Article(id=1284897500679094801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1284897477333586425, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772380800000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-02, revisedDate=1776182400000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784273036403, onlineDateStr=2026-07-17, pubDate=1782576000000, pubDateStr=2026-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784273036403, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784273036403, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784273036403, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284897477333586425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782576000000', pubDateStr='2026-06-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784273030837, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784273069123, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284897638025773152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1284897477333586425, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284897638025773153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1284897477333586425, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=27, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284897502323261970, articleId=1284897500679094801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Advances in optical frontiers toward the 15th Five−Year, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This review summarizes significant breakthroughs achieved over the past five years in key optical domains prioritized by the 15th Five−Year Plan, ranging from laser−driven inertial confinement fusion and intelligent photonics to quantum optics and high−precision optical manufacturing. In laser−driven inertial confinement fusion, new records in fusion energy production continue to be set, and inertial fusion energy research is advancing toward engineering application. In optics and artificial intelligence, photonic chips show strong potential in computing performance and energy efficiency, while artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly integrated with computational imaging and optical design. In quantum optics, high−performance quantum light sources are being further developed, and quantum networks and quantum metrology are progressing toward practical deployment. In high−precision optical manufacturing, research efforts are centered on extreme ultraviolet lithography and laser precision manufacturing. Optics is rapidly evolving from a stage centered on fundamental principles and device innovation to one emphasizing system integration and engineering applications. This transition is expected to exert profound influence on energy, manufacturing, and precision measurement, establishing optics as a foundational technology that supports future societal development and industrial transformation.

, authors=Ping ZHU1, 2, Longhua FAN1, 2, Ziming PENG1, 2, Xinglong XIE1, 2, *, Jianqiang ZHU1, 2, *, authorsList=Ping ZHU, Longhua FAN, Ziming PENG, Xinglong XIE, Jianqiang ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinglong XIE, Jianqiang ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284897508044292675, articleId=1284897500679094801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=迈向“十五五”的光学前沿发展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

围绕“十五五”规划中与光学相关的重点方向,回顾了近5年在激光驱动惯性约束核聚变、光学与人工智能、量子光学和光学精密制造领域的代表性进展。激光驱动惯性约束核聚变方面,聚变能产额记录不断刷新,聚变能源研究正迈向工程化探索;光学与人工智能方面,光子芯片在算力密度与能效等方面展现潜力,人工智能正与计算成像和光学设计加速融合;量子光学方面,高性能量子光源持续发展,量子网络与量子精密检测向可部署应用推进;光学精密制造方面,围绕极紫外光刻技术与激光精密制造2大关键方向展开。提出光学正由以原理和器件突破为主的研究阶段,加速迈向系统集成与工程化应用并重的发展阶段,有望在能源、制造与精密测量等领域形成广泛而深远的影响,成为支撑未来社会运行方式与产业形态演进的重要技术基础。

, authors=朱坪1, 2, 范龙华1, 2, 彭子明1, 2, 谢兴龙1, 2, *, 朱健强1, 2, *, authorsList=朱坪, 范龙华, 彭子明, 谢兴龙, 朱健强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢兴龙, 朱健强, authorNote=

朱坪,研究员,研究方向为超快光学诊断,电子信箱:

范龙华(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为超短脉冲激光技术,电子信箱:

彭子明(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为超快光学诊断,电子信箱:

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谢兴龙(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为超短脉冲激光技术,电子信箱:;
朱健强(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为高功率激光技术,电子信箱:
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Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2022, 126: 15-21., articleTitle=Ductile and ultrahigh−strength eutectic high−entropy alloys by large−volume 3D printing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284897525329019618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1284897500679094801, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=93, issue=null, pageStart=102925, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Rescsanski S, Hebert R, Haghighi A, journalName=Robotics and Computer−Integrated Manufacturing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rescsanski S, Hebert R, Haghighi A, et al. Towards intelligent cooperative robotics in additive manufacturing: Past, present, and future[J]. Robotics and Computer−Integrated Manufacturing, 2025, 93: 102925., articleTitle=Towards intelligent cooperative robotics in additive manufacturing: Past, present, and future, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284897525400322787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1284897500679094801, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=31, issue=null, pageStart=100933, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=62, authorNames=Bhatt P M, Malhan R K, Shembekar A V, journalName=Additive Manufacturing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bhatt P M, Malhan R K, Shembekar A V, et al. Expanding capabilities of additive manufacturing through use of robotics technologies: A survey[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2020, 31: 100933., articleTitle=Expanding capabilities of additive manufacturing through use of robotics technologies: A survey, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284897525488403172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1284897500679094801, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=5, issue=4, pageStart=6089, pageEnd=6096, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=63, authorNames=Qureshi A H, Dong J G, Choe A, journalName=IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qureshi A H, Dong J G, Choe A, et al. Neural manipulation planning on constraint manifolds[J]. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2020, 5(4): 6089-6096., articleTitle=Neural manipulation planning on constraint manifolds, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1284897525547123429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1284897500679094801, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=140, issue=null, pageStart=103667, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=64, authorNames=Phua A, Davies C H J, Delaney G W, journalName=Computers in Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Phua A, Davies C H J, Delaney G W. A digital twin hierarchy for metal additive manufacturing[J]. 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(a) 3.0 ns;(b) 5.0 ns;(c) 5.55 ns;(d) 5.95 ns

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(a) 典型数字电子生成式神经网络示例;(b)现有的MZI、片上衍射神经网络及微环光子计算系统示例;(c) 生成式神经网络中潜在空间维度变化的影响;(d) LightGen结构;(e) LightGen维度转换机制;(f)和(g) 集成式LightGen的实物图与显微图。比例尺:3 mm;(h) 集成光学潜空间的显微图。比例尺:200 μm。(i) LightGen概念。STDiT:时空扩散Transformer;MZI:马赫–曾德尔干涉仪;MRR:微环谐振器;SM:单模

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(a) 成像系统;(b) 待成像目标;(c) 不同方法重建的图像:(i) 原始图像;(ii) 基于Dark channel算法的重建图像;(iii) 基于Retinex算法的重建图像;(iv) DescatterNet的重建图像;(v) 微调版DescatterNet的重建图像(此例中难以实现);(vi)真实图像

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AIM(b)与材料代理(c)通过与优化设计算法、Python计算包以及材料数据库进行迭代交互,将用户的语义化输入(a)近乎实时地转化为设计输出(d)

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(a) 2个交错电子−光子量子电路块的显微图;(b) 2 mm × 9 mm电子光子CMOS芯片完整显微图;(c) CMOS芯片倒装焊接到印刷电路板实物图;

(d) 带有p−i−n二极管的SFWM优化微环图;(e) 反馈控制 SFWM 微环对源的示意

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AOM: 声光调制器;Glan: Glan棱镜;QWP: 四分之一波片;FR: 法拉第旋转器;FM: 翻转镜;D1, D2, D3: 探测器;记忆效率η(蓝点);噪声比λ(红点)

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(a) 芯片载体实物;(b) 制备的半径为114 μm氮化硅微环谐振器的光学显微镜图像;(c)(d) 截面为1 μm×800 nm的母线波导与微环间距为400 nm的单模波导的伪彩色扫描电镜图像;(e)(f) 电光梳和微环的实测光;(g) CPPD实验装置

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(a) 星地QKD实验概念;(b) QKD光源组成;(c) 卫星光学设计;(d) 便携式光学地面站光学设计

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(a) 主动强度干涉仪;(b)成像靶示意

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(a) 红外泵浦激光器激发加压氩气产生高次谐波;(b) 带有高密度光栅的透射光谱仪校准HHG光谱;(c) EUV无透镜成像

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(a) 通过3D打印制备的当前EHEA(红色实线)与铸造制备EHEA(黑色虚线)的工程应力−应变曲线;(b) 2种不同方法制备的EHEA相应的应变硬化率和真应力−真应变曲线;(c) 与3D打印制备的其他类型合金的机械性能比较;(d) 与不同方式制备的其他类型EHEA的机械性能比较

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迈向“十五五”的光学前沿发展
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朱坪 1, 2 , 范龙华 1, 2 , 彭子明 1, 2 , 谢兴龙 1, 2, * , 朱健强 1, 2, *
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迈向“十五五”的光学前沿发展
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朱坪1, 2 , 范龙华1, 2 , 彭子明1, 2 , 谢兴龙1, 2, * , 朱健强1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所,高功率激光物理联合实验室,上海 201800
  • 2中国科学院大学光电工程与材料科学中心,北京 100049
通讯作者:
谢兴龙(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为超短脉冲激光技术,电子信箱:;
朱健强(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为高功率激光技术,电子信箱:
作者简介:

朱坪,研究员,研究方向为超快光学诊断,电子信箱:

范龙华(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为超短脉冲激光技术,电子信箱:

彭子明(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为超快光学诊断,电子信箱:

Advances in optical frontiers toward the 15th Five−Year
Ping ZHU1, 2 , Longhua FAN1, 2 , Ziming PENG1, 2 , Xinglong XIE1, 2, * , Jianqiang ZHU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Laboratory on High Power Laser and Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
  • 2Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-06-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00006
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围绕“十五五”规划中与光学相关的重点方向,回顾了近5年在激光驱动惯性约束核聚变、光学与人工智能、量子光学和光学精密制造领域的代表性进展。激光驱动惯性约束核聚变方面,聚变能产额记录不断刷新,聚变能源研究正迈向工程化探索;光学与人工智能方面,光子芯片在算力密度与能效等方面展现潜力,人工智能正与计算成像和光学设计加速融合;量子光学方面,高性能量子光源持续发展,量子网络与量子精密检测向可部署应用推进;光学精密制造方面,围绕极紫外光刻技术与激光精密制造2大关键方向展开。提出光学正由以原理和器件突破为主的研究阶段,加速迈向系统集成与工程化应用并重的发展阶段,有望在能源、制造与精密测量等领域形成广泛而深远的影响,成为支撑未来社会运行方式与产业形态演进的重要技术基础。

光学  /  惯性约束核聚变  /  人工智能  /  量子光学  /  光学制造

This review summarizes significant breakthroughs achieved over the past five years in key optical domains prioritized by the 15th Five−Year Plan, ranging from laser−driven inertial confinement fusion and intelligent photonics to quantum optics and high−precision optical manufacturing. In laser−driven inertial confinement fusion, new records in fusion energy production continue to be set, and inertial fusion energy research is advancing toward engineering application. In optics and artificial intelligence, photonic chips show strong potential in computing performance and energy efficiency, while artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly integrated with computational imaging and optical design. In quantum optics, high−performance quantum light sources are being further developed, and quantum networks and quantum metrology are progressing toward practical deployment. In high−precision optical manufacturing, research efforts are centered on extreme ultraviolet lithography and laser precision manufacturing. Optics is rapidly evolving from a stage centered on fundamental principles and device innovation to one emphasizing system integration and engineering applications. This transition is expected to exert profound influence on energy, manufacturing, and precision measurement, establishing optics as a foundational technology that supports future societal development and industrial transformation.

optics  /  inertial confinement fusion  /  artificial intelligence  /  quantum optics  /  optical manufacturing
朱坪, 范龙华, 彭子明, 谢兴龙, 朱健强. 迈向“十五五”的光学前沿发展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (12) : 27 -45 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00006
Ping ZHU, Longhua FAN, Ziming PENG, Xinglong XIE, Jianqiang ZHU. Advances in optical frontiers toward the 15th Five−Year[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (12) : 27 -45 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00006
光学作为研究电磁辐射产生、传播、调控以及与物质相互作用的基础科学,是近代科学技术体系中的核心支柱。随着信息处理、能量调控和精密测量需求的不断提升,光学已由传统基础学科演进为支撑现代复杂系统与发展未来前沿技术的核心使能手段。
“十四五”期间,光学与多学科交叉协同不断深化,引领信息通信、生命科学和国防安全等领域的技术模式革新与产业结构升级,并在诸多前沿方向取得一系列突破性进展:在核聚变能源领域,激光驱动惯性约束核聚变实现由科学概念向能量净增益的阶段性跨越,推动聚变能源研究从物理验证迈向工程构想;在人工智能领域,基于光子芯片的计算与信息处理在集成规模、算力密度和功耗性能等方面实现了对电子网络从跟跑到领跑的跨越,为后摩尔时代的计算体系提供了全新技术路径;在量子科技领域,量子光学精密测量已由实验验证拓展至百千米级可部署实用场景,并在环境监测等落地验证中展现出显著技术优势;在先进制造领域,光学精密制造正加速向“设计—制造—器件”一体化演进,将纳米制造推向更精细尺度,为高端信息器件提供基础支撑。随着相关研究由分散探索逐步转向系统集成与工程实现,不同技术路线之间的内在联系日益清晰,相关领域已进入需要整体认知与路径梳理的关键阶段。在此背景下,“十五五”规划首次将核聚变能与氢能、量子科技、生物制造、脑机接口、具身智能、第6代移动通信等方向明确纳入未来产业重点布局,进一步凸显了对相关支撑技术体系进行系统梳理与深化认识的必要性。
本文聚焦“十五五”规划中与光学密切相关的4大重点方向——激光驱动惯性约束核聚变、光学与人工智能、量子光学以及光学精密制造,介绍近5年来具有重要学术和应用价值的科研及工程进展,分析其发展现状与关键挑战,并展望未来研究方向和应用场景。
核聚变研究通过实现安全可控的高增益核聚变反应,推动核聚变向可行、可持续的清洁能源方向发展。在主流的受控核聚变技术路线中,激光驱动惯性约束聚变(inertial confinement fusion, ICF)方案于2022年率先达到聚变释放的能量超过注入的激光能量这一关键里程碑[13],标志着ICF迈出从科学实验向能源应用的关键一步。随着实验证实激光驱动ICF的可行性,相关研究兴趣在全球范围内急剧上升[410]。以下围绕高功率激光系统、关键光学与单元技术以及激光惯性聚变能源(inertial fusion energy, IFE)等关键方向,介绍近年内ICF的代表性研究进展与发展趋势。
作为目前全球规模最大、能量输出最高的激光驱动器,美国国家点火装置(National Ignition Facility, NIF)于2022年12月首次通过间接驱动方式实现聚变反应的净能量增益,率先证明ICF的物理可行性[1113]图1[14]展示截至2025年10月,NIF已累计实现至少10次能量增益超过科学能源盈亏平衡的点火实验,最高能量增益超过4。在近期点火实验中,NIF的研究重点由点火条件验证进一步拓展至系统鲁棒性与极端辐射环境研究。2025年10月开展的第10次点火实验首次将武器级钚样本直接暴露于14 MeV聚变中子辐射环境中,进一步拓展了评估核武器生存与打击效能的能力。总体而言,NIF已逐步发展为兼顾点火物理、极端条件材料研究以及保障核武库的综合实验平台,标志着ICF研究进入应用拓展以及聚变能源评估并行推进的关键阶段。
依托美国OMEGA激光装置,近年来研究人员通过直接驱动方式取得了燃烧等离子体现象和热斑燃料增益大于1的关键突破。Gopalaswamy等[15]通过流体动力学模拟明确了直接驱动实现燃烧所需的尺度与能量条件。结果表明OMEGA装置上当热斑尺寸放大约3.9倍、激光驱动能量达到约1.7 MJ时可进入燃烧等离子体状态。Williams等[16]首次在实验上通过直接驱动方式实现超过1的热斑燃料增益。图2[16]展示实验创下OMEGA装置0.9 kJ聚变能产出的新纪录,且仅需28 kJ激光能量(远低于间接驱动所需的1.9 MJ)。实验验证了直接驱动方案在低驱动能量条件下实现能量增益的潜力,为直接驱动方案的进一步发展提供了关键实验依据。
上海交通大学张杰提出一种双锥对撞点火(double−cone ignition, DCI)方案,通过将燃料压缩与点火加热过程分离,有望在较低驱动能量条件下实现高增益聚变[17]。然而,该方案关键物理过程的时空演化特性长期缺乏直接诊断手段,制约对撞参数优化与点火条件匹配。近期,依托中国神光II升级激光装置,Liu等[18]基于自研X射线条纹相机在物理过程诊断方面取得突破,首次实现了高速等离子体喷流对撞过程的时间分辨观测。结果表明,对撞界面处实现了有效的动能汇聚与局域加热(图3[18])。总体而言,研究团队证明了DCI在实现高增益点火方面的独特潜力,为突破传统直接驱动点火瓶颈提供了一条具有可验证物理基础的新路径。
ICF涉及辐射输运、流体力学不稳定性与聚变反应动力学等多物理场强耦合过程,参数空间维度高,传统数值模拟方法计算成本巨大。针对上述挑战,Spears等[19]提出了一种将物理约束与深度学习相结合的模型,其工作流程如图4[19]所示。该模型成功对NIF于2022年12月开展的N221204点火实验进行了事前评估,预测达到点火的概率为74%,并且实际获得的聚变产额3.15 MJ落入模型预测区间[2, 7.2] MJ内。进一步结合迁移学习策略,该模型能够快速训练面向新实验设计的优化模型,并给出新实验的结果预测,可显著提升实验参数优化与方案筛选的效率。总体而言,深度学习为ICF提供了一种快速、可量化且物理一致的预测工具,展示了数据驱动方法在高能量密度物理研究中的应用潜力。
超强超短激光峰值功率的提升不仅受限于功率放大架构,更受制于承载和反复承受超大能量超短脉冲的反射式脉冲压缩光栅,其口径、带宽与能量负载能力长期构成制约激光强度发展的核心瓶颈。针对上述难题,中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所团队[20]报道了一种面向艾瓦激光的超宽带脉冲压缩光栅。图5[20]展示了超宽带光栅的具体性能,其高衍射效率带宽由传统金光栅的100~200 nm显著拓展至超过400 nm。同时,光栅制备口径达到1620 mm×1070 mm,突破至国际最大尺寸水平。总体而言,该成果在超宽带与超大口径2个关键维度上突破了传统金光栅的长期限制,消除了实现极限强度“λ3激光”的一项关键技术障碍,为未来单周期艾瓦级激光系统提供了重要技术储备。
实验室尺度激光聚变的物理可行性已得到关键验证,但现有激光装置在能量增益、系统效率和运行重复频率等方面均难以满足工程化应用需求,ICF向IFE发展仍面临显著挑战。针对上述问题,Sunahara等[21]提出一种面向IFE的激光聚变反应堆新概念。该方案利用相干合束光纤激光注入光学增强腔,通过多脉冲堆叠实现对入射激光能量的大幅放大,从而降低对高能单脉冲激光系统的依赖。图6[21]为基于此脉冲放大技术设计的IFE系统,该系统有望在1~10 Hz的重复运行频率下实现百兆瓦至吉瓦量级的净输出。该工作展示了一种以高重复频率和高效率为目标的IFE技术路线,为未来激光聚变电站的驱动器架构、能量放大与系统集成等提供了具有启发意义的工程化设想。
人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)是一种加速科学研究和工程创新的强大方法,其旨在模仿并拓展人类认知以完成复杂任务。近年来,AI与光学不断发展交融,正逐渐成为一个新兴的跨学科领域[2226]。一方面,深度学习作为AI的子集,为光学数据分析、光学设计优化和智能光学系统开发提供了高效途径;另一方面,光学系统为神经网络提供高速和低能耗的物理实现平台。AI和光学的协同发展,预计对光学通信、自动驾驶和天文观测等多个领域产生变革性影响[2732]
面向AI在电子硬件平台上持续面临的算力密度与能效瓶颈,Kalinin等[33]提出了一种模拟光学计算机,其能效可较当前顶级图形处理器(graphics processomg unit, GPU)提升超过2个数量级,在低精度、高并行计算任务中具备显著的能效优势。该工作的关键创新在于将三维光学计算与模拟电子学融合,首次在同一平台高效集成AI推理与组合优化2类核心计算任务。如图7[33]所示,该系统采用微型发光二极管(micro light−emitting diode, microLED)阵列对输入变量进行光学编码,通过空间光调制器存储权重矩阵,并由光电探测器阵列在光域完成高度并行的矩阵–向量乘法运算;随后,通过模拟电路实现非线性运算与反馈,从而避免了高能耗的数模与模数转换过程。总体而言,该工作为面向可持续高性能计算的新型AI与优化硬件提供了一种具有代表性的实现路径。
传统电子神经网络通常支持百万级乃至更大规模的参数,而现有光芯片受限于集成尺度、维度转换和训练算法,神经元规模通常停留在数十到数千量级,这使光计算难以支撑生成任务等复杂计算。针对这一关键规模鸿沟,Chen等[34]提出一种用于大规模智能语义视觉生成的全光合成芯片LightGen(图8[34])。LightGen通过三维集成的衍射超表面结构,在单芯片内集成约200万个光子神经元。在系统层面,LightGen采用三维封装集成在136.5 mm的面积内,可实现包括512×512分辨率图像的语义生成、视频语义处理、三维内容生成制作等多类生成式任务。在特定任务中,LightGen的综合性能参数已可与Stable Diffusion、StyleGAN、VGG−19等主流生成模型相当,并较NVIDIA A100等电子芯片提升2个数量级以上。总体而言,该工作首次在单芯片光子平台上实现了大规模生成式人工智能计算,为光子计算架构奠定了关键技术基础。
在生命科学研究中,现有多数超分辨显微镜方法依赖大量连续图像的采集与复杂重建过程,不仅成像速度慢,还易对活细胞造成光损伤,难以真实捕获活细胞内快速变化的动态过程。针对这一关键瓶颈,Chen等提出了一种基于深度学习的单帧超分辨率显微镜方法(图9)[35]。该方法以物理约束方式引导神经网络学习输入图像与超分辨率图像之间的映射关系,从而在无需多帧累积的情况下实现分辨率的显著提升。实验结果表明,该方法在单帧成像条件下即可实现约30 nm的空间分辨率和10 ms时间分辨率,使活细胞成像的分辨率提升约10倍。总体而言,该工作在低照度、短曝光等极具挑战的成像条件下,为传统多帧超分辨显微技术提供了一种高效替代方案。
Liu等[36]提出了一种基于深度神经网络的实时非侵入式透过散射介质光学成像方法(DescatterNet)。图10[36]展示了DescatterNet透过5.9 km浓雾环境实现了对自然场景的有效成像。对比结果表明,传统图像增强方法难以恢复清晰图像,而DescatterNet能够显著提升图像可辨识度,取得了最优的复原结果。总体而言,该工作通过结合光学成像与深度学习,极大地强化了动态散射环境下的成像性能,为恶劣天气条件下的交通安全、视频监控、火场救援及水下探测等应用场景提供了一种具有现实可行性的技术路径。
高性能光学元件的设计长期依赖专家经验与反复迭代优化,传统设计方法在自动生成复杂、高性能结构方面能力有限,计算代价高且易陷入局部最优,长期制约着光学系统的设计效率与性能的提升。针对上述瓶颈,Yang等[37]提出了一种基于课程学习的深度学习方法,实现了在无需持续人工监督的条件下,从零开始自动设计折射型光学元件。如图11[37]所示,该方法的核心思想是将复杂的设计目标分解为一系列难度逐步递增的子任务,并采用课程学习策略引导网络稳定收敛。基于该框架,作者成功设计了多款不同规格的经典透镜并示例了一种紧凑型景深扩展相机。该相机实现了在大视场范围内近乎深度不变的点扩散函数,并可结合重建网络恢复全焦图像。总体而言,该工作构建了一种端到端的自动化透镜设计框架,为发展智能化的光学元件设计方法提供了重要的方法论基础。
Lupoiu等[38]提出一种多智能体设计框架MetaChat。MetaChat创新使用代理式迭代独白(agentic iterative monologue, AIM)机制,使不同功能的智能体围绕同一设计目标,通过自我推理、工具调用、结果评估和策略更新等闭环过程持续迭代(图12)[38]。在典型纳米光子器件设计中,MetaChat能在近实时条件完成传统方法需数天至数周的设计任务,其生成的器件效率与已有文献中的最优结果相当,部分指标甚至更优。总体而言,该工作为人工智能从“辅助优化工具”迈向“物理器件创成主体”提供了示范性路径,对构建智能化、可扩展的光学设计体系具有重要参考价值。
近5年来,量子光学领域围绕量子信息处理与量子精密测量2大核心目标,在光源、纠缠调控、跨平台接口与精密检测等关键方向取得系统性进展。总体来看,量子光学已由以单点突破为特征的探索阶段,进入以系统集成、跨平台互联与应用牵引为导向的关键发展阶段。以下围绕量子光源、量子纠缠与量子网络以及量子精密检测3大关键方向,介绍近年来量子光学领域的代表性研究进展与发展趋势。
可扩展线性光量子计算对单光子源效率提出明确要求——理论上需突破2/3的损失容忍阈值。此前半个世纪,确定性全同单光子源效率始终未能达标。2025年,Ding等[39]首次突破线性光学量子计算所需的光子损失容错阈值,实现了高性能按需单光子源。该研究将高量子效率的铟砷量子点确定性耦合到可调开放法布里−珀罗微腔中,采用4f光学脉冲整形系统优化激发脉冲,平衡单光子纯度与亮度,最终实现系统效率0.712、低多光子误差级的高光子不可区分性(图13[39])。该成果解决了可扩展光子量子信息处理中的核心光子损失问题,为玻色采样、量子集群态生成及量子通信等应用提供了关键支撑。
连续变量体系与新型材料技术同步突破,为室温条件下量子光源的大规模集成化应用奠定了基础。2025年,Wang等[40]针对片上连续变量(continuous variable,CV)集群态存在的规模受限和原始压缩水平不足的核心问题,提出并实现了基于片上光学微谐振器的大规模集群量子微梳,创下片上CV集群态的最大规模纪录,提供了紧凑且可扩展的量子平台。Kramnik等[41]则针对硅量子光子集成电路面临的工艺变异、温度敏感性、热串扰及非线性效应等挑战,提出一种基于商用45 nm互补金属氧化物半导体(complementary metal−oxide−semiconductor,CMOS)工艺的电子−光子量子片上系统。如图14[41]所示,该系统单个模块面积仅220 μm×190 μm,芯片集成12个独立光源模块,在泵浦功率范围为−10.4~−1.2 dBm时保持稳定的量子特性,可抵御相邻器件热扰动并支持多微环同时稳定运行,无需片外控制或热电冷却器,为互补金属氧化物半导体(complementary metal oxide semiconductor,CMOS)工艺规模化制备量子光子系统提供可行方案,推动量子计算、安全通信等技术向芯片级工程化应用迈进。
集成化量子芯片一系列高保真调控技术的突破,推动量子通信、网络化建设和可扩展量子计算的发展。Feng等[42]针对量子网络中远程量子门控制的关键需求,基于高维路径编码的硅光子集成电路,实现了高保真芯片间量子光子受控非门(controlled−NOT, CNOT)隐形传态,突破了模块化量子节点间远程门操作的技术瓶颈。此外,量子存储直接决定网络稳定性与传输效率,Guo等针对量子存储中效率提升与噪声放大的固有权衡问题,提出了基于汉克尔变换时空映射的智能自旋波压缩策略,在热87Rb原子蒸汽的拉曼量子存储中,将自旋波空间分布紧凑化,既提升存储效率又抑制四波混频(Four−wave mixing, FWM)噪声(图15[43]。实验实现了60 MHz带宽的近完美量子存储,效率高达94.61%,单光子水平下无条件保真度达(98.9 ± 0.1)%,显著突破传统方案的性能瓶颈。
连续变量体系的集成多体纠缠同步取得里程碑突破,为连续变量量子计算、可重构量子网络提供了集成化平台。2025年,Jia等进一步针对集成光子平台中连续变量多体纠缠生成受限的核心问题,首次在氮化硅集成微梳芯片上实现了确定性连续变量八模多体纠缠(图16[44]。该方案基于微环谐振器构成的量子微梳,通过相干多色泵浦−探测(coherent polychromatic pump−detection, CPPD)技术,结合自发对压缩(spontaneous pair squeezing, SPS)与布拉格散射非线性过程,生成频率模纠缠并提取本征超模,进而重构出线性、盒型、星型等集群式多体纠缠结构,验证了八模不可分离性,违反van Loock–Furusawa准则证实超模多体纠缠特性,零化器关联矩阵显示非对角噪声仅为对角噪声的4%~8%,且纠缠在宽达200 MHz的边带频率下保持稳定。
可扩展量子组网在量子通信信息安全传输的基础上,扩展量子互联网,构建一个能够传输量子信息的全球网络,实现远距离“点对点→多节点”的跨越。2024年,Liu等[45]针对量子互联网从实验室两节点原型向城域多节点系统扩展的核心需求,构建了由3个独立原子系综量子存储器节点(最大间距12.5 km)和一个光子服务器组成的星型拓扑城域量子网络,标志着量子互联网研究进入多节点城域部署阶段。2025年,Li等推进多节点城域部署,针对全球量子通信中卫星星座规模化部署的核心瓶颈,成功研发并部署了“济南一号”量子微卫星及便携式地面站系统(图17[46],采用625 MHz单激光二极管集成量子密钥分发(quantum key distribution,QKD)光源,结合卫星姿态控制与微弧度级(0.55~1.6 μrad)跟踪技术,实现9~10 μrad的光子发散角,通过复用812 nm/1538 nm双向光通信链路,实现密钥蒸馏与加密通信实时化,单次卫星过境最高获取107.1万bit安全密钥,为构建全球量子卫星星座及实用化量子网络奠定了关键技术基础。
2022年,Shen等[47]针对全球光学时钟网络中长距离自由空间时间−频率分发稳定性不足的核心问题,实现了113 km自由空间的高精度时间−频率分发。2024年,Han等基于空间时间−频率分发技术,针对传统双梳光谱(dual−comb spectroscopy,DCS)开放光路测量距离局限于20 km的核心问题,提出双站式DCS方案并实现113 km湍流开放光路的高精度气体探测(图18[48]。该方案融合时频分发技术校准双频率梳的频率差异,采用1 W高功率光学频率梳、400 mm孔径高效收发望远镜及阈值触发采集技术,成功测得CO2和H2O的吸收光谱,实现7 nm光谱带宽、10 kHz频率精度,突破了长距离开放光路DCS的技术瓶颈。
2025年,Liu等针对传统强度干涉仪依赖热光源导致的带宽宽、光子数少、发散角大等局限,提出并实现了长基线主动光学强度干涉测量方案(图19[49],采用8个相位独立的激光发射器阵列,借助大气湍流对各光束的随机相位调制生成热光照明,通过两台可移动望远镜接收1.36 km外目标的后向反射光子,利用改进的相位恢复算法与数据预处理技术重构图像,成功对毫米级双缝及字母目标成像,较单个42.5 mm口径望远镜的衍射极限(41.5 mm)提升约14倍,验证了主动强度干涉仪对大气湍流和光学缺陷的鲁棒性,突破了长距离主动合成孔径成像的技术瓶颈,为高分辨率光学成像与传感领域的发展提供了新思路。
光学精密制造是支撑现代信息产业、高端装备与前沿科学研究的核心技术基础,其发展水平直接决定器件特征尺度、加工精度与制造复杂度的上限。近年来,围绕极紫外光刻与激光精密制造2条关键技术路径,光学精密制造在光源能力、系统调控与加工机理等方面取得一系列重要进展:一方面,极紫外光刻通过向更短波长和更高数值孔径演进,不断逼近先进制程的物理极限;另一方面,激光精密制造依托高能量密度与灵活可控的光–物质相互作用机制,在微纳加工与超限制造领域展现出独特优势。以下围绕极紫外光刻技术与激光精密制造2大关键方向,介绍近年来光学精密制造领域的代表性研究进展与发展趋势。
EUV光源的主流产生方式是利用CO2高功率激光器轰击锡滴产生等离子体,进而辐射产生波长约为13.5 nm的极紫外光[5051]。最新的0.55数值孔径和500W EUV光源已商业化运行,推动了EUV高容量制造(high−volume manufacturing, HVM)时代的到来[50,52],这种高功率光源对于提高产量和实现更精细的图案化至关重要。但目前所面临的问题是,光源在运行的过程中会产生锡离子和碎片,对收集镜造成污染,严重影响设备的寿命和正常运行[51],靶材创新虽然能够显著减少碎片的产生[52],但是并不是解决装置运行稳定性的根本手段。2023年,Nakamura等聚焦未来光刻对高功率EUV光源的需求,提出并系统设计了基于能量回收直线加速器(energy recovery linear accelerator, ERL)的高功率EUV自由电子激光(EUV Free−electron laser, EUV−FEL)光源方案(图20[53]。通过ERL的能量回收机制与超导加速器技术,实现超10 kW的EUV功率且无锡碎片污染,支持升级为6.6~6.7 nm波段的(beyond EUV, BEUV)光源,可适配高数值孔径(high numerical aperture,HNA)光刻需求,为EUV−FEL产业化推进奠定了基础。
HNA系统组成复杂、调控自由度高,且光学元件自身的性能将会显著影响设备的加工精细程度;光刻胶与EUV光源的相互作用中存在随机效应[54],对光刻结果的预测存在困难[5455]。因此,对光源及材料的精准预测至关重要——计算光刻作为突破光学衍射极限的核心手段,其与AI的深度融合是近年来先进光刻技术演进的关键引擎[56]。2024年,Shao等将机器学习同计算光刻相结合,提出了一种基于自动微分的波长复用多模式EUV反射叠层成像(ptychography)算法(图21[57],对硅基底上20 nm高的金结构样品进行成像,在17.30和17.93 nm双波长下实现接近衍射极限的分辨率(水平50 nm、垂直100 nm),成功表征3D结构信息,确立了叠层成像作为半导体行业高分辨率、高通量计量工具的应用潜力。
超快激光在微结构的表面处理和清洗方面展现出优势,Liu等针对传统激光清洗缺乏实时监测与反馈、易过度加工导致能量浪费和基底损伤的问题,提出一种结合深度学习与飞秒激光的选择性激光清洗方法(图22[58],以15 μm聚苯乙烯微珠为模拟污染物,搭建了由1030 nm飞秒激光、CMOS相机实时成像与XYZ电动平移台组成的实验系统,生成对抗网络训练模型,通过956组激光清洗前后的图像对训练,实现对单脉冲清洗后微珠分布的实时预测,有效降低能量消耗,且能适配微塑料、粉尘等常见污染物场景,为半导体晶圆清洗、精密光学器件维护、文物修复等对基底保护要求严苛的领域提供新方案。
超限制造本身致力于实现更高精度、更高效率和更高性能的产品制造,而激光技术在其中扮演着核心角色[59]。在金属超限制造加工领域,激光增材制造(laser additive manufacturing, LAM)技术是先进制造技术之一,可以实现传统金属加工技术达不到的精度和性能[60]。2022年,Lu等针对传统3D打印金属材料存在塑性差、需复杂后续处理、致密度不足等问题,采用选择性激光增材制造(selective laser additive manufacturing, SLAM)技术实现了大体积共晶高熵合金(eutectic high entropy alloys, EHEA)的制备(图23[61],无需后续热处理即获得超高强度与良好塑性的优异组合。激光粉末床熔融(laser powder bed fusion, LPBF)是另一种先进的金属超限LAM技术。2024年,Sheikh等[59]提出一种无需实验输入的全自动化计算框架,用于快速预测任意合金的可打印性并生成缺陷分布图,通过基于相图计算(calculation of phase diagrams, CALPHAD)方法的热力学数据库和混合法则获取热物理性质,结合Eagar−Tsai模型与Gladush−Smurov模型计算单道熔池尺寸,并集成12组缺陷判据组合,通过统计集成方法生成不确定性感知的概率性可打印性图谱,准确率达70%~91%,且生成图谱的时间仅需2~3 h,可高效识别无缺陷加工参数区间。
为了确保LAM、LPBF等制造的质量和可靠性,过程监控和认证是重要因素,有众多研究提出协同机器人增材制造(cooperative robotics additive manufacturing,C−RAAM)[62]的加工模式,将机器人赋能的增材制造核心能力划分为5大类:多方向制造、共形层沉积、集成预制组件、无支撑制造及大规模制造[63]。2020年,Qureshi等[64]提出了一种基于神经网络的约束运动规划框架(CoMPNet)。该框架在处理多模态约束任务时成功率达90%左右,计算速度较CBiRRT、Atlas−RRT等主流算法提升1个数量级,且能泛化到未训练的环境配置。2022年,Phua等针对增材制造易产生缺陷、零件认证成本高的问题,提出了一套适用于金属增材制造的数字孪生四层级框架(图24[65],由低到高逐步提升复杂度,通过优化接口、AI技术辅助等构建控制策略,分析了各层级的核心支撑技术与技术成熟度,明确了多物理场耦合、传感器集成、智能控制策略训练等关键挑战,其框架不仅适用于粉末床熔融等金属增材制造技术,还可拓展至其他复杂制造系统。
本文回顾了面向“十五五”光学相关领域在激光驱动惯性约束核聚变、光学与人工智能、量子光学及光学精密制造等方向取得的代表性进展,表明光学正由以原理和器件突破为主的研究阶段,加速迈向系统集成与工程化应用并重的发展阶段。上述方向虽面向不同应用场景,但均以极端条件调控、高信息密度处理和高精度测量需求为牵引,通过多学科深度交叉持续推动光学系统性能、稳定性与可靠性的整体提升。相关成果的进一步发展,有望在能源、信息、制造与精密测量等领域形成广泛而深远的影响,成为支撑未来社会运行方式与产业形态演进的重要技术基础。
面向“十五五”发展阶段,光学领域仍面临高能量密度与复杂环境下稳定运行、复杂系统时空精密调控能力以及高端制造与计量体系支撑等共性挑战。亟需以重大科学装置和战略应用场景为牵引,加强基础光学理论、核心器件与系统能力的协同布局,推动光学技术由单点突破向体系化能力转变,为新一代信息技术、先进制造与国家重大需求提供持续支撑。

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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00006
  • 接收时间:2026-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-07-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-02
  • 修回日期:2026-04-15
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    1中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所,高功率激光物理联合实验室,上海 201800
    2中国科学院大学光电工程与材料科学中心,北京 100049

通讯作者:

谢兴龙(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为超短脉冲激光技术,电子信箱:;
朱健强(共同通信作者),研究员,研究方向为高功率激光技术,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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