Article(id=1276203028587877228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.04.00039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1775059200000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-02, revisedDate=1778342400000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782200112721, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1781280000000, pubDateStr=2026-06-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782200112721, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782200112720, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200112720, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276202956391313894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782200095507, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200147766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276203176344810276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276203176344810277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=96, endPage=109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276203029032473454, articleId=1276203028587877228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Spatial patterns and coupling of mitigation potential and costs in China's agricultural system: A multi−scenario spatial autocorrelation analysis, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under carbon neutrality targets, understanding the spatial heterogeneity of agricultural carbon mitigation and its linkage with resource endowments and economic constraints is of critical importance. This study constructs baseline and mitigation scenarios and applies global and local spatial autocorrelation methods, including Moran's I, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), and spatial difference Moran's I, to investigate the spatial patterns and dynamic evolution of cropland distribution, mitigation cost, and emission reduction potential in China's agricultural system. The results show that: (1) Key variables exhibit significant spatial clustering, with global Moran's I ranging from 0.218 to 0.363, indicating a stable positive spatial dependence overall. This positive spatial correlation implies that high−value regions tend to be adjacent to other high−value regions, reflecting the spatial aggregation of areas with similar resource endowments; (2) Local spatial patterns show pronounced regional heterogeneity, with high–high clusters of cropland decreasing from about 8.8% to 2.9%, while low−cost clusters shrink from approximately 14.7% under the baseline scenario to about 5.9% under the mitigation scenario, indicating an overall optimization of the spatial structure; (3) Significant spatial coupling exists between variables, as the bivariate Moran's I between cropland and net cost decreases from approximately 0.431 to 0.192, suggesting that policy interventions weaken the spatial association between resource endowment and cost; (4) Spatial difference analysis indicates that the spatial dependence of cropland change becomes insignificant (from 0.385), whereas that of net cost change remains significantly positive. Overall, the mitigation scenario improves the spatial configuration of the agricultural system to some extent, although regional disparities and structural imbalances persist.

, correspAuthors=Rong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xingqi XIA, Xiaofan XING, Rong WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276203030307541880, articleId=1276203028587877228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=中国农业系统减排潜力与成本的空间格局及其耦合关系——基于空间自相关分析的情景比较, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在碳中和目标背景下,农业系统碳减排的空间差异及其资源与经济约束关系成为关键科学问题。本研究构建基准与减排情景,运用莫兰指数(Moran's I)、局部空间自相关指数(local indicators of spatial association,LISA)集聚图及差分空间自相关方法,分析中国农业系统耕地资源、成本与减排潜力的空间格局及演化特征。结果表明:(1) 农业系统关键变量普遍存在显著空间集聚特征,全局Moran's I介于0.218~0.363,表明整体呈稳定正相关结构,正空间相关特征意味着高值地区倾向于与高值区域相邻,其反映出具有相似资源条件的地区在空间上存在聚集;(2) 局部空间结构呈现明显区域差异性,其中耕地面积高值集聚区由约8.8%降低至2.9%,而净成本低值区在从基准情景下的约14.7%收缩至减排情景下的约5.9%,空间结构趋于优化;(3) 变量之间存在显著空间耦合关系,耕地面积与净成本的双变量Moran's I由约0.431下降至0.192,表明政策干预削弱了资源与成本的强空间相关性;(4) 差分分析显示,耕地变化的空间相关性由0.385降至不显著,而净成本变化仍保持显著集聚。研究表明,减排情景在一定程度上优化了农业系统的空间结构,但区域差异与结构性不均衡仍然存在。

, correspAuthors=王戎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王戎(通信作者),教授,研究方向为环境模型、气候变化、碳循环、空气污染、可再生能源、能源经济、地球系统,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=iWFZ15OTP72jd3hP0ckA1Q==, magXml=8u0Y4hct3Wz3aF3RN2XmXw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=mqilMLrvrUkIklg85wNe9Q==, pdfFileSize=3720656, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=t8ilqtuCrl//4rR3cRDChQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XtPAl4gmSLotZ+SzqJlcxA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

夏星琦,硕士研究生,研究方向为农业系统与碳中和,电子信箱:

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夏星琦,硕士研究生,研究方向为农业系统与碳中和,电子信箱:

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夏星琦,硕士研究生,研究方向为农业系统与碳中和,电子信箱:

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figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量情景Moran's IPZ得分
耕地面积2020年0.3640.0033.52
基准情景0.3310.0063.27
减排情景0.3230.0053.12
总成本2020年0.2940.0122.86
基准情景0.2970.0112.90
减排情景0.2310.0162.42
净成本2020年0.3490.0033.55
基准情景0.3360.0033.45
减排情景0.2180.0092.92
减排潜力减排情景0.3060.0102.86
), ArticleFig(id=1276203037400109988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1276203028587877228, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国农业系统关键变量的全局空间自相关指数(Moran's I)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量情景Moran's IPZ得分
耕地面积2020年0.3640.0033.52
基准情景0.3310.0063.27
减排情景0.3230.0053.12
总成本2020年0.2940.0122.86
基准情景0.2970.0112.90
减排情景0.2310.0162.42
净成本2020年0.3490.0033.55
基准情景0.3360.0033.45
减排情景0.2180.0092.92
减排潜力减排情景0.3060.0102.86
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中国农业系统减排潜力与成本的空间格局及其耦合关系——基于空间自相关分析的情景比较
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夏星琦 1 , 邢晓帆 1, 2 , 王戎 1, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(11): 96-109
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科技导报 | 研究论文 2026, 44(11): 96-109
中国农业系统减排潜力与成本的空间格局及其耦合关系——基于空间自相关分析的情景比较
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夏星琦1 , 邢晓帆1, 2, 王戎1, *
作者信息
  • 1复旦大学环境科学与工程系,上海 200438
  • 2南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,南京 210095
  • 夏星琦,硕士研究生,研究方向为农业系统与碳中和,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

王戎(通信作者),教授,研究方向为环境模型、气候变化、碳循环、空气污染、可再生能源、能源经济、地球系统,电子信箱:
Spatial patterns and coupling of mitigation potential and costs in China's agricultural system: A multi−scenario spatial autocorrelation analysis
Xingqi XIA1 , Xiaofan XING1, 2, Rong WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
  • 2The College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
出版时间: 2026-06-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.04.00039
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在碳中和目标背景下,农业系统碳减排的空间差异及其资源与经济约束关系成为关键科学问题。本研究构建基准与减排情景,运用莫兰指数(Moran's I)、局部空间自相关指数(local indicators of spatial association,LISA)集聚图及差分空间自相关方法,分析中国农业系统耕地资源、成本与减排潜力的空间格局及演化特征。结果表明:(1) 农业系统关键变量普遍存在显著空间集聚特征,全局Moran's I介于0.218~0.363,表明整体呈稳定正相关结构,正空间相关特征意味着高值地区倾向于与高值区域相邻,其反映出具有相似资源条件的地区在空间上存在聚集;(2) 局部空间结构呈现明显区域差异性,其中耕地面积高值集聚区由约8.8%降低至2.9%,而净成本低值区在从基准情景下的约14.7%收缩至减排情景下的约5.9%,空间结构趋于优化;(3) 变量之间存在显著空间耦合关系,耕地面积与净成本的双变量Moran's I由约0.431下降至0.192,表明政策干预削弱了资源与成本的强空间相关性;(4) 差分分析显示,耕地变化的空间相关性由0.385降至不显著,而净成本变化仍保持显著集聚。研究表明,减排情景在一定程度上优化了农业系统的空间结构,但区域差异与结构性不均衡仍然存在。

农业碳减排  /  空间自相关  /  差分Moran's I  /  空间耦合  /  耕地资源

Under carbon neutrality targets, understanding the spatial heterogeneity of agricultural carbon mitigation and its linkage with resource endowments and economic constraints is of critical importance. This study constructs baseline and mitigation scenarios and applies global and local spatial autocorrelation methods, including Moran's I, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), and spatial difference Moran's I, to investigate the spatial patterns and dynamic evolution of cropland distribution, mitigation cost, and emission reduction potential in China's agricultural system. The results show that: (1) Key variables exhibit significant spatial clustering, with global Moran's I ranging from 0.218 to 0.363, indicating a stable positive spatial dependence overall. This positive spatial correlation implies that high−value regions tend to be adjacent to other high−value regions, reflecting the spatial aggregation of areas with similar resource endowments; (2) Local spatial patterns show pronounced regional heterogeneity, with high–high clusters of cropland decreasing from about 8.8% to 2.9%, while low−cost clusters shrink from approximately 14.7% under the baseline scenario to about 5.9% under the mitigation scenario, indicating an overall optimization of the spatial structure; (3) Significant spatial coupling exists between variables, as the bivariate Moran's I between cropland and net cost decreases from approximately 0.431 to 0.192, suggesting that policy interventions weaken the spatial association between resource endowment and cost; (4) Spatial difference analysis indicates that the spatial dependence of cropland change becomes insignificant (from 0.385), whereas that of net cost change remains significantly positive. Overall, the mitigation scenario improves the spatial configuration of the agricultural system to some extent, although regional disparities and structural imbalances persist.

agricultural carbon mitigation  /  spatial autocorrelation  /  differential Moran's I  /  spatial coupling  /  cropland
夏星琦, 邢晓帆, 王戎. 中国农业系统减排潜力与成本的空间格局及其耦合关系——基于空间自相关分析的情景比较. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (11) : 96 -109 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.04.00039
Xingqi XIA, Xiaofan XING, Rong WANG. Spatial patterns and coupling of mitigation potential and costs in China's agricultural system: A multi−scenario spatial autocorrelation analysis[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (11) : 96 -109 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.04.00039
在全球气候变化持续加剧的背景下,实现温室气体减排与碳中和目标已成为各国应对气候风险的核心议题。中国提出“双碳”目标后,农业系统作为重要的温室气体排放源与潜在碳汇,在国家减排体系中的作用日益凸显[1]。通过农业管理优化、生物质资源利用及技术路径调整,农业系统具备显著的减排潜力[2]。在保障粮食安全与农业生产稳定的前提下,系统识别农业减排潜力的空间分布及其经济约束特征,已成为实现农业低碳转型的重要科学问题。
围绕农业减排路径,已有研究从农业生产过程优化、生物质资源利用及粮食系统调整等方面开展了大量工作。例如,通过农业生产过程优化(如施肥管理、灌溉调控与保护性耕作等措施),可显著降低农田CH4和N2O排放[35];在资源利用层面,基于农作物秸秆与能源作物的生物质利用路径,尤其是生物能源结合碳捕集与封存技术(bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, BECCS),被认为是实现农业系统负排放的重要途径[67];同时,粮食系统优化(如减少损耗与调整膳食结构[8])亦被证实可间接降低农业系统整体碳排放强度[910]。在方法上,相关研究通常构建边际减排成本曲线(marginal abatement cost curve, MAC),对不同减排措施的潜力与成本进行统一评估,从而识别成本有效的减排路径[1112]。这些研究为农业减排路径选择提供了重要依据,但其分析重点主要集中于措施组合、减排潜力与成本水平的量化评估,而对减排结果在空间尺度上的分布特征关注相对不足。
随着空间数据与模型方法的发展,部分研究已开始从空间维度探讨农业系统关键变量的分布特征。例如,基于遥感数据与作物模型区域尺度的研究表明,中国农业生物质资源与碳排放在空间上呈现显著集聚特征,高值区域主要集中于东北与华北粮食主产区[1315];在全球尺度上,农业减排潜力同样表现出明显的区域集中趋势,与土地资源禀赋和生产效率密切相关[6,16]。此外,空间自相关分析等方法被逐步引入农业与碳排放研究,用于识别排放强度或资源分布的空间集聚模式[17]。总体来看,现有研究已经分别从不同维度获得了农业系统中排放、资源以及减排潜力的空间分布结果,为理解农业减排的空间格局提供了基础支撑。
然而,上述研究多以单一指标的独立分析为主,即分别分析排放、资源或潜力的空间分布,而较少在统一分析框架下进一步探讨不同变量之间的空间关联关系。特别是在农业减排研究中,减排潜力的实现不仅依赖资源禀赋(如耕地与生物质供给),同时也受到经济成本的显著约束[1112]。已有研究表明,不同区域间减排成本存在较大差异,且高减排潜力区域与低成本区域并不完全重合[6,12,18]。但在中国农业系统情景下,现有研究多停留在全国或区域尺度的潜力与成本统计对比,缺乏从空间角度系统分析减排潜力、成本与资源要素之间匹配关系的研究,尤其是在省域或更细尺度上对不同变量之间是否存在空间协同或错配特征仍缺乏定量识别。这一不足在一定程度上限制了农业减排政策的区域精准配置。
基于此,在农业系统减排情景下,综合考虑耕地资源变化、生物质供给与农业生产排放过程,得到耕地资源、减排潜力及成本等关键变量的空间分布结果,分析中国农业系统关键变量的空间分布特征,并进一步从省域尺度出发,揭示减排潜力、成本及资源要素之间的空间耦合关系。通过引入全局与局部空间自相关分析(local indicators of spatial association,LISA)及双变量空间分析方法,识别不同区域的典型耦合类型(如高减排潜力低成本、高减排潜力高成本等),以期为农业减排路径的空间优化与区域差异化政策制定提供定量依据。
本研究围绕2060年碳中和目标构建中国农业系统的基准情景和减排情景,并在统一数据框架下模拟2种情景下关键变量的空间分布特征。
基准情景主要模拟自然演化路径下农业系统变化过程,仅考虑城镇扩张与生态修复对耕地资源的占用效应。具体而言,基于美国中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate−Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS)土地覆盖数据(MCD12Q1)提取2020年耕地空间分布并进行再分类处理[19],结合美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)社会经济数据与应用中心(Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center, SEDAC)提供的共享社会经济路径(shared socioeconomic pathways, SSP)情景下城市扩展数据[20]及国家林业发展规划数据[21],模拟未来耕地空间格局。在农业生产方面,以全球农业生态区数据库(Global Agro−Ecological Zones, GAEZ)[22]为基础并结合《中国农村统计年鉴》对产量数据进行校准[23],再引入气候要素(温度、降水及CO2浓度)[24]及作物历数据[25],并采用Xu等[7]的方法,通过气候参数(相关参数包含年均大气CO2浓度、作物生长季平均地表温度、农田氮肥施用强度和年降水量)函数预测气候变化对作物产量的影响,对作物产量进行修正,从而反映气候变化驱动下的产量变化过程;但不考虑农业技术进步及管理优化对单位面积产量提升的影响,以此作为对照基准。
在此基础上,减排情景进一步考虑农业系统优化路径,通过土地规模化与空间优化调整耕地配置[26],并引入技术进步(包括提高氮肥利用效率、优化灌溉方式及种植结构调整)提升单位面积产量[2729]。同时,在满足粮食安全约束的前提下,将节约出的耕地用于能源作物种植,并与农作物秸秆共同作为生物质来源用于BECCS负碳技术的部署[7,3031]。在排放核算方面[14],农业系统碳排放综合考虑农业生产过程排放、土地利用变化排放[32]以及生物质利用与BECCS过程的净排放效应,其中农业生产排放依据作物碳足迹核算方法进行估算[33],生物质相关排放参数参考已有研究[7,3435]。在成本核算方面[36],本研究中的农业系统总成本定义为农业生产成本、生物质处理成本与粮食减损调整成本之和。其中,农业生产成本基于《中国农村统计年鉴》[23](该年鉴提供省级作物产量数据和省级农业生产成本数据,生产成本数据具体包括:种子、化肥、农药、地膜、机械、灌溉、劳动力、燃料动力以及土地成本等23项成本要素。本研究将上述成本数据按省份和作物类型进行整理,形成单位面积生产成本参数)中省级单位面积投入品费用与用工费用核算;在此基础上进一步叠加生物质收集、运输及碳捕集等环节成本,以及粮食减损措施涉及的额外投入[7,14,3738]。通过上述过程,最终得到基准与减排情景下耕地面积、农业系统减排潜力及成本等关键变量的空间分布结果。为使后续分析结论更具政策指导意义并提升空间统计的稳定性,本研究将基于县域分辨率模拟得到的相关数据在每个省范围内累加至省域尺度(不含港澳台),然后基于省级数据计算空间指标统计量。
为识别农业系统关键变量在空间上的整体依赖性特征,采用全局莫兰指数(Global Moran's I)对耕地面积、农业成本及减排潜力等变量进行空间自相关检验。该方法用于衡量变量在空间上的整体集聚或离散程度,从而判断其是否呈现显著的空间结构。
全局莫兰指数计算公式如下:
$ {I}=\frac{{n}\displaystyle\sum _{{i}{=1}}^{{n}}\displaystyle\sum _{{j}{=1}}^{{n}}{{w}}_{{ij}}\left({{P}}_{{i}}-\overline{{P}}\right)\left({{P}}_{{j}}-\overline{P}\right)}{\displaystyle\sum _{{i}{=1}}^{{n}}\displaystyle\sum _{{j}{=1}}^{{n}}{{w}}_{{ij}}\displaystyle\sum _{{i}{=1}}^{{n}}{\left({{P}}_{{i}}-\overline{{P}}\right)}^{{2}}} $
式中,I为全局莫兰指数;n为研究区域单元总数(省份数量);ij分别代表不同省份编号;$ {{P}}_{{i}} $$ {{P}}_{{j}} $分别为第i个、第j个省份的变量取值;$ \overline{{P}} $为变量P的平均值;$ {{w}}_{{ij}} $为空间权重矩阵中第i行第j列元素。
为进一步检验空间自相关的显著性,引入标准化统计量ZI)进行判断,其表达式为:
$ {Z}\left({I}\right)=\frac{{I-E}\left({I}\right)}{\sqrt{{Var}\left({I}\right)}} $
式中,$ {Z}\left({I}\right) $为标准化统计量;$ {E}\left(I\right) $为莫兰指数的期望值;$ {Var}\left({I}\right) $为莫兰指数的方差。
$ {E}\left(I\right)=-\frac{1}{n-1} $
其中,当$ I > 0 $时表示空间正相关(集聚),$ I < 0 $表示离散分布。通过Z值可判断其显著性水平,当|Z|>1.96(显著性水平0.05)时,认为空间自相关显著[39]。该方法为后续局部空间结构识别提供总体判别依据。
在全局空间自相关的基础上,进一步采用局部莫兰指数识别局部空间集聚特征,以揭示不同区域的空间异质性及其类型结构。
局部莫兰指数的计算公式为:
$ {{I}}_{{i}}=\frac{\left({{P}}_{{i}}-\overline{{P}}\right)\displaystyle\sum _{{j}{=1}}^{{n}}{{w}}_{{ij}}\left({{P}}_{{j}}-\overline{{P}}\right)}{n\displaystyle\sum _{{i}{=1}}^{{n}}{\left({{P}}_{{i}}-\overline{{P}}\right)}^{{2}}} $
式中,$ {{I}}_{{i}} $为第i个空间单元的局部莫兰指数。
该指标用于识别单个空间单元与其邻近单元之间的相关性关系,从而将研究区域划分为高高(HH)、低低(LL)、高低(HL)与低高(LH)[40]
其中,HH型表示某区域及其邻近区域都具有高值,说明该区域形成了高值聚集区;LL型则表示低值区域聚集;而HL或LH型则反映空间异常或错配现象。例如,若某省的耕地面积高而周边省份的耕地面积低,即属于HL型,这反映该地区资源分布或投入结构相对不均。这些空间模式有助于识别区域内是否存在农业资源潜力与成本投入的空间错配关系,对区域规划和政策制定具有参考意义。
为进一步识别减排潜力及相关变量的空间高值与低值集聚区域,采用局部G统计量(Getis−Ord Gi*)进行热点分析,从而识别显著的热点区与冷点区。
其计算公式如下:
$ {G}_{i}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum_{{j}{=1}}^{{n}}{{w}}_{{ij}}{{P}}_{{j}}}{\displaystyle\sum_{{j}{=1}}^{{n}}{{P}}_{{j}}} $
式中,$ {G}_{i} $为第i个单元的热点统计量。该统计量通过比较局部邻域与整体水平的差异,判断某一地区是否显著聚集高值或低值。当$ G_i $显著为正时,表示该区域为热点区;当显著为负时,则为冷点区[41]。相较于LISA方法,$ {G}_{i} $更侧重于识别连续空间中的高值或低值集中区域,有助于识别农业减排潜力的空间核心分布。
为揭示农业系统不同变量之间的空间耦合关系,引入双变量莫兰指数(Bivariate Moran's I),用于量化一个变量在某区域的取值与另一变量在邻近区域取值之间的空间相关性。
其计算公式为:
$ {{I}}_{{xy}}=\frac{{n}\displaystyle\sum _{{i}{=1}}^{{n}}\displaystyle\sum _{{j}{=1}}^{{n}}{{w}}_{{ij}}\left({{x}}_{{i}}-\overline{{x}}\right)\left({{y}}_{{j}}-\overline{{y}}\right)}{{S}\sqrt{\displaystyle\sum _{{i}{=1}}^{{n}}{\left({{x}}_{{i}}-\overline{{x}}\right)}^{{2}}\displaystyle\sum _{{j}{=1}}^{{n}}{\left({{y}}_{{i}}-\overline{{y}}\right)}^{{2}}}} $
式中,xy分别表示2类不同变量,如耕地面积与成本或减排潜力;$ {S} $为变量的标准差;$ {{I}}_{{xy}} $为双变量莫兰指数;当$ {{I}}_{{xy}} > 0 $时,变量x与变量y在空间上呈现正相关性,即高值邻接高值或低值邻接低值;当$ {{I}}_{{xy}} < 0 $时,表示存在空间错配关系[42]。该方法能够揭示农业系统内部资源、成本与减排潜力之间的空间协同或不匹配特征。
为分析不同情景下变量空间格局的演化特征,进一步采用差分指数(spatial difference Moran's I)对变量变化量的空间相关性进行分析。
其计算公式如下:
$ {c}{{I}}_{{\Delta }{x}}=\frac{{n}\displaystyle\sum _{{i}{=1}}^{{n}}\displaystyle\sum _{{j}{=1}}^{{n}}{{w}}_{{ij}}\left({{x}}_{{i}}-\overline{{x}}\right)\left({{y}}_{{j}}-\overline{{y}}\right)}{{S}\displaystyle\sum _{{i}{=1}}^{{n}}{\left({{\Delta }{x}}_{{i}}-\overline{{\Delta }{x}}\right)}^{{2}}} $
式中,$ {{I}}_{{\Delta }{x}} $为差分莫兰指数;$ {{\Delta }{x}}_{{i}} $为第i个空间单元变量的变化量(如减排情景相对于基准情景或2020年的差值);$ \overline{{\Delta }{x}} $为变量变化量的平均值。
该方法以某变量的变化量为研究对象,用于识别空间格局在不同情景下的动态响应特征。$ {{I}}_{{\Delta }{x}} > 0 $时,表示变化量在空间上呈现正相关(集聚)特征,即变化幅度较大的地区(如显著增加或显著减少)倾向于与变化幅度相似的邻近地区相互邻接;$ {{I}}_{{\Delta }{x}} < 0 $时,表示变化量在空间上呈现负相关(离散或错配)特征,即变化幅度较大的地区更可能与变化幅度较小或方向相反的地区相邻;$ {{I}}_{{\Delta }{x}}\approx 0 $时,说明变量变化在空间上呈随机分布,不存在显著空间依赖性。通过该方法,可以揭示农业系统在减排过程中资源调整与成本重构的空间演化路径。本文地图以GS(2016)2929号标准地图为底图进行数据叠加与可视化处理,底图国界线和九段线无修改。
以2020年为初始年份(当年全国耕地面积约1.27×108 hm2),在2060年基准情景下耕地资源总体减少,而减排情景中耕地资源由于土地规模化而出现一定程度的恢复(图1(a)~(f))。从空间分布看,耕地资源呈现出明显的区域分异特征。在基准情景下(图1(d)、(e)),耕地流失集中于北方与东南沿海地区,部分省份流失率超过50%,如陕西省和福建省。从全国来看,基准情景下耕地流失率达17.3%,反映出城镇化和造林影响所引发的耕地压力。在减排情景中(图1(f))虽有所恢复,但整体仍低于初始水平。东北地区耕地变化相对平稳,仍保持较为稳定的粮食生产功能。相比之下,西北地区在减排情景下表现出一定的恢复潜力,部分区域耕地资源由流失转为增长,显示出较强的土地资源调节空间。南方地区在减排情景中恢复趋势更加明显,其中云南省耕地资源恢复最为显著,江西省、海南省等地恢复率接近50%,反映出土地规模化在该区域具有较高的实施效果。从全国总量看,减排情景较基准情景实现了14.8%的全国耕地面积恢复率。而在省域尺度上,耕地变化呈现出更为复杂的空间差异。粮食主产区普遍表现为耕地资源流失,但在减排情景中流失趋势有所缓解;而部分西部及南方地区则表现出扩展或恢复特征,成为耕地资源的重要补充区域。耕地面积的空间变化模式,反映出农业土地利用在不同区域之间的再配置过程。
在耕地资源变化的基础上,生物质供给呈现出相应的空间响应特征。在基准情景下受耕地减少影响,整体供给能力有所下降(图1(g)),而在减排情景中则表现出显著增强趋势(图1(h))。不同区域之间的变化具有明显差异,其中北方地区与长江流域仍然是生物质资源的主要集中区域,东北地区保持稳定贡献,而西部地区则逐步成为重要的增长来源。从空间结构看,生物质资源在不同情景下由相对分散向集中分布转变,高值区域进一步向资源禀赋较优地区集聚。部分传统农业大省在优化情景中形成更加突出的生物质供给核心区,而资源条件相对受限的地区则整体处于较低水平。这一变化趋势(图1(i))表明,优化农业技术与种植能源作物不仅改变了生物质供给规模,同时也强化了其空间集聚特征。
综合来看,中国农业系统在耕地资源与生物质供给层面均呈现出显著的空间异质性与结构性调整特征。耕地资源在不同区域之间的再分配,以及由此引起的生物质供给变化,共同塑造了农业系统资源基础的空间格局,为后续减排潜力及其空间耦合关系分析提供了重要支撑。
全局Moran's I检验表明,耕地面积、农业总成本、净成本及减排潜力在不同情景下均呈显著正向空间自相关(P<0.05或接近显著),证实中国农业系统关键变量的空间分布具有强集聚格局(表1图2)。耕地面积在2020年、基准情景与减排情景下的Moran's I分别约为0.364、0.331和0.323,对应Z值均在3以上,表明其空间集聚程度较高且结构稳定;农业总成本的Moran's I约为0.294、0.297和0.231,虽整体略低于耕地面积,但仍表现出稳定的正相关结构;净成本的空间集聚强度较高,在不同情景下Moran's I约为0.349、0.336和0.218,说明成本结构在空间上具有更强的集中趋势。
从情景变化看,耕地面积的空间集聚程度随情景推进略有下降(约从0.363下降至0.322),但仍保持较高水平,说明土地资源分布格局具有较强空间依赖性;相比之下,农业总成本和净成本在减排情景下的Moran's I明显下降(如总成本由约0.294降至约0.231,净成本由约0.349降至约0.218),表明在政策干预下成本空间结构出现一定程度的去集聚化,即原有高成本或低成本区域的空间集中程度有所弱化。减排政策干预下成本空间自相关性的减弱,或可归因于减排措施打破了农业生产对自然禀赋的过度依赖。在基准情景下,农业生产成本主要由气候、土地利用等具有高度空间连续性的自然条件决定,故呈现出强集聚特征。在减排情景中,BECCS部署、技术优化等减排措施的引入,其经济可行性不完全受限于传统自然禀赋,为非优势产区提供了有效减排路径。这使得部分传统高成本区的成本结构得以优化,打破了原有的全局高−高与低−低成本集聚格局。此外,减排潜力的Moran's I约为0.305(Z≈2.86,P≈0.01),说明其在空间上亦呈现显著正相关,表明高减排潜力区域相互集聚的格局较为明显。
结合图2的莫兰散点图可以进一步观察到,各变量均呈现明显的第一象限(HH)与第三象限(LL)分布特征,且散点在这2个象限中的聚集程度较高,反映出整体空间结构以正向集聚为主。其中,耕地面积与净成本的散点分布更为集中,说明其空间依赖性更强;而总成本与减排潜力的散点分布相对分散,表明其空间结构在一定程度上受多重因素影响,存在一定的异质性。总体而言,全局空间自相关分析结果表明,中国农业系统关键变量在省域尺度上普遍存在显著空间集聚特征,且不同变量在情景变化下表现出差异化的空间响应,这为后续局部空间结构识别与空间耦合分析提供了基础。
LISA与Gi*揭示出关键变量局部空间结构具有东高西低的特征(图3)。耕地面积在2020年主要表现为少量HH集聚区(约8.8%),主要分布于内蒙古自治区、吉林省和山东省等地区,同时在南方个别省份(如广东省)出现LL集聚(约2.9%),整体呈现北高南低的空间分布格局。在基准与减排情景下,耕地面积的HH集聚范围进一步收缩,仅在东北地区保留少数核心区(约2.9%~5.9%),表明土地空间集聚在情景变化中趋于集中但范围缩小。
农业总成本的局部空间结构相对稳定。在不同情景下,HH集聚区均稳定出现在山东省与安徽省(约5.9%),而LL区域主要集中在西部地区(约2.9%~5.9%),同时存在少量HL异常区(如四川省或新疆维吾尔自治区,约2.9%)。这一结果表明,总成本在空间上呈现东部集聚、西部低值的稳定格局,且局部异常现象较为有限。相比之下,净成本的空间分布差异更为显著:在2020年及基准情景下,HH区域约占8.8%,集中于黑龙江省、山东省与安徽省等地,而LL区域占比更高(约11.8%~14.7%),主要分布于西南与西北地区;在减排情景下,LL区域明显收缩(约降至5.9%),而HH区域维持在约8.8%,同时出现少量HL与LH类型(各约2.9%),表明减排措施在一定程度上改变了成本空间结构,使其由两极分化向多类型并存转变。这一变化从机制上反映出,在减排情景中通过农业技术优化与土地规模化配置,不同地区的生产与资源利用效率发生改变:一方面,部分传统高成本地区通过技术进步降低农业生产成本,削弱了原有高成本集聚;另一方面,一些资源条件较优但原本未充分利用的地区通过参与减排路径,使成本分布更加均匀。
从减排潜力看,其HH区域主要集中于山东省与安徽省(约5.9%),LL区域仅在个别省份(如四川省,约2.9%),整体呈现较为集中的高值核心区与较分散的低值区域结构。Gi*热点分析结果与LISA基本一致:耕地面积热点集中于北方地区(约8.8%),总成本热点稳定于山东省和安徽省(约5.9%),净成本热点在东北与华东地区较为集中(约11.8%),而冷点则主要分布于西南和西北(约8.8%~14.7%)。总体来看,局部空间分析表明农业系统关键变量在空间上呈现出明显的区域分异特征,其中东部和东北地区往往构成高值集聚核心,而西部地区则多表现为低值或冷点区域,该结构为理解农业系统空间不均衡提供了重要依据。
为揭示农业系统内部变量之间的空间关系及其演化特征,基于双变量莫兰指数与差分空间自相关方法,对耕地面积、成本与减排潜力之间的空间耦合关系及其在不同情景下的变化进行分析(图4)。从双变量全局莫兰指数看,耕地面积与总成本在2020年、基准及减排情景下的Moran's I分别约为0.301、0.286和0.246(P<0.05),表明两者在空间上存在显著正相关关系,即高耕地地区往往伴随较高成本分布;耕地面积与净成本的空间相关性更强,对应Moran's I约为0.431、0.406和0.192,其中前2种情景的Z值均超过4,表明其空间耦合关系显著且强度较高,而在减排情景下显著减弱,说明政策干预在一定程度上削弱了土地与成本之间的强空间相关性关系。从机制上看,空间相关性减弱意味着原本由耕地资源主导的成本分布格局被打破。在基准情景下,耕地资源丰富地区往往同时承担较高生产成本,形成稳定的空间耦合关系;而在减排情景中,通过技术进步、种植结构调整以及土地规模化配置,不同地区可以在不完全依赖原有耕地资源条件的情况下实现减排,从而使成本分布不再严格依附于耕地空间格局。其本质表现为农业系统从资源约束向多要素协同转变,进而导致空间耦合关系弱化。
从局部空间耦合结构看,耕地面积与总成本在基准与减排情景下均呈现稳定的HH集聚区(山东省、安徽省,约5.9%)与HL异常区(新疆维吾尔自治区、四川省,约5.9%),表明东部地区形成高耕地高成本核心,而西部部分地区则表现为低耕地高成本的结构性不匹配。耕地面积与净成本的耦合更为复杂,在基准情景下HH与LL占比均约为11.8%,分别集中于东北、华东与西部地区;在减排情景下,HH区域转向华东地区(约11.8%),LL区域缩减至约8.8%,说明减排措施在一定程度上优化了成本空间分布,使高成本与高耕地的空间耦合更加集中。此外,减排潜力与耕地及成本之间均表现出显著正相关(Moran's I约为0.25左右,P<0.05),其HH区域主要集中于山东省、安徽省及东北部分省份(约5.9%~11.8%),表明高减排潜力区域与资源及成本结构可能存在关联。
在空间演化方面,差分Moran's I结果显示,不同变量在情景变化下呈现差异化的空间响应。耕地面积在基准情景相对于2020年的变化具有较强空间集聚性(I≈0.385,P<0.01),且LL区域占比约为17.6%,主要分布于中部与西北地区,说明耕地变化呈现低变化的集聚特征;而在减排情景下,其空间相关性显著下降(I≈0.149,且未通过显著性检验),表明政策干预削弱了耕地变化的空间依赖性。农业总成本的差分空间相关性整体较弱,仅在基准情景下表现出一定程度的正相关(I≈0.202,P<0.05),而在减排情景与基准情景的差分中均不显著,说明成本变化在空间上趋于离散。相比之下,净成本的空间演化特征更为显著。在基准情景相对于2020年的变化中,其Moran's I约为0.387(P<0.01),HH区域约占17.6%,集中于西南地区,而LL区域约占14.7%,集中于中东部地区,表明成本变化呈现明显空间分异;在减排情景下,其空间相关性虽有所下降(I≈0.181~0.189),但仍通过显著性检验(P<0.01),且HH区域稳定于华东地区(约8.8%),LL区域集中于西南(约5.9%),说明政策干预并未消除空间集聚,而是重塑了其空间结构。
综合来看,农业系统关键变量之间不仅存在显著空间耦合关系,而且在情景变化中呈现出明显的空间结构调整特征。减排措施在一定程度上削弱了耕地与成本之间的强空间相关性,同时优化了成本与减排潜力的空间匹配,使得高减排潜力区域更加集中于资源与经济条件较优的地区。然而,这种调整并未完全消除区域差异,部分地区仍表现出结构性错配或空间不均衡特征,表明农业系统的空间优化仍具有进一步提升空间。
本研究基于省级尺度空间分析框架,在综合考虑耕地变化、生物质供给及农业生产排放的基础上对中国农业系统关键变量进行了系统评估,发现中国农业系统关键变量普遍存在显著正向空间自相关(如耕地面积Moran's I稳定在0.320以上),这一结论与已有研究中农业碳排放及碳生产率存在显著空间依赖性的发现一致。例如,何艳秋等指出农业碳排放具有明显空间相关性,并强调区域协同减排的重要性[43]。本研究进一步从资源与成本维度验证了这种空间依赖不仅存在于碳排放层面,也体现在农业生产要素结构之中。
在空间格局方面,发现耕地资源呈现北方集中、南方分散的集聚特征,并在减排情景下高值集聚区显著收缩。这与黄贤金等的结论相一致,即通过调整耕地空间配置可以增强碳减排与碳汇功能[44]。但不同的是,本研究从情景模拟角度进一步揭示,减排政策并非单纯扩大优势区域,而是通过集聚收缩、结构优化的方式实现空间重构。在空间集聚结构方面,已有研究指出近年农业碳排放效率体现出显著局部集聚特征[4546]。相比之下,发现耕地与成本变量的高值集聚比例明显较低(约2.9%~8.8%),而低值区域在2020年和基准情景下可达14.7%。这一差异表明,与碳排放效率相比,耕地资源与成本的空间分布更加分散,说明不同变量在空间结构上具有显著异质性。
本研究探索了耕地与成本之间的空间耦合关系(双变量Moran's I最高达0.431),但在减排情景下降至约0.192,说明政策有效削弱了资源与成本之间的空间锁定。这一发现拓展了既有研究中农业碳排放存在空间溢出效应的认识[43],也深化了从单变量空间相关到多变量空间耦合的分析框架。此外,差分空间分析表明,耕地变化的空间相关性由0.385降至不显著,而净成本变化仍保持显著集聚(约0.389),说明农业系统在减排过程中呈现资源调整弱化、成本结构重构的非对称演化路径。这与已有研究中农业系统空间演化具有显著区域异质性的结论一致[47],但本文进一步量化了不同变量在演化过程中的响应差异。其差异说明,不同要素对政策干预的响应具有显著异质性,其中土地要素更具可调节性,而成本结构则表现出更强的区域锁定特征。从政策设计的角度看,农业系统的减排路径不再需要严格依赖传统资源优势区域,而可以通过技术与管理优化在中国不同区域内实现,从而为减排任务的区域分担提供更大灵活性。从减排策略看,应依据减排过程中各区域不同变量的响应特征制定差异化减排策略,并为实现更高效率的全国范围减排提供结构性基础。
总体而言,以往研究多集中于单一变量(如碳排放或生产效率)的空间格局,而本研究探索了耕地、成本与减排潜力多要素的耦合关系,不仅验证了农业系统空间集聚的普遍性,还表明可能存在政策干预下空间结构由强耦合向弱耦合优化的转变机制。
在碳中和目标背景下,基于省级尺度分析了中国农业系统在不同情景下的空间格局及其演化特征,主要结论如下。
1) 农业系统关键变量普遍存在显著空间集聚特征。耕地面积、农业总成本与净成本的Moran's I分别稳定在0.323~0.364、0.231~0.294和0.218~0.349,减排潜力约为0.306,均通过显著性检验,表明农业系统在空间上呈现明显的非随机分布格局。
2) 局部空间结构呈现显著区域分异。耕地面积高值集聚区由约8.8%降低至最低2.9%,农业总成本在东部地区形成稳定核心(约5.9%),净成本低值区占比在基准情景下最高达14.7%,但在减排情景中降至约5.9%,表明政策干预在一定程度上缓解了空间不均衡。
3) 变量之间存在显著空间耦合关系且受政策影响明显。耕地面积与净成本的空间相关性由0.431下降至0.192,说明减排情景有效削弱了资源与成本的强空间相关性,并促进成本结构优化。
4) 空间演化特征表明不同变量响应存在差异。耕地变化的空间相关性由0.385下降至不显著,而净成本变化仍保持显著集聚(0.387~0.181),反映出农业系统在减排过程中呈现土地弱化、成本重构的调整路径。
综上,减排情景改变了农业系统内部空间结构,推动了减排潜力向优势区域集中,但区域差异与结构性错配仍然存在。未来应针对不同区域特征实施差异化政策,以进一步提升农业系统减排效率与空间配置合理性。
  • 中央高校青年教师科研创新能力支持项目(SRICSPYF−ZY2025151)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0802504)
  • 上海市科委基础研究特区计划项目(22TQ005)
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2026年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.04.00039
  • 接收时间:2026-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2026-06-13
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-02
  • 修回日期:2026-05-10
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中央高校青年教师科研创新能力支持项目(SRICSPYF−ZY2025151)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0802504)
上海市科委基础研究特区计划项目(22TQ005)
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    1复旦大学环境科学与工程系,上海 200438
    2南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,南京 210095

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王戎(通信作者),教授,研究方向为环境模型、气候变化、碳循环、空气污染、可再生能源、能源经济、地球系统,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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