Article(id=1276203076449079472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.02.00043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1770393600000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-07, revisedDate=1776528000000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782200124132, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1781280000000, pubDateStr=2026-06-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782200124132, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782200124132, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200124132, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276202956391313894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782200095507, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200147766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276203176344810276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276203176344810277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276203076818178226, articleId=1276203076449079472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Multiple footprints of virologist Chen−Hsiang Huang:From virus culture to the disease control defence line in China, columnId=1150494646058185020, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Science and Humanity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chen−Hsiang Huang (1910–1987), a renowned medical scientist and virologist, was one of the principal founders of modern virology in China and a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In his early career, Professor Huang pioneered the technique of in vitro tissue culture for viruses internationally, laying the methodological foundation for the global leap in virology from qualitative to quantitative research. After returning to China, he devoted his life to fundamental and applied research in virology. His globally acclaimed achievements included establishing the etiology and epidemiology of epidemic Japanese encephalitis, developing and promoting live attenuated measles vaccines, and pioneering explorations in viral immunology and tumor biotherapy during his later years. As an outstanding scientist and educator, Chen−Hsiang Huang not only built a scientific defense for safeguarding the health and lives of the nation through his outstanding research achievements but also mentored a large number of key medical professionals. More importantly, with his rigorous, pragmatic, and pioneering scholarly attitude, as well as his noble character of unwavering dedication to the country and willingness to contribute, he vividly embodied the spirit of Chinese scientists and erected an immortal monument in the field of Chinese virology.

, correspAuthors=Huan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jialin DIAO, Lu ZHANG, Qiangyu XIANG, Huan LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276203078936301750, articleId=1276203076449079472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=病毒学家黄祯祥:从组织培养到疾控防线的多重足迹, columnId=1150494646196597053, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技人文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄祯祥(1910—1987年),著名医学家、病毒学家,中国现代病毒学的主要奠基人之一,中国科学院院士。黄祯祥在国际上首创病毒体外组织培养技术,为全球病毒学发展奠定了重要方法基础。他毕生致力于病毒学基础理论与应用研究,特别是在流行性乙型脑炎的病原学分离与流行病学规律确立、麻疹减毒活疫苗的研制与推广,以及病毒免疫与肿瘤生物治疗前瞻性探索等方面取得杰出的学术成就。黄祯祥以其卓越研究成果为中国病毒学界做出了宝贵贡献,更以其崇高品格诠释了中国科学家爱国、奉献、创新、求实的精神品质。

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刘欢(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为科学技术史、医学史、生命科学史,电子信箱:
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刁佳琳,硕士研究生,研究方向为科学技术史,电子信箱:

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刁佳琳,硕士研究生,研究方向为科学技术史,电子信箱:

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刁佳琳,硕士研究生,研究方向为科学技术史,电子信箱:

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(图片来源:中国科学院院士文库)

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病毒学家黄祯祥:从组织培养到疾控防线的多重足迹
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刁佳琳 1 , 张璐 1 , 相强宇 1 , 刘欢 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 科技人文 2026,44(11): 131-136
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科技导报 | 科技人文 2026, 44(11): 131-136
病毒学家黄祯祥:从组织培养到疾控防线的多重足迹
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刁佳琳1 , 张璐1, 相强宇1, 刘欢1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,合肥 230026
  • 2病毒学国家重点实验室,武汉 430072
  • 刁佳琳,硕士研究生,研究方向为科学技术史,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

刘欢(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为科学技术史、医学史、生命科学史,电子信箱:
Multiple footprints of virologist Chen−Hsiang Huang:From virus culture to the disease control defence line in China
Jialin DIAO1 , Lu ZHANG1, Qiangyu XIANG1, Huan LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2026-06-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.02.00043
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黄祯祥(1910—1987年),著名医学家、病毒学家,中国现代病毒学的主要奠基人之一,中国科学院院士。黄祯祥在国际上首创病毒体外组织培养技术,为全球病毒学发展奠定了重要方法基础。他毕生致力于病毒学基础理论与应用研究,特别是在流行性乙型脑炎的病原学分离与流行病学规律确立、麻疹减毒活疫苗的研制与推广,以及病毒免疫与肿瘤生物治疗前瞻性探索等方面取得杰出的学术成就。黄祯祥以其卓越研究成果为中国病毒学界做出了宝贵贡献,更以其崇高品格诠释了中国科学家爱国、奉献、创新、求实的精神品质。

黄祯祥  /  乙型脑炎  /  病毒学  /  麻疹疫苗  /  科学技术史

Chen−Hsiang Huang (1910–1987), a renowned medical scientist and virologist, was one of the principal founders of modern virology in China and a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In his early career, Professor Huang pioneered the technique of in vitro tissue culture for viruses internationally, laying the methodological foundation for the global leap in virology from qualitative to quantitative research. After returning to China, he devoted his life to fundamental and applied research in virology. His globally acclaimed achievements included establishing the etiology and epidemiology of epidemic Japanese encephalitis, developing and promoting live attenuated measles vaccines, and pioneering explorations in viral immunology and tumor biotherapy during his later years. As an outstanding scientist and educator, Chen−Hsiang Huang not only built a scientific defense for safeguarding the health and lives of the nation through his outstanding research achievements but also mentored a large number of key medical professionals. More importantly, with his rigorous, pragmatic, and pioneering scholarly attitude, as well as his noble character of unwavering dedication to the country and willingness to contribute, he vividly embodied the spirit of Chinese scientists and erected an immortal monument in the field of Chinese virology.

Chen−Hsiang Huang  /  Japanese encephalitis  /  virology  /  measles virus  /  history of science and technology
刁佳琳, 张璐, 相强宇, 刘欢. 病毒学家黄祯祥:从组织培养到疾控防线的多重足迹. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (11) : 131 -136 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.02.00043
Jialin DIAO, Lu ZHANG, Qiangyu XIANG, Huan LIU. Multiple footprints of virologist Chen−Hsiang Huang:From virus culture to the disease control defence line in China[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (11) : 131 -136 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.02.00043
1910年2月10日,黄祯祥出生于福建省厦门市鼓浪屿的一个知识分子家庭[1]。黄祯祥的父亲黄衍义、叔父黄大辟都是医生,成长于一个既受到西方文化熏陶,又富有中国传统文化氛围的家庭,黄祯祥自幼聪颖过人、勤奋好学。当目睹了当时医疗条件的落后和传染病的肆虐,少年黄祯祥内心立下了“不为良相,便为良医”的宏愿。1926年,16岁的黄祯祥以优异成绩考入燕京大学预医科,在燕京大学自由严谨的学术氛围下打下了坚实的生物学和化学基础。1934年,黄祯祥以优异成绩毕业并获得医学博士学位,随后留校任教开始了他的科研生涯。
留校初期,黄祯祥在协和医学院内科担任助教。在20世纪初,受限于当时的理论认知与技术水平,病毒学实验还未成熟。首先,病毒不具备独立的代谢系统与酶结构,这种严格的胞内寄生特性使得它们一旦脱离宿主细胞便无法进行生命活动。在这一时期,国际实验室普遍的病毒分离与培养方法主要依赖于活体系统,即直接将含有病毒的材料注射感染至实验动物体内,或接种于鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜中。这种传统的体内实验方法周期长,需要消耗大量的动物资源,导致科研成本高;其次,由于实验动物个体间存在免疫差异等个体变量,导致操作步骤繁琐且难以标准化;最后,这种方法往往难以对病毒进行精确的定量分析,实验结果的稳定性与重复性较差。
1941年,黄祯祥获美国洛克菲勒基金会的资助前往美国深造,他先后在普林斯顿大学洛克菲勒医学研究所和美国罗氏医学实验室工作,1942—1943年任美国纽约哥伦比亚医科大学内科及微生物科讲师。黄祯祥面对病毒培养这一世界性难题展现出了高敏锐度与钻研精神,他创造性地试用组织块进行细胞培养,并选取西方马脑炎病毒(Western Equine Encephalitis Virus)作为模型,结合特异性免疫血清进行系统中和滴定实验。1943年,黄祯祥的研究取得了决定性成果,在《Journal of Experimental Medicine》发表了题为《Further Studies on the Titration and Neutralization of the Western Strain of Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Tissue Culture》的学术论文[2]。该项研究不仅首创病毒体外组织培养新技术,证明了体外组织培养滴定法在敏感度上显著优于传统的动物接种法,特别是在检测微量病毒样本时,组织培养技术展现出了动物实验的优越性。
这一突破性研究成果在国际病毒学界引起了广泛关注,奠定了病毒可以在体外环境中有效增殖与精确测定的方法论基础,随后几年许多科学家采用这种技术成功分离出多种此前无法分离的病毒。1949年,约翰·富兰克林·恩德斯(John Franklin Enders)及同事借鉴并应用了黄祯祥建立的组织培养技术原理,首次成功利用人胚胎组织代替神经组织培养出了脊髓灰质炎病毒[1]。恩德斯也因此荣获1954年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,他在获奖后曾公开承认:“起初,我们探索了‘外植法’,过去其他研究者——特别是黄(祯祥)——曾使用该方法来测试病毒对细胞活力的影响。该方法的具体操作是,将从悬浮细胞培养物中取出的组织碎片置于一滴凝固的鸡血浆中,并在随后的培养过程中观察是否有细胞向外生长。”[3]
1943年,正值中国抗日战争最艰难时期,黄祯祥毅然放弃已拥有的优越科研条件和生活环境,艰辛辗转乘船回到祖国。他在1943年12月回国前夕依然毫无保留地发表研究成果,让病毒学家在寻求真理时“少走弯路”。黄祯祥在极其艰苦的条件下于1944—1947年参与组织了中央卫生实验院[4],并任中央卫生实验院实验医理主任,1947—1949年任中央卫生实验院北平分院院长[5]
1949年夏秋之交,北京地区突发了一场规模较大的流行性脑炎疫情,疫情来势凶猛且临床表现危险,致死率高达50%以上[6],对疫区居民生命安全构成了严峻威胁。面对这一突发的公共卫生危机,中央卫生实验院(现中国医学科学院)召集了各方面的卫生专家,组建了一个流行性脑炎研究委员会。黄祯祥临危受命,带领团队投入到紧张的抗疫科研工作中。在当时,国内关于急性流行性脑炎的报告很少,而黄祯祥于1940年发表的一篇关于流行性乙型脑炎的论文,详细记录了1939年北京协和医院收治16例患者中6例确诊乙型脑炎病例的临床表现,有助于该疾病的临床识别[7],这也是中国首次报道乙型脑炎在人群中的流行[8]。1949年8月,团队在北京协和医院开展了乙型脑炎病毒分离研究,从7例病毒性脑组织样本中成功分离出了3株乙型脑炎病毒致病毒株,分别命名为京卫研1、京卫研2和京卫研3[9]。随后,他们利用小白鼠进行连续传代实验和动物模型验证,明确了病毒致病性与生物学特性,同年11月便成功研制出了针对该病毒的早期疫苗[6],为疫情的控制提供了科学支撑。
在初步解决病原鉴定与应急疫苗研制的问题后,黄祯祥着眼于更长远的疾病防控机制,开展了更为广泛而深入的流行病学调查。通过大量的现场走访与数据分析,他及团队成员对患病率、病死率、年龄与性别的分布情况、发病的特殊季节,以及发病地区分布等因素进行了深入调查[10]。更为重要的是,他将研究视野拓展至媒介生物学领域,进行了大量的昆虫学调查工作,提出蚊子是传播乙型脑炎的媒介昆虫,蚊子中又以三带喙库蚊为主要媒介,以及防控蚊虫叮咬对于疫病控制的重要性[11]。在研究过程中,黄祯祥等发现在自然界中的乙型脑炎病毒并非单一种类,而是存在着不同毒力的病毒株[12]。他基于此进一步探讨了病毒毒力与生态学环境及流行程度间的复杂关系,研究了病毒变异的内在规律以及毒株科学保存方法[13],为后续的疫苗改良奠定了坚实的理论基石。
黄祯祥坚持不懈地推动乙型脑炎疫苗技术迭代,从最初应急使用的灭活疫苗,逐步发展到免疫效果更为持久、安全性更高的乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗。在1951年前后,乙型脑炎专家组就曾用鼠脑和鸡胚试制成灭活疫苗,但因接种后陆续发生严重的变态反应性脑脊髓炎,该疫苗停用。1968年,利用黄祯祥等分离出来的乙型脑炎病毒京卫研3成功研制出乙型脑炎灭活疫苗。1988年,中国成功研制出更安全高效的SA14−14−2减毒活疫苗,2008年正式纳入国家免疫规划,对全国儿童免费接种。2013年,该疫苗成为首个推动世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)预认领的中国疫苗。值得一提的是,在减毒活疫苗问世之前,黄祯祥参与了将SA14−2−8减毒活疫苗在张家口地区免疫接种13万匹马的工作,结果显示“2−8”株是一株高度减毒株[14],为后续研制出乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗以及大规模接种工作提供了宝贵的经验。1978年,黄祯祥及其团队关于乙型脑炎及其疫苗的系统性研究成果荣获全国科学大会奖[15],1988年再次凭借其卓越的科学价值与社会效益,荣获卫生部科技进步一等奖。疫苗问世之后,中国的流行性乙型脑炎的预防和控制取得显著成就,2024和2025年中国乙型脑炎报告病例已经降至126和129例[16]
20世纪60年代,中国的麻疹发病率高,麻疹并发症严重威胁着儿童的生命健康。1957年,汤飞凡等首次分离出中国第一株麻疹病毒“麻9”。当时在中国医学科学院病毒学研究所工作的黄祯祥以极大热情和充沛精力投入到麻疹疫苗的研究工作中。国内使用的组织培养方法对于麻疹病毒并不是很适合,常出现各种问题,针对此情况,黄祯祥采用了更为简便快速的人肾组织块固定培养法,得到的麻疹病毒分离阳性率较高[17]。彼时,国内外都在进行麻疹疫苗相关研究。一方面,组织培养传代次数的增加虽能使病毒进一步减毒,但也可能导致其免疫效果随之降低,利用不同细胞制出的减毒活疫苗免疫率不足100%。另一方面,研制出的麻疹疫苗还带有一定致病性,部分儿童接种后面临高热反应等副作用,难以大规模推广[18]。黄祯祥等发表了《麻疹减毒活疫苗的研究》系列论著[1921],详细公布了在人羊膜细胞中不同传代次数及剂量的疫苗在儿童群体中的致病性与免疫性数据。他还与诸福棠一起针对麻疹减毒活疫苗的副作用开展了新的研究,证实用1 mL的1∶150滴度的胎盘球蛋白就基本上能达到不显性感染的目的[19],并有效降低及消除不良高热反应。1964年,中国医学科学院儿科研究所、吉林医科大学儿科系和上海生物制品研究所等单位分别筛选出“京55”“长47”以及“沪191”病毒株[22]。中国麻疹疫苗的研发进入新阶段。为了对前期的多项研究进行系统性总结,并为全国范围的疫苗推广提供科学依据,诸福棠、朱既明、黄祯祥等联合在《科学通报》发表了《麻疹人工自动免疫的研究》[23],正式宣告中国进入了麻疹的人工免疫时代[22]。1965年国家批准上述株病毒进行麻疹减毒活疫苗的生产。
后续,黄祯祥继续对麻疹病毒的血凝素[24]、疫苗佐剂及生产工艺进行了系统研究,促进开发出成本低廉、易于大规模生产的工艺流程,使得疫苗能够迅速普及到中国城乡各地。中国在麻疹疫苗推广后的几十年间发病率大大下降,至1995年麻疹发病率下降至10万之5以下[25]
20世纪初,部分恶性肿瘤患者在经历严重病毒感染或接种减毒活疫苗后,出现了病情好转的迹象。该偶然发现激发了科学界对病毒潜在抗肿瘤作用的探讨,由此开启了利用病毒治疗肿瘤的历史。在20世纪50年代至60年代出现了短暂的研究高潮,但由于多数实验依赖野生型病毒直接溶瘤,且病毒易于被人体免疫系统清除,实验大多数以失败告终[26]。当时的科学家还没有充分认识到病毒与宿主抗肿瘤免疫之间的协同机制。到了七八十年代,国际肿瘤学界的主流是化学治疗和放射治疗,在此背景下,黄祯祥坚持进行病毒免疫学相关研究。其病毒学思想是对肿瘤免疫治疗,特别是对溶瘤病毒疗法的前瞻性理论探索。
肿瘤免疫治疗的核心是解除肿瘤对免疫系统的抑制,同时增强免疫细胞对肿瘤的识别和攻击能力,从而清除肿瘤细胞。黄祯祥首先从免疫学微观机制层面入手,发表了一系列以腹水瘤为主要研究目标的学术论文[2729]。他发现带瘤小鼠后期自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK细胞)功能降低并非因其NK细胞数量减少,而与NK细胞功能受阻有关,肿瘤产生的腹水或上清液会主动释放物质抑制NK细胞正常行使功能。黄祯祥及其研究团队还开展了关于利用病毒治疗特定恶性肿瘤的探索研究。他们利用特定的非致病性或低致病性病毒感染肿瘤细胞,使其表面出现或者修饰抗原结构,机体可较容易识别细胞表面的病毒抗原,从而产生抗体,抗体和补体破坏肿瘤细胞,引起细胞程序性死亡达到治疗目的[30]。黄祯祥等做了多次实验,进行系统性的毒株筛选,在利用仙台病毒感染靶细胞的实验中不仅成功实现了高达90%的靶细胞溶解率,还系统总结了影响该免疫溶解作用的关键因素[31]。这不仅深化了当时对病毒免疫学机理的认知,也为后续探索利用溶瘤病毒及肿瘤免疫治疗提供了一定的实验依据。令人动容的是,黄祯祥在被诊断出白血病后,竟然在自己身上测试这种免疫疗法,用自己的生命与实践为科学进步做贡献[32]
进入21世纪以来,现代肿瘤免疫治疗已发展至新的高度,尤其伴随一系列概念验证性临床试验的成功,该领域愈发受到广泛关注与重视[3335]。2005年,中国国家食品药品监督管理局正式批准重组人5型腺病毒用于头颈部肿瘤的治疗,使其成为全球首个获批上市的溶瘤病毒类抗癌药物,溶瘤病毒疗法从纯理论层面的探讨切实迈入了临床应用的实践阶段。回顾黄祯祥的工作可以发现,他在20世纪即已敏锐地洞察到了病毒免疫研究方向的前景,为中国肿瘤免疫尤其是溶瘤病毒研究奠定了良好的基础,其学术思想也与当前利用病毒开展肿瘤免疫治疗的主流共识高度契合,充分体现了其前瞻性的科学视野。
黄祯祥不仅在科研上成就斐然,更致力于中国病毒学发展的规范化建设。他及其团队编著的《常见病毒病实验技术》[36],为全国病毒学科研系统提供了标准化的操作指南。1990年,由他在此基础上主编的《医学病毒学基础及实验技术》出版[37],这2部著作不仅系统总结了中国数十年的病毒学实践经验,更为现代医学病毒学的学科发展奠定了坚实的技术基石。
他还担任苏联、美国等多国病毒学期刊的编委,学术影响力远播海外。1983年,鉴于黄祯祥在国际病毒学界的崇高声望,当他率领中国微生物学会代表团赴美国参加第13届国际微生物学大会时,获赠得克萨斯州丹顿市“城市金钥匙”称号[38]
黄祯祥晚年即使身患重病仍心系科研(图1)。1984年,他倡议并创建了中华医学会病毒学分会,创办了《实验和临床病毒学杂志》(《中华实验和临床病毒学杂志》前身)。他在病榻上听闻全国第一次医学病毒学会即将召开,强撑着病痛用颤抖的字迹,写下了手记:“今天的科学是明天的医学,也就是说我们必须进行科学研究,才能使我们病毒性疾病的防治,每天都有新进展,赶超世界先进水平!”[38]
1987年,黄祯祥因病在北京逝世,享年77岁,海内外的挚友同窗共同组建了中华医学病毒学基金会[39],即黄祯祥医学病毒基金会,基金设立了黄祯祥奖学金,用以扶持和嘉奖致力于病毒学研究的优秀人才。
黄祯祥是中国病毒学的重要奠基者,他将个人的学术理想融入到国家崛起和民族复兴伟业之中,将个人的奋斗与国家的命运紧密相连,正如他总结自己学术生涯时所言:“老走别人的路,就永远不能超越。创新是探索真理的关键。”[40]他的一生践行了扎实的基础研究与务实的创新态度,为中国的病毒学研究做出了宝贵贡献。
  • 中国疾病预防控制中心项目(BB2110240093)
  • 中国科学技术大学高质量工程项目(2025XZHKC18)
  • 中国科学技术大学人才科研启动项目(KY2110000038)
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流行性乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗的研究: Ⅱ. 2−8株对马的安全性及免疫效果观察[J]. 微生物学报, 1974, 14(2): 185-190.
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黄祯祥, 贾秉义, 诸福棠, . 麻疹减毒活疫苗的研究: Ⅰ. 不同的代数及不同剂量的人羊膜细胞减毒活疫苗的致病性及免疫性[J]. 中华医学杂志, 1961, 47(6): 341-345.
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2026年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.02.00043
  • 接收时间:2026-02-07
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2026-06-13
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-07
  • 修回日期:2026-04-19
基金
中国疾病预防控制中心项目(BB2110240093)
中国科学技术大学高质量工程项目(2025XZHKC18)
中国科学技术大学人才科研启动项目(KY2110000038)
作者信息
    1中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,合肥 230026
    2病毒学国家重点实验室,武汉 430072

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刘欢(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为科学技术史、医学史、生命科学史,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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