Article(id=1249378693219558388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1249378689566315521, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1770652800000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-10, revisedDate=1772985600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775804692797, onlineDateStr=2026-04-10, pubDate=1773331200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775804692797, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775804692797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775804692797, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1249378689566315521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773331200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775804691926, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1775804953440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249379786603303548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1249378689566315521, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249379786603303549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1249378689566315521, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=57, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249378693748040695, articleId=1249378693219558388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress in lunar−based astronomical observations, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper reviews the evolution, current status, and future prospects of lunar−based astronomical observations. It elaborates on the advantages of lunar−based platforms over other observation platforms, including immunity to Earth's atmospheric interference, extended continuous observation timelines, and stable, expansive construction spaces. The development history of lunar−based astronomical observations is traced, from the first brief manual far−ultraviolet observations during the US Apollo 16 mission in the 1970s, to the first long−term unmanned near−ultraviolet observations achieved by China's Chang'e−3 mission in the 2010s, and to the present era where multiple lunar−based observation programs are developing concurrently and competitively, aiming for large−scale, ultra−high precision, and ultra−long−term continuous stable operations. The opportunities and challenges facing lunar−based astronomical observations are analyzed, and their future development prospects are discussed. This review aims to serve as a reference for research in the field of lunar−based astronomical observations.

, authors=null, authorsList=Huijuan WANG, Yuanyong DENG, Xiaojun JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanyong DENG, Xiaojun JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249378696520474645, articleId=1249378693219558388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=月基天文观测研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

阐述了月基相对其他观测平台所具有的免受地球大气影响、长连续观测时间基线、稳定且开阔的建设空间等优势;回顾了月基天文观测的发展历程,介绍了从20 世纪70年代美国“阿波罗16号”任务首次实现人工短暂月基远紫外天文观测到21世纪10年代中国“嫦娥三号”任务首次实现无人长期近紫外月基天文观测,再到如今以大规模、超高精度、超长期连续稳定观测运行为目的的多个月基天文观测计划,如中国倡导的国际月球科研站计划、美国主导的“阿尔忒弥斯”计划、欧洲航天局牵头的“新世界”计划。分析了月基天文观测正在面临的由多领域技术突破共同驱动的战略机遇,以及来自月面极端自然环境(昼夜温差、月尘等)和人为活动影响等挑战,并展望了月基天文观测的未来发展前景。

, authors=

王汇娟,副研究员,研究方向为地基/天基/月基天文观测科学与技术、恒星物理、系外行星、高精度光度与光谱探测技术,电子信箱:

, authorsList=王汇娟, 邓元勇, 姜晓军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邓元勇, 姜晓军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邓元勇(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为太阳物理、天文仪器,电子信箱:;
姜晓军(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为恒星物理和天、地基光学观测技术,电子信箱:
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王汇娟,副研究员,研究方向为地基/天基/月基天文观测科学与技术、恒星物理、系外行星、高精度光度与光谱探测技术,电子信箱:

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天文观测超长寿命超大规模可升级全波段连续无大气低背景
辐射
无地磁
干扰
注:*表示月面中低纬度站点天文观测,对超过半个天区的连续观测能力接近半个月,远高于地基“天”的水平;月球极区可实现接近半个天区覆盖的连续观测;若中低纬度的月球正背面同时布站或南北极区同时布站,则可实现近全天不间断观测。
地基
天基
月基√*
), ArticleFig(id=1249378701524279433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378693219558388, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地基、天基、月基天文观测特点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天文观测超长寿命超大规模可升级全波段连续无大气低背景
辐射
无地磁
干扰
注:*表示月面中低纬度站点天文观测,对超过半个天区的连续观测能力接近半个月,远高于地基“天”的水平;月球极区可实现接近半个天区覆盖的连续观测;若中低纬度的月球正背面同时布站或南北极区同时布站,则可实现近全天不间断观测。
地基
天基
月基√*
), ArticleFig(id=1249378701633331341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378693219558388, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份/年观测载荷主要成果月球正面/背面
1972 “阿波罗16号”远紫外成像/摄谱相机(FUCS)[1] 首次月面天文观测实验,验证月基天文观测可行性正面
2013—2019 “嫦娥三号”月基紫外望远镜(LUT)[25] 首次系统性月基天文观测,月面长期运行,获取局部天区近紫外星表和双星系统光变曲线等成果正面
2019 “嫦娥四号”低频射电谱仪(LFRS)[67] 首次在月球背面进行了超宽带甚低频射电天文信号观测,获得了高分辨率低频射电三分量时变波形数据背面
2024 “奥德修斯号”月面光电子鞘层射电观测仪(ROLSES−1)[8] NASA首个月面射电望远镜,平台侧翻,首次在3~22 MHz 频段从月面观测了银河低频背景正面
2025 “蓝色幽灵”月球环境日球层X射线成像仪(LEXI)[9] 首次在月面开展软X射线天文观测,获取了一系列用于研究太阳风与地球磁层/月球外逸层相互作用的0.1~2.0 keV波段图像正面
), ArticleFig(id=1249378701713023122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378693219558388, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

已成功着陆且开展观测的主要月基天文观测任务

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份/年观测载荷主要成果月球正面/背面
1972 “阿波罗16号”远紫外成像/摄谱相机(FUCS)[1] 首次月面天文观测实验,验证月基天文观测可行性正面
2013—2019 “嫦娥三号”月基紫外望远镜(LUT)[25] 首次系统性月基天文观测,月面长期运行,获取局部天区近紫外星表和双星系统光变曲线等成果正面
2019 “嫦娥四号”低频射电谱仪(LFRS)[67] 首次在月球背面进行了超宽带甚低频射电天文信号观测,获得了高分辨率低频射电三分量时变波形数据背面
2024 “奥德修斯号”月面光电子鞘层射电观测仪(ROLSES−1)[8] NASA首个月面射电望远镜,平台侧翻,首次在3~22 MHz 频段从月面观测了银河低频背景正面
2025 “蓝色幽灵”月球环境日球层X射线成像仪(LEXI)[9] 首次在月面开展软X射线天文观测,获取了一系列用于研究太阳风与地球磁层/月球外逸层相互作用的0.1~2.0 keV波段图像正面
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月基天文观测研究进展
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王汇娟 1, 2 , 邓元勇 1, 2, * , 姜晓军 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(5): 57-63
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月基天文观测研究进展
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2中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院,北京 100049, bio={"content":"

王汇娟,副研究员,研究方向为地基/天基/月基天文观测科学与技术、恒星物理、系外行星、高精度光度与光谱探测技术,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王汇娟,副研究员,研究方向为地基/天基/月基天文观测科学与技术、恒星物理、系外行星、高精度光度与光谱探测技术,电子信箱:

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王汇娟1, 2 , 邓元勇1, 2, * , 姜晓军1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100101
  • 2中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院,北京 100049
通讯作者:
邓元勇(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为太阳物理、天文仪器,电子信箱:;
姜晓军(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为恒星物理和天、地基光学观测技术,电子信箱:
Research progress in lunar−based astronomical observations
Huijuan WANG1, 2 , Yuanyong DENG1, 2, * , Xiaojun JIANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-03-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00025
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阐述了月基相对其他观测平台所具有的免受地球大气影响、长连续观测时间基线、稳定且开阔的建设空间等优势;回顾了月基天文观测的发展历程,介绍了从20 世纪70年代美国“阿波罗16号”任务首次实现人工短暂月基远紫外天文观测到21世纪10年代中国“嫦娥三号”任务首次实现无人长期近紫外月基天文观测,再到如今以大规模、超高精度、超长期连续稳定观测运行为目的的多个月基天文观测计划,如中国倡导的国际月球科研站计划、美国主导的“阿尔忒弥斯”计划、欧洲航天局牵头的“新世界”计划。分析了月基天文观测正在面临的由多领域技术突破共同驱动的战略机遇,以及来自月面极端自然环境(昼夜温差、月尘等)和人为活动影响等挑战,并展望了月基天文观测的未来发展前景。

月基天文观测  /  月基望远镜  /  月球科研站  /  紫外−光学−红外  /  超长波  /  月尘  /  月球

This paper reviews the evolution, current status, and future prospects of lunar−based astronomical observations. It elaborates on the advantages of lunar−based platforms over other observation platforms, including immunity to Earth's atmospheric interference, extended continuous observation timelines, and stable, expansive construction spaces. The development history of lunar−based astronomical observations is traced, from the first brief manual far−ultraviolet observations during the US Apollo 16 mission in the 1970s, to the first long−term unmanned near−ultraviolet observations achieved by China's Chang'e−3 mission in the 2010s, and to the present era where multiple lunar−based observation programs are developing concurrently and competitively, aiming for large−scale, ultra−high precision, and ultra−long−term continuous stable operations. The opportunities and challenges facing lunar−based astronomical observations are analyzed, and their future development prospects are discussed. This review aims to serve as a reference for research in the field of lunar−based astronomical observations.

lunar−based astronomical observation  /  lunar−based telescope  /  lunar research station  /  ultraviolet−optical−infrared  /  ultra−long wavelength  /  lunar dust  /  Moon
王汇娟, 邓元勇, 姜晓军. 月基天文观测研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (5) : 57 -63 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00025
Huijuan WANG, Yuanyong DENG, Xiaojun JIANG. Research progress in lunar−based astronomical observations[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (5) : 57 -63 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00025
在人类进入太空开展天文观测一甲子后,天文学进入了快速发展的阶段,所获得的观测信息暴涨,极大促进了天文学及相关学科的发展,完美诠释了天文观测台址“城市—郊区—远山远海—空间”这一演变历史所带来的极大回报。而月球的天文观测条件兼具地基和天基观测优势,几乎可以满足所有的天文观测需求,有望成为天文观测台址自然进化下一阶段的优选。
目前已成功着陆月表并开展月基天文观测的任务主要包括:1972年美国“阿波罗16号”(Apollo 16)任务首次实现人工短暂月基远紫外天文观测,在数小时内获得大量天体远紫外图像和光谱[1];2013—2019年中国“嫦娥三号”任务首次实现无人长期近紫外月基天文巡天观测,获取局部天区近紫外星表和多颗特殊双星光变等成果[25];2019年中国“嫦娥四号”任务首次在月球背面进行了超宽带甚低频射电天文信号观测,获得了高分辨率低频射电三分量时变波形数据[67];2024年美国的“奥德修斯号”(Odysseus /IM−1)着陆时平台发生倾斜,但还是开展了低频射电频段天文观测,并首次在3~22 MHz 频段从月表观测了银河低频背景[8];2025年美国的“蓝色幽灵”(Blue Ghost 1)任务开展了软X射线天文观测,获取了一系列用于研究太阳风与地球磁层/月球外逸层相互作用的0.1~2 keV波段图像[9]。21世纪20年代前后,商业公司开始发挥作用,例如,最后2个任务使用的都是美国商业公司提供的着陆平台[10]
随着中国倡导的国际月球科研站(International Lunar Research Station,ILRS)计划 [1113]、美国主导的“阿尔忒弥斯”(Artemis)计划 [14]、欧洲航天局(European Space Agency,ESA)牵头的“新世界”(Terrae Novae)计划[15]的不断推进,探测模式从单次任务发射向构建长久存在的月球科研和应用基地转变,大规模、超高精度、超长期连续稳定观测运行的月基天文观测平台建设也迎来最佳时机。此时恰好需要梳理月基天文观测研究进展,以为月基天文观测研究领域提供参考。
相比于地基或天基天文观测,月基天文观测主要优势如下[13]
1) 全波段:天体辐射通常都是全电磁波段辐射,而月球上几乎没有大气,所有在地面不能观测的波段均可以在月基开展观测,与空间观测相当。
2) 长寿命:月基天文台环境相对稳定,寿命将不再像卫星那样短暂,可以长时间稳定地工作,且可以通过后续着陆任务进行维护,进而实现几十年量级寿命。
3) 规模性:理论上,月基天文台可以发展成为和地基天文台一样的大规模综合型天文台,由于月基天文台的长久性,其建设可以分阶段进行。
4) 稳定性:空间望远镜受微振动影响,在长时间曝光时可能会出现稳定性问题,月震极为微弱,因此,月基望远镜相对天基具有更高稳定性,月基更有利于开展高精度天文观测。
5) 连续性:月球自转一周比地球慢近26倍,因此,对大天区范围内的目标能实现更长的连续观测时间,更有利于时域天文观测。特别是若实现月面和月背两点布站,可实现对超过一半天区的不间断观测,若实现月球南北两极两点布站,可实现对近全天区的不间断观测。
6) 干扰小:低轨空间望远镜在紫外波段受地冕辉光影响严重,月基望远镜位于主要地冕层外,因此,紫外波段干扰小;另外,月背利用月球遮挡,可以有效减少来自地球的射电背景、地磁、反照等干扰。
7) 低重力:月球表面的重力约为地球的1/6,且无大气影响,更有利于更大口径望远镜建设。
8) 高回报:与单独发射多颗探测卫星相比,建设和维护一个大型月基天文台的投入性价比无疑更高,尤其考虑到月面投递与建设技术的发展;此外,月基天文观测是全人类的事业,是开展国际合作的绝佳平台,可有效提升中国的国际地位。
地基、天基和月基的天文观测特点比较情况见表1
月基天文观测的发展历程始于“阿波罗16号”首次在月面部署便携式天文观测设备开展探索性观测,到时隔40年“嫦娥三号”任务实现月基望远镜对局部天区的系统性自动巡天观测,设备口径增大了约1倍,观测波段从远紫外扩展到近紫外。
最早的月基天文观测可追溯到1972年4月,美国的“阿波罗16号”任务在月面笛卡尔高地开展了远紫外天文/对地观测实验。宇航员使用放置于三角架上的口径约7.5 cm的远紫外成像/摄谱相机(far−ultraviolet camera/spectrograph,FUCS,图1[16])拍摄了地球的远紫外图像(Lyman−α波段,121.6 nm),获取了地球上层大气(氢层)的全球分布等数据;同时,该相机也对大麦哲伦云等若干天体目标进行了观测,包括对南天星空的部分区域进行远紫外成像和光谱观测,探测到河外星系、银河系内恒星和星云等天体的远紫外辐射,初步验证了月基天文观测平台的可行性。
2013年12月,“嫦娥三号”着陆器成功部署于月球雨海地区,搭载的月基紫外望远镜(lunar−based ultraviolet telescope,LUT)成为人类首台在月面长期运行的天文望远镜。LUT位于“嫦娥三号”着陆器内部,“嫦娥三号”着陆器左上角向上打开的为望远镜镜盖(图2(a)[17])。LUT工作在近紫外波段(245~345 nm),口径为15 cm,自2013年底开始观测,超期服役至2019年。主要对北天极附近局部天区开展了近紫外波段巡天并对银河系内变星等天体进行了长期观测,图2(b)[4]中的黑色区域表示巡天观测覆盖的2400平方度天区。该任务构建并释放了局部天区近紫外巡天星表;对多颗处于特殊演化阶段的双星系统进行持续观测,获取了覆盖完整轨道周期的光变曲线,通过模型拟合计算了主星和次星的质量等参数。
在“嫦娥三号”后,包括中国、美国、欧洲、日本、印度和俄罗斯等在内的多个国家机构和高校开展了月基天文观测任务,多家商业公司的加入也为月面多样化探测和观测技术验证提供了更多选择。例如,美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)“奥德修斯号”任务的月面光电子鞘层射电观测仪(radio wave observations on the lunar surface of the photoelectron sheath,ROLSES−1)载荷正是使用了美国的直觉机器公司(Intuitive Machines)研发的着陆平台。目前已成功着陆且开展观测的主要月基天文观测任务见表2。其中,“阿波罗16号”的远紫外成像/摄谱相机(FUCS)实现了首次月面人工天文观测[1],“嫦娥三号”的月基紫外望远镜(LUT)实现了首次月面对局部天区长期无人天文巡天观测[2-5],“嫦娥四号”的低频射电谱仪(LFRS)实现了首次月背甚低频射电天文观测[6-7],“奥德修斯号”的ROLSES−1载荷实现了首次月面对银河的短暂射电天文观测[8],“蓝色幽灵”的月球环境日球层X射线成像仪(the lunar environment heliospheric X−ray imager,LEXI)实现首次月面短期软X射线天文观测[9]
月球探测正从单次任务零散发射向长久存在的月球科研基地规模化构建转变,月基天文观测也随之从单一波段探测向规模化多谱段综合探测发展。依托月球无大气干扰、低重力、月背无来自地球的自然/人造信号干扰等独特环境,月基平台必将成为未来天文观测独具优势的前沿平台。
天文观测平台建设严重依赖月面投送、月面建设和月面运维等能力。目前全球已形成中国倡导的国际月球科研站、美国主导的“阿尔忒弥斯”、欧洲航天局牵头的“新世界”3大计划同台竞争形势,各国正逐步推进月球科研基地的规划与建设,推动月基天文从短期观测与技术验证走向长期观测与系统性科学产出。
并非所有天文观测都适合放到月面,考虑到目前月面投递和建设成本较高,只有地基和天基无法实现的独特天文观测任务才有必要部署到月基。未来随着地月空间运输和月面着陆技术的发展,并考虑到月面观测设备可通过定期维护实现几十年量级寿命等因素,月面天文观测成本可有效降低,聚焦更广泛的天文科学的观测设备有望建到月面。部署到月面开展的天文观测需具备以下全部或部分特点。
一是需要超高精度、长时间基线的连续观测能力。例如,需达到14 d以上,甚至数月、数年、数十年。
二是需要特殊谱段、超宽谱段观测能力。例如,需要紫外、超长波、紫外−光学−红外超宽谱段覆盖。
三是需要超高数据回访频率、超大天区观测能力。例如,需要分钟量级全可见天区的回访观测能力。
四是需要成长型、规模化建设模式。例如,需要足够的空间、多功能组合。
具备以上特点的月基天文观测科学主要包括但不限于以下方面[13]
一是开展月基紫外−光学−红外超宽谱段覆盖的超高精度多波段同时巡天与精细观测,构建动态更新的完备紫外星表,聚焦星系演化、暂现源、行星宜居性等研究[1823],可根据科学需要逐步配置测光、光谱、成像、偏振、干涉等观测模式,其局部工作场景示意见图3[13]
二是开展月背高精度超长波全天频谱和全天图像观测,探测宇宙黑暗时代与黎明信号和低频射电源,聚集宇宙早期演化历史等研究[2425],其月背低频射电探测阵列天线子站设计见图4[25]
三是开展地−月甚长基线干涉测量(very long baseline interferometry,VLBI)观测,聚焦活动星系核吸积流和喷流、黑洞视界面精细结构等研究。
四是开展月基MeV谱段巡天和偏振观测,聚焦高能宇宙线起源和加速机制、伽马射线暴爆发机制等研究。
五是开展月基分赫兹引力波观测,聚焦中等质量黑洞探测等研究。
当前月基天文观测正迎来由多领域技术突破共同驱动的战略机遇窗口期,主要体现在以下5个方面。
1) 月面投送能力发展迅速。得益于国际月球科研站、“阿尔忒弥斯”“新世界”等国际月球探测计划的推进,地月空间运送载荷质量和外包络尺寸都将有大幅提升,例如,加速研制中的中国“长征10号”(CZ−10)运载火箭和美国的太空发射系统(space launch system,SLS)。同时,月面投送能力正从单纯的探测器着陆向支持人与机器人协同部署大型设施能力发展,为在月面构建口径更大、能力更强的大型天文望远镜/阵提供了工程可行性。
2) 新质生产力提供关键助力。人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)技术的深度赋能,为月面原位观测策略自主智能规划与实施、海量数据智能处理与分析、科研成果智能分享、适配不同文化背景的天文科普作品生成与发布等科研新范式提供全链条革命性工具。
3) 月面能源瓶颈有望突破。空间/月基太阳能与核能技术的快速发展也为月面天文观测设备长期运行奠定了基础,有望突破月球长达14 d月夜的能源瓶颈,为未来大型天文望远镜/阵的持续稳定运行和原位数据处理分析提供稳定、可靠的能源保障。
4) 商业公司有望双向奔赴。商业公司以其对特定专业领域聚焦深耕、技术迭代周期快、融资相对灵活等优势和对赋能自身科技价值的需求,有望成为传统国家队的有力补充,在未来月基天文观测能力建设中发挥独特作用。
5) 务实的国际合作实现共赢。月基天文观测是全人类的事业,具有天然的国际合作属性,既需要各个国家基于自身特点和优势在不同环节和以不同深度加入并贡献力量,又为各个国家提供了自身发展的平台和机遇。如科学论证、关键技术攻关、观测设备研制、数据处理分析,科研/科普产品生成与分享等各环节都可有形式多样的合作模式。
基于以上技术发展,月基平台有望从单一任务天文观测转变为具备多波段、全时段观测能力的综合性天文观测平台,将为人类带来全新的天文科学探测机遇。
月基天文观测机遇与挑战并存,挑战主要来自月面极端自然环境(昼夜温差、月尘等)和人为活动影响。
一是温控挑战。月球表面昼夜温差极大,白天温度可高达147℃,夜间则骤降至−173℃,如此剧烈的温度变化对光学平台的稳定性、材料疲劳寿命以及紫外和红外望远镜所需的低温热控系统构成了持续考验。
二是月尘挑战。月球表面带有静电的月壤细颗粒能够被迁移和输运并在空中悬浮,覆盖光学镜面会降低反射效率,也会对暴露和运动的机械结构造成损伤[2630]
三是微流星体撞击。微流星体对长寿命月面天文观测设备构成穿孔风险,尽管绝大多数颗粒小于临界穿透质量,但累积效应与偶发性撞击仍威胁望远镜镜面安全和密封结构寿命。
四是空间天气影响。灾害性空间天气对月面天文观测设备造成的影响和空间设备几乎等同,在考虑长寿命运行的前提下问题就变得非常严重,如何以最优的性价比规避空间天气的影响,将是月基天文观测面临的长期挑战。
五是人为活动影响。作为长久存在的综合型月基科研平台的一部分,月基天文观测还会受到火箭着陆起飞、巡视器移动等人为活动激扬的月尘影响、其他科研设备对观测天区遮蔽影响、核能等供电设备可能带来的额外辐射对望远镜/阵观测精度和寿命的影响。
结合月面自身地形结构特点并适度人为改造,开发有效的月基热控、防尘/除尘、抗冲击、有效应对灾害性空间天气效应、多科学综合选址与平台整体布局优化等技术是确保月基天文观测长期可靠运行必须突破的关键技术[31]
月基观测平台同时具有免受地球大气影响、长连续观测时间基线、稳定且开阔的建设空间等优势,使其成为未来天文观测的优选平台。
从20世纪70年代美国“阿波罗16号”任务首次实现人工短暂月基远紫外天文观测,到21世纪10年代中国“嫦娥三号”任务首次实现无人长期近紫外月基天文观测,月基天文观测技术得到稳步提升。然而,受限于月面投送和运维能力等因素,这些望远镜口径都未超过15 cm,且观测仅限于月昼期间,尚未充分发挥月球作为天文观测平台的核心优势。得益于多领域技术快速发展,目前以大规模、超高精度、超长期连续稳定观测运行为目的的多个月基天文观测国际计划正齐头并进和同台竞争,月基天文观测在迎来历史最佳机遇的同时也面临着诸多技术挑战。
未来,月面将建成聚焦独特天文科学,具备稀缺谱段覆盖、多波段和多手段协同观测能力的月基天文观测平台。月球有望成为太阳系内人类可达且可长期运维的最佳天文台。在当前合作与竞争并行的国际形势下,中国亟需抓住月基天文观测的关键战略机遇窗口,立足长远,擘画顶层设计,合理布局和加速相关科学论证和关键技术攻关,开展务实互赢的国际合作,稳步推进月基天文观测能力建设,为人类探索宇宙的伟大事业贡献中国智慧。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12273063)
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2026年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00025
  • 接收时间:2026-02-10
  • 首发时间:2026-04-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-13
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-10
  • 修回日期:2026-03-09
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12273063)
作者信息
    1中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100101
    2中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院,北京 100049

通讯作者:

邓元勇(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为太阳物理、天文仪器,电子信箱:;
姜晓军(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为恒星物理和天、地基光学观测技术,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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