Article(id=1296827283432559114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.04.00006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1775059200000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-02, revisedDate=1778169600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787117318255, onlineDateStr=2026-08-19, pubDate=1785168000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787117318255, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787117318255, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787117318255, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1296827250129784977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785168000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787117310316, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787117721595, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1296828975423185806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1296828975423185807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=45, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1296827283612914187, articleId=1296827283432559114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=AI4S empowering space science: Research progress, core challenges, and future outlook, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a forerunner of space applications and the foundation of national space security, space science is entering a new phase characterized by "data explosion, multi−scale coupling, and prominent strategic demands." Traditional research paradigms struggle to address core challenges such as exponential data growth, complex system coupling, autonomous decision−making in deep space exploration, and real−time accurate space weather forecasting. The AI for Science (AI4S) paradigm has emerged as a revolutionary tool for this field, leveraging technologies including deep learning, physics−informed neural networks (PINNs), and causal inference. This paper systematically summarizes the remarkable domestic and international research progress in space science intelligent detection, intelligent recognition, in−depth exploration of mechanisms, and major application practices. It conducts an in−depth analysis of three core challenges: Data infrastructure construction, mechanism−causal modeling, and the implementation of data−intelligent applications. Key solutions such as standardized data governance, physical constraint integration and hybrid modeling, and model light weighting are proposed. Research shows that AI4S has driven a fundamental transformation of space science from "empirical statistics and post−hoc interpretation" to "data−physics collaborative modeling and cognition−driven research." Notable breakthroughs have been achieved globally in on−board intelligent deployment, high−precision planetary landform recognition, and full−chain space weather forecasting. The emergence of several domain−specific large models marks AI4S's entry into a stage of large−scale application in space science. This paper also looks forward to future development trends, laying a solid technological foundation for breakthroughs in space science innovation, support for major space missions, and national space security.

, authors=Chi WANG1, 2, Hui LI1, 2, Bingxian LUO1, 2, Fang SHEN1, 2, Dong ZHAO1, Lingqian ZHANG1, Yanhong CHEN1, Dijun GUO1, Jingjing WANG1, Zhi CHEN3, authorsList=Chi WANG, Hui LI, Bingxian LUO, Fang SHEN, Dong ZHAO, Lingqian ZHANG, Yanhong CHEN, Dijun GUO, Jingjing WANG, Zhi CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1296827285328384534, articleId=1296827283432559114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=AI4S赋能空间科学:研究进展、核心挑战与未来展望, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

空间科学作为空间应用的先导与国家太空安全的根基,正迈入“数据爆炸、多尺度耦合、战略需求凸显”的新阶段,传统研究范式难以应对数据指数级增长、系统复杂耦合、自主决策及实时精准预报等核心挑战。AI for Science(AI4S)通过深度学习、物理信息神经网络、因果推断等技术,为空间科学领域提供了革命性研究范式。系统梳理了国内外在空间科学智能探测、智能识别、机理挖掘及重大应用等方面的显著进展,深入分析了数据底座构建、机理−因果建模、数智化应用落地3大核心挑战,提出了标准化数据治理、物理约束融合和混合建模、模型轻量化等关键解决路径。研究表明,AI4S已推动空间科学从“经验统计与事后解释”向“数据—物理协同建模与认知驱动”的转型,国内外在星上智能部署、行星地貌高精度识别、空间天气全链条预报等方面取得突破性成果,若干大模型的涌现标志着AI4S在空间科学领域进入规模化应用阶段。未来随着技术的持续进步与跨学科协同的深化,AI4S将为空间科学创新突破、重大航天任务保障及国家空间安全筑牢科技支撑。

, authors=王赤1, 2, 李晖1, 2, 罗冰显1, 2, 沈芳1, 2, 赵栋1, 张灵倩1, 陈艳红1, 郭弟均1, 王晶晶1, 陈帜3, authorsList=王赤, 李晖, 罗冰显, 沈芳, 赵栋, 张灵倩, 陈艳红, 郭弟均, 王晶晶, 陈帜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王赤,研究员,中国科学院院士,研究方向为空间物理和空间天气学,电子信箱:

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AI4S赋能空间科学:研究进展、核心挑战与未来展望
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王赤 1, 2 , 李晖 1, 2 , 罗冰显 1, 2 , 沈芳 1, 2 , 赵栋 1 , 张灵倩 1 , 陈艳红 1 , 郭弟均 1 , 王晶晶 1 , 陈帜 3
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(14): 45-55
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (14) : 45 -55
AI4S赋能空间科学:研究进展、核心挑战与未来展望
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王赤,研究员,中国科学院院士,研究方向为空间物理和空间天气学,电子信箱:

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王赤,研究员,中国科学院院士,研究方向为空间物理和空间天气学,电子信箱:

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王赤1, 2 , 李晖1, 2, 罗冰显1, 2, 沈芳1, 2, 赵栋1, 张灵倩1, 陈艳红1, 郭弟均1, 王晶晶1, 陈帜3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 101408
  • 3北京大学力学与工程科学学院,北京 100871
作者简介:

王赤,研究员,中国科学院院士,研究方向为空间物理和空间天气学,电子信箱:

AI4S empowering space science: Research progress, core challenges, and future outlook
Chi WANG1, 2 , Hui LI1, 2, Bingxian LUO1, 2, Fang SHEN1, 2, Dong ZHAO1, Lingqian ZHANG1, Yanhong CHEN1, Dijun GUO1, Jingjing WANG1, Zhi CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
  • 3School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
出版时间: 2026-07-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.04.00006
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空间科学作为空间应用的先导与国家太空安全的根基,正迈入“数据爆炸、多尺度耦合、战略需求凸显”的新阶段,传统研究范式难以应对数据指数级增长、系统复杂耦合、自主决策及实时精准预报等核心挑战。AI for Science(AI4S)通过深度学习、物理信息神经网络、因果推断等技术,为空间科学领域提供了革命性研究范式。系统梳理了国内外在空间科学智能探测、智能识别、机理挖掘及重大应用等方面的显著进展,深入分析了数据底座构建、机理−因果建模、数智化应用落地3大核心挑战,提出了标准化数据治理、物理约束融合和混合建模、模型轻量化等关键解决路径。研究表明,AI4S已推动空间科学从“经验统计与事后解释”向“数据—物理协同建模与认知驱动”的转型,国内外在星上智能部署、行星地貌高精度识别、空间天气全链条预报等方面取得突破性成果,若干大模型的涌现标志着AI4S在空间科学领域进入规模化应用阶段。未来随着技术的持续进步与跨学科协同的深化,AI4S将为空间科学创新突破、重大航天任务保障及国家空间安全筑牢科技支撑。

AI4S  /  空间科学  /  智能探测  /  机理挖掘  /  空间天气

As a forerunner of space applications and the foundation of national space security, space science is entering a new phase characterized by "data explosion, multi−scale coupling, and prominent strategic demands." Traditional research paradigms struggle to address core challenges such as exponential data growth, complex system coupling, autonomous decision−making in deep space exploration, and real−time accurate space weather forecasting. The AI for Science (AI4S) paradigm has emerged as a revolutionary tool for this field, leveraging technologies including deep learning, physics−informed neural networks (PINNs), and causal inference. This paper systematically summarizes the remarkable domestic and international research progress in space science intelligent detection, intelligent recognition, in−depth exploration of mechanisms, and major application practices. It conducts an in−depth analysis of three core challenges: Data infrastructure construction, mechanism−causal modeling, and the implementation of data−intelligent applications. Key solutions such as standardized data governance, physical constraint integration and hybrid modeling, and model light weighting are proposed. Research shows that AI4S has driven a fundamental transformation of space science from "empirical statistics and post−hoc interpretation" to "data−physics collaborative modeling and cognition−driven research." Notable breakthroughs have been achieved globally in on−board intelligent deployment, high−precision planetary landform recognition, and full−chain space weather forecasting. The emergence of several domain−specific large models marks AI4S's entry into a stage of large−scale application in space science. This paper also looks forward to future development trends, laying a solid technological foundation for breakthroughs in space science innovation, support for major space missions, and national space security.

AI4S  /  space science  /  intelligent detection  /  in−depth exploration of mechanisms  /  space weather
王赤, 李晖, 罗冰显, 沈芳, 赵栋, 张灵倩, 陈艳红, 郭弟均, 王晶晶, 陈帜. AI4S赋能空间科学:研究进展、核心挑战与未来展望. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (14) : 45 -55 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.04.00006
Chi WANG, Hui LI, Bingxian LUO, Fang SHEN, Dong ZHAO, Lingqian ZHANG, Yanhong CHEN, Dijun GUO, Jingjing WANG, Zhi CHEN. AI4S empowering space science: Research progress, core challenges, and future outlook[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (14) : 45 -55 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.04.00006
空间科学是以航天器为主要平台,聚焦太阳系天体及环境,开展自然现象及其规律研究的科学,是空间应用的先导和国家太空安全的科学根基[1]。近年来,空间科学观测数据实现从吉字节(GB)到拍字节(PB)的跨越式增长标志着该领域正迈入“数据爆炸、多尺度耦合、战略需求凸显”的新阶段。中国空间站是中国规模最大的空间综合研究实验平台,目前已支持近千项跨学科研究项目,数据产品涵盖11个学科领域共2000余种;据测算,其10~15 a在轨运行期间,总数据体量将突破80 PB[2];“夸父一号”太阳观测卫星单日产生高质量观测数据超500 GB,子午工程二期通过150多个观测台站组网,使空间天气数据年增量稳定在2~3 PB[3]。然而,数据规模的指数级增长与空间系统的极端复杂性,对传统研究范式提出了严峻挑战[4]
空间系统的多尺度耦合特性尤为突出——空间天气事件空间尺度跨越10个数量级,时间尺度涵盖毫秒级等离子体波动与亿年尺度行星演化,传统数值模拟难以兼顾精度与计算效率。深空探测中的通信延迟更是不可逾越的物理障碍,火星与地球间单程信号传输时间达24 min,木星探测信号延迟超1 h,探测器必须具备自主决策能力。更严峻的是,空间天气事件的多物态转换特性,导致传统数值模拟与人工分析难以兼顾实时性与准确性。据统计,全球40%~50%的卫星故障与空间天气直接相关[5],2022年2月的中等强度磁暴导致SpaceX公司38颗星链卫星提前坠入大气层,经济损失超5000万美元。
在此背景下,AI for Science(AI4S)范式应运而生,通过深度学习、物理信息神经网络(physics−informed neural network, PINN)、生成式人工智能(generative artificial intelligence, GenAI)、因果推断等技术,为数据智能解译、自主探测决策、复杂机理挖掘提供了革命性工具。AI4S并非仅作为辅助分析手段,而是强调其在科学发现中的基础性作用,推动空间科学研究从“经验统计与事后解释”向“数据—物理协同建模与认知驱动”转型。当前,AI4S在该领域已呈现“国际体系化布局、国内任务牵引”的发展态势,本文梳理了国内外研究进展,分析了3大核心挑战,并展望了未来发展趋势,从而为空间科学领域AI4S创新研究提供参考。
智能探测技术的核心突破在于推动空间探测从“数据获取导向”向“信息与认知获取导向”转变,破解传统探测模式的痛点,其技术演进主要聚焦自主决策优化、星上算力提升、算法轻量化3大方向。
国际层面,美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)侧重自主决策优化与星上算力提升的协同发展,其毅力号火星车(Perseverance)搭载的自主导航系统AutoNav在其首个火星年累计行驶距离中,对约17.7 km路径的88%进行了自主评估与在线导航规划,显著提升了复杂地形条件下的自主行驶能力,成为自主决策优化的典型实践[6];为支撑这一“边行驶边思考”的自主驾驶能力,毅力号火星车专门配置专用的视觉计算单元(vision compute element, VCE),通过硬件算力升级加速导航相关的立体成像与地形评估等关键计算,有效解决了星上实时处理的算力瓶颈[1,4]。此外,NASA的自主科学探索增强项目(autonomous exploration for gathering increased science, AEGIS)将自主能力拓展至行星表面科学目标的自动识别与机会式观测:系统可在机上分析图像、依据地面给定的科学偏好自主选择目标,并自动安排后续遥感观测序列,从而实现“发现—选择—观测”的自主选靶流程。
欧洲空间局(European Space Agency,ESA)以算法轻量化为核心突破口,依托Φ−lab(Future Missions and Technologies)平台推进面向星载应用的深度学习模型压缩与优化研究,在保证行星地貌与目标识别精度基本不受影响的前提下,通过量化、剪枝等方法显著降低模型规模与计算复杂度,成功适配星上受限的算力与功耗资源,实现了星上智能技术工程化落地[7]。日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency,JAXA)则融合算法轻量化与自主决策优化2大方向,其RAISE−4技术验证卫星搭载的星载智能实时图像选择系统(artificial intelligence based real−time image selection, AIRIS),通过低功耗算法优化适配星上硬件,同时具备光学图像实时分析与高价值观测目标自主筛选能力,完成了在轨技术验证。
国内方面,智能探测技术的发展呈现出与重大航天任务深度绑定、工程牵引显著的特点。以中国空间站为代表的新一代空间基础设施,已在科学运行与管理环节引入人工智能方法,用于多模态科学数据处理的自动质量控制、异常检测与特征提取,强化了在轨运行的自主决策能力[8]。嫦娥六号任务中,月面机器人定位导航系统通过多源融合实现厘米级定位精度(图1),进一步验证了自主决策优化的工程价值[9]。此外,面向星载算力受限与通信资源有限的现实约束,星上边缘智能与在轨数据筛选技术已在太阳与空间环境探测任务中开展试点应用[10]。相关研究表明太阳耀斑识别模型通过知识蒸馏压缩至5 MB以下,数据传输量减少80%以上,凸显了算法轻量化的实践意义[11]
智能识别技术已形成“多模态数据驱动+高精度模型支撑+跨场景泛化”的技术体系,覆盖行星研究与空间天气全链条识别需求。
AI实现了对行星典型地貌与物质成分的高效自动化制图。研究团队针对复杂行星表面的撞击坑识别难题,使用多种深度学习模型识别月球、水星和火星的撞击坑,基于月球勘测轨道器窄角相机(lunar reconnaissance orbiter narrow angle cameras, LRONAC)高分辨率影像可实现最小3 m直径的月球撞击坑识别,F1−score达90%以上[12];在模型训练中考虑月球地形(高地和月海)和光照条件变化以及撞击坑的多尺度特征,在强阴影的高太阳入射角条件下识别准确率可达到85%[13];基于数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM)与坡向数据融合特征,可成功探测月球褶皱脊结构,模型识别F1−score可达到83.46%[14];采用卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network, CNN)模型构建全球月球石块分布图,平均识别准确率达80%以上[15];采用U型网络(UNet)模型可加速火星紧凑型侦察成像光谱仪(Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars,CRISM)高光谱数据预处理,火星关键矿物识别数据预处理效率相对于传统方法提升了90%[16]
针对训练集质量与样本不均衡问题,研究人员采用“数据增强+专家知识融合”策略。已有研究表明,缺乏特殊场景样本会导致模型识别准确率显著降低[17];在嫦娥四号着陆区小撞击坑识别中,通过生成对抗网络(generative adversarial network,GAN)补充低光照样本,结合专家校准,使直径小于10 m的撞击坑F1−score提升至98%[18]
智能识别也覆盖了空间天气全链条。相关研究表明,基于太阳动力学观测台/日震和磁成像仪(Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager,SDO/HMI)数据,通过无监督学习提取太阳活动区关键参数,M级以上耀斑预报准确率达82%[1920];利用双视角观测+机器学习的日冕物质抛射(coronal mass ejection,CME)三维自动重建方法(图2),可使CME到达地球时间预报误差从±12 h缩减至±4 h[21]。国家空间科学数据中心开发的轻量化残差网络模型,从全天空气辉图像中端到端自动识别赤道等离子体泡(equatorial plasma bubble,EPB),识别精确率高达0.99,关键参数提取误差满足研究需求[22];已有研究显示,CNN模型可实现6种极光类型自动分类,准确率达94%[23];AuroraX工具链推动极光图像批量分析效率提升[24]
AI的深层价值已从数据处理延伸至机理认知,通过物理约束建模、多源数据融合、因果关系挖掘,推动空间科学从“描述性研究”向“解释性与预测性研究”跨越。
AI为空间科学高成本数值计算提供了高效解决方案。研究表明,NeuralCMS模型通过深度学习方法加速了基于同心麦克劳林椭球体(concentric maclaurin spheroid,CMS)方法的计算过程,实现木星内部结构参数空间的高效探索,使计算时间减少为原来的1/105[25];训练混合密度网络(mixture density networks,MDNs)模型实现了0.1~10倍地球质量的岩石系外行星核心大小与幔层厚度等内部结构和性质的快速估算,支撑宜居性评估[26]。AI还助力重大科学发现,已有研究团队利用AI模型识别统计火星近9000万个撞击坑,证实Shergottite亏损型陨石来源于Tharsis火山省,发现火星Tharsis下方地幔存在长期活跃的深部热异常区域[27]
AI在复杂系统建模与高效求解方面展现出独特优势,能够将传统依赖物理认知与人工经验的过程转化为可自动优化求解的计算问题。例如,物理信息神经网络(physics−informed neural network, PINN)已成为空间科学机理挖掘核心工具。日冕磁场三维结构反演是空间天气机理研究的关键瓶颈,研究团队将无力场条件作为核心约束嵌入神经网络,实现了准实时反演,将传统数日计算缩短至12 h以内,首次实现了日冕磁场演化动态追踪[28]。另外,基于机器学习的CME三维自动重建方法,将传统依赖人工分析的过程转化为自动优化问题,显著提升了重建效率与精度,并能直接为行星际传播数值模拟提供高质量三维初始参数,从而整体优化了从观测到建模的工作链条[21]
AI还突破传统理论认知,发现新现象与机理。通过分析磁层多尺度探测卫星(magnetospheric multiscale mission,MMS)海量数据,首次在距离地球约16万km的非偶极磁场区域发现持续存在的合声波,突破了近70年的传统认知,揭示了其激发机理并观测到理论预测的非对称电子洞和共振电流(图3[29]。利用“时空回溯定时定位”方法,通过深度学习模型建立了太阳风速度脉冲与太阳大气精细喷流事件的因果联系,发现太阳色球网络组织边界处小尺度交换磁重联是关键驱动因素,为太阳风加热加速机制研究提供全新视角(图4[30]。利用PINN模型基于稀疏观测数据,成功重建磁层顶区域等离子体密度与速度场,与数值模拟一致性达89%[31]
AI已从科研探索走向业务化应用,在空间天气预报、航天任务保障、深空探测等领域形成可落地技术体系,呈现“单一要素预报—全链条耦合预报—概率性预报”的发展脉络。
国内层面,2018年提出的长短期记忆网络(long short−term memory,LSTM)电离层总电子含量(total electron content,TEC)经验预报模型,低纬度地区24 h预报均方根误差在平静期小于3个总电子含量单位(total electron content unit, TECU),暴时小于5 TECU[32]。2020年中国科学院国家空间科学中心牵头成立了空间环境人工智能预警创新工坊,开发了系列AI预报模式:能够自主识别太阳黑子磁类型,总体识别准确率达90%以上[3334],对M级耀斑事件预报的报准率达75%左右[21,35];太阳风智能预报模型提前24 h预测误差小于10%[36]Kp指数提前3 d预报误差小于2[37];电离层ISNet模型填补电离层闪烁S4指数预报空白,提前1 h对中强闪烁预报均方根误差小于0.2[38]。部分模型已在载人航天、先导专项任务中得到应用。2025年4月,中国气象局发布的“风宇”空间天气模型标志着国内进入全链条建模阶段[39]。该模型依托华为昇腾910B芯片,基于近20年天地基观测与数值模拟数据训练,通过“耦合优化器”强制学习圈层物理耦合关系,覆盖“太阳风—磁层—电离层”全链条。
国际层面,2025年8月NASA与IBM合作开发的Surya太阳物理基础模型,基于9 a SDO数据训练,提前2 h生成太阳耀斑视觉预测图,精度超现有基准16%[40]。谷歌的SEEDS生成式AI方案,采用去噪扩散概率模型,每3 min可生成256个符合物理规律的预报集合成员,高效刻画极端事件概率[41]
航天任务保障领域,AI实现多场景落地。航天器健康监测模块故障识别准确率达95%[42];科研团队开发的迁移学习模型,太空台风识别准确率高达97.7%(图5[43];深空探测任务中,星上智能决策系统自主调整观测计划,最大化科学产出,成为未来探测任务核心配置。
当前AI4S在空间科学的应用瓶颈并非孤立存在,3大核心挑战存在紧密的递进与制约关系:数据底座是基础——数据的质量、覆盖度与标准化程度,直接决定机理建模的准确性和数智化应用的可靠性;机理−因果建模是核心——唯有突破“黑箱”模型的局限,建立AI与物理机理的关联,才能让数智化应用从“经验驱动”升级为“科学可靠”;数智化应用是目标——星上实时处理、业务化预报等需求,又反向对数据底座的实时性、机理模型的轻量化提出更高要求。三者相互影响,需系统性突破,其发展方向也将深刻重塑空间科学的研究范式与应用格局。
数据底座是AI4S应用的基础,其质量直接决定模型性能上限与泛化能力,当前面临“多源异构、标注稀缺、评测缺失”3大核心问题,相互交织形成首要瓶颈。
数据异构性显著且质量参差不齐,空间科学数据来源广泛,涵盖天地基多载荷,在时间分辨率、坐标体系、数据格式、质量标识等方面存在巨大差异。天地基不同仪器太阳图像分辨率从米级到千米级不等,高能粒子探测数据标注规则不统一,电离层闪烁探测数据系统性偏差可达20%~30%。空间观测数据还普遍存在缺失、噪声污染问题,火星探测器沙尘天气下影像噪声严重,太阳观测卫星CME期间数据中断时长可达数分钟。这些问题导致训练集与应用场景分布偏移,跨任务域差异削弱模型迁移能力与可复现性,已有研究显示,融合不同探测器影像数据后,行星地貌识别模型准确率从92%降至68%[44]
高质量标注样本长期稀缺且标注成本高昂,极端空间天气事件、行星稀有地貌发生频率低,强地磁暴年均仅1~2次,1957年以来有效样本仅60余个,难以满足深度学习需求。数据标注专业门槛高,标注人员培养周期需数年,且部分任务标注流程复杂,CME事件完整标注需数小时甚至数天。相关研究证实,缺乏高质量标注样本是AI模型性能不佳的主要原因,据估算,空间科学领域单个高质量标注样本平均成本高达1000美元,是普通图像标注的50倍以上[17]
评测基准缺失导致模型优劣难以横向比较,空间科学问题具有强场景依赖性,通用AI评测基准不适用,领域内尚未形成统一评价指标体系与测试数据集。预报任务需兼顾准确率、不确定性、漏报率,识别任务需考虑代价敏感,不同研究采用自定义指标,导致结果难以对比;现有研究多采用自有数据集验证,观测条件、标注标准差异大,模型泛化能力难以客观评估,某电离层TEC预报模型在高太阳活动期误差显著增大,但研究阶段未被发现。
此外,空间科学多模态数据(太阳观测影像、行星探测光谱等)的表征与语义对齐困难,“太阳活动—行星际传播—磁层响应”等跨圈层知识融合不足,进一步加剧构建难度。AI赋能的核心切入点在于构建“标准化、可扩展、知识融合”的数据底座生态,推进数据标准化治理,建立元数据标准与任务化数据产品体系;发展合成数据生成、半监督/自监督学习技术缓解标注瓶颈;建立统一评测基准与可复现流程;构建领域知识图谱,推动“数据+知识”协同建模。
未来,将推进数据标准统一与共享平台建设,依托中国空间站、子午工程二期、“夸父一号”等重大基础设施,整合国内外核心载荷数据,开发“数据质量自动校验—稀缺样本合成—模型评测认证”的全流程工具链。强化航天工程、空间物理、数据科学、人工智能等领域的跨学科协同,建立有组织科研机制,针对火星探测、太阳风暴预警等核心场景形成“数据生产—模型训练—应用反馈”的闭环生态,培养兼具空间科学知识与AI技术能力的复合型人才队伍,逐步形成“开放共享+跨学科协同”的发展格局,支撑全球空间科学AI模型的可复现性与跨任务泛化能力。
当前AI模型面临“相关性强、因果性弱”的核心局限,黑箱模型虽能高精度预测,但难以解释“为什么发生、如何发生”,在极端场景与工程决策中面临可信度瓶颈。空间科学的强非线性、多尺度耦合特性,进一步加剧机理建模难度,纯数据驱动模型可能学习伪相关特征,传统物理模型难以兼顾效率与复杂过程表征,实现从“黑箱”到“灰白箱”的跨越是AI4S深入发展的关键。
这一突破的核心在于打破“数据驱动”与“物理建模”的割裂,构建“物理约束+因果推断+混合建模”的灰白箱体系。强化物理一致性约束,将守恒定律、控制方程、边界条件等物理先验知识显式嵌入AI模型结构或损失函数,行星内部动力学模拟中嵌入三大守恒定律,太阳风预报中约束模型输出满足磁流体力学(magnetohydrodynamics,MHD)方程,确保参数物理自洽。已有研究显示,物理约束AI模型跨场景外推性能可提升40%以上,预测误差可降低35%[45];日冕磁场反演AI模型的物理一致性达90%,远超纯数据驱动模型的65%[28]
引入因果推断方法,多任务加法模型能从高维数据中识别关键因果因子[46],通过动态贝叶斯网络分析太阳活动参数与地磁指数的因果链路,可识别太阳风速度、行星际磁场南向分量为地磁暴直接驱动因素[47],利用格兰杰因果检验(Granger causality test)还能分析地磁暴期间的电离层总电子含量偏差与地磁指数的因果关系[48]。因果推断还支持反事实分析,能够回答“太阳风速度增加50 km/s,Kp指数提升多少”等问题,为空间天气影响评估与风险决策提供支撑。
发展混合建模技术,将数据驱动模块嵌入物理模型或同化框架,使AI成为“可控的近似器”,弥补物理模型参数化误差与效率不足,保持可解释性与物理一致性。例如,“风宇”模型采用链式耦合结构,让AI模块快速预测物理模型参数与边界条件,物理模型提供严格约束。研究表明,混合模型预报精度比纯物理模型提升30%,比纯数据驱动模型提升25%[49]
结合可解释AI技术与知识图谱,通过注意力机制揭示太阳耀斑预报模型的关键物理特征,利用显著性图可视化行星地貌识别模型关注区域,知识图谱提供结构化领域知识,引导模型按“太阳活动—行星际传播—磁层响应—电离层效应”因果链路推理,相关研究证实知识图谱能使模型决策可解释性从30%提升至75%以上[1]
未来,空间科学将系统性迈入“数据—模型—认知”协同驱动的新阶段,AI将深度参与科学问题提出、假设的构建与验证过程,成为连接观测数据、数值模拟与物理理论的核心纽带。物理信息神经网络或将成为主流建模方法,在日冕磁场反演、木星内部动力学模拟等场景嵌入更精细的物理约束,实现效率与精度的平衡。动态因果推断框架将进一步发展,精准量化变量间因果关联强度,推动混合建模工程化,实现AI模块与空间物理数值模型的深度耦合。空间科学可解释AI工具集将逐步构建,结合知识图谱实现“预测结果—物理机理”溯源,在揭示多尺度耦合机制、非线性反馈过程以及极端空间事件形成条件等关键科学问题中发挥更直接系统的认知支撑作用,加速科学发现进程。
数智化应用正从“科研工具”逐步升级为“业务系统核心能力”,在星上智能、数字孪生、大模型应用等方向展现出广阔发展机遇,这既得益于技术进步推动,也源于研究与工程实践的刚性需求。
星上智能工程化落地需突破3大核心瓶颈。空间辐射环境会导致AI芯片性能下降甚至失效,需开发辐射加固AI硬件或通过算法容错设计提升鲁棒性;模型轻量化方面,通过量化压缩、剪枝、知识蒸馏等技术,在保证性能前提下降低算力与存储需求,适配星上有限资源;低功耗优化方面,需设计低功耗AI推理框架,确保模型在瓦级供电条件下稳定运行。已有实证研究指出,星上AI功耗需控制在5 W以下,推理延迟需小于1 s[50]。中国空间站为技术验证提供了理想场景,已开展多个星上AI实验,积累宝贵经验。星上智能落地将带来显著效益:太阳观测卫星实时耀斑预警可提前向地面发送预警;深空探测器自主目标识别与路径规划,能使科学探测效率提升数倍。
空间天气数字孪生构建将打破传统局限,通过多源数据同化、物理约束AI建模、实时仿真引擎等关键技术,构建从太阳到地球空间的全链条、高保真虚拟系统。多源数据同化技术将天地基观测数据实时融入模型,确保虚拟与真实环境一致性;物理约束AI模型快速模拟空间天气事件演化,计算时间大幅缩短;实时仿真引擎支撑大规模高分辨率仿真。其应用场景广泛,可在航天器设计阶段模拟空间天气对卫星的影响,优化防护设计;在任务规划阶段预测发射窗口风险,选择最优时间;在极端事件应急处置阶段通过情景分析,评估应对策略效果,为决策提供支撑。
空间科学大模型业务化应用将实现高效适配,借鉴预训练范式,在大规模多模态数据上预训练,学习空间环境基本规律与通用特征,快速适配多种下游任务。其泛化能力强,适应不同区域、不同类型空间天气事件;迁移效率高,新任务仅需数百个标注样本微调,开发周期显著缩短;知识整合能力强,提升跨圈层、跨尺度问题处理能力。业务化应用需解决2大关键问题:一是物理一致性与可解释性不足,需嵌入物理约束、因果推断模块加以强化;二是不确定性量化缺失,需建立置信区间评估机制,提供风险参考。此外,跨学科融合、开放科学生态建设、硬件技术进步,为应用落地提供重要支撑。
未来,数智化应用将实现“业务化部署+全场景覆盖”,星上智能将实现“硬件−算法−功耗”一体化突破,开发辐射加固AI芯片与自适应轻量化算法,月球和火星探测任务将广泛应用自主导航、避障和采样技术,多机器人协同探测系统将提升行星表面探索效率。空间环境数字孪生系统有望成为国家空间安全保障的核心基础设施,支持实时监测、风险预警与应急处置全链条需求,为载人航天、深空探测、卫星通信、电力系统等关键领域提供全方位保障,在载人登月任务中为航天员出舱活动提供安全预警,在电力系统防护中指导变压器防护措施实施。
空间科学大模型将形成“预训练—微调—业务化部署”标准化流程,嵌入物理一致性校验与不确定性量化模块,推动空间天气AI预报从“参数预测”向综合“影响评估与决策支持”的一体化服务演进。自主智能系统将实现从“地面遥控”向“人机协同、智能主导”的跨越,深空探测器将具备更强的自主感知、决策与行动能力,应对复杂未知环境。国际合作将进一步深化,通过联合开展AI模型研发、共享测试数据集、共同构建评测基准等方式,推动全球空间科学AI领域的协同发展,加速AI4S在空间科学领域的规模化应用,为更广阔的空间活动提供坚实保障。
AI4S正以革命性力量重塑空间科学研究的格局,从数据处理、机理挖掘到应用落地,全方位赋能领域发展。国内外研究已在智能探测、智能识别、机理认知与业务应用等方面取得显著进展:国际上形成了以美国、欧洲、日本为代表的体系化布局,美国侧重于数据驱动与业务融合,欧洲注重多源协同与物理约束,日本强调任务牵引与工程实现,在星上智能、物理约束建模、业务化预报等方面处于领先地位;中国以重大航天任务为牵引,形成“产学研协同”模式,在空间天气大模型、行星地貌识别、探测器自主导航等方面实现局部突破,“风宇”“Surya”等大模型的涌现标志着该领域进入规模化应用的关键阶段。
当前,领域发展仍面临3大核心挑战。数据底座构建不完善,多源异构数据的标准化处理、高质量标注样本的获取、统一评测基准的建立等问题亟待解决,制约模型泛化能力与可靠性;机理−因果关系建模不深入,黑箱模型的可解释性不足、物理一致性欠缺、因果关系挖掘薄弱等局限制约了AI在科学发现中的深度应用;数智化应用落地不充分,星上智能的工程化瓶颈、数字孪生的高保真建模、大模型的业务化适配等问题需要持续突破。这些挑战的解决,需要通过标准化数据治理、物理约束与因果推断融合、工程化技术突破等路径,构建“数据—模型—应用”协同发展的生态体系。
展望未来,随着技术的持续进步与跨学科协同的深化,AI4S将成为空间科学新发现与空间安全保障的核心驱动力。在基础研究层面,AI将帮助人类更深入理解太阳−行星际−地球空间复杂系统的演化规律,揭示多尺度耦合机制、极端事件形成条件、行星宜居性机理等关键科学问题;在工程应用层面,AI将支撑航天器自主探测、空间天气精准预报、空间安全风险防控等重大需求,为载人航天、深空探测、太空资源利用等更广阔的空间活动提供保障;在学科发展层面,AI4S将推动空间科学与人工智能、数据科学、计算机科学等领域的深度融合,催生新的研究范式与学科增长点。
空间科学AI4S研究正处于快速发展的关键时期,既面临巨大挑战,也充满无限机遇。未来需要持续强化基础研究与技术研发,完善数据共享与协同创新机制,培养复合型人才队伍,推动AI4S在空间科学领域的持续突破。相信在AI4S的赋能下,人类将更好地理解空间环境,更有效地利用空间资源,更安全地开展空间活动,为国家空间安全与航天事业发展提供坚实的科技支撑。

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2026年第44卷第14期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.04.00006
  • 接收时间:2026-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-08-19
  • 出版时间:2026-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-02
  • 修回日期:2026-05-08
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    1中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学,北京 101408
    3北京大学力学与工程科学学院,北京 100871
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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