工业化进程加快及化学品广泛使用,新污染物因其种类繁多、环境行为复杂及潜在生态与健康风险,逐渐成为环境科学领域亟需关注的重要问题。然而,现有检测技术在覆盖范围、灵敏度及风险表征能力方面仍存在局限,难以满足新污染物识别与评估的实际需求。以提升新污染物检测与风险解析能力为目标,系统综述了相关检测技术的研究进展与发展趋势;重点梳理了复杂环境样品前处理、色谱分离及质谱检测等关键技术的最新突破,总结了靶向分析、可疑筛查与非靶向分析相结合的数据解析策略,以及传感器技术在快速检测中的应用;阐述了基于生物效应响应的检测方法及效应导向分析在污染物识别与风险评估中的重要作用,并探讨了大数据驱动下的新型检测范式;在此基础上,围绕未知污染物结构确证、效应归因、暴露表征与风险判定等关键环节,系统分析了当前新污染物检测领域在证据链构建与科学决策支撑方面面临的核心挑战;对未来新污染物检测技术向多技术融合、智能化与标准化方向发展的趋势进行了展望,以期为新污染物的监测与科学管理提供理论依据与技术支撑。

, authors=裘文慧, 叶建淮, 曾娅玲, 张斌田, 郑国贸, 杨新*, authorsList=裘文慧, 叶建淮, 曾娅玲, 张斌田, 郑国贸, 杨新, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨新, authorNote=

裘文慧,副教授,研究方向为新污染物检测、生态毒理和健康风险,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨新(通信作者),教授,研究方向为大气化学、环境健康及新型质谱技术等,电子信箱:
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新污染物检测技术的突破、进展及挑战
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裘文慧 , 叶建淮 , 曾娅玲 , 张斌田 , 郑国贸 , 杨新 *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(15): 45-58
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (15) : 45 -58
新污染物检测技术的突破、进展及挑战
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裘文慧,副教授,研究方向为新污染物检测、生态毒理和健康风险,电子信箱:

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裘文慧 , 叶建淮, 曾娅玲, 张斌田, 郑国贸, 杨新*
作者信息
  • 南方科技大学环境科学与工程学院,深圳 518055
通讯作者:
杨新(通信作者),教授,研究方向为大气化学、环境健康及新型质谱技术等,电子信箱:
作者简介:

裘文慧,副教授,研究方向为新污染物检测、生态毒理和健康风险,电子信箱:

Breakthroughs, advances and challenges in the detection technology of new pollutants
Wenhui QIU , Jianhuai YE, Yaling ZENG, Bintian ZHANG, Guomao ZHENG, Xin YANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
出版时间: 2026-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.05.00030
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随着全球工业化进程加快及化学品广泛使用,新污染物因其种类繁多、环境行为复杂及潜在生态与健康风险,逐渐成为环境科学领域亟需关注的重要问题。然而,现有检测技术在覆盖范围、灵敏度及风险表征能力方面仍存在局限,难以满足新污染物识别与评估的实际需求。以提升新污染物检测与风险解析能力为目标,系统综述了相关检测技术的研究进展与发展趋势;重点梳理了复杂环境样品前处理、色谱分离及质谱检测等关键技术的最新突破,总结了靶向分析、可疑筛查与非靶向分析相结合的数据解析策略,以及传感器技术在快速检测中的应用;阐述了基于生物效应响应的检测方法及效应导向分析在污染物识别与风险评估中的重要作用,并探讨了大数据驱动下的新型检测范式;在此基础上,围绕未知污染物结构确证、效应归因、暴露表征与风险判定等关键环节,系统分析了当前新污染物检测领域在证据链构建与科学决策支撑方面面临的核心挑战;对未来新污染物检测技术向多技术融合、智能化与标准化方向发展的趋势进行了展望,以期为新污染物的监测与科学管理提供理论依据与技术支撑。

新污染物  /  检测技术  /  传感器  /  生物效应响应  /  大数据驱动

With the accelerated process of global industrialization and the widespread use of chemicals, emerging contaminants (ECs), characterized by their great variety, complex environmental behavior, and potential ecological and health risks, have gradually become a critical issue requiring urgent attention in the field of environmental science. However, existing detection technologies still have limitations in terms of coverage, sensitivity, and risk characterization capacity, making it difficult to meet the practical demands for the identification and assessment of ECs. This paper aims to improve the capability for detecting ECs and elucidating their associated risks by systematically reviewing the recent advances and future trends in relevant detection technologies; in particular, it summarizes the latest breakthroughs in key techniques such as pretreatment of complex environmental samples, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometric detection, reviews data analysis strategies combining targeted analysis, suspect screening, and non−target analysis, and discusses the application of sensor technologies in rapid detection; the important roles of bioeffect−based detection methods and effect−directed analysis in pollutant identification and risk assessment are elaborated, and a novel big−data−driven detection paradigm is also explored; on this basis, this study systematically analyzes the core challenges currently faced in the detection of ECs, focusing on key aspects such as the structural confirmation of unknown pollutants, effect attribution, exposure characterization, and risk assessment, with an emphasis on constructing a comprehensive evidence chain and supporting scientific decision−making; future trends in ECs detection technologies are prospected, particularly toward the integration of multiple techniques, intelligent development, and standardization, with a view to providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the monitoring and scientific management of ECs.

emerging contaminants  /  detection technologies  /  sensors  /  bioeffect response  /  big−data−driven
裘文慧, 叶建淮, 曾娅玲, 张斌田, 郑国贸, 杨新. 新污染物检测技术的突破、进展及挑战. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (15) : 45 -58 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.05.00030
Wenhui QIU, Jianhuai YE, Yaling ZENG, Bintian ZHANG, Guomao ZHENG, Xin YANG. Breakthroughs, advances and challenges in the detection technology of new pollutants[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (15) : 45 -58 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.05.00030
随着全球工业化进程的加速和化学品的广泛使用,新污染物(emerging contaminants,ECs)在环境中的出现及其潜在危害已成为全球性环境与健康问题。这类物质主要包括持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)、内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs)、抗生素(antibiotics)、微塑料(microplastics,MPs)等,具有环境浓度低但持久性强、来源多样、结构复杂及生物累积性高等特征,并可通过食物链放大,对生态系统和人体健康产生长期影响[1]。例如,全氟和多氟烷基物质(perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFAS)及部分药物残留已在全球水环境中广泛检出,并与内分泌紊乱及抗生素耐药性等风险密切相关[2]。尽管其环境浓度通常处于痕量水平,但其长期暴露效应及潜在毒性不容忽视。近年来,中国及国际社会相继出台相关政策,将ECs的识别、监测与风险评估提升至重要地位,对检测技术提出了更高要求[3]
然而,ECs检测面临多重挑战。对于多环芳烃、常规重金属等传统污染物,通常可采用色谱、光谱及荧光检测等成熟方法进行定性和定量分析;相比之下,ECs种类繁多、理化性质差异显著,且新的污染物及其转化产物不断被发现,使依赖预设目标物、标准品和已知响应特征的传统检测模式难以全面适用(图1)。这种不适应性主要体现在3个方面:一是污染物种类庞大且持续增长,传统依赖标准品的靶向分析方法难以全面覆盖,仅PFAS在PubChem数据库中已超过700万条记录[4];二是环境基质复杂,ECs通常以ng/L至μg/L水平与高浓度有机质及无机盐共存,显著的基质效应限制了检测灵敏度与准确性[5];三是单一化学定量难以反映混合污染体系的真实生物效应,化学检出并不等同于风险识别[6]。在此背景下,ECs检测技术快速发展,逐步形成以高效样品前处理、多维色谱分离及高灵敏质谱检测为核心的技术体系,并向高通量与自动化方向演进[7]。同时,非靶向分析与可疑筛查策略的兴起,使未知污染物的识别成为可能;新型传感器技术亦为快速检测与现场监测提供了重要补充[89]。多技术融合应用已在污水、地表水、浸出液及人体血浆等复杂基质中鉴定出大量潜在环境化学物及其未知转化产物[1011]。然而,化学识别与浓度定量难以全面反映复杂混合污染的整体生物效应。基于细胞毒性、内分泌干扰和发育毒性等终点的生物效应响应检测,可弥补传统化学检测在混合效应解析中的不足;并通过与效应导向分析(effect−directed analysis,EDA)结合,推动ECs检测由“成分识别”向“效应解析与风险判定”拓展[12]。此外,高分辨质谱(high−resolution mass spectrometry,HRMS)带来的海量数据推动检测模式向大数据驱动转变,借助数据库与机器学习方法,污染物识别与解析能力不断提升。以城市降雨径流中微污染物监测为例,通过构建高分辨率传感器网络并结合层次聚类分析与偏最小二乘回归等方法,不仅提高了污染物捕获效率,还揭示了微污染物动态变化的关键驱动因素,为城市水环境的精准治理提供了新的技术路径[13]。ECs前沿检测技术的应用框架如图1所示。
基于上述背景,本文以ECs检测技术发展为主线,围绕现有方法体系整合不足、复杂样品中多组分污染物协同识别困难及风险表征能力有限等问题,系统综述ECs检测技术的研究进展,重点从4个方面展开:一是靶向分析、可疑筛查与非靶向分析的联合应用,阐明其在已知污染物准确定量、潜在污染物筛查和未知物解析中的作用;二是环境传感器技术的发展,梳理其在现场化、快速化和连续监测中的应用潜力;三是生物效应响应检测及其与EDA、化学分析的耦合,突出其在混合污染效应识别和风险指示中的价值;四是大数据驱动方法在复杂数据挖掘、污染物特征提取、未知物识别、暴露解析和风险预测中的应用。总结当前技术体系面临的主要挑战与发展瓶颈,并展望未来发展方向,以期为ECs的监测与风险评估提供参考。
随着ECs种类不断增加,其在环境中的赋存形态和基质背景也更加复杂,传统检测模式已难以满足复杂样品中污染物识别、准确定量和多组分解析的需求。特别是在痕量水平、多介质分布和强基质干扰并存的条件下,ECs检测技术的发展亟需突破灵敏度、准确性、通量和适用性之间的制约。为应对这一需求,靶向分析、可疑筛查与非靶向分析的联合应用逐渐成为ECs检测技术的重要发展方向,使检测流程从单一环节分析扩展为涵盖样品前处理、色谱分离、质谱检测和数据解析的综合技术体系。该体系既可支撑已知污染物的准确定量,也有助于潜在污染物筛查和未知污染物识别,并为后续风险表征和监测体系优化提供基础(图2)。
在环境样品分析体系中,前处理是连接实际环境基质与仪器检测的重要环节,其处理效果直接影响后续分析的准确性与可靠性。由于水体、土壤、沉积物及生物样品等介质在有机质、盐度、脂类和蛋白质等基质组成方面差异显著,ECs的赋存形态和可提取性也存在明显差异;同时,ECs种类持续增加、理化性质跨度较大,传统面向单一基质或单类污染物的前处理方法已难以满足复杂样品中多组分同步分析的需求。因此,前处理技术正由单一提取净化向多基质适用、多污染物兼容、自动化与流程集成化方向发展[7]。近年来,该领域的发展主要体现在自动化程度提升与流程集成优化2个方面。针对水体等相对均一的液相样品,在线固相萃取与液相色谱−质谱联用技术的结合,实现了样品富集、分离与检测的一体化操作,大幅缩短分析周期并提升检测灵敏度[14]。对于土壤、沉积物等基质组成复杂的固体样品,则逐渐形成了提取、净化与富集相结合的多步骤协同处理体系,以满足多组分污染物的同步分析需求。例如,基质固相分散结合高效液相色谱−串联质谱技术,可同时测定海洋沉积物中药物、个人护理产品及防污助剂等59种ECs,并实现痕量水平的定量分析[15]。需要注意的是,富集过程在提高目标物响应的同时,也可能同步浓缩有机质、盐类等干扰物,进而引起离子抑制或增强效应;加之不同ECs理化性质差异显著,现有方法在覆盖范围、选择性和灵敏度之间仍存在权衡。因此,提升前处理技术的广谱适用性、抗基质干扰能力和自动化集成水平,仍是复杂环境样品中ECs高效检测的重要方向。
在复杂环境样品分析中,分离效率直接决定了后续检测与识别能力。随着ECs种类增加及样品基质复杂化,传统单维色谱在峰容量、共洗脱解析和多组分覆盖方面逐渐受限,分离技术因而向多维联用、性质导向分离和高通量分析方向发展。对于共洗脱现象突出的样品,二维气相色谱和二维液相色谱通过引入正交分离机制,可显著提升峰容量和组分解析度。其中,二维气相色谱通常结合2根选择性不同的色谱柱及调制器,适用于污水、沉积物和大气颗粒物中挥发性、半挥发性ECs的筛查与异构体解析[16]。相比之下,二维液相色谱更适用于极性较强或热稳定性较差的化合物,已被用于污水处理厂出水等复杂样品中药物、农药及其他ECs的高分辨筛查[17]。相关研究表明,多维色谱技术可提高复杂工业污染物和污水样品的组分解析度与筛查效率,并支持单次进样下的多组分批量检测[1718]。除多维色谱外,面向不同理化性质ECs的专属性分离技术也在不断发展。毛细管电泳具有分离效率高、分析速度快和试剂消耗低等特点,适用于药物、农药及其他极性污染物分析,并已实现水体中10种酚类污染物的快速同步测定[19];离子色谱更适用于极性农药、消毒副产物、有机磷及其他离子型污染物分析,离子色谱−串联质谱已用于自来水、瓶装水和海水中高氯酸盐的痕量检测[20];亲水作用色谱则弥补了反相色谱对强极性物质保留不足的问题,可用于高极性农药、持久性和迁移性有机化合物及部分离子型转化产物的分离分析,并已用于高极性有机磷污染物及手性药物的高效分离[2122]。现阶段,不同分离技术仍各有局限:二维色谱的方法构建和数据处理较为复杂,且存在维度间溶剂兼容性问题;离子色谱−质谱联用易受抑制器吸附效应影响,可能降低部分两性或强极性化合物的分析稳定性;毛细管电泳−质谱联用受非挥发性添加剂或手性选择器与质谱系统兼容性的限制;亲水作用色谱则在保留机理、方法重现性和通用性方面仍需要优化。由此可见,提高峰容量、稳定性、质谱兼容性和绿色高通量水平,是后续提升ECs复杂体系解析能力的关键方向。
随着色谱分离能力不断提升,ECs质谱检测逐渐形成靶向定量与广谱筛查并重的技术体系。近年来,质谱硬件的持续进步显著提升了ECs的检测能力,并逐步形成了以三重四极杆质谱(triple quadrupole mass spectrometry,QQQ−MS)和HRMS为核心的分析体系。对于已知目标污染物,QQQ−MS依托多反应监测模式,具有选择性强、检出限低、定量稳定和抗基质干扰能力较好等特点,仍是痕量ECs确认与定量分析的主流方法[23]。随着离子传输效率、扫描速度、自动调谐和系统稳定性的持续优化,其在复杂基质中的灵敏度和运行稳健性进一步提高。例如,QQQ−MS直接进样方法已用于生物碱和亚硝胺等污染物的高灵敏检测,并减少了前处理步骤及潜在污染风险[24]。但该技术依赖标准品、预设离子对和保留时间等先验信息,对未知污染物及转化产物的发现能力有限。相较之下,HRMS则凭借精确质量测定和高分辨率,在可疑筛查、非靶向分析、结构解析和转化产物识别中具有优势[8]。四极杆飞行时间质谱和Orbitrap等平台可提供分子式推断、同位素分布匹配和多级碎片信息,为复杂环境体系中潜在风险污染物的发现与鉴定提供技术支撑。但HRMS筛查结果的可信度仍取决于谱图库覆盖度、数据库质量和数据处理流程,候选物注释也需结合标准品、保留时间、参考谱图及环境合理性等多重证据加以验证。由此,QQQ−MS的稳定定量能力与HRMS的广谱发现能力相结合,更有利于提升ECs精准测定和未知风险物质系统识别的整体水平。
HRMS的发展使环境样品分析从有限目标物检测延伸至复杂化学空间的系统筛查。该技术可同时获得精确质量、同位素分布和二级碎片等信息,为ECs识别提供了更丰富的数据基础;但在实际解析中,也伴随特征峰冗余、数据维度高和结构注释难度大等问题。为提高识别效率和结果可信度,靶向定量、可疑筛查与非靶向发现相结合的数据解析策略得到广泛应用。其中,可疑筛查依托候选污染物清单、化学数据库和谱图库,结合精确质量、保留行为及碎片信息,实现潜在污染物的快速匹配和优先识别;非靶向筛查则借助特征碎片、质量亏损、Kendrick质量亏损和分子网络等方法,用于发现未知污染物、同系物及转化产物。例如,联合MassBank和mzCloud等谱图库的协同筛查策略,已在城市河流样品中识别出293种污染物,显示出谱图库协同应用在复杂环境样品高通量识别中的优势[25];特征磷酸根碎片、−CF2−重复单元的Kendrick质量亏损及GNPS分子网络等方法,则分别适用于有机磷酸酯、全氟化合物同系物及结构类似物的筛查[2628]。目前,这类解析策略的应用效果仍受数据库覆盖度、谱图质量、标准品可获得性、注释置信度及数据处理流程差异的影响,不同研究之间的可比性和重复性仍有待提高。后续需要进一步完善数据库与谱图库建设,规范结构注释置信度分级,并推动数据处理流程标准化,以提升ECs高分辨质谱数据解析的可靠性。
基于高效液相色谱和质谱的仪器分析方法,在ECs定量检测和非靶向筛查中具有高灵敏度、高准确性及较强的结构解析能力,是当前ECs检测的重要技术基础。与此同时,传统“采样—运输—实验室分析”流程也存在分析周期较长、样品储运过程中目标物损失风险较高、对大型仪器和专业人员依赖较强等不足,难以充分适应大规模筛查、常规巡检和突发污染事件快速响应的需求。在这一背景下,低成本、便携化和现场适用的快速检测技术受到广泛关注。环境传感器技术依托材料科学、纳米技术和生物识别技术的发展,已形成电化学、光学、生物、声波、离子选择性电极和微流控芯片等多种检测形式,具有操作简便、响应快速和现场部署潜力较强等特点,可用于水环境中痕量ECs的快速筛查、原位监测和预警分析。由此,ECs检测体系也逐步从单纯依赖实验室精确定量,拓展为“实验室确证”与“现场筛查”相结合的协同模式。
电化学、光学、生物和声波传感器是目前ECs现场快速检测中较常用的技术类型,其基本思路是通过功能化识别界面捕获目标污染物,并将识别过程转换为电信号、光信号或质量变化等可测响应。电化学传感器主要利用电极界面的氧化还原反应、阻抗或电流变化实现检测,常结合金属有机框架、导电聚合物、二维材料、核酸适配体和分子印迹聚合物等功能材料,以提高选择性和灵敏度[29];该类传感器已用于全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)等PFAS的痕量检测,丝网印刷电极的引入也进一步增强了其低成本和便携化应用潜力[3031]。光学传感器主要包括比色、荧光和表面增强拉曼光谱等形式,可根据目标物诱导的吸收、荧光或拉曼信号变化进行定量分析,在磺胺类抗生素、PFOA等污染物检测中显示出较好的灵敏度和现场应用前景[3233]。生物传感器通过酶、抗体、核酸或细胞等生物识别元件与换能器耦合,可用于有机磷农药、芳香族污染物等目标物的快速识别[34]。声波传感器则依据目标物吸附引起的质量负荷或黏弹性变化进行无标记、实时检测,石英晶体微天平和声表面波传感器是其代表类型[35]。从实际应用看,这些传感器在复杂环境样品中仍易受到识别元件活性、界面修饰稳定性、非特异性吸附、生物污损和基质干扰等因素影响,表现为信号漂移或定量重复性不足。提升识别界面的稳定性、抗干扰能力和信号转换可靠性,是其进一步用于现场检测的关键。
离子选择性电极(ion−selective electrodes,ISEs)通过检测选择性膜两侧目标离子活度差异引起的膜电位变化实现定量分析,具有成本低、响应快和适于现场监测等特点。近年来,ISEs逐渐由传统内充液式结构向固态接触式结构发展,通过引入多壁碳纳米管、导电聚合物等离子−电子转换层,提高电位稳定性、响应速度和抗干扰能力[36]。例如,基于MIL−101(Cr)/聚苯胺固态接触层的电极可用于水体中Pb2+的快速检测,响应时间为5 s,检测限达0.1 μM[36]。在实际应用中,ISEs的选择性和长期稳定性仍与离子选择膜组成、离子交换过程及样品基质密切相关,复杂水样中易出现电位漂移、膜污染和响应衰减等问题。围绕以上问题,后续研究需进一步优化选择膜材料与固态接触层结构,提高电极稳定性和抗基质干扰能力,以拓展其在金属离子及离子型ECs现场检测中的应用。
芯片实验室与微流控芯片通常在聚合物、玻璃或纸基材料中构建微尺度通道,通过对纳升至微升级流体的精确操控,将样品预处理、富集、反应和传感检测集成于同一芯片体系,是ECs现场快速检测的重要平台[37]。与常规传感器相比,该技术具有小型化、集成度高、试剂消耗低和分析速度快等特点,可缩短检测流程,并为高通量原位监测提供技术支撑。例如,集成铬基金属有机框架材料的微流控芯片可实现水体中PFOS的在线富集与原位电化学检测,检测限达0.5 ng/L[38];3D纸基微流控器件结合级联酶促反应和比率荧光策略,可用于有机磷农药的可视化定量检测,检测限为1.0 μg/L[39]。从实验室验证走向复杂环境样品应用时,微流控检测仍需解决基质适配性不足、通道堵塞、流体操控不稳定、芯片批量制备一致性差及模块耦合效率有限等问题。未来应重点提高芯片对复杂样品的适应能力和制备稳定性,并加强前处理与检测模块的一体化设计,以提升其现场应用可靠性。
随着HRMS与非靶向分析技术的发展,ECs检测已从传统定性定量延伸至复杂混合物的广谱识别。然而,单纯依赖化学分析所得的组成信息,难以直接反映污染物的实际生物风险。尤其在低浓度、多组分及复杂转化并存的环境体系中,污染物的毒性效应往往由少数关键活性成分主导,而其识别难以仅依赖化学特征进行判定[6]。在此背景下,基于生物效应响应的检测方法由此成为ECs研究的重要补充。与以目标物识别和定量为核心的生物传感器不同,生物效应响应分析侧重于通过受体激活、细胞应激、氧化损伤、遗传毒性和发育异常等终点来评价环境样品的潜在毒性及作用模式,从功能层面揭示复杂混合污染的综合风险,并为关键风险因子的识别提供依据(图2)。因此,生物效应检测并非替代化学分析,而是对其风险表征维度的拓展,推动ECs研究由“化学识别”向“效应识别与风险判定”延伸。
基于生物效应响应的检测方法,主要围绕污染物诱导的关键毒性过程构建多维度评价体系。受体结合与信号通路扰动通常是生物效应的起始环节,即使在低浓度条件下,ECs一旦与关键受体发生相互作用并引发异常激活或抑制,亦可能导致激素调控失衡、代谢紊乱及发育异常等一系列下游效应。因此,以雌激素受体、雄激素受体及芳香烃受体为代表的检测体系,已广泛应用于EDCs的筛查[40]。该类方法能够将复杂环境样品中的分子识别事件转化为可量化的生物信号,从而灵敏表征污染物的作用模式。报告基因分析、酵母双杂交系统及细胞转录激活实验等技术因具备操作简便、灵敏度高及适于高通量分析等优势,在复杂样品初筛中具有重要应用价值,尤其适用于特定作用机制污染物的初步识别[4142]。随着毒性机制研究的深入,效应检测的关注范围已由传统的内分泌干扰逐步扩展至更广泛的信号通路层面,如氧化应激、炎症反应及代谢调控等过程。其中,过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体及细胞核转录因子等响应体系,能够反映污染物对异生物质代谢、抗氧化防御及细胞稳态维持的干扰,使效应检测由“特定靶标识别”进一步发展为“机制导向识别”[43]。该类通路导向方法在复杂混合暴露背景下,有助于从作用机制层面对污染物进行归类,并为后续机制解析提供重要线索。
除受体介导的特异性分子识别外,许多ECs还可通过诱导细胞损伤与应激反应产生更广泛的毒性效应。以细胞活力下降与细胞损伤等为代表的应激响应指标,成为复杂混合污染样品整体毒性评价的重要依据[44]。该类方法不依赖于特定分子靶点,而是从表型层面反映细胞稳态受扰程度,因而在多组分体系中具有较强适用性。例如,POPs如二噁英、多氯联苯、PFAS及短链氯化石蜡常表现为持续性氧化损伤与线粒体功能异常[6,45];EDCs如双酚A和邻苯二甲酸酯除受体效应外,还可诱导细胞应激与炎症反应[46];抗生素类污染物多表现为代谢抑制与氧化失衡,而MPs及其浸提物则主要引发膜损伤、炎症激活及氧化应激等综合效应[47]
遗传毒性与发育毒性检测是评估ECs潜在危害的重要手段[48]。许多污染物,特别是POPs如二噁英、PFAS等,能够通过引发基因突变、染色体异常等遗传毒性效应,对生物体的基因组稳定性产生影响[49]。EDCs和抗生素类药物也会干扰生物的发育过程,导致出生缺陷、神经发育异常等后果[50]。通过Ames试验、彗星实验等遗传毒性检测方法,能有效识别这些污染物引起的遗传毒性效应,并为其风险评估提供数据支持[5152]。发育毒性检测则主要关注污染物对胚胎发育和器官形成的影响。例如,MPs的毒性机制较为复杂,其颗粒本身、表面吸附物及浸出添加剂均可能引发生物效应[53]。模式生物如斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎模型已被广泛应用于此类效应的筛查[54]
效应检测在复杂样品风险识别中具有重要价值,但其结果解释仍受到化学特异性不足、混合效应解析困难和生态风险外推不确定性的限制。不同污染物可能诱导相似的氧化应激、炎症反应、细胞损伤或发育异常等终点,使效应信号难以直接对应具体污染物或污染来源;在多污染物共存的环境样品中,加和、协同或拮抗作用也会增加主导贡献物和作用机制的识别难度。此外,体外细胞或分子水平效应向个体、种群及群落水平外推时,还需考虑暴露剂量、生物可利用性、代谢转化和持续暴露过程等因素。基于这些特点,效应检测更适合作为复杂样品毒性预警和作用模式初筛手段,而不宜单独用于污染物识别或风险定量。后续研究可结合HRMS筛查、EDA、毒性通路注释和体内验证模型,逐步建立“化学组成—生物效应—生态风险”的关联框架。
生物效应检测平台的发展体现为生物模型体系与分析技术手段的协同演进。早期研究主要依赖酶活性分析、报告基因系统及二维细胞培养等传统体外模型,这类方法因操作简便、成本较低且易于标准化,在环境样品活性筛查中发挥了基础作用[55]。通过内分泌干扰、氧化应激及细胞毒性等特征性响应,这些模型能够对复杂样品中的潜在活性污染物进行初步识别,并在污染物类别指示方面具有重要价值[56]。然而,传统模型在模拟慢性低剂量暴露、混合污染效应及器官特异性毒性方面存在一定局限,促使生物效应检测向更具生理相关性的模型体系发展[40]。近年来,斑马鱼、线虫(Nematoda)等模式生物被用于整合个体水平的发育、行为及器官功能响应,从而提升对复杂污染物生态效应的识别能力。同时,三维细胞培养、类器官及器官芯片等新型模型能够更真实地模拟组织结构与功能过程,在评估PFAS、双酚类及邻苯二甲酸酯等污染物的器官特异性效应方面表现出更高的生理相关性[44]。在分析技术方面,生物效应检测正由单终点向高通量、多参数分析转变。传统单一指标虽适用于初筛,但难以反映复杂混合污染体系中多靶点协同作用。随着高内涵成像、多荧光标记及实时动态监测技术的发展,研究者可在同一体系中同步获取细胞形态、膜完整性、氧化应激及线粒体功能等多维信息,从而形成具有较高分辨率的效应特征谱[57]。不同污染物在效应组合上往往呈现差异化特征,这为复杂样品中污染物的分类识别及风险判定提供了重要依据。
生物效应检测平台的不断拓展提高了复杂污染风险识别能力,也带来了结果可比性和应用转化方面的问题。不同模型体系在生物复杂度、代谢能力、屏障结构和毒性敏感性上存在差异,同一样品在二维细胞、三维培养、类器官或模式生物中可能产生不同响应;样品提取方式、浓缩倍数、暴露剂量、暴露时间及终点选择等实验条件,也会影响效应判定结果。对于复杂混合污染样品,不同平台对特定理化性质或代谢特征组分的响应偏向,还可能导致风险识别偏差。要提高生物效应检测结果的可比性和可转化性,需在提升模型生理相关性和检测通量的同时,进一步规范样品制备、暴露方案、效应终点和数据报告格式,从而为效应数据库建设及效应导向风险评估提供更稳定的方法学基础。
在复杂环境样品中,ECs多以混合物形式存在。化学检测能够提供污染物组成和浓度信息,但难以判断哪些组分真正贡献了生物效应;单一生物效应检测可反映样品的整体毒性或特定作用模式,却难以直接定位责任污染物。EDA正是在这一需求下形成的综合策略,其基本思路是以生物效应为线索,将样品分离分级、活性筛查和化学结构鉴定相结合,从复杂混合物中追踪主要毒性贡献组分[12]。通常,EDA包括样品提取与分级、活性馏分筛查、效应贡献定位和目标组分结构解析等环节,可将受体激活、氧化应激、发育异常和微生物抑制等生物响应与特定污染物类别或化学组分建立联系[58]。与基于检出浓度、峰面积或检出频率的优先排序方法相比,EDA更关注污染物的实际效应贡献,因而更适用于复杂样品中高风险组分的识别与优先控制。已有研究将EDA与高分辨全扫描质谱结合,用于污水处理过程中雌激素受体激动剂的分子表征,识别出具有雌激素活性的关键化学组分[59];另有研究基于A−YES生物测试与化学鉴定,对医院废水样品中的内分泌干扰活性物质进行追踪识别[60],进一步体现了EDA在复杂水环境样品责任污染物解析中的应用价值。近年来,HRMS、可疑筛查和非靶向分析的发展进一步提升了EDA的结构解析能力,使活性馏分中的候选物注释、结构推断和转化产物识别更加可行,推动ECs筛查从“效应发现”进一步延伸至“责任污染物确认”。
EDA的应用仍受到效应信号与责任污染物匹配不确定性的限制。样品活性可能来自低丰度但高毒性的组分,也可能由多个弱效应组分共同贡献;分离分级过程中还可能发生组分损失、转化或活性改变,从而影响效应定位结果。与此同时,非靶向识别仍受谱图库覆盖度、结构注释置信度和标准品可获得性制约,候选物确认难度较大。不同分级方式、效应终点和数据处理策略也会进一步影响活性定位和污染物归因的稳定性。为提高EDA结果的可靠性,后续研究需要改进样品分级策略,并加强效应测试、HRMS注释、毒性通路解析和标准品验证之间的衔接,从而提高效应信号与责任污染物之间因果关联的可信度。
随着HRMS技术、环境传感网络及生物效应检测手段的快速发展,ECs研究已积累了大量多维度数据资源,为ECs检测技术由经验驱动向数据驱动转型提供了条件。传统以目标物为导向的分析策略高度依赖标准品及既有数据库,难以应对种类繁多且不断演化的ECs。围绕未知物识别效率低、暴露来源解析不足和风险预测能力有限等关键瓶颈,数据驱动方法通过整合质谱特征、环境监测数据、污染源信息及健康效应指标,可实现ECs结构推断、来源识别、暴露表征和风险关联分析的协同解析,推动研究范式由“已知污染物检测”向“未知物识别—暴露解析—风险预测”的一体化转变[61],为复杂环境样品中ECs的优先筛查、风险预警和环境管理提供重要支撑(图2)。
未知污染物识别的关键,在于从高维、复杂且含噪的质谱数据中提取具有结构指向和环境解释意义的信息。传统非靶向分析主要依赖谱图库匹配、候选结构检索和人工碎片解析,其识别范围受数据库覆盖度和参考谱图完整性限制,难以充分覆盖未知污染物、转化产物及同系物。为突破这一限制,未知物识别逐渐从“数据库匹配”拓展为“数据驱动推断”。其中,生成式人工智能可基于质谱特征、碎片规律和化学指纹,辅助推断分子结构、污染物类别及潜在来源,为数据库外化合物的识别提供新的技术路径。
生成式人工智能为未知物结构解析提供了突破候选库限制的新路径。以基于Transformer架构的MSGo模型为例,该模型综合MS1精确质量、MS2碎片离子及模拟质谱图等信息,通过结构编码、碎片特征学习和候选结构排序,对未知物分子结构进行生成与筛选。该模型基于33942种PFAS构建训练库,并在300张实验质谱图中进行验证,结构正确识别率为48.0%,前10个候选结构命中率为80.7%,生成SMILES结构式的有效率为95.3%,整体性能优于CFM−ID等工具[62]。除结构生成外,机器学习还可利用HRMS特征矩阵,结合随机森林(random forest,RF)、支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)、逻辑回归(logistic regression,LR)和人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)等算法开展污染物分类与来源解析。例如,基于LR和RF等分类器,可利用222种靶向及疑似PFAS特征对92个样品进行来源区分,不同来源类别的平衡准确率达到85.5%~99.5%,表明高维质谱指纹在污染源判别中具有应用潜力[63]
进一步而言,人工智能正推动未知物识别由结构注释拓展至毒性预测、风险排序和动态预警。传统机器学习方法,如SVM、RF和浅层ANN已用于污染来源解析和毒性分类;深度学习则可通过端到端特征学习减少对人工描述符的依赖[64]。在毒性预测方面,GNN模型在Tox21数据集上的AUC−ROC可达0.85,高于传统RF模型的0.72~0.80;Transformer模型用于EDCs预测时,整合多源数据可使准确率提升20%以上;在约100个样本的小数据场景下,基于迁移学习的ChemBERTa模型仍可保持85%以上准确率。此外,归档HRMS数据的回溯筛查可用于识别ECs的时空分布和演化趋势。已有研究整合8个参考实验室、14个国家和3个大洲的48组归档数据,回溯发现了表面活性剂、药物转化产物和工业化学品等多类污染物[65]
需要指出的是,人工智能辅助未知物识别的可靠性仍受到高质量标注数据不足、训练集偏倚和模型可解释性有限等因素制约。环境样品中的真实阳性样本、标准品验证数据和高质量实验谱图仍相对缺乏,模型容易偏向已有数据库、高丰度化合物或特定污染物类别,从而影响其对低丰度高风险物质、新型转化产物及数据库外结构的泛化能力。同时,较高的分类准确率并不等同于结构确证,预测结果仍需结合标准品、参考谱图、保留时间、同位素模式和环境合理性等证据进行验证。后续研究应加强高质量环境质谱数据集建设,规范准确率、召回率、假阳性率、AUC、Top−k命中率和外部验证集表现等评价指标,并引入SHAP、LIME等可解释方法,以提高模型结果的可追溯性和风险评估中的可采信度。
在污染物识别基础上,如何将环境化学信号转化为真实暴露水平,并进一步建立其与健康效应之间的定量关系,是ECs风险评估中的关键科学问题。环境浓度、个体外暴露、生物内剂量和健康效应之间并非简单对应关系,而是受到污染物形态、生物可利用性、暴露途径、个体行为、代谢能力和敏感性差异等因素共同影响。因此,暴露科学的核心不仅是提高环境浓度预测精度,更在于阐明“环境浓度−个体外暴露−生物内剂量−健康效应”之间复杂且尚未完全厘清的传递机制。由于ECs暴露具有多介质、跨尺度和时空异质性特征,单一环境监测或健康数据难以完整支撑暴露−效应解析。近年来,贝叶斯层级模型、INLA−SPDE方法和地理空间暴露模型等被用于整合地面监测、遥感、气象、人口分布和健康结局等多源数据,重建高分辨率暴露场,并在一定程度上缓解环境数据与健康数据在空间分辨率、时间尺度和采样单元上的不匹配问题[6668]。在此基础上,将高分辨率暴露估计与发病率、生物标志物、组学效应或其他健康结局相结合,可推动ECs风险评估由环境浓度表征向暴露−效应关联建模延伸。
多源数据融合能够提高暴露估计的空间和时间分辨率,但并不能完全消除暴露评估中的机制不确定性。例如,仅以居住地环境浓度代表个体外暴露,可能忽略活动轨迹、室内外迁移、饮食摄入和职业接触等差异;仅由外暴露推断健康效应,也可能低估吸收率、组织分布、代谢产物毒性和排泄动力学对生物有效剂量的影响。真实环境暴露还常表现为多污染物共存,不同组分之间的加和、协同或拮抗作用会进一步增加暴露归因和风险解释难度。当前暴露−效应建模仍面临区域异质性强、跨尺度数据匹配困难、不确定性传播机制不清和模型可迁移性不足等问题,尤其在模型从特定区域、人群或污染物体系推广至其他场景时,其预测性能和解释可靠性仍需验证。后续研究应在高分辨率暴露场重建的基础上,进一步整合环境监测、个人暴露监测、人体生物监测、毒性通路、组学效应和健康结局数据,并引入机制约束、因果推断和不确定性量化方法,推动ECs暴露评估从“环境浓度预测”拓展为“外暴露−内剂量−生物效应−健康风险”的全链条解析。
在未知物识别和暴露评估的基础上,数据驱动方法进一步拓展了ECs污染预警与风险预测的研究路径。与传统事后分析相比,该类方法可将监测数据、环境变量和工艺参数转化为可量化的风险信息,用于预测污染物的空间分布、迁移转化趋势及处理过程变化。机器学习方法能够捕捉传统线性模型难以解析的非线性关系,为污染过程模拟和治理工艺优化提供支持。例如,在药品及个人护理品去除效率预测中,SVM模型表现优于RF和LR等方法,预测准确率可达79%,显示出其在处理过程优化中的应用潜力[69]。此外,贝叶斯网络等概率模型可整合空间位置、污染源和环境变量等信息,对PFAS地下水污染风险进行概率预测并识别高风险区域,AUC值达到0.85,说明该类模型不仅可用于污染风险判别,也有助于表达预测不确定性并服务于优先监管决策[70]。此外,数据驱动风险预测还可从局地环境过程延伸至跨区域暴露网络。例如,通过整合全球渔业生产、贸易流通和污染物监测数据后,可构建覆盖212种海洋鱼类的PFAS膳食暴露评估框架,并估算全球中位摄入量为0.023 ng/(kg·d)[71]。总体来看,污染预警与风险预测模型正推动ECs研究由单一环境介质污染水平估计,向“环境过程−暴露途径−人群摄入−健康风险”的综合评估发展。
然而,当前污染预警与风险预测模型仍需面对适用边界和不确定性问题。模型性能高度依赖训练数据的代表性、时空覆盖度和变量完整性;在特定区域、污染源或工况下建立的模型,未必能够直接推广至气候条件、土地利用、污染源结构或人群行为差异明显的其他场景。跨尺度数据之间的空间匹配、时间同步和不确定性传播机制也尚不清晰,可能导致预测误差在模型链条中累积。多污染物共存条件下,加和、协同或拮抗效应仍难以准确刻画,预测风险也可能偏离真实生物效应。对于缺乏长期监测数据、毒理学参数和暴露证据的ECs,模型结果更多反映统计关联或情景推断,仍需通过外部数据集、独立监测、生物效应证据和机制实验加以验证。后续研究应在提高预测精度的同时,加强适用域界定、外推能力评估、不确定性量化和机制约束建模,以提升模型在环境监管和风险决策中的解释力与可信度。
尽管HRMS、非靶向分析、EDA和人工智能等技术不断发展,ECs的发现与解析能力已有明显提升,但从污染物检出到风险认知之间仍存在证据衔接不足的问题。不同于传统环境分析主要面向已知污染物的定性和定量,ECs研究更强调未知化学物识别、混合暴露解析、生物效应归因和风险预测等复杂环节。如何建立贯穿“化学识别—效应关联—暴露表征—风险判定”的证据链,仍是支撑环境健康风险认知与精准管理的关键。
HRMS和非靶向分析拓展了环境化学空间的识别范围,但未知污染物结构确证仍是该领域的基础瓶颈。非靶向分析获得的大量特征峰通常只能指向分子式、同系物或候选结构,环境样品中广泛存在的异构体、转化产物和数据库外化学物进一步增加了结构唯一性确认的难度[72]。对于许多ECs而言,即使获得初步结构信息,其环境来源、生成机制和生态意义仍可能不清楚。因此,未知物识别的重点不仅是发现更多特征峰,更在于确认其真实化学身份,并将谱图信号转化为具有环境意义的化学实体。
非靶向分析已成为ECs发现的重要工具,但结果的可重复性、可比性和可验证性仍有待提高。不同实验室在样品处理、数据提取、特征筛选和结构注释等环节存在差异,相同样品可能得到不同的候选污染物清单[8]。与此同时,大量候选物缺乏统一的证据评价标准,限制了其向风险评估和环境管理依据的转化。建立结构注释置信度体系、标准化数据处理流程和跨实验室验证框架,是提高非靶向筛查结果可采信度的重要基础。
EDA与非靶向分析的结合,为复杂环境样品中责任污染物识别提供了重要思路,但化学组成与生物效应之间的因果关联仍难以建立。环境样品的毒性效应往往由多种污染物共同作用产生,并不一定对应单一高浓度组分;不同化学物也可能通过相似作用通路诱导相近的生物响应,使检出的化学物与实际驱动效应的化学物之间难以直接对应[73]。当前研究需要从单纯回答“检测到什么”,进一步转向解释“哪些组分导致效应及其作用机制”,以建立更具机制解释力的风险识别体系。
ECs风险评估正在由环境检出向暴露科学拓展,但环境浓度、生物暴露和健康效应之间仍缺乏连续、可靠的证据支撑。传统监测多关注环境介质中的污染物水平,而真实暴露过程涉及环境迁移、生物富集、个体行为、吸收代谢和生物响应等多个环节,并具有跨介质、跨尺度和动态变化特征[74]。仅依赖环境监测结果,难以准确反映人体实际暴露水平,也难以充分解释其健康风险。EDA可在新污染物识别和早期预警阶段提供灵敏、快速和机制导向的检测信息。新污染物的实际生态风险通常涉及环境迁移转化、生物蓄积、食物链放大和种群群落响应等长期过程,直接评估具有较高复杂性和时间成本。因此,EDA可作为生态风险形成链条前端的敏感信号,用于快速识别具有潜在生物活性的污染物或环境样品,并为后续环境浓度监测、空间分布解析和生态毒理验证提供优先筛查依据。此类方法的价值在于风险预警和危害识别,而非对实际生态风险的单独定量外推。
人工智能正在影响ECs检测与风险评估,其应用已从结构预测扩展至毒性评估、污染源解析和风险预警等方面。对于环境管理而言,模型输出能否转化为可信决策,取决于其科学可靠性和可解释性。环境系统本身具有高度复杂性和不确定性,训练数据偏倚、适用域限制和黑箱决策过程都可能影响模型结果的可靠性[63]。监管决策还需要明确污染物识别依据、风险形成机制和预测不确定性,而现有深度学习模型在这些方面仍存在不足。后续研究应在提高预测性能的同时,加强模型适用范围界定、外部验证和可解释性分析,以提升AI结果在风险评估和环境管理中的可采信度。
ECs的持续涌现及其复杂环境行为,对检测技术提出了更高要求。总体来看,当前技术体系已由传统以靶向定量为主的单一分析模式,逐步发展为融合非靶向筛查、生物效应评价及数据驱动解析的多维检测模式,实现了从“物质识别”向“风险导向”的重要转变。HRMS拓展了未知污染物的发现边界,环境传感器提升了现场检测的时效性,生物效应方法强化了毒性识别能力,而大数据与机器学习的引入,则推动检测模式向智能化与预测化发展。
尽管取得显著进展,现有方法在复杂基质干扰、未知污染物确证及多源数据整合等方面仍存在关键瓶颈,特别是在检测结果与真实生态风险之间建立可靠关联方面仍有不足。同时,大数据与人工智能虽显著提升了污染物识别与预测能力,但其对高质量数据与模型可解释性的依赖,仍制约其广泛应用。
未来发展应更加注重体系化与协同化。一方面,通过多技术深度融合,构建覆盖化学分析、效应评价与数据解析的一体化框架,提升污染物识别与风险解析能力;另一方面,加强标准体系与数据库建设,推动数据共享与方法规范化。同时,应深化人工智能在结构解析与风险预测中的应用,并提升模型可靠性与可解释性。在此基础上,推动检测技术向实时化与应用导向发展,有望实现由被动监测向主动预警的转变,为ECs治理提供更加高效、科学的技术支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(42530609)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(22476080)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(22576093)
  • 国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(42322707)
  • 科技部重大专项(2026ZD1209500)
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2026年第44卷第15期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.05.00030
  • 接收时间:2026-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-08-31
  • 出版时间:2026-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2026-05-09
  • 修回日期:2026-06-17
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(42530609)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(22476080)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(22576093)
国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(42322707)
科技部重大专项(2026ZD1209500)
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    南方科技大学环境科学与工程学院,深圳 518055

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杨新(通信作者),教授,研究方向为大气化学、环境健康及新型质谱技术等,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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